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Liu X, Li T, Liu Y, Sun Y, Han Y, Lee TC, Zada A, Yuan Z, Ye F, Chen J, Dang A. Hybrid plasmonic aerogel with tunable hierarchical pores for size-selective multiplexed detection of VOCs with ultrahigh sensitivity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133893. [PMID: 38452684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at ppm level with complex composition is vital in various fields ranging from respiratory diagnosis to environmental safety. Herein, we demonstrate a SERS gas sensor with size-selective and multiplexed identification capabilities for VOCs by executing the pre-enrichment strategy. In particular, the macro-mesoporous structure of graphene aerogel and micropores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) significantly improved the enrichment capacity (1.68 mmol/g for toluene) of various VOCs near the plasmonic hotspots. On the other hand, molecular MOFs-based filters with different pore sizes could be realized by adjusting the ligands to exclude undesired interfering molecules in various detection environments. Combining these merits, graphene/AuNPs@ZIF-8 aerogel gas sensor exhibited outstanding label-free sensitivity (up to 0.1 ppm toluene) and high stability (RSD=14.8%, after 45 days storage at room temperature for 10 cycles) and allowed simultaneous identification of multiple VOCs in a single SERS measurement with high accuracy (error < 7.2%). We visualize that this work will tackle the dilemma between sensitivity and detection efficiency of gas sensors and will inspire the design of next-generation SERS technology for selective and multiplexed detection of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Tiehu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Yiting Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Yanying Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Tung Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University College London (UCL), London WC1H 0AJ, UK; Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London (UCL), London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Amir Zada
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Zeqi Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Fei Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Jiahe Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China
| | - Alei Dang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China; Shannxi Engineering laboratory for Graphene New Carbon Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
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2
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Wang Z, Yu T, Ye J, Tian L, Lin B, Leng W, Liu C. A novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132583. [PMID: 37741205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling is a dependable approach for gaseous pollutants monitoring, offering high accuracy and precision that is unaffected by environmental factors such as wind and temperature in comparison to passive sampling. To measure long-term average concentrations while minimizing the use of materials, a reduced sampling rate is necessary. Thus, this study aims to develop a novel low sampling rate (down to 1 mL/min) and cost-efficient active sampler (LASP) for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. The LASP mainly consisted of a syringe pump, a Y-shaped fitting with two one-way valves, and a control unit for intermittent operation. Results showed that LASP can obtain a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min and sampling rate exhibited a high level of stability. Daily average concentrations measurements for nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde by LASP had normalized mean biases of 2.8% and 5.2%, respectively. These numbers were - 5.8% and 6.1% for weekly-average samplings. This study demonstrated applications of LASP in real outdoor (daily-average) and indoor (weekly-average) air quality measurements. It worked well with low noise levels, and without interfering with occupants' daily activities. LASP can assist in improving our ability to monitor air quality and pollutants emissions, thereby supporting health research and policy development. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Gaseous air pollution is an important hazardous factor threatening human health. Medium/long-term air quality monitoring is essential for outdoor and indoor air quality assessment and control. However, air sampler for medium/long-term sampling is lacking. This study developed a novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler and applied it to medium/long-term air sampling. The sampler can work at a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min. This technology provides a feasible strategy for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous air pollutants in both environments and emission hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wenjun Leng
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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3
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Xu Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Zheng P, Hui L, Chen Y, Yu JZ, Wang Z. Development of an enhanced method for atmospheric carbonyls and characterizing their roles in photochemistry in subtropical Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165135. [PMID: 37379917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are ubiquitous and play vital roles in tropospheric photochemistry and oxidation capacity, particularly affecting radical cycling and ozone formation. An enhanced method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed to simultaneously quantify 47 carbonyl compounds with carbon (C) numbers from 1 to 13. Applying this new method to samples collected at ground and ship-borne field campaigns, we investigated the abundance, characteristic distribution, and photochemical activity of carbonyl species in the coastal atmosphere of Hong Kong. The total concentration of detected carbonyls ranged from 9.1 to 32.7 ppbv and exhibited distinct spatial variability. In addition to the usual abundant carbonyl species (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), aliphatic saturated aldehydes with C ≥ 5 (particularly hexaldehyde and nonanaldehyde), and di‑carbonyls, exhibit significant abundance and photochemical reactivity in the coastal site and on the sea. The measured carbonyls could contribute to an estimated peroxyl radical formation rate of 1.88-8.43 ppb/h via OH oxidation and photolysis, greatly enhancing oxidation capacity and radical cycling. The ozone formation potential (OFP) estimated from the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) was dominated (69 %-82 %) by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with significant contribution (4 %-13 %) from di‑carbonyls. Furthermore, another dozens of long-chain carbonyls without MIR values, which were typically below detection or not included in the conventional analytical method, would increase the ozone formation rate by an additional 2 %-33 %. Additionally, the glyoxal, methylglyoxal, benzaldehyde and other α, β-unsaturated aldehydes also exhibited considerable contribution to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. This study highlights the importance of various reactive carbonyls in the atmospheric chemistry of urban and coastal regions. The newly developed method can effectively characterize more carbonyl compounds and advance our understanding of their roles in photochemical air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Kaplan A, Ronen-Eliraz G, Ratner S, Aviv Y, Wolanov Y, Avisar D. Impact of industrial air pollution on the quality of atmospheric water production. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121447. [PMID: 36931490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric water generator (AWG) is a commercially available device that produces water from the air in large volumes over short times. This method can be applied in most regions of the world to solve chronic and acute drinking water scarcity. However, knowledge of the effects of air chemical composition on AWG-produced water quality is still very limited. In this study, a comprehensive survey of AWG-produced water quality was conducted in a heavily polluted industrial environment; 83 AWG water samples were analyzed for 99 different quality parameters, including organic, inorganic, and microbial contamination. Two parameters-nickel (15 samples) and dichloromethane (2 samples)-exceeded sporadically their drinking water standards of EPA, EU and IL. Ammonia was the only parameter consistently above standard limits of 0.5 mg/L (61% of samples, relevant to 47 countries) and even higher than 1.5 mg/L. Comparison to real air concentrations of volatile pollutants in the same environment did not reveal any significant correlations; while some pollutants were found at high concentrations in the air, this was not reflected by their presence in the produced water. The findings show that even in areas that are considered excessively polluted relative to the natural environment, the water produced from the air by AWG could be considered suitable for drinking, with careful attention to very specific contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Kaplan
- The Water Research Center, The Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 66978, Israel
| | - Gefen Ronen-Eliraz
- The Water Research Center, The Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 66978, Israel
| | | | - Yaron Aviv
- Watergen Ltd., 2 Granit St, Petach Tikva, 4951446, Israel
| | | | - Dror Avisar
- The Water Research Center, The Porter School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 66978, Israel.
