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Yi JF, Lin ZZ, Li X, Zhou YQ, Guo Y. A short review on environmental distribution and toxicity of the environmentally persistent free radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139922. [PMID: 37611755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) are usually generated by the electron transfer of a certain radical precursor on the surface of a carrier. They are characterized with high activity, wide migration range, and relatively long half-life period. In this review, we summarized the literature on EPFRs published since 2010, including their environmental occurrence and potential cytotoxicity and biotoxicity. The EPFRs in the atmosphere are the most abundant in the environment, mainly generated from the combustion of raw materials or biochar, and the C-center types (quinones, semiquinones radicals, etc.) may exist for a relatively long time. These EPFRs can transform into other substances (such as reactive oxygen species, ROS) under the influence of environmental factors, and partly enter soil and water by wet and dry deposition of particulate matter, which may promote the generation of EPFRs in those media. The wide distribution of EPFRs in the environment may lead to their exposure to biota including humans, resulting in cytotoxicity and biotoxicity. The EPFRs can influence the normal redox process of the biota, and generate a large number of free radicals like ROS. Exposure to EPFRs may change the expression of gene and activity of metabolic enzymes, and damage the cells, as well as some organs such as the lung, trachea, and heart. However, due to the difficulty in sample extraction, identification, and quantification of the specific EPFR individuals, the toxicity and exposure evaluation of biota are still limited which merits study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Yi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ze-Zhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yue-Qiao Zhou
- Department of Department of Medical Oncology, Qionghai People's Hospital, Qionghai, 571499, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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2
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Liu X, Yang L, Liu G, Zheng M. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals during Thermochemical Processes and their Correlations with Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6529-6541. [PMID: 33956443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention is increasingly being paid to environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are organic pollutants with the activities of free radicals and stabilities of organic pollutants. EPFRs readily form during thermal processes through the decomposition of organic precursors such as phenols, halogenated phenols, and quinone-type molecules, which are also important precursors of toxic unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs). We have found that EPFRs are important intermediates for UPOP formation during thermal-related processes. However, interest in EPFRs is currently mostly focused on the toxicities and formation mechanisms of EPFRs themselves. Little information is available on the important roles EPFRs play in toxic UPOP formation during thermal processes. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EPFR formation and transformation into UPOPs during thermal processes. The review is focused on typical EPFRs, including cyclopentadiene, phenoxy, and semiquinone radicals. The reaction temperature, metal species present, and oxygen concentration strongly affect EPFR and UPOP formation during thermal-related processes. Gaps in current knowledge and future directions for research into EPFR and UPOP formation, transformation, and control are presented. Understanding the relationships between EPFRs and UPOPs will allow synergistic control strategies to be developed for thermal-related industrial sources of EPFRs and UPOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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3
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Santana CM, Gauger P, Vetger A, Magstadt D, Kim DS, Shrestha D, Charavaryamath C, Rumbeiha WK. Ambient hydrogen sulfide exposure increases the severity of influenza A virus infection in swine. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 76:526-538. [PMID: 33750267 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1896986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is common in concentrated pig feed operations from the decomposition of manure. Ambient H2S is a respiratory tract irritant and an environmental stressor for caretakers and pigs. Influenza A virus (IAV), a zoonotic pathogen, has caused prior pandemics. The effects of H2S or IAV alone on the respiratory system have been investigated, but their interaction has not. We hypothesized that exposure to environmentally-relevant H2S concentrations increases the pathogenicity of IAV infection in swine. Thirty-five, three-week old pigs of mixed sex were exposed to breathing air or H2S via inhalation 6 hours daily for 12 days. After 7 days, pigs were inoculated with H3N2 IAV (or a placebo). Results showed that ambient H2S increased the severity of respiratory distress and lung pathology. H2S also suppressed IL-IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine response in BALF and increased viral loads and nasal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Santana
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amber Vetger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Denusha Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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4
