1
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Bueno I, He H, Kinsley AC, Ziemann SJ, Degn LR, Nault AJ, Beaudoin AL, Singer RS, Wammer KH, Arnold WA. Biodegradation, photolysis, and sorption of antibiotics in aquatic environments: A scoping review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165301. [PMID: 37414169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in surface waters is a potential driver of antibiotic resistance and thus of concern to human and environmental health. Key factors driving the potential impact of antibiotics are their persistence and transport in rivers and lakes. The goal of this study was to describe the peer-reviewed published literature on the photolysis (direct and indirect), sorption, and biodegradation of a selected group of antibiotic compounds following a scoping review methodology. Primary research from 2000 to 2021 was surveyed to compile information on these processes for 25 antibiotics from 6 classes. After compilation and assessment of the available parameters, the results indicate that information is present to predict the rates of direct photolysis and reaction with hydroxyl radical (an indirect photolysis process) for most of the selected antibiotics. There is insufficient or inconsistent information for including other indirect photolysis processes, biodegradation, or removal via sorption to settling particles for most of the targeted antibiotic compounds. Future research should focus on collecting fundamental parameters such as quantum yields, second-order rate constants, normalized biodegradation rates, and organic carbon or surface area normalized sorption coefficients rather than pseudo-first order rate constants or sorption equilibrium constants that apply only to specific conditions/sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bueno
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Huan He
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy C Kinsley
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sarah J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN 55015, USA
| | - Lauren R Degn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN 55015, USA
| | - André J Nault
- Health Sciences Libraries, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amanda L Beaudoin
- Health Sciences Libraries, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kristine H Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St. Paul, MN 55015, USA
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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2
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Milstead RP, Berg SM, Kelly BM, Knellwolf CD, Larson CJ, Wammer KH, Remucal CK. Limitations of conventional approaches to identify photochemically produced reactive intermediates involved in contaminant indirect photodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1694-1707. [PMID: 37728410 PMCID: PMC10591881 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mediated indirect photodegradation can play an important role in the degradation of aquatic contaminants. Predicting the rate of this process requires knowledge of the photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI) that react with the compound of interest, as well as the ability of individual DOM samples to produce PPRI. Key PPRI are typically identified using quencher studies, yet this approach often leads to results that are difficult to interpret. In this work, we analyze the indirect photodegradation of atorvastatin, carbamazepine, sulfadiazine, and benzotriazole using a diverse set of 48 waters from natural and engineered aquatic systems. We use this large data set to evaluate relationships between PPRI formation and indirect photodegradation rate constants, which are directly compared to results using standard quenching experiments. These data demonstrate that triplet state DOM (3DOM) and singlet oxygen (1O2) are critical PPRI for atorvastatin, carbamazepine, and sulfadiazine, while hydroxyl radical (˙OH) contributes to the indirect photodegradation of benzotriazole. We caution against relying on quenching studies because quenching of 3DOM limits the formation of 1O2 and all studied quenchers react with ˙OH. Furthermore, we show that DOM composition directly influences indirect photodegradation and that low molecular weight, microbial-like DOM is positively correlated with the indirect photodegradation rates of carbamazepine, sulfadiazine, and benzotriazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid P Milstead
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Berg
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | - Bella M Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA
| | | | - Cooper J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA
| | - Kristine H Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, USA
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 N. Park St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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3
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Ma D, Zhang B, Hu X. A Novel Strategy of Combined Pulsed Electro-Oxidation and Electrolysis for Degradation of Sulfadiazine. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083620. [PMID: 37110855 PMCID: PMC10142080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) electro-activation process and the electro-oxidation process driven by a pulsed electric field (PEF) was used to degrade sulfadiazine (SND) wastewater. Mass transfer is the limiting step of electrochemical processes. The PEF could enhance mass transfer efficiency by reducing the polarization effect and increasing the instantaneous limiting current compared with the constant electric field (CEF), which could benefit the electro-generation of active radicals. The degradation rate of SND after 2 h was 73.08%. The experiments investigated the effects of operating parameters of pulsed power supply, PMS dosage, pH value and electrode inter distance on the degradation rate of SND. The predicted response value of single-factor performance experiments was obtained as 72.26% after 2 h, which was basically consistent with the experimental value. According to the quenching experiments and EPR tests, both SO4•- and •OH were present in the electrochemical processes. The generation of active species were significantly greater in the PEF system than that in the CEF system. Moreover, four kinds of intermediate products were detected during the degradation by LC-MS. This paper presents a new aspect for electrochemical degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ma
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource & Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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4
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Wu L, Lin Q, Fu H, Luo H, Zhong Q, Li J, Chen Y. Role of sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron on carbon nanotubes in nonradical activation of peroxydisulfate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126949. [PMID: 34523474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is highly persistent and difficult to remove, making it urgent to find an efficient method for alleviating the enormous environmental pressure of SMX. In this study, sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron on carbon nanotubes (S-nZVI@CNTs) was prepared to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of SMX. The results showed that SMX was completely removed within 40 min (kobs=0.1058 min-1) in the S-nZVI@CNTs/PDS system. By analyzing quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), singlet oxygen (1O2) was the main active species of the S-nZVI@CNTs/PDS system. 1O2 might be mediated by the abundant carbonyl groups (CO) on carbon nanotubes through spectroscopic analyses. In addition, sulfur doping transitioned the activation pathway to a nonradical pathway. Spectroscopic analyses and electrochemical experiments confirmed that the formation of CNTs-PDS complexes and S-nZVI could promote electron transfer on the catalyst surface. Furthermore, the main degradation intermediates of SMX were identified, and five possible transformation pathways were proposed. The S-nZVI@CNTs/PDS system possessed advantages including high anti-interference (Cl-, NO3-, HA), a strong applicability, recyclability and a low PDS consumption, offering new insight into the degradation of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wu
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment, Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qintie Lin
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment, Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hengyi Fu
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment, Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haoyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Quanfa Zhong
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment, Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment, Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment, Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang B, Deng C, Ma W, Sun Y. Modified nanoscale zero-valent iron in persulfate activation for organic pollution remediation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34229-34247. [PMID: 34002318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under the action of different activators, persulfate can produce sulfate radicals (SO4·-) with strong oxidizing ability, which can destruct many organic compounds. Meanwhile, persulfate is widely used in groundwater and soil remediation because of its fast reaction and wide application. With the high specific surface area and reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), it can enhance the degradation efficiency of the persulfate system on organic pollutants in soil and water as a persulfate activator. However, nZVI is easy to get oxidized and has a tendency to aggregation. To solve these problems, a variety of nZVI modification methods have been put forward and put into to applications in the activation of persulfate. This article will give a systematic introduction of the background and problems of nZVI-activated persulfate in the remediation of organic pollution. In addition, the modification methods and mechanisms of nZVI are summarized, and the applications and progress of modified nZVI-activated persulfate are reviewed. The factors that affect the removal of organic compounds by the activation system are discussed as well. Worldwide, the field studies and full-scale remediation using modified nZVI in persulfate activation are yet limited. However, the already known cases reveal the good prospect of applying modified nZVI in persulfate activation to organic pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prevention on Oil and Gas Fields and Environmental Safety, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Chaoxiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubo Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
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Conde-Cid M, Paíga P, Moreira MM, Albergaria JT, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Arias-Estévez M, Delerue-Matos C. Sulfadiazine removal using green zero-valent iron nanoparticles: A low-cost and eco-friendly alternative technology for water remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110451. [PMID: 33188761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effectiveness of green zero-valent iron nanoparticles (gnZVIs) for the removal of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) from water via adsorption and reduction was tested. Additionally, the effectiveness of this material as a catalyst for the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes was also investigated. This represents the first study concerning the use of gnZVIs for the degradation of a sulfonamide antibiotic. The results obtained indicate that gnZVIs were able to remove up to 58% of SDZ via adsorption and up to 69% via adsorption plus reduction using a SDZ/Fe3+ molar ratio of 1:61.6. Furthermore, gnZVIs showed strong effectiveness as a catalyst for the Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions, with complete SDZ removal in 8 h and 5 min, respectively, using a SDZ/Fe3+/H2O2 molar ratio of 1:38.4:38.4. These results demonstrate that the use of gnZVIs constitutes an attractive and potential alternative technology for water remediation, reducing environmental impact and operational costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conde-Cid
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - P Paíga
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Instituto Politécnico Do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - M M Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Instituto Politécnico Do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - J T Albergaria
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Instituto Politécnico Do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - M Arias-Estévez
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - C Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia Do Instituto Politécnico Do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Enhanced Fenton-like degradation of sulfadiazine by single atom iron materials fixed on nitrogen-doped porous carbon. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 597:56-65. [PMID: 33862447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of single-atom iron catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions has demonstrated tremendous potential for antibiotic wastewater treatment. In this study, single-atom iron fixed on nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (Fe-ISAs@CN) was synthesised using a metal organic framework (MOF) as a precursor. Fe-ISAs@CN was applied as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to activate H2O2 for the degradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in an aqueous solution. The physical and chemical properties of Fe-ISAs@CN were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements. The results of our degradation experiments indicated that Fe-ISAs@CN exhibited remarkable activity and stability for the degradation of SDZ over a wide pH range; even after five cycles, Fe-ISAs@CN retained a high catalytic efficiency (>80%). The 5,5-dimethyl-1-oxaporphyrin-n-oxide (DMPO)-X signal captured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy indicated that a large amount of hydroxyl radicals (OH) was produced in the reaction system. Quench tests indicated that the OH was the main active substance in the degradation of SDZ. The degradation products of the reaction were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and possible degradation pathways for the SDZ degradation were proposed.