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5
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Cao X, Gu D, Li X, Leung KF, Sun H, Mai Y, Chan WM, Liang Z. Characteristics and source origin analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160504. [PMID: 36464056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite being regulated globally for almost three decades, halocarbon continues to play a vital role in climate change and ozone layer because of its long lifetime in the ambient air. In recent years, unexpected halocarbon emissions have been found in Asia, raising concerns about ozone recovery. As a number of studies focused on halocarbon variations and source profiles, there is an increasing need to identify halocarbon source origins. In this study, an eight-month regular air sampling was conducted at a coastal site in Hong Kong from November 2020 to June 2021, and seventeen halocarbon species were selected for extensive investigation after advanced sample analysis in our laboratory. The temporal variations of halocarbon mixing ratio enhancements were analyzed, and the spatial variations of source origins were investigated by wind sectors and backward trajectory statistics. Our results indicate lower enhancements beyond the background values for major regulated CFCs and CCl4 than later controlled HCFCs and HFCs, suggesting the greater progress of Montreal Protocol implementation for the former species. The notable high enhancement values of non-regulated halocarbons from the north direction indicate their widespread usage in China. The source apportionment analysis estimates the contributions from six emission sectors on measured halocarbons, including solvent usage (43.57 ± 4.08 %), refrigerant residues (17.05 ± 5.71 %), cleaning agent/chemical production (13.18 ± 4.76 %), refrigerant replacements (13.06 ± 2.13 %), solvent residues (8.65 ± 3.28 %), and foaming agent (4.49 ± 1.08 %). Trajectories statistical analysis suggests that industrial solvent was mainly contributed by eastern China (i.e., Shandong and YRD), cleaning agent/chemical production was spread over southeast China (i.e., YRD and Fujian), and refrigeration replacements were dominant in Hong Kong surrounding regions. This work provides insight into the progress made in implementing the Montreal Protocol in Hong Kong and the surrounding region and the importance of continuous emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyunong Cao
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dasa Gu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fung Leung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuchen Mai
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Ming Chan
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Li X, Li B, Guo L, Feng R, Fang X. Research progresses on VOCs emission investigations via surface and satellite observations in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1968-1981. [PMID: 36000414 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of severe pollution of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols in China. Fully understanding the VOCs emission is crucial for making regulations to improve air quality. This study reviews the published studies on atmospheric VOCs concentration observations in China and observation-based estimation of China's VOCs emission strengths and emission source structures. The results reveal that direct sampling and stainless-steel-tank sampling are the most commonly used methods for online and offline observations in China, respectively. The GC-MS/FID is the most commonly used VOCs measuring instrument in China (in 60.8% of the studies we summarized). Numerous studies conducted observation campaigns in urban areas (76.2%) than in suburban (17.1%), rural (18.1%), and background areas (14.3%) in China. Moreover, observation sites are largely set in eastern China (83.8%). Though there are published studies reporting observation-based China's VOCs emission investigation, these kinds of studies are still limited, and gaps are found between the results of top-down investigation and bottom-up inventories of VOCs emissions in China. In order to enhance the observation-based VOCs emission investigations in China, this study suggests future improvements including: (1) development of VOCs detection techniques, (2) strengthening of atmospheric VOCs observations, (3) improvement of the accuracy of observation-based VOCs emission estimations, and (4) facilitation of better VOCs emission inventories in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Bowei Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Liya Guo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China.
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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7
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Quick fabrication of evenly porous PbO2 through potential linear increase electrodeposition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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8
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Atmospheric Carbonyl Compounds in the Central Taklimakan Desert in Summertime: Ambient Levels, Composition and Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Although carbonyl compounds are a key species with atmospheric oxidation capacity, their concentrations and sources have not been sufficiently characterized in various atmospheres, especially in desert areas. In this study, atmospheric carbonyl compounds were measured from 16 May to 15 June 2018 in Tazhong in the central Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Concentrations, chemical compositions, and sources of carbonyl compounds were investigated and compared with those of different environments worldwide. The average concentration of total carbonyls during the sampling period was 11.79 ± 4.03 ppbv. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 6.08 ± 2.37, 1.68 ± 0.78, and 2.52 ± 0.68 ppbv, respectively. Strong correlations between formaldehyde and other carbonyls were found, indicating same or similar sources and sinks. A hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory was used to analyze 72 h back trajectories. The values of C1/C2 (formaldehyde to acetaldehyde, 3.22–4.59) and C2/C3 (acetaldehyde to propionaldehyde, 15.00–17.03) from different directions and distances of the trajectories were consistent with the characteristics of a remote area. Relative to various environments, the carbonyl concentration in the Tazhong desert site was lower than that in urban areas and higher than that in suburban and remote areas, implying contributions from local primary and secondary sources. The obtained data can be used to improve the source and sink estimation of carbonyls at the regional scale.
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Tian Y, Yang J, Gao M, Liu Z, Zhao M, Fang M, Li Z. Organic microporous crystals driven by pure C-H⋯π interactions with vapor-induced crystal-to-crystal transformations. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:731-739. [PMID: 34859253 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic porous crystals constructed by only a single kind of weak molecular interaction are invaluable to understanding the nature of the formation of organic porous materials and developing new types of porous materials. Here, we designed and synthesized two pure organic compounds of PBO and PBS through integrating planar dibenzothiophene/dibenzofuran and two phenothiazine groups together with twisted C-N bonds, which form organic microporous crystals with very good stability against strong acids and bases VIA pure C-H⋯π interactions. Accordingly, the effective absorption of toluene has been successfully realized with an adsorbing capacity of 6.20 mmol g-1, regardless of the interference of water vapor. Excitingly, these microporous materials exhibit interesting crystal-to-crystal transformation (CCT) properties accompanied by changed pore size on being exposed to different organic vapors. Therefore, the desorption process of toluene could be completed through a simple exposure to dichloromethane (DCM) vapor and the second transformation of the crystal occurred in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Mingxue Gao
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Meiting Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Manman Fang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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Zhang H, Ji Y, Wu Z, Peng L, Bao J, Peng Z, Li H. Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: Characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150283. [PMID: 34563911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) have attracted wide attention in the atmospheric chemistry field since they not only affect the ecological environment but also damage human health. In order to better understand the characteristics, sources and health risks of VHCs in typical urban areas in Beijing, and also verify the achievement in implementing the Montreal Protocol (MP) in Beijing, observational studies on 22 atmospheric VHCs species were conducted during six air pollution episodes from December 2016 to May 2017. The range in daily mixing ratios of the 6 MP-regulated VHCs was 1000-1168 pptv, and the 16 MP-unregulated VHCs was 452-2961 pptv. The 16 MP-unregulated VHCs accounted for a relatively high concentration proportion among the 22 VHCs with a mean of 70.25%. Compared with other regions, the mixing ratios of MP-regulated VHCs were in the middle concentrations. The mixing ratios of the MP-regulated VHCs remained the same concentrations during the air pollution episodes, while the concentrations of MP-unregulated VHCs were generally higher on polluted days than on clean days and increased with the aggravation of the pollution episodes. The mixing ratios of dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane were higher than Northern Hemisphere (NH) background values, while the mixing ratios of the other 4 MP-regulated VHCs were moderate and similar to the NH background values. All the 9 VHCs with carcinogenic risk might pose potential carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations in the six pollution episodes, while none of the 12 VHCs might pose appreciable non-carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations. Considering the higher concentration levels and higher risk values of 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and trichloromethane, Beijing needs to further strengthen the control of these VHCs. The analysis of air mass transportation and PMF model showed that regional transportation and leakage of CFCs banks were important sources of VHCs in Beijing, and the contribution of industrial process and solvent usage should not be neglected. The results revealed the effective implementation of the MP in Beijing and its surrounding areas, while further measures are suggested to control the emissions of important VHCs especially from regional transportation and leakage of CFCs banks to reduce the possible health risks to the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Sci-Tech Company Limited, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jiemeng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhijian Peng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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11