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Tao W, Yang X, Li Y, Zhu R, Si X, Pan B, Xing B. Components and Persistent Free Radicals in the Volatiles during Pyrolysis of Lignocellulose Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13274-13281. [PMID: 32966050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent free radicals (PFRs) may cause negative impacts to human health and the environment because of the induced reactive oxygen species. We expect that PFRs could be generated in the condensable volatiles formed during lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis. Elucidating the structural origin and the formation mechanism of PFRs is important for an in-depth understanding of air pollutants from the pyrolysis or combustion of lignocellulose biomass. This work selected rice straw and pine sawdust to represent agricultural and forest biomass residues. The pyrolysis mechanism, volatile components, and PFR generation were discussed based on the analysis of thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (MS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/MS, and electron spin resonance (ESR). Levoglucosan, furans, and 2-methoxyphenols were the main pyrolytic compounds for cellulose (CL), hemicellulose (HC), and lignin (LG), respectively. Obvious ESR signals were detected in the condensable volatiles of LG, while no ESR signals were detected for those of CL and HC. Higher ESR signals were detected in lignocellulose with a higher content of LG. Therefore, LG was the main structural basis to generate PFRs in lignocellulose condensable volatiles, mostly attributed to the methoxyphenol components. This study provides useful information regarding the generation mechanisms of and the structures related to PFRs, which is essential to understand the risks of lignocellulose pyrolytic volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Tao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xingwei Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650231, China
| | - Xiaoxi Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650231, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Lee S, Kim M, Baek G, Kim HM, Van TTN, Gwak D, Heo K, Shong B, Park JS. Thermal Annealing of Molecular Layer-Deposited Indicone Toward Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43212-43221. [PMID: 32841556 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) is a promising technique for fine nanoscale patterning, which may overcome the drawbacks of conventional top-down approaches for the fabrication of future electronic devices. However, conventional materials and processes often employed for AS-ALD are inadequate for conformal and rapid processing. We introduce a new strategy for AS-ALD based on molecular layer deposition (MLD) that is compatible with large-scale manufacturing. Conformal thin films of "indicone" (indium alkoxide polymer) are fabricated by MLD using INCA-1 (bis(trimethylsily)amidodiethylindium) and HQ (hydroquinone). Then, the MLD indicone films are annealed by a thermal heat treatment under vacuum. The properties of the indicone thin films with different annealing temperatures were measured with multiple optical, physical, and chemical techniques. Interestingly, a nearly complete removal of indium from the film was observed upon annealing to ca. 450 °C and above. The chemical mechanism of the thermal transformation of the indicone film was investigated by density functional theory calculations. Then, the annealed indicone thin films were applied as an inhibiting layer for the subsequent ALD of ZnO, where the deposition of approximately 20 ALD cycles (equivalent to a thickness of approximately 4 nm) of ZnO was successfully inhibited. Finally, patterns of annealed MLD indicone/Si substrates were created on which the area-selective deposition of ZnO was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Lee
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - GeonHo Baek
- Division of Nano-Scale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Thi Ngoc Van
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Dham Gwak
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Heo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonggeun Shong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Park
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano-Scale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Odinga ES, Waigi MG, Gudda FO, Wang J, Yang B, Hu X, Li S, Gao Y. Occurrence, formation, environmental fate and risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105172. [PMID: 31739134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are used globally in agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. However, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are stable emerging pollutants, are generated as a characteristic feature during biomass pyrolysis. EPFRs can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species, which poses huge agro-environmental and human health risks. Their half-lives and persistence in both biochar residues and in the atmosphere may lead to potentially adverse risks in the environment. This review highlights the comprehensive research into these bioreactive radicals, as well as the bottlenecks of biochar production leading up to the formation and persistence of EPFRs. Additionally, a way forward has been proposed, based on two main recommendations. A global joint initiative to create an all-encompassing regulations policy document that will improve both the technological and the quality control aspects of biochars to reduce EPFR generation at the production level. Furthermore, environmental impact and risk assessment studies should be conducted in the extensive applications of biochars in order to protect the environmental and human health. The highlighted key research directions proposed herein will shape the production, research, and adoption aspects of biochars, which will mitigate the considerable concerns raised on EPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fredrick Owino Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Rathna R, Varjani S, Nakkeeran E. Recent developments and prospects of dioxins and furans remediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:797-806. [PMID: 29986327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization of anthropogenic activities have exerted immense pressure on the environment. Polyhalogenated organic compounds, especially dioxins and furans are regarded as ubiquitously persistent environmental pollutants in the ecosystem. The recalcitrant nature of dioxins and furans induce toxicity in both humans and wildlife. Dioxins and furans are generated by defective technological chemical processes that occur during the manufacture of herbicides and pesticides, use of fertilizers, bleaching of paper and wood pulp and incomplete combustion process. However, incineration and incomplete combustion of solid waste are the main cause for the discharge of dioxins and furans to the environment. During incineration and incomplete combustion, noxious flue gas and ashes are released into the atmosphere and contaminate the soil and water systems; thereby affecting the ecology. According to World Health Organization fact sheet 2016, more than 90% of human exposure to dioxins is through the food chain, especially from dairy products, seafood and meat. These pollutants are mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic and teratogenic for lower and higher forms of life i.e. microorganisms to humans. This review describes the sources of dioxins and furans pollution, hazardous effects on the ecosystem and recent techniques to minimize and treat dioxins and furans contaminants in the environment. This paper also previews the significance of conventional and latest remediation techniques prevailing around the globe for treating dioxins and furans entry into the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Rathna
- Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (Autonomous), Sriperumbudur Tk, 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Sector-10A, Gandhinagar, 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Ekambaram Nakkeeran
- Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (Autonomous), Sriperumbudur Tk, 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Furutani Y, Kudo S, Hayashi JI, Norinaga K. Theoretical Study on Reaction Pathways Leading to CO and CO2 in the Pyrolysis of Resorcinol. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:631-637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Furutani
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shinji Kudo
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Research
and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koyo Norinaga
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
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9
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Nwosu UG, Khachatryan L, Youm SG, Roy A, Dela Cruz ALN, Nesterov EE, Dellinger B, Cook RL. Model System Study of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Formation in a Semiconducting Polymer Modified Copper Clay System at Ambient Temperature. RSC Adv 2016; 6:43453-43462. [PMID: 28670444 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper systematically investigates how environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed in a phenol contaminated model soil. Poly-p-phenylene (PPP) modified and copper-loaded montmorillonite (MMT) clays were developed and used as models of soil organic matter and the clay mineral component, respectively, with phenol being employed as a precursor pollutant. The polymer modification of the clays was carried out via surface-confined Kumada catalyst-transfer chain-growth polymerization. The presence and location of the polymer were confirmed by a combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction data. EPFRs were formed by the Cu(II)-clay (Cu(II)CaMMT) and poly-p-phenylene-Cu(II)clay (PPP-Cu(II)CaMMT) composite systems under environmentally relevant conditions. The g-factor and concentration of EPFRs formed by the Cu(II)CaMMT and PPP-Cu(II)CaMMT systems were found to be 2.0034 and 1.22 × 1017 spins/g and 2.0033 and 1.58 × 1017spins/g, respectively. These g-factors are consistent with the formation of phenoxyl radicals. Extended X-Ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis shows that there are distinct differences in the local stuctures of the phenoxyl radicals associated with only the Cu(II) redox centers and those formed in the presences of the PPP polymer. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) results provided evidence for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the EPFR forming process. The 1/e lifetimes of the formed EPFRs revealed a decay time of ~20 h for the Cu(II)CaMMT system and a two-step decay pattern for the PPP-Cu(II)CaMMT system with decay times of ~13.5 h and ~55.6 h. Finally, the generation of reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical; •OH) by these clay systems was also investigated, with higher concentrations of •OH detected for the phenol-dosed Cu(II)CaMMT and PPP-Cu(II)CaMMT systems, compared to the non-EPFR containing undosed PPP-Cu(II)CaMMT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugwumsinachi G Nwosu
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.,Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.,Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sang Gil Youm
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Amitava Roy
- Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
| | - Albert Leo N Dela Cruz
- Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Evgueni E Nesterov
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.,Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Robert L Cook
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.,Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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10