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8
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Leng Y, Xiao H, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang J. Transformation of sulfadiazine in humic acid and polystyrene microplastics solution by horseradish peroxidase coupled with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128705. [PMID: 33109357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme catalyzed coupling with redox mediators are considered as great interesting and viable technologies to transform antibiotics. This work demonstrated the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was effective in transforming sulfadiazine (SDZ) transformation coupled with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) at varying conditions. The removal of SDZ was independent of Na+ and its ionic strength, but Ca2+ could enhance transformation efficiency by increasing the enzyme activity of HRP. The presence of humic acid (HA) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics showed inhibition on the transformation of SDZ, and the transformation rate constants (k) decreased with the concentration of HA and PS particles increased. These primarily attributed to covalent coupling and electrostatic interaction between SDZ and HA, SDZ and PS, respectively, which reduced the concentration of free SDZ in the reaction solution. The presence of cation recovered the inhibition of SDZ transformation by HA and PS particles, which ascribed to compete between cation and SDZ. The divalent cations (Ca2+) showed more substantial competitiveness than mono (Na+) due to more carried charge. Eight possible transformation products were identified, and potential SDZ transformation pathways were proposed, which include δ-cleavage, γ-cleavage, carbonylation, hydroxylation, SO2 extrusion and SO3 extrusion. In addition, HA and PS particles couldn't affect the transformation pathways of SDZ. These findings provide novel understandings of the transformation and the fate of antibiotics in the natural environment by HRP coupled with redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Leng
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China
| | - Henglin Xiao
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China
| | - Zhu Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China.
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9
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Tetracycline and Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soils: Presence, Fate and Environmental Risks. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics are widely used worldwide to treat and prevent infectious diseases, as well as (in countries where allowed) to promote growth and improve feeding efficiency of food-producing animals in livestock activities. Among the different antibiotic classes, tetracyclines and sulfonamides are two of the most used for veterinary proposals. Due to the fact that these compounds are poorly absorbed in the gut of animals, a significant proportion (up to ~90%) of them are excreted unchanged, thus reaching the environment mainly through the application of manures and slurries as fertilizers in agricultural fields. Once in the soil, antibiotics are subjected to a series of physicochemical and biological processes, which depend both on the antibiotic nature and soil characteristics. Adsorption/desorption to soil particles and degradation are the main processes that will affect the persistence, bioavailability, and environmental fate of these pollutants, thus determining their potential impacts and risks on human and ecological health. Taking all this into account, a literature review was conducted in order to shed light on the current knowledge about the occurrence of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in manures/slurries and agricultural soils, as well as on their fate in the environment. For that, the adsorption/desorption and the degradation (both abiotic and biotic) processes of these pollutants in soils were deeply discussed. Finally, the potential risks of deleterious effects on human and ecological health associated with the presence of these antibiotic residues were assessed. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the lifecycle of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in the environment, thus facilitating decision-making for the application of preventive and mitigation measures to reduce its negative impacts and risks to public health.
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Loureiro Dos Louros V, Silva CP, Nadais H, Otero M, Esteves VI, Lima DLD. Photodegradation of sulfadiazine in different aquatic environments - Evaluation of influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109730. [PMID: 32516634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics, such as sulfadiazine (SDZ), in the aquatic environment contributes to the generation of antimicrobial resistance, which is a matter of great concern. Photolysis is known to be a major degradation pathway for SDZ in surface waters. Therefore, influencing factors affecting SDZ photodegradation in different aquatic environments were here evaluated in order to have a better knowledge about its persistence in the environment. Photodegradation of SDZ was found to be more efficient at higher pH (t1/2 = 6.76 h, at pH = 7.3; t1/2 = 12.2 h, at pH = 6.3), in the presence of humic substances (HS) (t1/2 between 1.76 and 2.42 h), as well as in the presence of NaCl (t1/2 = 1.00 h) or synthetic sea salts (t1/2 = 0.78 h). Using ˙OH and 1O2 scavengers, it was possible to infer that direct photolysis was the main pathway for SDZ photodegradation in ultrapure water. Furthermore, results under N2 purging confirmed that 1O2 was not relevant in the phototransformation of SDZ. Then, the referred observations were used for the interpretation of results obtained in environmental matrices, namely the final effluent of a sewage treatment plant (STPF), fresh and brackish water (t1/2 between 2.3 and 3.48 h), in which SDZ photodegradation was found to be much faster than in ultrapure water (t1/2 = 6.76 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Loureiro Dos Louros
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Patrícia Silva
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Nadais
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana L D Lima
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Kråkström M, Saeid S, Tolvanen P, Salmi T, Eklund P, Kronberg L. Catalytic ozonation of the antibiotic sulfadiazine: Reaction kinetics and transformation mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125853. [PMID: 31931316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ozone has been used to study the transformation of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ). SDZ and its transformation products was investigated using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and using NMR. The results revealed that 6% of SDZ is transformed into 2-aminopyrimidine. A significant amount of SDZ undergoes a rearrangement reaction followed by ring-closing reactions. One of these products, SDZ-P15, is the main product after 240 min of ozonation. Almost 30% of SDZ transforms into SDZ-P15. SDZ was also transformed via the addition of one or more hydroxyl groups, via the oxidation of an amine group to a nitro group as well as via a bond cleavage reaction. Most of the intermediate products presented in this study have not previously been reported as SDZ transformation products formed using ozonation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Kråkström
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Soudabeh Saeid
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pasi Tolvanen
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik Eklund
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Leif Kronberg
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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12
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Guan Z, Li Q, Shen B, Bao S, Zhang J, Tian B. Fabrication of Co3O4 and Au co-modified BiOBr flower-like microspheres with high photocatalytic efficiency for sulfadiazine degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Li H, Duan L, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang F, Zhang S. Photolysis of sulfadiazine under UV radiation: Effects of the initial sulfadiazine concentration, pH, NO3− and Cd2+. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Zhang T, Cai L, Xu B, Li X, Qiu W, Fu C, Zheng C. Sulfadiazine biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Mechanism and degradation product identification. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124418. [PMID: 31369901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic contaminants have become a severe environmental problem in recent years and finding effective ways to deal with this issue is of great importance. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to degrade sulfadiazine (SDZ), which is frequently detected in the culture medium of isolates from soil and surface water systems. The results demonstrate that 10 mg L-1 SDZ can be completely degraded by P. chrysosporium under conditions of pH 5.7 and 30 °C within 6 days. The Q-Exactive-MS/MS analysis identified and confirmed several different SDZ degradation intermediates, and four proposed degradation pathways of SDZ were deduced. Moreover, enzyme activity tests revealed that manganese peroxidase and ligninolytic peroxidase played important roles in SDZ degradation. Moreover, a transcriptome analysis method was performed to explore the mechanism and pathways of SDZ degradation by P. chrysosporium in greater detail. The results of GO and KEGG analysis strongly suggest that the metabolism pathway is significantly activated and plays an important role in antibiotic degradation. Further, this is the first study to identify SDZ degradation intermediates and two main intermediates were found to be involved in possible SDZ degradation pathways. This study is also the first report results from RNA sequencing to evaluate genome-wide changes of P. chrysosporium to further explore SDZ degradation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PR China, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bentuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xicheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Caixia Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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15
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Bilal M, Ashraf SS, Barceló D, Iqbal HMN. Biocatalytic degradation/redefining "removal" fate of pharmaceutically active compounds and antibiotics in the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1190-1211. [PMID: 31466201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the increasing concentration and persistent appearance of antibiotics traces in the water streams are considered an issue of high concern. In this context, an array of antibiotics has been categorized as pollutants of emerging concern due to their complex and highly stable bioactivity, indiscriminate usage with ultimate release into water bodies, and notable persistence in environmental matrices. Moreover, antibiotics traces containing household sewage/drain waste and pharmaceutical wastewater effluents contain a range of bioactive/toxic organic compounds, inorganic salts, pharmaceutically-active ingredients, or a mixture of all, which possesses negative influences ranging from ecological pollution to damage biodiversity. Moreover, their uncontrolled and undesirable bioaccumulation also poses a potential threat to target and non-target organisms in the environment. Aiming to tackle this issue effectively, various detection, quantification, degradation, and redefining "removal" processes have been proposed and investigated based on physical, chemical, and biological strategies. Though both useful and side effects of antibiotics on humans and animals are usually investigated thoroughly following safety and toxicity measures, however, their direct or indirect environmental impacts are not well reviewed yet. Owing to the considerable research gap, the environmental perfectives of antibiotics traces and their effects on target and non-target populations have now become the topic of research interest. Based on literature evidence, over the past several years, numerous individual studies have been performed and published covering various aspects of antibiotics. However, a comprehensive compilation on enzyme-based degradation of antibiotics is still lacking and requires careful consideration. Hence, this review summarizes up-to-date literature on enzymes as biocatalytic systems, explicitly, free as well as immobilized forms and their effective exploitation for the degradation of various antibiotics traces and other pharmaceutically-active compounds present in the water bodies. It is further envisioned that the enzyme-based strategies, for antibiotics degradation or removal, discussed herein, will help readers for a better understanding of antibiotics persistence in the environment along with the associated risks and removal measures. In summary, the current research thrust presented in this review will additionally evoke researcher to engineer robust and sustainable processes to effectively remediate antibiotics-contaminated environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, PO Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Damiá Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico.