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Qin C, Zhang Z, Liu W, Liu Z, Liu C, Zhu X, Song Z. MnO
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Catalyst with High‐Efficiency Degradation Behavior of Toluene: Effect of Cryptomelane. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghan Wu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghua Qin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring Beijing 100012 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofu Zhang
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 People's Republic of China
| | - Zepeng Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- College of Environmental and Safety Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Zhu
- Faculty of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Key Laboratory of Carbon Emission Reduction and Combined Air Pollution Control Technology Henan University of Urban Construction Pingdingshan 467036 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxian Song
- Faculty of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Key Laboratory of Carbon Emission Reduction and Combined Air Pollution Control Technology Henan University of Urban Construction Pingdingshan 467036 People's Republic of China
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12
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Song H, Xu L, Chen M, Cui Y, Wu CE, Qiu J, Xu L, Cheng G, Hu X. Recent progresses in the synthesis of MnO 2 nanowire and its application in environmental catalysis. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35494-35513. [PMID: 35493136 PMCID: PMC9043261 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06497e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured MnO2 with various morphologies exhibits excellent performance in environmental catalysis owing to its large specific surface area, low density, and adjustable chemical properties. The one-dimensional MnO2 nanowire has been proved to be the dominant morphology among various nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanofibers, nanoflowers, etc. The syntheses and applications of MnO2-based nanowires also have become a research hotspot in environmental catalytic materials over the last two decades. With the continuous deepening of the research, the control of morphology and crystal facet exposure in the synthesis of MnO2 nanowire materials have gradually matured, and the catalytic performance also has been greatly improved. Differences in the crystalline phase structure, preferably exposed crystal facets, and even the length of the MnO2 nanowires will evidently affect the final catalytic performances. Besides, the modifications by doping or loading will also significantly affect their catalytic performances. This review carefully summarizes the synthesis strategies of MnO2 nanowires developed in recent years as well as the influences of the phase structure, crystal facet, morphology, dopant, and loading amount on the catalytic performance. Besides, the cutting-edge applications of MnO2 nanowires in the field of environmental catalysis, such as CO oxidation, the removal of VOCs, denitrification, etc., have been also summarized. The application of MnO2 nanowire in environmental catalysis is still in the early exploratory stage. The gigantic gap between theoretical investigation and industrial application is still a great challenge. Compared with noble metal based traditional environmental catalytic materials, the lower cost of MnO2 has injected new momentum and promising potential into this research field. This review summarizes the synthesis strategies for MnO2 nanowire and the influences of the phase structure, crystal facet, metal doping, and interface effect on its performance in various environmental catalysis processes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikang Song
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Nanjing 210044 P. R. China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Nanjing 210044 P. R. China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Nanjing 210044 P. R. China
| | - Yan Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Nanjing 210044 P. R. China
| | - Cai-E Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 P. R. China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Jiangsu ShuangLiang Environmental Technology Co., Ltd Jiangyin 214400 P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- Jiangsu ShuangLiang Environmental Technology Co., Ltd Jiangyin 214400 P. R. China
| | - Ge Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of the Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Nanjing 210044 P. R. China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P. R. China
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Mei H, Wang M, Jin B, Zhu R, Wang Y, Wang L, Li S, Zhang R, Bao X. Characteristics of tailpipe volatile halogenated hydrocarbon (VHC) emissions from in-use vehicles during real-world driving. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:47227-47238. [PMID: 33893578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions have become a primary anthropogenic source of urban atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) with the rapid increase of vehicle population, while characteristics of the VHC emissions from different vehicles were rarely systematically investigated. In this study, the on-road tailpipe emissions were sampled from seven in-use vehicles, including two light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV), three light-duty diesel trucks (LDDT), one heavy-duty diesel truck (HDDT), and a liquefied petroleum gas-electric hybrid bus (LPGB), using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) combined with summa canisters, and 35 individual VHC species were identified by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD). Results showed that VHC emissions under urban driving conditions were much higher than those on the suburban roads and highways. The VHC emission factors of LDGV were 1.2 ± 0.34 mg/km and 3.6 ± 1.5, 6.8 ± 0.89, and 1.6 ± 0.28 mg/km for LDDT, HDDT, and LPGB, respectively. For the LDGV, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and hexachlorobutadiene were the top three VHC species. 1,2-Dichloroethane, trichloromethane, and methyl chloride were the main VHC constituents in the LDDT. Chlorobenzene was the most abundant VOC species for the HDDT, followed by 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The major species for LPGB were 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and benzyl chloride. The major tailpipe VHC species obtained in this study were partial consistent with previous studies with different test methods. The results provide an initial evaluation of the tailpipe VHC emissions, which may provide experimental data support for the refined source apportionment of atmospheric VHCs and the control of vehicular VHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Menglei Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Boqiang Jin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rencheng Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shunyi Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Chen QQ, Hou RN, Zhu YZ, Wang XT, Zhang H, Zhang YJ, Zhang L, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Au@ZIF-8 Core-Shell Nanoparticles as a SERS Substrate for Volatile Organic Compound Gas Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7188-7195. [PMID: 33945260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising ultrasensitive analysis technology due to outstanding molecular fingerprint identification. However, the measured molecules generally need to be adsorbed on a SERS substrate, which makes it difficult to detect weakly adsorbed molecules, for example, the volatile organic compound (VOC) molecules. Herein, we developed a kind of a SERS detection method for weak adsorption molecules with Au@ZIF-8 core-shell nanoparticles (NPs). The well-uniformed single- and multicore-shell NPs can be synthesized controllably, and the shell thickness of the ZIF-8 was able to be precisely controlled (from 3 to 50 nm) to adjust the distance and electromagnetic fields between metal nanoparticles. After analyzing the chemical and physical characterization, Au@ZIF-8 core-shell NPs were employed to detect VOC gas by SERS. In contrast with multicore or thicker-shell nanoparticles, Au@ZIF-8 with a shell thickness of 3 nm could efficiently probe various VOC gas molecules, such as toluene, ethylbenzene, and chlorobenzene. Besides, we were capable of observing the process of toluene gas adsorption and desorption using real-time SERS technology. As observed from the experimental results, this core-shell nanostructure has a promising prospect in diverse gas detection and is expected to be applied to the specific identification of intermediates in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Zhou Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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15