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Nwosu UG, Roy A, dela Cruz ALN, Dellinger B, Cook R. Formation of environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) in iron(III) cation-exchanged smectite clay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:42-50. [PMID: 26647158 PMCID: PMC4743249 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00554j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been found at a number of Superfund sites, with EPFRs being formed via a proposed redox process at ambient environmental conditions. The possibility of such a redox process taking place at ambient environmental conditions is studied utilizing a surrogate soil system of phenol and iron(III)-exchanged calcium montmorillonite clay, Fe(III)CaM. Sorption of phenol by the Fe(III)CaM is demonstrated by Fourier-transformed infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, as evidenced by the peaks between 1345 cm(-1) and 1595 cm(-1), and at lower frequencies between 694 cm(-1) and 806 cm(-1), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, as shown by an increase in interlayer spacing within Fe(III)CaM. The formation and characterization of the EPFRs is determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, showing phenoxyl-type radical with a g-factor of 2.0034 and ΔHP-P of 6.1 G at an average concentration of 7.5 × 10(17) spins per g. EPFRs lifetime data are indicative of oxygen and water molecules being responsible for EPFR decay. The change in the oxidation state of the iron redox center is studied by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, showing that 23% of the Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) results confirm the XANES results. These findings, when combined with the EPFR concentration data, demonstrate that the stoichiometry of the EPFR formation under the conditions of this study is 1.5 × 10(-2) spins per Fe(II) atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugwumsinachi G Nwosu
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. and Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Amitava Roy
- Centre for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, USA
| | - Albert Leo N dela Cruz
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. and Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. and Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Robert Cook
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. and Louisiana State University Superfund Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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11
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Jaligama S, Chen Z, Saravia J, Yadav N, Lomnicki SM, Dugas TR, Cormier SA. Exposure to Deepwater Horizon Crude Oil Burnoff Particulate Matter Induces Pulmonary Inflammation and Alters Adaptive Immune Response. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8769-8776. [PMID: 26115348 PMCID: PMC4526136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ″in situ burning" of trapped crude oil on the surface of Gulf waters during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill released numerous pollutants, including combustion-generated particulate matter (PM). Limited information is available on the respiratory impact of inhaled in situ burned oil sail particulate matter (OSPM). Here we utilized PM collected from in situ burn plumes of the DWH oil spill to study the acute effects of exposure to OSPM on pulmonary health. OSPM caused dose-and time-dependent cytotoxicity and generated reactive oxygen species and superoxide radicals in vitro. Additionally, mice exposed to OSPM exhibited significant decreases in body weight gain, systemic oxidative stress in the form of increased serum 8-isoprostane (8-IP) levels, and airway inflammation in the form of increased macrophages and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Further, in a mouse model of allergic asthma, OSPM caused increased T helper 2 cells (Th2), peribronchiolar inflammation, and increased airway mucus production. These findings demonstrate that acute exposure to OSPM results in pulmonary inflammation and alteration of innate/adaptive immune responses in mice and highlight potential respiratory effects associated with cleaning up an oil spill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Zaili Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Nikki Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Tammy R. Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
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12
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Kaveevivitchai W, Wang X, Liu L, Jacobson AJ. Two Distinct Redox Intercalation Reactions of Hydroquinone with Porous Vanadium Benzenedicarboxylate MIL-47. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1822-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502730y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Watchareeya Kaveevivitchai
- Texas Center for Superconductivity
and Department of Chemistry University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Xiqu Wang
- Texas Center for Superconductivity
and Department of Chemistry University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Lumei Liu
- Texas Center for Superconductivity
and Department of Chemistry University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Allan J. Jacobson
- Texas Center for Superconductivity
and Department of Chemistry University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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13
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Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ. Formation of dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin and their hydroxylated derivatives from catechol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:1822-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presents mechanistic and kinetic accounts of the formation of dibenzofuran (DF), dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) and their hydroxylated derivatives (OHs-DF/OHs-DD) from the catechol (CT) molecule, as model compounds for phenolic constituents in biomass.