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16
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Fang TH, Lin CW, Kao CH. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceutical compounds in the Danshuei River Estuary and the Northern Taiwan Strait. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:509-520. [PMID: 31426188 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ten pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) were determined in northern Taiwan estuarine waters and Taiwan Strait (TS) seawater. The ecological risk of these PhACs was assessed using risk quotient (RQ), which is the ratio of the measured maximum concentration to the predicted no-effect concentration. Six PhACs were detected within the estuarine waters. Caffeine concentration (130-718 ng l-1) was the highest among the analyzed PhACs. The distribution of PhACs in the Danshuei River Estuary generally exhibited addition behavior, except that caffeine showed conservative behavior. Carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, caffeine, and ketoprofen were detected in TS seawaters. Their concentrations follow the sequence: gemfibrozil > ketoprofen > caffeine > carbamazepine. The caffeine concentrations in TS seawaters were 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than those in Danshuei estuarine waters. With few exceptions for caffeine, erythromycin, and sulfadiazine posing low risk in some estuarine waters, most of the RQ values were <0.01, suggesting no adverse effects on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hsi Fang
- Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Wei Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Kao
- Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
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17
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Van den Meersche T, Rasschaert G, Haesebrouck F, Van Coillie E, Herman L, Van Weyenberg S, Daeseleire E, Heyndrickx M. Presence and fate of antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes and zoonotic bacteria during biological swine manure treatment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:29-38. [PMID: 30878661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence and dissemination of antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes and zoonotic bacteria in the environment is of growing concern worldwide. Manure management practices, such as biological removal of nitrogen from swine manure, may help to decrease levels of antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes and zoonotic bacteria present in manure before fertilization, thereby reducing environmental contamination. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the presence and fate of seven antibiotic residues (colistin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ceftiofur and tylosin A), nine antibiotic resistance genes (tet(B), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W), erm(B), erm(F) and sul2) and two zoonotic bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter coli) during biological nitrogen removal from swine manure over time. Samples from the raw manure, the solid fraction, the liquid fraction and the storage lagoon were analyzed on two farms at six time points with an interval of two weeks. Only the antibiotics which were used during the three months preceding the first sampling could be detected before and after biological nitrogen removal from swine manure. Of all the antibiotics studied, doxycycline was recovered in all of the samples and sulfadiazine was recovered in most samples on both farms. For both antibiotics, there appears to be a reduction of the amount of residues present in the storage lagoon compared to the liquid fraction, however, this reduction was not statistically significant. A significant reduction of the relative abundances of most of the antibiotic resistance genes studied was observed when comparing the liquid fraction and the storage lagoon. For tet(L), no differences were observed between the fractions sampled and for sul2 and erm(F), a significant increase in relative abundances was observed on the second farm sampled. For the zoonotic bacteria, a reduction of at least 1 log was observed after biological nitrogen removal from swine manure. The results indicate that the concentration of certain antibiotic residues and several antibiotic resistance genes and the amount of zoonotic bacteria present in the manure may be reduced in the end product of the biological nitrogen removal from swine manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Van den Meersche
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Van Weyenberg
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Conde-Cid M, Fernández-Calviño D, Nóvoa-Muñoz JC, Arias-Estévez M, Díaz-Raviña M, Núñez-Delgado A, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ, Álvarez-Rodríguez E. Degradation of sulfadiazine, sulfachloropyridazine and sulfamethazine in aqueous media. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 228:239-248. [PMID: 30227336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics discharged to the environment constitute a main concern for which different treatment alternatives are being studied, some of them based on antibiotics removal or inactivation using by-products with adsorbent capacity, or which can act as catalyst for photo-degradation. But a preliminary step is to determine the general characteristics and magnitude of the degradation process effectively acting on antibiotics. A specific case is that of sulfonamides (SAs), one of the antibiotic groups most widely used in veterinary medicine, and which are considered the most mobile antibiotics, causing that they are frequently detected in both surface- and ground-waters, facilitating their entry in the food chain and causing public health hazards. In this work we investigated abiotic and biotic degradation of three sulfonamides (sulfadiazine -SDZ-, sulfachloropyridazine -SCP-, and sulfamethazine -SMT-) in aqueous media. The results indicated that, in filtered milliQ water and under simulated sunlight, the degradation sequence was: SCP > SDZ ≈ SMT. Furthermore, the rate of degradation clearly increased with the raise of pH: at pH 4.0, half-lives were 1.2, 70.5 and 84.4 h for SCP, SDZ and SMT, respectively, while at pH 7.2 they were 2.3, 9.4 and 13.2 h for SCP, SMT and SDZ. The addition of a culture medium hardly caused any change in degradation rates as compared to experiments performed in milliQ water at the same pH value (7.2), suggesting that in this case sulfonamides degradation rate was not affected by the presence of some chemical elements and compounds, such as sodium, chloride and phosphate. However, the addition of bacterial suspensions extracted from a soil and from poultry manure increased the rate of degradation of these antibiotics. This increase in degradation cannot be attributed to biodegradation, since there was no degradation in the dark during the time of the experiment (72 h). This indicates that photo-degradation constitutes the main removal mechanism for SAs in aqueous media, a mechanism that in this case was favored by humic acids supplied with the extracts from soil and manure. The overall results could contribute to the understanding of the environmental fate of the three sulfonamides studied, aiding to program actions that could favor their inactivation, which is especially relevant since its dissemination can involve serious environmental and public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conde-Cid
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
| | - D Fernández-Calviño
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - J C Nóvoa-Muñoz
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Arias-Estévez
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Díaz-Raviña
- Dept. Soil Biochemistry, Inst. Invest. Agrobiol. de Galicia (CSIC - IIAG), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - M J Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - E Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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19
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Patrolecco L, Rauseo J, Ademollo N, Grenni P, Cardoni M, Levantesi C, Luprano ML, Caracciolo AB. Persistence of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in river water alone or in the co-presence of ciprofloxacin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1438-1446. [PMID: 30021310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin are among the most prescribed antibiotics and are frequently detected in surface water ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the role of a riverine natural microbial community in sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in presence and absence of ciprofloxacin (CIP). River samples were collected from a stretch of the Tiber River highly impacted by human pressure. An experimental set up was performed varying some abiotic (dark/UV-light) and biotic (presence/absence of microorganisms) conditions that can affect antibiotic degradation. The residual concentrations of SMX and CIP were measured (HPLC-MS or HPLC-UV/FLD) and the effects on the natural microbial community were assessed in terms of microbial number (N. live cells/mL) and structure (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization - FISH). Finally, the occurrence of the antibiotic resistance sul1 gene was also verified using quantitative PCR (qPCR). In 28 days, in the presence of both UV-light and microorganisms SMX disappeared (<LOD). SMX decreased partially in the dark (24%) and a slightly higher depletion was found in sterile river water and UV-light (30%). However, only in the presence of the microbial populations and in dark conditions, SMX disappeared subsequently at days 60. In the co-presence of CIP and light, SMX was more persistent (50%) than when alone. The depletion of CIP was not negatively influenced by SMX occurrence. The antibiotics did not negatively affect the microbial numbers. The FISH analysis showed that some bacterial populations were initially inhibited by the presence of the antibiotics, but at the end of the experiment, a general increase in most groups was observed together with an increase in the copy numbers of the sul1 gene. Therefore, the antibiotics at the dose of 500 μg/L did not have biocide effects on the natural microbial community and, instead, promoted some resistant natural bacterial populations able to degrade them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Patrolecco
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Jasmin Rauseo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy; Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Ademollo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Martina Cardoni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Italy
| | - Caterina Levantesi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Luprano