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Dörter M, Odabasi M, Yenisoy-Karakaş S. Source apportionment of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs in Bolu plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139201. [PMID: 32402909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Total of 69 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including both biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and oxygenated compounds) and anthropogenic ones were investigated in Bolu plateau by passive sampling technique. The main objective of this study was to determine spatial distributions, seasonal variations and possible sources for a wide variety of VOCs. Two-week passive sampling campaigns were performed in the winter and summer of 2017. Anthropogenic VOCs were predominant with a high percentage of contribution, 91% and 69% for winter and summer, respectively. Relatively higher concentrations of biogenic VOCs during the summer campaign were found to be related to higher solar intensity, temperature and amount of broad-leaved tree species. Benzaldehyde, toluene, phenol, benzene, hexane, decanal, benzothiazole, dodecane and acetophenone were anthropogenic VOCs with higher concentrations. Among biogenic VOCs, hexanal, alpha-pinene and limonene were found to be in higher concentrations. Spatial distribution maps were drawn for each VOC. Elevated concentrations of VOCs around the city center and major roads indicate that emissions from domestic heating activities and vehicular emissions can be significant sources of VOCs. The results were also supported by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analyses and G-score distribution maps. Solvent evaporation, wood-coal combustion, biogenic emissions (pine, grain, grass), city atmosphere (styrene emissions from plastic production), biogenic (hornbeam, pine, juniper) and vehicle emissions were the identified as the primary VOC sources in Bolu plateau, contributing 31%, 22%, 8.0%, 8.0%, 13%, and 18%, respectively to the total VOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Dörter
- Department of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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16
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Fu J, Zhong Z, Xie D, Guo Y, Kong D, Zhao Z, Zhao Z, Li M. SERS‐Active MIL‐100(Fe) Sensory Array for Ultrasensitive and Multiplex Detection of VOCs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University University East 100, Xixiangtang district Nanning 530004 China
| | - Zhen Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University University East 100, Xixiangtang district Nanning 530004 China
| | - Dan Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Jun Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology No.11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao Beijing China
| | - De‐Xuan Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing China
| | - Zhong‐Xing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University University East 100, Xixiangtang district Nanning 530004 China
| | - Zhen‐Xia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University University East 100, Xixiangtang district Nanning 530004 China
| | - Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing China
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17
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Fu JH, Zhong Z, Xie D, Guo YJ, Kong DX, Zhao ZX, Zhao ZX, Li M. SERS-Active MIL-100(Fe) Sensory Array for Ultrasensitive and Multiplex Detection of VOCs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20489-20498. [PMID: 32743925 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as SERS-active platforms in multiplex volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection is still unexplored. Herein, we demonstrate that MIL-100 (Fe) serves as an ideal SERS substrate for the detection of VOCs. The limit of detection (LOD) of MIL-100(Fe) for toluene sensing can reach 2.5 ppm, and can be even further decreased to 0.48 ppb level when "hot spots" in between Au nanoparticles are employed onto MIL-100 (Fe) substrate, resulting in an enhancement factor of 1010 . Additionally, we show that MIL-100(Fe) substrate has a unique "sensor array" property allowing multiplex VOCs detection, with great modifiability and expandability by doping with foreign metal elements. Finally, the MIL-100(Fe) platform is utilized to simultaneously detect the different gaseous indicators of lung cancer with a ppm detection limit, demonstrating its high potential for early diagnosis of lung cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, University East 100, Xixiangtang district, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhen Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, University East 100, Xixiangtang district, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dan Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing, China
| | - De-Xuan Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Xing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, University East 100, Xixiangtang district, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhen-Xia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, University East 100, Xixiangtang district, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
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18
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Wang X, Liu G, Hu R, Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhang F. Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Hefei City. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:392-400. [PMID: 31932858 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are involved in the formation of ozone formation, which plays a significant role in regional air contamination and poses a great threat to human health. The VOCs were collected from the urban area of Hefei city via an off-line sampling method (SUMMA canister) and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The average concentrations of VOCs were 17.65 ± 28.36 ppbv, which were mainly contributed by aromatics (10.02 ± 13.37 ppbv), haloalkane (5.37 ± 8.90 ppbv), ally halide (1.25 ± 3.36 ppbv), and aryl halid (1.02 ± 2.73 ppbv). According to the principal component analysis, three major sources were identified, including solvent use, vehicle exhaust, and industrial release, accounting for 70.6% of the total variance of the data. Health risk assessment was utilized to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of the individual VOC. The total hazard ratio in the selected area was higher than 1, where could pose health threat to exposed population. The cancer risk for benzene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloromethane, and 1, 2-dichloroethane were 4.8 × 10-5, 4.5 × 10-5, 3.3 × 10-5, and 2.5 × 10-5, respectively, indicating definite health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
- Anhui Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ruoyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Anhui Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Fuhai Zhang
- Anhui Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
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19
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Wu J, Gao LG, Ren W, Truhlar DG. Anharmonic kinetics of the cyclopentane reaction with hydroxyl radical. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2511-2523. [PMID: 34084417 PMCID: PMC8157450 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05632g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopentane is one of the major constituents of transportation fuels, especially jet fuel and diesel, and also is a volatile organic compound with a significant presence in the atmosphere. Hydrogen abstraction from cyclopentane by hydroxyl radical plays a significant role in combustion and atmospheric chemistry. In this work we study the kinetics of this reaction at 200-2000 K using direct dynamics calculations in which the potential energy surface is obtained by quantum mechanical electronic structure calculations. The forward and reverse barrier heights and reaction energies obtained by the CCSD(T)-F12a/jun-cc-pVTZ coupled cluster calculations are used as a benchmark to select an accurate electronic structure method among 36 combinations of exchange-correlation functional and basis set. The selected M06-2X/MG3S method shows the best performance with a mean unsigned deviation from the benchmark of only 0.22 kcal mol-1 for reaction energies and barrier heights. A quadratic-quartic function is adopted to describe the ring bending potential of cyclopentane, and the quartic anharmonicity in the bending mode is treated by a one-dimensional Schrödinger equation using both Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) and Fourier Grid Hamiltonian (FGH) methods. The torsional anharmonicity in the transition state is treated in turn by the free rotor approximation, the one-dimensional hindered rotor approximation, and the multi-structural torsional anharmonicity method. Rate constants of the title reaction are computed by canonical variational transition state theory including tunneling by the multi-dimensional small-curvature tunneling approximation (CVT/SCT). The final rate constants include the quasiharmonic, quadratic-quartic, and torsional anharmonicity. Our calculations are in excellent agreement with all the experimental data available at both combustion and atmospheric temperatures with a deviation of less than 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA
| | - Lu Gem Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA
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He C, Cheng J, Zhang X, Douthwaite M, Pattisson S, Hao Z. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds: A Review Based on Pollutant Sorts and Sources. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4471-4568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi He