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14
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Robichaud DJ, Scheer AM, Mukarakate C, Ormond TK, Buckingham GT, Ellison GB, Nimlos MR. Unimolecular thermal decomposition of dimethoxybenzenes. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:234302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4879615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Identification of Labile Radicals Formed during Pyrolysis of Catechool, Hydroquinone, and Phenol through Neutral Pyrolysis Product Mass Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/930573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Catechol, hydroquinone, and phenol are known to be environmental pollutants due to their ability to generate environmentally free radicals, which cause millions of deaths worldwide. Recently, efforts have been done to precisely identify the origin and the nature of those free radicals employing EPR-LTMI technique. All the three precursors generate cyclopentadienyl radical as major pyrolysis products and phenoxyl radical as both pyrolysis and photolysis products which were obtained from phenol; ortho-semiquinone and para-semiquinone were seen, respectively, from the pyrolysis of catechol and hydroquinone. However, it has been suspected that the solely use of the EPR-LTMI did not allow the isolation of the more labile radicals that is supposedly terminated by radical-radical or radical-surface interaction. The present study reports the gas chromatography mass analysis of the pyrolysis products from catechol, hydroquinone, and phenol. Naphthalene , indene, and hydroxyindene were observed as the pyrolysis products of hydroquinone, while fluorene, 1H-indenol and its isomer 1H-inden-1-one 2,3 dihydro, acenaphthylene, benzofuran-7-methyl, and benzofuran-2-methyl were observed as pyrolysis products of catechol. Dibenzo dioxin and dibenzo furan were observed from pyrolysis of catechol and hydroquinone. Those products result from the combination of radicals such as cyclopentadienyl, para-semiquinone, ortho-semiquinone, hydroxyl-cyclohexadienyl, phenoxyl, and most importantly Hydroxycyclopentadienyl which was not identified by EPR-LTMI.
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16
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Scheer AM, Mukarakate C, Robichaud DJ, Nimlos MR, Carstensen HH, Barney Ellison G. Unimolecular thermal decomposition of phenol and d5-phenol: Direct observation of cyclopentadiene formation via cyclohexadienone. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3675902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Khachatryan L, Asatryan R, McFerrin C, Adounkpe J, Dellinger B. Radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis of catechol. 2. Comparison of the pyrolysis of catechol and hydroquinone. J Phys Chem A 2011; 114:10110-6. [PMID: 20731470 DOI: 10.1021/jp1054588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation of radicals from the pyrolysis of catechol (CT) and hydroquinone (HQ) over a temperature range of 350-900 °C was studied using low-temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance (LTMI EPR) spectroscopy. Comparative analysis of the pyrolysis mechanisms of these isomeric compounds was performed, and the role of semiquinone-type carrier radicals was studied. Pathways of unimolecular decomposition of intermediate radicals and molecular products were identified from the examination of the potential energy surface of catechol calculated at B3LYP hybrid density functional theory and composite CBS-QB3 levels. The results were compared with the experimental observations and mechanistic pathways previously developed for the pyrolysis of hydroquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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18
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Altarawneh M, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Mackie JC. Theoretical Study on the Thermodynamic Properties and Self-Decomposition of Methylbenzenediol Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11751-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1054765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an-Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an-Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an-Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an-Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - John C. Mackie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an-Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
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19
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Alsoufi A, Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Mackie JC. A DFT study on the self-coupling reactions of the three isomeric semiquinone radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Khachatryan L, Adounkpe J, Asatryan R, Dellinger B. Radicals from the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Catechol: 1. o-Semiquinone and ipso-Catechol Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2306-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908243q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Julien Adounkpe
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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21
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Chapter 9 Pyrolysis of Alcohols and Phenols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(09)02809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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22
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Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Mackie JC. Theoretical Study of Unimolecular Decomposition of Catechol. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909025s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - John C. Mackie
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
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23
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Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Mackie JC. Thermochemical Properties and Decomposition Pathways of Three Isomeric Semiquinone Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1098-108. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9091706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, and Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, and Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, and Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John C. Mackie
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, and Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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24
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Lomnicki S, Truong H, Dellinger B. Mechanisms of product formation from the pyrolytic thermal degradation of catechol. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:629-633. [PMID: 18640699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Catechol has been identified as one of the most abundant organic products in tobacco smoke and a major molecular precursor for semiquinone type radicals in the combustion of biomass material. The high-temperature gas-phase pyrolysis of catechol under hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-lean conditions was studied using a fused-silica tubular flow reactor coupled to an in-line GC/MS analytical system. Thermal degradation of catechol over temperature range of 250-1000 degrees C with a reaction time of 2.0s yielded a variety products including phenol, benzene, dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin, phenylethyne, styrene, indene, anthracene, naphthalene, and biphenylene. Ortho-benzoquinone which is typically associated with the presence of semiquinone radicals was not observed and is proposed to be the result of fast decomposition reactions that lead to a variety of other reaction products. This is in contrast to the decomposition of hydroquinone that produced para-benzoquinone as the major product. A detailed mechanism of the degradation pathway of catechol is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lomnicki
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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