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
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20
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Wang L, You L, Zhang J, Yang T, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Liu P, Wu S, Zhao F, Ma J. Biodegradation of sulfadiazine in microbial fuel cells: Reaction mechanism, biotoxicity removal and the correlation with reactor microbes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:402-411. [PMID: 30130698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a high priority sulfonamide antibiotic and was always detected in environmental samples. This study explored the removal of SDZ in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), in terms of MFC operation, degradation products, reaction mechanism, SDZ biotoxicity removal, and the correlation between microbial community and SDZ removal. SDZ would greatly impact the activity of reactor microbes, and longtime acclimation is required for the biodegradation of SDZ in MFCs. After acclimation, 10 mg/L of SDZ could be removed within 48 h. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis showed that SDZ could be degraded into 2-aminopyrimidine, 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine and benzenesulfinic acid. Compared with published SDZ biodegradation mechanism, we found that the sulfanilamide part (p-Anilinesulfonic acid) of SDZ would be degraded into benzenesulfinic acid in the system. The effects of background constituents on SDZ biodegradation were explored, and co-existed humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) could accelerate the removal of SDZ in MFCs. After analyzing the reactor microbial community and the removal of SDZ at different operation cycles, it was found that the relative abundance of Methanocorpusculum, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Thiobacillus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas was highly correlated with the removal of SDZ throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lexing You
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pinxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Song Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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21
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Yadav MSP, Neghi N, Kumar M, Varghese GK. Photocatalytic-oxidation and photo-persulfate-oxidation of sulfadiazine in a laboratory-scale reactor: Analysis of catalyst support, oxidant dosage, removal-rate and degradation pathway. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 222:164-173. [PMID: 29843089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent of sulfadiazine (SDZ) removal via photo-degradation (UV-C), photocatalysis with TiO2 (UV-C/TiO2) and photo-persulfate-oxidation (UV-C/PS) was investigated in a batch reactor under different UV-C power levels (i.e. 14, 28, 42 and 56 W). Moreover, effects of suspended/immobilized catalyst, i.e. TiO2 slurry/TiO2 supported on granular activated carbon (GAC-TiO2), on SDZ removal and corresponding SDZ degradation kinetics under different catalyst loading (1-6 g/L) were explored. Around 41.7% SDZ removal was observed after 120 min in UV-C system at the highest power level, i.e. 56 W. On the other hand, photocatalysis with TiO2 and GAC-TiO2 has shown better SDZ removal than photo-degradation. In UV-C/TiO2 (4 g/L and 28 W) and UV-C/GAC-TiO2 (5 g/L and 28 W) systems, SDZ removals were 91.8% after 120 min and 100% after 60 min, respectively; however, TOC analysis has revealed that 45.4% and 60.8% SDZ was mineralized in these systems, respectively. In UV-C/PS system, near complete degradation of SDZ (99.8%) was observed within 10 min under 50 mg/L of PS and 28 W UV illumination. On the other hand, complete SDZ removal was observed in PS alone system at a dosage of 1000 mg/L but the formation of SO42- was found to be a drawback. In photolysis and photocatalysis systems, SDZ removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetics whereas the kinetics followed pseudo-second-order in UV-C/PS system. The comparison of electrical energy consumed (EEO) in different systems revealed that UV-C/GAC-TiO2 and UV-C/PS system were energy efficient compared with other systems. The LC-MS analysis has confirmed the cleavage of C-N bonds in the pyrimidine ring followed by S-N bonds in the sulfonyl group, which was found to be the major degradation pathway of SDZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Priyanka Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India
| | - N Neghi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India.
| | - George K Varghese
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India
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22
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Conde-Cid M, Fernández-Calviño D, Nóvoa-Muñoz JC, Arias-Estévez M, Díaz-Raviña M, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ, Núñez-Delgado A, Álvarez-Rodríguez E. Biotic and abiotic dissipation of tetracyclines using simulated sunlight and in the dark. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1520-1529. [PMID: 29710673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics reaching soils and water bodies are considered emerging pollutants deserving special attention. In this work, dissipation of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) is investigated. Dissipation experiments in filtered water, using simulated sunlight, resulted in the following degradation sequence: TC < OTC ≈ CTC, with half-life values of 229, 101 and 104 min, respectively; however, no dissipation took place in the dark. Dissipation of the three tetracyclines in culture medium and with simulated sunlight was much higher, giving the sequence TC ≈ OTC < CTC, with half-lives of 9, 10 and 7 min, respectively; in the dark, TC and OTC did not suffer dissipation, but it was around 28% for CTC at the end of the experiment (480 min). The variable explaining a higher dissipation in culture medium and with light was pH, as this parameter caused changes in the distribution of species of tetracyclines, affecting degradation. Adding bacterial suspensions extracted from soil and poultry manure increased dissipation, giving the sequence: TC ≈ OTC < CTC, which is attributed to the presence of humic acids, which adsorb these antibiotics. These results could facilitate understanding the fate of antibiotics reaching environmental compartments and causing public health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conde-Cid
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - D Fernández-Calviño
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - J C Nóvoa-Muñoz
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M Arias-Estévez
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M Díaz-Raviña
- Dept. Soil Biochemistry, Inst. Invest. Agrobiol. de Galicia (CSIC - IIAG), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - A Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - E Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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23
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Yang L, Shi Y, Li J, Fang L, Luan T. Transformation of aqueous sulfonamides under horseradish peroxidase and characterization of sulfur dioxide extrusion products from sulfadiazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:164-172. [PMID: 29477765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to catalyze the removal of sulfonamides from water and the effects of different H2O2 and HRP concentrations were investigated. Six sulfonamides, each with a five- or six-membered heterocyclic group, including sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamerazine (SMR) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP) were selected as target compounds. All sulfonamides exhibit a pseudo-first-order dependence of the concentration versus the reaction time. The decay rate (k, h-1) of the six sulfonamides spiked individually exhibit a trend following the order of STZ > SMP, SPD > SMR > SDZ » SMX. When spiked together, the coexistent sulfonamides might act as mediators for the enhancement of SMX removal and as competitors for the decreased removal of most sulfonamides. Moreover, six transformation products of SDZ are identified by the Thermo Scientific LTQ Orbitrap Elite technique. SDZ transformation involves two steps: one is the Smiles re-arrangement of the structure, and the other is oxidation and sulfur dioxide extrusion. This study is the first to report the removal dynamics of sulfonamides in HRP-catalyzed reactions and the identified products of SDZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ling Fang
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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24
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Ge P, Yu H, Chen J, Qu J, Luo Y. Photolysis mechanism of sulfonamide moiety in five-membered sulfonamides: A DFT study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:569-575. [PMID: 29407819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to investigate the photolysis mechanism of relatively susceptible sulfonamide moiety of five-membered sulfonamide (SA) antibiotics, such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethizole, and sulfathiazole. The results show that the ·OH-mediated indirect photolysis of sulfonamide linkage has two possible multi-step reaction pathways, viz., H-abstraction and electrophilic C1-attack, which is contrast to previously reported one-step cleavage manner. The newly proposed indirect photolysis mechanisms could be applied to six-membered SAs such as sulfadimethoxine. It has been found that the dissociation of SN bond is easier in direct photolysis than ·OH-mediated indirect photolysis. Wiberg bond index and LUMO-HOMO energy gap are investigated to clarify the origin of the discrepant reactivity of sulfonamide moiety of SAs at singlet and triplet states. In comparison with singlet states, the SN bond of SAs is weaker at triplet states of SAs and thus results in higher reactivity of sulfonamide moiety, as also suggested by smaller LUMO-HOMO energy gap. This study could add better understanding to the photolysis mechanisms of SAs, which would be also helpful in utilizing quantum chemistry calculation to investigate the behavior and fate of antibiotics in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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25