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
| | - Mark Douthwaite
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Samuel Pattisson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
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21
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Hsu CY, Chiang HC, Shie RH, Ku CH, Lin TY, Chen MJ, Chen NT, Chen YC. Ambient VOCs in residential areas near a large-scale petrochemical complex: Spatiotemporal variation, source apportionment and health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:95-104. [PMID: 29730422 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and assessed excess health risks for child, adult and elderly populations in a residential area near a large-scale petrochemical complex in central Taiwan. A total of 155 daily VOC samples were collected in canisters from nine sites in spring, summer and winter during 2013-2014. We used a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model incorporating a conditional probability function (CPF) to quantify the potential sources of VOCs with the influences of local source directions. We then evaluated the non-cancer and cancer risks of specific VOCs with probabilistic distributions by performing a Monte-Carlo simulation for the child, adult, and elderly populations. Most of the VOCs were higher in summer than in winter or spring for the sampling sites. The presence of vinyl acetate, chloroethene, and 1,2-dichloroethane were significantly high within a 5-km radius of the petrochemical complex. Four potential sources of ambient VOCs, industrial emission (49.2%-63.6%), traffic-related emission (13.9%-19.1%), fuel evaporation (12.3%-16.9%), and aged emission (10.2%-14.8%), were identified. The cancer risk of ambient VOC exposure was mainly attributed to the industrial source in the study area, while the non-cancer risk was of less concern. Benzene associated with fuel evaporation resulted in the highest cancer risk (4.1 × 10-5-5.5 × 10-5) as compared to that of the other toxic VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Hao Shie
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Ku
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jean Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Song J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Ho KF, Yuan Z, Ling Z, Niu X, Gao Y, Cui L, Louie PKK, Lee SC, Lai S. Seasonal variations of C 1-C 4 alkyl nitrates at a coastal site in Hong Kong: Influence of photochemical formation and oceanic emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:275-284. [PMID: 29216547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Five C1-C4 alkyl nitrates (RONO2) were measured at a coastal site in Hong Kong in four selected months of 2011 and 2012. The total mixing ratios of C1-C4 RONO2 (Σ5RONO2) ranged from 15.4 to 143.7 pptv with an average of 65.9 ± 33.0 pptv. C3-C4 RONO2 (2-butyl nitrate and 2-propyl nitrate) were the most abundant RONO2 during the entire sampling period. The mixing ratios of C3-C4 RONO2 were higher in winter than those in summer, while the ones of methyl nitrate (MeONO2) were higher in summer than those in winter. Source analysis suggests that C2-C4 RONO2 were mainly derived from photochemical formation along with biomass burning (58.3-71.6%), while ocean was a major contributor to MeONO2 (53.8%) during the whole sampling period. The photochemical evolution of C2-C4 RONO2 was investigated, and found to be dominantly produced by the parent hydrocarbon oxidation. The notable enrichment of MeONO2 over C3-C4 RONO2 was observed in a summer episode when the air masses originating from the South China Sea (SCS) and MeONO2 was dominantly derived from oceanic emissions. In order to improve the accuracy of ozone (O3) prediction in coastal environment, the relative contribution of RONO2 from oceanic emissions versus photochemical formation and their coupling effects on O3 production should be taken into account in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Zibing Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Al-Awadi L. Assessment of indoor levels of volatile organic compounds and carbon dioxide in schools in Kuwait. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:54-72. [PMID: 28829721 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1365781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools is a matter of concern because children are most vulnerable and sensitive to pollutant exposure. Conservation of energy at the expense of ventilation in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems adversely affects IAQ. Extensive use of new materials in building, fitting, and refurbishing emit various pollutants such that the indoor environment creates its own discomfort and health risks. Various schools in Kuwait were selected to assess their IAQ. Comprehensive measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) consisting of 72 organic compounds consisting of aliphatic (C3-C6), aromatic (C6-C9), halogenated (C1-C7), and oxygenated (C2-C9) functional groups in indoor air were made for the first time in schools in Kuwait. The concentrations of indoor air pollutants revealed hot spots (science preparation rooms, science laboratories, arts and crafts classes/paint rooms, and woodworking shops/decoration rooms where local sources contributed to the buildup of pollutants in each school. The most abundant VOC pollutant was chlorodifluoromethane (R22; ClF2CH), which leaked from air conditioning (AC) systems due to improper operation and maintenance. The other copious VOCs were alcohols and acetone at different locations due to improper handling of the chemicals and their excessive uses as solvents. Indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were measured, and these levels reflected the performance of HVAC systems; a specific rate or lack of ventilation affected the IAQ. Recommendations are proposed to mitigate the buildup of indoor air pollutants at school sites. IMPLICATIONS Indoor air quality in elementary schools has been a subject of extreme importance due to susceptibility and sensibility of children to air pollutants. The schools were selected based on their surrounding environment especially downwind direction from the highly industrialized zone in Kuwait. Extensive sampling from different sites in four schools for comprehensive VOCs and CO2 were completed for an extended period of over a year. Different hot spots were identified where leaked refrigerant and inadequate handling of laboratory solvents contributed to the high VOCs in the respective locations. CO2 levels reflected HVAC performance and poor ventilation. A list of recommendations has been proposed to eradicate these high levels of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Awadi
- a Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environmental and Life Science Research Center , Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , Safat , Kuwait
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang XM, Ding X, Lu HX, Yao DW, Xu C. Observation of SOA tracers at a mountainous site in Hong Kong: Chemical characteristics, origins and implication on particle growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:180-189. [PMID: 28667845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important constituent of airborne fine particles. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters≤2.5μm) samples were collected at a mountainous site in Hong Kong in autumn of 2010, and analyzed for SOA tracers. Results indicated that the concentrations of isoprene SOA tracers (54.7±22.7ng/m3) and aromatics SOA tracers (2.1±1.6ng/m3) were on relatively high levels in Hong Kong. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and aromatics was estimated with the SOA tracer based approach, which constituted 0.35±0.15μg/m3 (40.6±5.7%), 0.20±0.03μg/m3 (30.4±5.5%), 0.05±0.02μg/m3 (5.6±1.7%) and 0.26±0.20μg/m3 (21.3±8.2%) of the total estimated SOC. Biogenic SOC (0.60±0.18μg/m3) dominated over anthropogenic SOC (0.26±0.20μg/m3) at this site. In addition to the total estimated SOC (17.8±4.6% of organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5), primary organic carbon (POC) emitted from biomass burning also accounted for a considerable proportion of OC (11.6±3.2%). Insight into the OC origins found that regional transport significantly (p<0.05) elevated SOC from 0.37±0.17 to 1.04±0.39μg/m3. Besides, SOC load could also increase significantly if there was influence from local ship emission. Biomass burning related POC in regional air masses (0.81±0.24μg/m3) was also higher (p<0.05) than that in samples affected by local air (0.29±0.35μg/m3). Evidences indicated that SOA formation was closely related to new particle formation and the growth of nucleation mode particles, while biomass burning was responsible for some particle burst events in Hong Kong. This is the first SOA study in afforested areas of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - X M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H X Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - D W Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - C Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Niu H, Li K, Chu B, Su W, Li J. Heterogeneous Reactions between Toluene and NO 2 on Mineral Particles under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9596-9604. [PMID: 28728409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions between organic and inorganic gases with aerosols are important for the study of smog occurrence and development. In this study, heterogeneous reactions between toluene and NO2 with three atmospheric mineral particles in the presence or absence of UV light were investigated. The three mineral particles were SiO2, α-Fe2O3, and BS (butlerite and szmolnokite). In a dark environment, benzaldehyde was produced on α-Fe2O3. For BS, nitrotoluene and benzaldehyde were obtained. No aromatic products were produced in the absence of NO2 in the system. In the presence of UV irradiation, benzaldehyde was detected on the SiO2 surface. Identical products were produced in the presence and absence of UV light over α-Fe2O3 and BS. UV light promoted nitrite to nitrate on mineral particles surface. On the basisi of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, a portion of BS was reduced from Fe3+ to Fe2+ with the adsorption of toluene or the reaction with toluene and NO2. Sulfate may play a key role in the generation of nitrotoluene on BS particles. From this research, the heterogeneous reactions between organic and inorganic gases with aerosols that occur during smog events will be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejingying Niu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kezhi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenkang Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Norbäck D, Hashim JH, Hashim Z, Ali F. Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:153-160. [PMID: 28319702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper studied associations between volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in schools in Malaysia and rhinitis, ocular, nasal and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue among students. Pupils from eight randomly selected junior high schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia (N=462), participated (96%). VOC, formaldehyde and NO2 were measured by diffusion sampling (one week) and VOC also by pumped air sampling during class. Associations were calculated by multi-level logistic regression adjusting for personal factors, the home environment and microbial compounds in the school dust. The prevalence of weekly rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms were 18.8%, 11.6%, 15.6%, and 11.1%, respectively. Totally 20.6% had weekly headache and 22.1% fatigue. Indoor CO2 were low (range 380-690 ppm). Indoor median NO2 and formaldehyde concentrations over one week were 23μg/m3 and 2.0μg/m3, respectively. Median indoor concentration of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and limonene over one week were 12.3, 1.6, 78.4 and 3.4μg/m3, respectively. For benzaldehyde, the mean indoor concentration was 2.0μg/m3 (median<1μg/m3). Median indoor levels during class of benzene and cyclohexane were 4.6 and 3.7μg/m3, respectively. NO2 was associated with ocular symptoms (p<0.001) and fatigue (p=0.01). Formaldehyde was associated with ocular (p=0.004), throat symptoms (p=0.006) and fatigue (p=0.001). Xylene was associated with fatigue (p<0.001) and benzaldehyde was associated with headache (p=0.03). In conclusion, xylene, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde and NO2 in schools can be risk factors for ocular and throat symptoms and fatigue among students in Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor levels of benzene were often higher than the EU standard of 5μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norbäck
- Uppsala University, Dept. of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selagor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Ali
- Johor State Health Department, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Guo H, Ling ZH, Cheng HR, Simpson IJ, Lyu XP, Wang XM, Shao M, Lu HX, Ayoko G, Zhang YL, Saunders SM, Lam SHM, Wang JL, Blake DR. Tropospheric volatile organic compounds in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1021-1043. [PMID: 27668854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical smog, characterized by high concentrations of ozone (O3) and fine particles (PM2.5) in the atmosphere, has become one of the top environmental concerns in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), one of the key precursors of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (an important component of PM2.5), have a critical influence on atmospheric chemistry and subsequently affect regional and global climate. Thus, VOCs have been extensively studied in many cities and regions in China, especially in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta regions where photochemical smog pollution has become increasingly worse over recent decades. This paper reviews the main studies conducted in China on the characteristics and sources of VOCs, their relationship with O3 and SOA, and their removal technology. This paper also provides an integrated literature review on the formulation and implementation of effective control strategies of VOCs and photochemical smog, as well as suggestions for future directions of VOCs study in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Z H Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H R Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - I J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - X P Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - X M Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Shao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H X Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - G Ayoko
- Discipline of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Y L Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - S M Saunders
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S H M Lam
- Pacific Environment Limited, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J L Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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28
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Galindo N, Varea M, Gil-Moltó J, Yubero E. BTX in urban areas of eastern Spain: a focus on time variations and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18267-18276. [PMID: 27272924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal and daily cycles of BTX were studied in a non-industrialized city (Alicante) and an urban area near an oil refinery plant (Castellón) in order to evaluate the influence of different sources on time variations. Lower levels were observed in summer than in winter at both locations due to higher dispersion conditions and photochemical removal of BTX during the summer season. Daily patterns showed seasonal differences and were controlled by traffic emissions and the evolution of the mixing layer height, with no influence of the petroleum refinery plant in the city of Castellón. The results of the conditional bivariate probability function suggest that the influence of this source on BTX concentrations was limited to point impacts. At both sites, benzene exhibited a different behavior from toluene and xylenes, most likely due to its significantly lower chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Montse Varea
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Juan Gil-Moltó
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
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29
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Porada E, Szyszkowicz M. UNMIX Methods Applied to Characterize Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Toronto, Ontario. TOXICS 2016; 4:E11. [PMID: 29051416 PMCID: PMC5606629 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNMIX, a sensor modeling routine from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was used to model volatile organic compound (VOC) receptors in four urban sites in Toronto, Ontario. VOC ambient concentration data acquired in 2000-2009 for 175 VOC species in four air quality monitoring stations were analyzed. UNMIX, by performing multiple modeling attempts upon varying VOC menus-while rejecting the results that were not reliable-allowed for discriminating sources by their most consistent chemical characteristics. The method assessed occurrences of VOCs in sources typical of the urban environment (traffic, evaporative emissions of fuels, banks of fugitive inert gases), industrial point sources (plastic-, polymer-, and metalworking manufactures), and in secondary sources (releases from water, sediments, and contaminated urban soil). The remote sensing and robust modeling used here produces chemical profiles of putative VOC sources that, if combined with known environmental fates of VOCs, can be used to assign physical sources' shares of VOCs emissions into the atmosphere. This in turn provides a means of assessing the impact of environmental policies on one hand, and industrial activities on the other hand, on VOC air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniusz Porada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Québec at Outaouais, Gatineau, QB J8X 3X7, Canada.
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Cheung K, Ling ZH, Wang DW, Wang Y, Guo H, Lee B, Li YJ, Chan CK. Characterization and source identification of sub-micron particles at the HKUST Supersite in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:287-296. [PMID: 25965042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Particle size distribution measurements were conducted continuously at a 30-second interval using the Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) in August, September, November and December of 2011 at a coastal background site in Hong Kong. Concurrent measurements of CO, NOx, O3, SO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were used to determine the causes of high particle number concentration (PNC) events. In all sampling months, PNC were usually higher in the evening, likely resulting from the arrival of upwind air pollutants as wind direction changed in the late afternoon. On the more polluted days, the PNC were usually higher around noon, particularly in August, similar to the diurnal trend of O3. The mode diameter at noon was smaller than in other time periods in all sampling months, further highlighting the role of secondary formation at this urban background site. A prolonged period of pollution episode occurred in late August. High PNC resulted from the arrival of pollution laden air from the PRD region or super regions. In December, new particle formation followed by subsequent growth accounted for most of the polluted days. Overall, meteorology was the most important parameter affecting particle concentrations and formation at this Hong Kong background site.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cheung