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Berns AE, Philipp H, Lewandowski H, Choi JH, Lamshöft M, Narres HD. Interactions of 15N-Sulfadiazine and Soil Components As Evidenced by 15N-CPMAS NMR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3748-3757. [PMID: 29465228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of sulfonamides (SNs) in animal husbandry has led to an unintentional widespread occurrence in several environmental compartments. The implementation of regulations and management recommendations to reduce the potential risk of development of antibiotic resistances necessitates detailed knowledge on their fate in soil. We present results from two independent incubation studies of 15N-labeled sulfadiazines (SDZ) which focused on identifying binding types in bound residues. In the first study 15N-amino labeled SDZ was incubated with two previously isolated humic acids in the presence and absence of Trametes versicolor laccase, while in the second study 15N-double-labeled SDZ was incubated with a typical agricultural Luvisol and the humic acid fraction isolated after sequential extraction of the soil. The freeze-dried humic acid fractions of both studies were then analyzed by 15N-CPMAS NMR and compared with the 15N-spectra of synthesized model compounds. In both studies amide bonds and Michael adducts were identified, while formation of imine bonds could be excluded. In the humic acid study, where less harsh extraction methods were applied, possible formation of H-bridging and sequestration were additionally detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Berns
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3) - Agrosphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Herbert Philipp
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3) - Agrosphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Hans Lewandowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3) - Agrosphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Jeong-Heui Choi
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU) , Dortmund University of Technology , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Marc Lamshöft
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU) , Dortmund University of Technology , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Narres
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3) - Agrosphere , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
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Feng Y, Liao C, Li H, Liu C, Shih K. Cu 2O-promoted degradation of sulfamethoxazole by α-Fe 2O 3-catalyzed peroxymonosulfate under circumneutral conditions: synergistic effect, Cu/Fe ratios, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1-11. [PMID: 28278773 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1293164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To promote the application of iron oxides in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes, a convenient approach using Cu2O as a catalyst additive was proposed. Composite catalysts based on α-Fe2O3 (CTX%Cu2O, X = 1, 2.5, 5, and 10) were prepared for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, and sulfamethoxazole was used as a model pollutant to probe the catalytic reactivity. The results show that a synergistic catalytic effect exists between Cu2O and α-Fe2O3, which was explained by the promoted reduction of Fe(III) by Cu(I). Iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigations indicated that the promoted reduction probably occurred with PMS acting as a ligand that bridges the redox centers of Cu(I) and Fe(III). The weight ratio between Cu2O and α-Fe2O3 influenced the degradation of sulfamethoxazole, and the optimal ratio depended on the dosage of PMS and catalysts. With 40 mg L-1 PMS and 0.6 g L-1 catalyst, a pseudo-first-order constant of ∼0.019 min-1 was achieved for CT2.5%Cu2O, whereas only 0.004 min-1 was realized for α-Fe2O3. Nearly complete degradation of the sulfamethoxazole was achieved within 180 min under the conditions of 40 mg L-1 PMS, 0.4 g L-1 CT2.5%Cu2O, and pH 6.8. In contrast, less than 20% degradation was realized with α-Fe2O3 under similar conditions. The CT2.5%Cu2O catalyst had the best stoichiometric efficiency of PMS (0.317), which was 4.5 and 5.8 times higher than those of Cu2O (0.070) and α-Fe2O3 (0.054), respectively. On the basis of the products identified, the cleavage of the S-N bond was proposed as a major pathway for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- a Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Changzhong Liao
- a Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- b Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control , Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Hangkong Li
- a Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- b Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control , Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- a Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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27
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Ji Y, Shi Y, Wang L, Lu J, Ferronato C, Chovelon JM. Sulfate radical-based oxidation of antibiotics sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfachloropyridazine: Formation of SO 2 extrusion products and effects of natural organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:704-712. [PMID: 28363182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of sulfonamide antibiotics in the environment has raised great concerns about their potential to proliferate antibacterial resistance. Sulfate radical (SO4•-) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are promising in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) technologies for remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by antibiotics. The present study reported that thermally activated persulfate oxidation of sulfonamides (SAs) bearing six-membered heterocyclic rings, e.g., sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), and sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), all produced SO2 extrusion products (SEPs), a phenomenon that is of potential importance, but not systematically studied. As an electrophilic oxidant, SO4•- tends to attack the aniline moiety, the reactive site of SAs, via electro-transfer mechanism. The resulting anilinyl radical cations are subjected to further intermolecular Smiles-type rearrangement to produce SEPs. Formation of SEPs is expected to occur in other SR-AOPs as well. The temperature-dependent evolution pattern of SEP of SMZ, 4-(2-imino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)aniline, can be well fitted by kinetic modeling concerning sequential formation and transformation of intermediate product. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) influenced the evolution patterns of 4-(2-imino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)aniline significantly. Toxicological effects of SEPs on ecosystem and human health remain largely unknown, thus, further monitoring studies are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France.
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28
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Biošić M, Mitrevski M, Babić S. Environmental behavior of sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, and their metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9802-9812. [PMID: 28258427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides are one of the most frequently used antibiotics worldwide. Therefore, processes that determine their fate in the environment are of great interest. In the present work, biodegradation as biotic process and hydrolysis and photolysis as abiotic processes were investigated. In biodegradation experiments, it was found out that sulfonamides (sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine) and their N 4-acetylated metabolites were not readily biodegradable. The results showed that decrease of concentrations were in the range from 4% for sulfadiazine to 22% for N 4-acetylsulfamethazine. Hydrolytic experiments examined at pH values normally found in the environment also showed their resistance. However, photolysis proved to be significant process for decreasing concentrations of sulfonamides and their metabolites in three various aqueous matrices (Milli-Q water, river water, and synthetic wastewater). In addition, influence of ubiquitous water constituents (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, and humic acids) was also investigated, showing their different impact on photolysis of investigated pharmaceuticals. The results showed that photolysis followed first-order kinetics in all cases. The obtained results are very important for assesing the environmental fate of sulfonamides and their metabolites in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Biošić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Mitrevski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Babić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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29
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Baena-Nogueras RM, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Photolysis of Antibiotics under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation: Identification of Photoproducts by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3148-3156. [PMID: 28192997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern regarding the widespread use of antibiotics and their presence in the aqueous environment. Their removal in the water column is mediated by different types of degradation processes for which the mechanisms are still unclear. This research is focused on characterizing the photodegradation kinetics and pathways of two largely employed antibiotics families: sulfonamides (9 SDs) and fluoroquinolones (6 FQs). Degradation percentages and rates were measured in pure water exposed to simulated natural sunlight at a constant irradiance value (500 W m-2) during all the experiments, and the main photoproducts formed were characterized through accurate mass measurement using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS). Over 200 different phototransformation products were identified for SDs and FQs, 66% of them, to the best of our knowledge, have not been described before. Their sequential formation and disappearance over the course of the experiments reveals the existence of several pathways for the degradation of target antibiotics. Occurrence of new photoproducts derived from desulfonation and/or denitrification, as well as hydroxylation of photo-oxidized heterocyclic rings, have been identified during photodegradation of SDs, whereas a new pathway yielding oxidation of the benzene ring after the cleavage of the piperazine ring (e.g., CIP product with m/z 280) is described for FQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Baena-Nogueras
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI·MAR, University of Cadiz , Puerto Real, 11510, Spain
| | - Eduardo González-Mazo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI·MAR, University of Cadiz , Puerto Real, 11510, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI·MAR, University of Cadiz , Puerto Real, 11510, Spain
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30
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Yang JF, Yang LM, Ying GG, Liu CB, Zheng LY, Luo SL. Reaction of antibiotic sulfadiazine with manganese dioxide in aqueous phase: Kinetics, pathways and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:135-143. [PMID: 27768526 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1237138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics are often detected in terrestrial and aquatic environment, but little is known about abiotic degradation of these antibiotics. In the present study, the degradation of the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfadiazine by a synthesized δ-MnO2 was investigated. The initial reaction rate of sulfadiazine oxidized by manganese dioxide increased as the solution pH decreased by weakening electrostatic attraction between sulfadiazine and MnO2 and enhancing the reduction potential of MnO2. The presence of metal ions (Mn2+, Na+ and Ca2+), especially Mn2+, decreased the initial reaction rate by competitively adsorbing and reacting with MnO2. Two different products were identified during the reaction of sulfadiazine with MnO2 and the transformation of parent compound started with the formation of sulfadiazine radicals. Furthermore, toxicity assay results showed that the toxicity of products produced by bacteria decreased with elapse of reaction time. Results from the present study indicate that manganese dioxides in environmental matrix could be helpful in dissipation of sulfadiazine released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , China
- b Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University of Arts and Science , Changde , China
- c State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Li-Ming Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- c State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Cheng-Bin Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , China
| | - Li-Ying Zheng
- b Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Hunan University of Arts and Science , Changde , China
| | - Sheng-Lian Luo
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , China
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31
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Mulla SI, Sun Q, Hu A, Wang Y, Ashfaq M, Eqani SAMAS, Yu CP. Evaluation of Sulfadiazine Degradation in Three Newly Isolated Pure Bacterial Cultures. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165013. [PMID: 27755578 PMCID: PMC5068754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed to assess the biodegradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and characterization of heavy metal resistance in three pure bacterial cultures and also their chemotactic response towards 2-aminopyrimidine. The bacterial cultures were isolated from pig manure, activated sludge and sediment samples, by enrichment technique on SDZ (6 mg L-1). Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the microorganisms were identified within the genera of Paracoccus, Methylobacterium and Kribbella, which were further designated as SDZ-PM2-BSH30, SDZ-W2-SJ40 and SDZ-3S-SCL47. The three identified pure bacterial strains degraded up to 50.0, 55.2 and 60.0% of SDZ (5 mg L-1), respectively within 290 h. On the basis of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, 2-aminopyrimidine and 4-hydroxy-2-aminopyrimidine were identified as the main intermediates of SDZ biodegradation. These bacteria were also able to degrade the metabolite, 2-aminopyrimidine, of the SDZ. Furthermore, SDZ-PM2-BSH30, SDZ-W2-SJ40 and SDZ-3S-SCL47 also showed resistance to various heavy metals like copper, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel and zinc. Additionally, all three bacteria exhibited positive chemotaxis towards 2-aminopyrimidine based on the drop plate method and capillary assay. The results of this study advanced our understanding about the microbial degradation of SDZ, which would be useful towards the future SDZ removal in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar I. Mulla
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Anyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | | | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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32
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Shah S, Hao C. Density functional theory study of direct and indirect photodegradation mechanisms of sulfameter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19921-19930. [PMID: 27424205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) have been observed to undergo direct and indirect photodegradation in natural water environments. In this study, the density functional theory (DFT) method was employed for the study of direct and indirect photodegradation mechanisms of sulfameter (SME) with excited triplet states of dissolved organic matter ((3)DOM(*)) and metal ions. SME was adopted as a representative of SAs, and SO2 extrusion product was obtained with different energy paths in the triplet-sensitized photodegradation of the neutral (SME(0)) and the anionic (SME(-)) form of SME. The selected divalent metal ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Zn(2+)) promoted the triplet-sensitized photodegradation of SME(0) but showed an inhibitory effect in triplet-sensitized photodegradation of SME(-). The triplet-sensitized indirect photodegradation mechanism of SME was investigated with the three DOM analogues, i.e., 2-acetonaphthone (2-AN), fluorenone (FN), and thioxanthone (TN). Results indicated that the selected DOM analogues are highly responsible for the photodegradation via attacking on amine moiety of SME. According to the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, the triplet-sensitized photodegradation mechanism of SME(0) with 2-AN, FN, and TN was H-transfer, and the SME(-) was proton plus electron transfer with these DOM analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Karakorum International University, Gilgit-Balitstan, 15100, Pakistan
| | - Ce Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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33
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Feng Y, Wu D, Liao C, Deng Y, Zhang T, Shih K. Red mud powders as low-cost and efficient catalysts for persulfate activation: Pathways and reusability of mineralizing sulfadiazine. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Feng Y, Wu D, Deng Y, Zhang T, Shih K. Sulfate Radical-Mediated Degradation of Sulfadiazine by CuFeO2 Rhombohedral Crystal-Catalyzed Peroxymonosulfate: Synergistic Effects and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3119-3127. [PMID: 26906407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper-iron bimetallic oxides have shown great potential for powerful radical production by activating peroxides. In this work, CuFeO2 rhombohedral crystals (RCs) were synthesized and used as heterogeneous catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under various conditions. Sulfadiazine, a widely used veterinary sulfonamide, was used as a target pollutant to evaluate the efficiency of this combination. The results showed that of all the catalysts tested, the CuFeO2 RCs had the greatest reactivity. Under conditions of 0.1 g L(-1) CuFeO2 RCs and 33.0 μM PMS, the nearly complete degradation of sulfadiazine occurred within 24 min. A synergistic catalytic effect was found between solid Cu(I) and Fe(III), probably due to the accelerated reduction of Fe(III). The two activation stages that produced different radicals (hydroxyl radicals followed by sulfate radicals) existed when solid Cu(I) was used as the catalyst. The CuFeO2 RCs had a higher PMS utilization efficiency than CuFe2O4, probably because the Cu(I)-promoted reduction of solid Fe(III). A total of 10 products were identified, and their evolution was explored. On the basis of the evidence of oxidative product formation, we proposed four possible pathways of sulfadiazine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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35
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Li Y, Li Q, Zhou K, Sun XL, Zhao LR, Zhang YB. Occurrence and distribution of the environmental pollutant antibiotics in Gaoqiao mangrove area, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:25-35. [PMID: 26757132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and distribution of 15 antibiotics belonging to families of sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and chloramphenicols were investigated in water and sediment in Gaoqiao mangrove area, China, using LC-MS-MS. The influence of tidal level and mangrove vegetation on antibiotic residues were examined. The levels of antibiotics were found to be ranged from 0.15 to 198 ng L(-1) in water and from 0.08 to 849 μg kg(-1) in sediment. No significant difference in concentrations of 15 different antibiotics from water and sediment samples was observed among the high, middle and low intertidal channel. The residues of SMZ, SMTZ, OFL, NOR, ENR, OXY and FLO were significantly higher in Aegiceras corniculatum assemblage than in Avicennia marina assemblage. Although no significant difference in tested antibiotics was found between the surface and bottom sediment, mangrove vegetation can to some extent reduce the accumulation for SMZ, SMTZ, OFL, NOR, CIP, OXY and TET in sediments relative to corresponding bare mudflats, implying that the environmental pollution from antibiotics may be mitigated by mangrove vegetation. Principal components analysis revealed that the terrestrial input and different habitats directly influenced the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Monitoring Center for Marine Resources and Environments, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qin Li
- Monitoring Center for Marine Resources and Environments, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Shenzhen Marine Environment and Resources Monitoring Center, Shenzhen 518031, China
| | - Xing-Li Sun
- Monitoring Center for Marine Resources and Environments, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhao
- Monitoring Center for Marine Resources and Environments, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yu-Bin Zhang
- Monitoring Center for Marine Resources and Environments, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Abstract
Knowledge about photochemical behavior of sulfonamides under UV light is limited. In this study, photodegradation of sulfadiazine in water by ultraviolet (UV) light was studied using a 300 W, 365 nm UV lamp. The degradation process followed well the first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 9.76 min in water with air saturation. The photodegradation was slower at acidic pH 4.52 than at pH 6.98 and pH 8.90. Addition of H2O2and nitrate enhanced the photodegradation rate, while addition of ethanol, nitrite, sulfate, and bicarbonate depressed the reaction rate. This study suggested that sulfadiazine photodegradation under UV light is generally favored by the attack of hydroxyl radicals.