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Z H Ling
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D W Wang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Wang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - H Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - B Lee
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y J Li
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - C K Chan
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Shi J, Deng H, Bai Z, Kong S, Wang X, Hao J, Han X, Ning P. Emission and profile characteristic of volatile organic compounds emitted from coke production, iron smelt, heating station and power plant in Liaoning Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 515-516:101-8. [PMID: 25704266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
107 kinds of C₂-C₁₂ volatile organic compound (VOC) mass concentrations and profiles for four types of coal-fired stationary sources in Liaoning Province were studied by a dilution sampling system and GC-MS analysis method, which are of significant importance with regard to VOC emissions in northeast of China. The results showed that there were some differences among these VOC source profiles. The total mass concentrations of analyzed 107 VOC species varied from 10,917 to 19,652 μg m(-3). Halogenated hydrocarbons exhibited higher mass percentages for the VOC source profiles of iron smelt (48.8%) and coke production plant (37.7%). Aromatic hydrocarbons were the most abundant in heating station plant (69.1%). Ketones, alcohols and acetates held 45.0% of total VOCs in thermal power plant. For non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), which are demanded for photochemical assessment in the USA, toluene and n-hexane were the most abundant species in the iron smelt, coke production and thermal power plant, with the mass percentages of 64.8%, 52.7% and 38.6%, respectively. Trimethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and o,m-ethyltoluene approximately accounted for 70.0% in heating station plant. NMHCs emitted from coke production, iron smelt, heating station and power plant listed above presented different chemical reactivities. The average OH loss rate of NMHCs from heating station, was 4 to 5.6 times higher than that of NMHCs from iron smelt, coke production and power plant, which implies that VOCs emitted from heating station in northeast of China should be controlled firstly to avoid photochemical ozone pollution and protect human health. There are significant variations in the ratios of benzene/toluene and m, p-xylene/ethylbenzene of these coal-fired source profiles. The representativeness of the coal-fired sources studied and the VOC samples collected should be more closely examined. The accuracy of VOC source profiles related to coal-fired processes is highly dependent on location and sampling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Hao Deng
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94#, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Ho KF, Ho SSH, Dai WT, Cao JJ, Huang RJ, Tian L, Deng WJ. Seasonal variations of monocarbonyl and dicarbonyl in urban and sub-urban sites of Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2835-49. [PMID: 24420739 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen airborne carbonyls including monocarbonyls and dicarbonyls were determined in urban and sub-urban sites of Xi'an, China in three seasons in 2010. In winter, acetone was the most abundant carbonyl in the urban site due to usage of organic solvents in constructions and laboratories and its slower atmospheric removal mechanisms by photolysis and reaction with hydroxyl radical than those of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. In the sub-urban site, acetaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl, followed by formaldehyde and acetone. During summer, however, formaldehyde was the most dominant carbonyl in both sites. The photooxidations of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) yielded much more formaldehyde than other carbonyls under high solar radiation and temperature. In the urban site, the average concentrations of dicarbonyls (i.e., glyoxal and methyglyoxal) in spring and summer were higher than that in winter. Transformation of aromatic VOCs emitted from fuel evaporation leads to the formation of 1,2-dicarbonyls. A reverse trend was observed in sub-urban sites, as explained by the relatively low abundances and accumulations of VOC precursors in the rural atmosphere during warm seasons. Moreover, cumulative cancer risk based on measured outdoor carbonyls (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Xi'an Jiaotong University and Heihe was estimated (8.82 × 10(-5) and 4.96 × 10(-5), respectively). This study provides a clear map on the abundances of carbonyls and their source interpretation in the largest and the most economic city in Northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,
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Cheng HR, Saunders SM, Guo H, Louie PKK, Jiang F. Photochemical trajectory modeling of ozone concentrations in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:101-110. [PMID: 23747818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, tropical cyclones over the East and South China Seas were found to be the most predominant weather conditions associated with the occurrence of high ozone (O3) episodes in Hong Kong in 2005-2009. A photochemical trajectory model coupled with Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was adapted to simulate the O3 concentrations during two O3 pollution episodes. The results agreed well with the observed data. A representative backward air mass trajectory was used to determine the contribution of each volatile organic compound (VOC) to the O3 levels. After taking into account both reactivity and mass emission of each VOC, 10 species were found to be the key O3 precursors in Hong Kong. Further analysis identified solvent related products accounting for 70% of the modeled O3 concentration in Hong Kong. The results highlight the importance of considering together reactivity and source sector emissions in developing targeted VOC reduction for O3 abatement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, China
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Peng CY, Hsiao SL, Lan CH, Huang YL. Application of passive sampling on assessment of concentration distribution and health risk of volatile organic compounds at a high-tech science park. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:181-196. [PMID: 22359069 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to investigate the volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution using passive samplers and to assess the resulting health risks in a high-tech science industrial park. With the advantages of passive sampling techniques, long-term and wide-area samples are collected. The results show TVOC concentrations in summer, fall, winter, and spring are 7.14 ± 5.66 ppb, 18.17 ± 5.81 ppb, 10.30 ± 3.54 ppb, and 14.56 ± 4.53 ppb, respectively; those on weekdays and weekends are 14.36 ± 6.80 ppb and 9.87 ± 4.86 ppb, respectively; and those in industrial and residential zones are 12.97 ± 0.39 ppb and 11.13 ± 0.68 ppb, respectively. Based on concentration variations, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene ratios, we can resolve the source origins. Health risks are assessed based on the resulting concentrations. In the case of non-cancer chronic effects, long-term exposure to these concentrations does not support there is a risk of adverse health effects. However, potential cancer risks of exposure to these concentrations may occur, especially to carbon tetrachloride and benzene. By applying this study's procedures, information on VOC concentration distribution, source identification, and health assessment can be obtained and they are applicable to similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Ho SSH, Ho KF, Lee SC, Cheng Y, Yu JZ, Lam KM, Feng NSY, Huang Y. Carbonyl emissions from vehicular exhausts sources in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:221-234. [PMID: 22442938 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2011.642952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emission (VE) is one of the important anthropogenic sources for airborne carbonyls in urban area. Six types of VE-dominated samples were collected at representative locations in Hong Kong where polluted by a particular fueled type of vehicles, including (i) a gas refilling taxis station (liquefied petroleum gas [LPG] emission); (ii) a light-duty passenger car park (gasoline emission); (iii) a minibus station (diesel emission); (iv) a single-deck-bus depot (diesel emission); (v) a double-deck-bus depot (diesel emission); and (vi) a whole-food market entrance for light- and heavy-duty vehicles (diesel emission). A total of 15 carbonyls in the samples were quantified. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl among the VE-dominated samples, and its contribution to the total quantified amount on a molar basis ranged from 54.8% to 60.8%. Acetaldehyde and acetone were the next two abundant carbonyls. The carbonyls were quantified at three roadside locations in Hong Kong. The highest concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, 22.7 +/- 8.4 and 6.0 +/- 2.8 microg/m3, respectively, were determined in the samples collected at a main transportation gate for goods between Hong Kong and Mainland China. The total quantified carbonyl concentration, 37.9 +/- 9.3 microg/m3, was the highest at an entrance of a cross-harbor tunnel in downtown area. The theoretical carbonyls compositions of the three roadside locations were estimated according to the VE-dominated sample profiles and the statistics on vehicle numbers and types during the sampling period. The measured compositions of formaldehyde were much higher than the theoretical compositions in summer, demonstrating that photochemical reactions significantly contributed to the formaldehyde production in the roadsides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi 'an, China.