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37
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Engelhardt I, Sittig S, Šimůnek J, Groeneweg J, Pütz T, Vereecken H. Fate of the antibiotic sulfadiazine in natural soils: Experimental and numerical investigations. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 177-178:30-42. [PMID: 25835544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on small-scale laboratory and field-scale lysimeter experiments, the sorption and biodegradation of sulfonamide sulfadiazine (SDZ) were investigated in unsaturated sandy and silty-clay soils. Sorption and biodegradation were low in the laboratory, while the highest leaching rates were observed when SDZ was mixed with manure. The leaching rate decreased when SDZ was mixed with pure water, and was smallest with the highest SDZ concentrations. In the laboratory, three transformation products (TPs) developed after an initial lag phase. However, the amount of TPs was different for different mixing-scenarios. The TP 2-aminopyrimidine was not observed in the laboratory, but was the most prevalent TP at the field scale. Sorption was within the same range at the laboratory and field scales. However, distinctive differences occurred with respect to biodegradation, which was higher in the field lysimeters than at the laboratory scale. While the silty-clay soil favored sorption of SDZ, the sandy, and thus highly permeable, soil was characterized by short half-lives and thus a quick biodegradation of SDZ. For 2-aminopyrimidine, half-lives of only a few days were observed. Increased field-scale biodegradation in the sandy soil resulted from a higher water and air permeability that enhanced oxygen transport and limited oxygen depletion. Furthermore, low pH was more important than the organic matter and clay content for increasing the biodegradation of SDZ. A numerical analysis of breakthrough curves of bromide, SDZ, and its TPs showed that preferential flow pathways strongly affected the solute transport within shallow parts of the soil profile at the field scale. However, this effect was reduced in deeper parts of the soil profile. Due to high field-scale biodegradation in several layers of both soils, neither SDZ nor 2-aminopyrimidine was detected in the discharge of the lysimeter at a depth of 1m. Synthetic 50 year long simulations, which considered the application of manure with SDZ for general agricultural practices in Germany and humid climate conditions, showed that the concentration of SDZ decreased below 0.1 μg/L in both soils below the depth of 50 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Engelhardt
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Stephan Sittig
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Knoell Consult GmbH, Marie-Curie-Straße 8, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jirka Šimůnek
- University of California Riverside, Department of Environmental Sciences, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joost Groeneweg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Pütz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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38
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Wang S, Song X, Hao C, Gao Z, Chen J, Qiu J. Elucidating triplet-sensitized photolysis mechanisms of sulfadiazine and metal ions effects by quantum chemical calculations. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 122:62-69. [PMID: 25496743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) mainly proceeds triplet-sensitized photolysis with dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the aquatic environment. However, the mechanisms underlying the triplet-sensitized photolysis of SDZ with DOM have not been fully worked out. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of triplet-sensitized photolysis of SDZ(0) (neutral form) and SDZ(-) (anionic form) with four DOM analogues, i.e., fluorenone (FL), thioxanthone (TX), 2-acetonaphthone (2-AN), and 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (CBBP), and three metal ions (i.e., Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and Zn(2+)) effects using quantum chemical calculations. Results indicated that the triplet-sensitized photolysis mechanism of SDZ(0) with FL, TX, and 2-AN was hydrogen transfer, and with CBBP was electron transfer along with proton transfer (for complex SDZ(0)-CBBP2) and hydrogen transfer (for complex SDZ(0)-CBBP1). The triplet-sensitized photolysis mechanisms of SDZ(-) with FL, TX, and CBBP was electron transfer along with proton transfer, and with 2-AN was hydrogen transfer. The triplet-sensitized photolysis product of both SDZ(0) and SDZ(-) was a sulfur dioxide extrusion product (4-(2-iminopyrimidine-1(2H)-yl)aniline), but the formation routs of the products for SDZ(0) and SDZ(-) were different. In addition, effects of the metal ions on the triplet-sensitized photolysis of SDZ(0) and SDZ(-) were different. The metal ions promoted the triplet-sensitized photolysis of SDZ(0), but inhibited the triplet-sensitized photolysis of SDZ(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuedan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ce Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhanxian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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A novel isolated Terrabacter-like bacterium can mineralize 2-aminopyrimidine, the principal metabolite of microbial sulfadiazine degradation. Biodegradation 2015; 26:139-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-015-9722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Enzymatic Transformation and Bonding of Sulfonamide Antibiotics to Model Humic Substances. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/829708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides are consumed as pharmaceutical antibiotics and reach agricultural soils with excreta used as fertilizer. Subsequently, nonextractable residues rapidly form in soil, which has been researched in a couple of studies. To further elucidate conditions, strength, and mechanisms of the fixation to soil humic substances, three selected sulfonamides were investigated using the biochemical oligomerization of substituted phenols as a model for the humification process. Catechol, guaiacol, and vanillin were enzymatically reacted using laccase fromTrametes versicolor. In the presence of the substituted phenols alone, the concentration of sulfonamides decreased. This decrease was even more pronounced when additional laccase was present. Upon the enzymatic oligomerization of the substituted phenols to a humic-like structure the sulfonamides were sorbed, transformed, sequestered, and nonextractable bound. Sulfonamides were transformed depending on their molecular properties. Fractions of different bonding strength were determined using a sequential extraction procedure. Isolated nonextractable products were analyzed by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and calorimetric methods to identify coupling and bonding mechanisms of the sulfonamides. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggested cross-linking of such incorporated sulfonamides in humic oligomers. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements showed clear differences between the vanillin-sulfapyridine oligomer and the parent sulfapyridine indicating bound residue formation through covalent binding.
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41
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How UV photolysis accelerates the biodegradation and mineralization of sulfadiazine (SD). Biodegradation 2014; 25:911-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-014-9711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Bahnmüller S, von Gunten U, Canonica S. Sunlight-induced transformation of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in surface waters and wastewater effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 57:183-92. [PMID: 24721665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are widely used sulfonamide antibiotics, which are present as contaminants in surface waters and are known to undergo phototransformation. This kinetic study was conducted to identify the processes responsible for their phototransformation in sunlit surface waters. Water samples from the Thur River (Switzerland) and from a pilot wastewater treatment plant, as well as aqueous solutions of two well-characterized natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracts, namely Suwannee River and Pony Lake fulvic acids (SRFA, PLFA), were examined. Both sulfonamides were found to undergo direct and indirect phototransformation, with contributions of excited triplet states of DOM and of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and possibly of hydroxyl radical and other unidentified reactive species. Under simulated sunlight, SMX mainly reacted through direct phototransformation, with a certain contribution of indirect phototransformation occurring for a wastewater effluent. The behavior of SD was found to be more diverse. For river waters, wastewater effluents and PLFA solutions, indirect phototransformation was predominant, while for SRFA solutions direct phototransformation prevailed. The rates of phototransformation of SD were interpreted as the result of a complex interplay between the photosensitizing and the inhibitory effect of DOM/EfOM, with an additional component related to the nitrite ion as a source of photoproduced hydroxyl radical. For typical conditions found in surface waters comparable to the Thur River, phototransformation half-lives on the order of 3-13 d were estimated for the two studied sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bahnmüller
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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43
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Zessel K, Mohring S, Hamscher G, Kietzmann M, Stahl J. Biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of photolytic products of sulfonamides. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 100:167-174. [PMID: 24321335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the photochemical fate of nine sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole and sulfadimethoxine) during a 6h irradiation period with UVA/UVB-light and UVA-light and over 7 days under natural (sunlight) conditions. The cell growth inhibition effect and cytotoxicity of sulfonamides and their photodegradation products was investigated over 24 and 48 h with murine fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Antibacterial activity of the degradation products was studied using the Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. Calidolactis C953 assay. RESULTS UVA/UVB treatment of several sulfonamide solutions results in degradation of the compounds in different amounts with the highest degradation rate for sulfathiazole and sulfanilamide. The UVA/UVB light degradation products exhibit no antimicrobial activity. Sun light exposure over 7 days reveals a similar degradation pattern of the different sulfonamides, albeit to a different extent. Compared with UVA/UVB-irradiation, UVA-irradiated sulfonamides degrade to a lesser extent (except sulfamethazine). There was no impact on cell toxicity of the UVA/UVB-degrading products except for sulfanilamide, while a slight impact on cell proliferation was observed. CONCLUSIONS All studied sulfonamides undergo photodegradation under UV-light exposure to a greater or lesser extent. The degradation products have no cytotoxic potential except sulfanilamide and have a slight impact on cell proliferation. All degradation products showed no antibacterial activity. Thus, UV-light exposure seems to represent an adequate method for inactivating sulfonamides with regard to their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zessel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Siegrun Mohring
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Manfred Kietzmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jessica Stahl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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44
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Yang JF, Zhou SB, Xiao AG, Li WJ, Ying GG. Chemical oxidation of sulfadiazine by the Fenton process: kinetics, pathways, toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:909-916. [PMID: 25310806 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.951572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigated sulfadiazine oxidation by the Fenton process under various reaction conditions. The reaction conditions tested in the experiments included the initial pH value of reaction solutions, and the dosages of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Under the reaction conditions with pH 3, 0.25 mM of ferrous ion and 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide, a removal efficiency of nearly 100% was achieved for sulfadiazine. A series of intermediate products including 4-OH-sulfadiazine/or 5-OH-sulfadiazine, 2-aminopyrimidine, sulfanilamide, formic acid, and oxalic acid were identified. Based on these products, the possible oxidation pathway of sulfadiazine by Fenton's reagent was proposed. The toxicity evaluation of reaction solutions showed increased antimicrobial effects following the Fenton oxidation process. The results from this study suggest that the Fenton oxidation process could remove sulfadiazine, but also increase solution toxicity due to the presence of more toxic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Yang
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University of Arts and Science , Changde , China
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45
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Batchu SR, Panditi VR, Gardinali PR. Photodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in simulated and natural sunlight: implications for their environmental fate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:200-211. [PMID: 24380620 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.858574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical fate of seven sulfonamides was investigated in matrices representative of natural water bodies under various light sources. Fundamental photolysis parameters such as molar absorption coefficient, quantum yield (QY) and first-order rate constants were determined. The photolysis decay rate was dependent on the protonation state of the molecule, pH of the water sample and dissolved organic matter. Natural organic matter was the most significant factor in the indirect photolysis of sulfonamides. Half-lives were in the range of minutes at 254 nm to days under natural sunlight. Under natural sunlight, all sulfonamides showed higher removal rates in natural waters implying that indirect photolysis is the predominant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Rani Batchu
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , USA
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46
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Rong SP, Sun YB, Zhao ZH. Degradation of sulfadiazine antibiotics by water falling film dielectric barrier discharge. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sittig S, Kasteel R, Groeneweg J, Hofmann D, Thiele B, Köppchen S, Vereecken H. Dynamics of transformation of the veterinary antibiotic sulfadiazine in two soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:470-477. [PMID: 24210597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics administered to livestock can be unintentionally released into the environment, for example by the application of manure to soils. The fate of such antibiotics in soils is mostly determined by sorption and degradation processes, including transformation. There is a need to further examine the combined transformation and sorption behavior of these emerging pollutants in soils. Long-term batch sorption experiments with the (14)C-radiolabeled antibiotic sulfadiazine enabled us to simultaneously trace the sorption and transformation dynamics of sulfadiazine. The parent compound and the transformation products were analyzed in the liquid phase and in the extracts from the solid phase after a sequential extraction. We found that of up to six transformation products were formed during degradation and that these products exhibited quite different dynamics in the two soils. Transformation products were formed rapidly and were extractable from the solid phase. We observed identical sets of the transformation products in both phases. The input concentration influenced the course of transformation of the parent substance. We present a detailed analysis including a mathematical description and derive regulatory kinetic endpoints for predicting environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Sittig
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Gulkowska A, Sander M, Hollender J, Krauss M. Covalent binding of sulfamethazine to natural and synthetic humic acids: assessing laccase catalysis and covalent bond stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6916-6924. [PMID: 23384282 DOI: 10.1021/es3044592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamide antibiotics form stable covalent bonds with quinone moieties in organic matter via nucleophilic addition reactions. In this work, we combined analytical electrochemistry with trace analytics to assess the catalytic role of the oxidoreductase laccase in the binding of sulfamethazine (SMZ) to Leonardite humic acid (LHA) and to four synthetic humic acids (SHAs) polymerized from low molecular weight precursors and to determine the stability of the formed bonds. In the absence of laccase, a significant portion of the added SMZ formed covalent bonds with LHA, but only a very small fraction (<0.4%) of the total quinone moieties in LHA reacted. Increasing absolute, but decreasing relative concentrations of SMZ-LHA covalent bonds with increasing initial SMZ concentration suggested that the quinone moieties in LHA covered a wide distribution in reactivity for the nucleophilic addition of SMZ. Laccase catalyzed the formation of covalent bonds by oxidizing unreactive hydroquinone moieties in LHA to reactive, electrophilic quinone moieties, of which a large fraction (5%) reacted with SMZ. Compared to LHA, the SHA showed enhanced covalent bond formation in the absence of laccase, suggesting a higher reactivity of their quinone moieties toward nucleophilic addition. This work supports that binding to soil organic matter (SOM) is an important process governing the fate, bioactivity, and extractability of sulfonamides in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gulkowska
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Degradation of Sulfadiazine by Microbacterium lacus Strain SDZm4, Isolated from Lysimeters Previously Manured with Slurry from Sulfadiazine-Medicated Pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1128/aem.03636-12 pmid:23396336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Sulfadiazine (SDZ)-degrading bacterial cultures were enriched from the topsoil layer of lysimeters that were formerly treated with manure from pigs medicated with
14
C-labeled SDZ. The loss of about 35% of the applied radioactivity after an incubation period of 3 years was attributed to CO
2
release due to mineralization processes in the lysimeters. Microcosm experiments with moist soil and soil slurries originating from these lysimeters confirmed the presumed mineralization potential, and an SDZ-degrading bacterium was isolated. It was identified as
Microbacterium lacus
, denoted strain SDZm4. During degradation studies with
M. lacus
strain SDZm4 using pyrimidine-ring labeled SDZ, SDZ disappeared completely but no
14
CO
2
was released during 10 days of incubation. The entire applied radioactivity (AR) remained in solution and could be assigned to 2-aminopyrimidine. In contrast, for parallel incubations but with phenyl ring-labeled SDZ, 56% of the AR was released as
14
CO
2
, 16% was linked to biomass, and 21% remained as dissolved, not yet identified
14
C. Thus, it was shown that
M. lacus
extensively mineralized and partly assimilated the phenyl moiety of the SDZ molecule while forming equimolar amounts of 2-aminopyrimidine. This partial degradation might be an important step in the complete mineralization of SDZ by soil microorganisms.
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50
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Tappe W, Herbst M, Hofmann D, Koeppchen S, Kummer S, Thiele B, Groeneweg J. Degradation of sulfadiazine by Microbacterium lacus strain SDZm4, isolated from lysimeters previously manured with slurry from sulfadiazine-medicated pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2572-7. [PMID: 23396336 PMCID: PMC3623193 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03636-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ)-degrading bacterial cultures were enriched from the topsoil layer of lysimeters that were formerly treated with manure from pigs medicated with (14)C-labeled SDZ. The loss of about 35% of the applied radioactivity after an incubation period of 3 years was attributed to CO2 release due to mineralization processes in the lysimeters. Microcosm experiments with moist soil and soil slurries originating from these lysimeters confirmed the presumed mineralization potential, and an SDZ-degrading bacterium was isolated. It was identified as Microbacterium lacus, denoted strain SDZm4. During degradation studies with M. lacus strain SDZm4 using pyrimidine-ring labeled SDZ, SDZ disappeared completely but no (14)CO2 was released during 10 days of incubation. The entire applied radioactivity (AR) remained in solution and could be assigned to 2-aminopyrimidine. In contrast, for parallel incubations but with phenyl ring-labeled SDZ, 56% of the AR was released as (14)CO2, 16% was linked to biomass, and 21% remained as dissolved, not yet identified (14)C. Thus, it was shown that M. lacus extensively mineralized and partly assimilated the phenyl moiety of the SDZ molecule while forming equimolar amounts of 2-aminopyrimidine. This partial degradation might be an important step in the complete mineralization of SDZ by soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Tappe
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 3: Agrosphere, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Herbst
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 3: Agrosphere, Jülich, Germany
| | - Diana Hofmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 3: Agrosphere, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Koeppchen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 3: Agrosphere, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sirgit Kummer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 3: Agrosphere, Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 2: Phytosphere, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joost Groeneweg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Institute 3: Agrosphere, Jülich, Germany
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