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Ameur-Bouddabbous I, Kasperek J, Barbier A, Harel F, Hannoyer B. Transverse approach between real world concentrations of SO2, NO2, BTEX, aldehyde emissions and corrosion in the Grand Mare tunnel. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1240-1250. [PMID: 23513445 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With regard to automotive traffic, a tunnel-type semi enclosed atmosphere is characterized by a higher concentration of gaseous pollutants than on urban traffic roads and highlights the gaseous effluent species having an impact on material degradation. Therefore, a transverse approach between air quality and its consequences upon the longevity of materials is necessary, implying better knowledge of tunnel atmosphere and a better understanding of material degradation inside a tunnel for operating administration. Gaseous pollutant measurements carried out in a road tunnel in Rouen (Normandy) give the real world traffic concentrations of experimental exposure conditions. The sampling campaigns, achieved in summer and winter include SO2, NO2, BTEX and aldehyde analyses. Effluent profiles in the upward and downward tubes have been established. The current work shows that SO2, NO2, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal and butanal must be considered in the degradation process of materials in a stuffy environment. As regards NO2, its concentration depends on the modification of the automotive fleet. The total aldehyde concentrations indicate no particular trend between the two bores. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal and acrolein species are the most abundant species emitted by vehicles and represent 90% to 95% of the total aldehyde emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ameur-Bouddabbous
- GPM-UMR 6634 CNRS. UFR Science and Technology, University of Rouen, BP 12, 76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France
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Ma Z, Jeon J, Kim S, Jung S, Lee W, Seo S. Characteristics of odorous carbonyl compounds in the ambient air around a fishery industrial complex of Yeosu, Korea. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1785-1789. [PMID: 23520848 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)61020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the amounts of odorous carbonyl compounds (OCCs) including acetaldehyde (Acet-A), propionaldehyde (Pron-A), butylaldehyde (Buty-A), iso-valeric aldehyde (Iso-Vale-A) and n-valeric aldehyde (N-Vale-A) emitted from a fishery industrial complex near the exhibition facilities of "Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea" were measured. Acet-A was found to be the most abundant OCC, and the total concentrations of the OCCs were the highest in the summer. However, due to vehicular exhaust and photochemical reactions, the concentrations of some of the OCCs presented their highest levels in the fall. A significant correlation between Acet-A and Buty-A was found at the major fishery facilities (r = 0.816, p = 1.87E-15, n = 60) and at the border areas (r = 0.809, p = 3.40E-12, n = 48) of this fishery industrial complex. The concentrations of OCCs at the border areas were not worse than those at the urban areas in other places, indicating that the concentrations of ambient OCCs at the border areas were not greatly influenced by manmade activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Ma
- Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea.
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Dobrzyńska E, Pośniak M, Szewczyńska M, Buszewski B. Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds—Old, However, Actual Analytical and Toxicological Problem. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903547054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Beránek J, Kubátová A. Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction methods for determination of trace concentration aldehydes in aqueous solution. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ting M, Yue-Si W, Jie J, Fang-kun W, Mingxing W. The vertical distributions of VOCs in the atmosphere of Beijing in autumn. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 390:97-108. [PMID: 17976686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air of Beijing City were measured at the heights of 8, 32, 140 and 280 m on the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower in autumn 2005. Concentrations of fifty-five compounds were determined by quantitative analytical methods. Our study utilized GC/MS analysis of 0.5 l air sample that were cryo-concentrated prior to analysis. The vertical distributions of VOCs were also investigated using 1-butene, isopentane, dichloromethane and toluene as representative compounds of several different categories. It is shown that 1-butene followed by 2-butene, isopentane followed by n-pentane, dichloromethane followed by chloroform and toluene followed by benzene are the most abundant compounds in the categories of alkene, alkane, halocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon, respectively. The concentrations of TVOCs range from 51.2+/-39.7 ppb to 83.6+/-44.4 ppb on clear days, but from 62.9+/-19.0 ppb to 105.0+/-59.2 ppb on haze days. While alkenes and halocarbons contribute little to TVOCs, alkanes provide the largest percentage, ranging from about 46% to 63% at four different heights, which are followed by aromatic hydrocarbons ranging from about 15% to 27%. The vertical distributions of VOCs are complex. On clear days most distribution profiles show a decreasing trend with increasing height. On haze days, however, they exhibit first a decrease with increasing altitude from 8 m to 140 m and then a significant increase at 280 m. These results are understood by analyzing how the vertical distributions of VOCs are affected jointly by several factors such as meteorological parameters and transport property. In addition, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis show that VOCs have different origins at different heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ting
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, LAPC, Beijing 100029, China
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41
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Elbir T, Cetin B, Cetin E, Bayram A, Odabasi M. Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their sources in the air of Izmir, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 133:149-60. [PMID: 17180406 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in Izmir, Turkey at two (suburban and urban) sites during three sampling programs in 2002 and 2004 to determine the ambient concentrations of several monoaromatic, chlorinated and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Samples were analyzed for 60 VOCs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 28 compounds were detected in most samples. On the average, urban air VOC concentrations were about four times higher than those measured at the suburban site. Toluene (40.6%) was the most abundant compound in suburban site and was followed by benzene (7.4%), o,m-xylene (6.5%), and 1,2-dichloroethane (5.1%). In urban site, toluene (30.5%), p-xylene (14.9%), o,m-xylene (11.4%), and ethyl benzene (7.2%) were the dominating compounds in summer. In winter, toluene (31.1%), benzene (23.9%), 1,2-dichloroethane (9.5%), and o,m-xylene (8.2%) were the most abundant compounds. Receptor modeling (positive matrix factorization) has been performed to estimate the contribution of specific source types to ambient concentrations. Six source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust+residential heating, paint production/application, degreasing, dry cleaning, and an undefined source) were extracted from the samples collected in the urban site. Three source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, and paint production/application) were identified for the suburban site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
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Martins EM, Arbilla G, Bauerfeldt GF, de Paula M. Atmospheric levels of aldehydes and BTEX and their relationship with vehicular fleet changes in Rio de Janeiro urban area. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:2096-103. [PMID: 17257646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive monitoring campaign to assess aldehydes and BTEX concentrations was performed during 12 months, in the Tijuca district (Rio de Janeiro), an area with commercial activities and a high flux of vehicles. The mean concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were 151 and 30 ppb, respectively. The high formaldehyde/acetaldehyde ratio was attributed to extensive use of compressed natural gas (CNG). The number of CNG vehicles in the metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro increased from 23000 in January 2001 to 161000 in January 2005. Monitoring data show that, for the same period, methane and formaldehyde concentrations increased while NO(x) and CO levels diminished. Mean concentrations for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene, were 1.1, 4.8, 3.6, 10.4 and 3.0 micro gm(-3), respectively. Benzene and toluene concentrations were lower than the values determined in 1996, for the same location. The levels of ethylbenzene and xylenes determined in this work are similar to values obtained in 1996. This fact may be explained as a consequence of changes in the gasoline composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Monteiro Martins
- Departamento de Físico Química, Instituto de Química da UFRJ. CT, Bloco A, Sala 408, Cidade Universitária - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil
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Peng CY, Lan CH, Dai YT. Speciation and quantification of vapor phases in soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:2054-62. [PMID: 16904162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the compositions of two biodiesel vapors, soy biodiesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel, to provide a comprehensive understanding of biodiesels. Vapor phases were sampled by purging oil vapors through thermal desorption tubes which were then analyzed by the thermal desorption/GC/MS system. The results show that the compounds of biodiesel vapors can be divided into four groups. They include methyl esters (the main biodiesel components), oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics. The first two chemical groups are only found in biodiesel vapors, not in the diesel vapor emissions. The percentages of mean concentrations for methyl esters, oxygenated chemicals, alkanes and alkenes, and aromatics are 66.1%, 22.8%, 4.8% and 6.4%, respectively for soy biodiesel, and 35.8%, 35.9%, 27.9% and 0.3%, respectively for waste cooking oil biodiesel at a temperature of 25+/-2 degrees C. These results show that biodiesels have fewer chemicals and lower concentrations in vapor phase than petroleum diesel, and the total emission rates are between one-sixteenth and one-sixth of that of diesel emission, corresponding to fuel evaporative emissions of loading losses of between 106 microg l(-1) and 283 microg l(-1). Although diesels generate more vapor phase emissions, biodiesels still generate considerable amount of vapor emissions, particularly the emissions from methyl esters and oxygenated chemicals. These two chemical groups are more reactive than alkanes and aromatics. Therefore, speciation and quantification of biodiesel vapor phases are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Peng
- Graduate Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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