1
|
Liu XL, Chen MQ, Jiang YL, Gao RY, Wang ZJ, Wang P. Rhodobacter sphaeroides as a model to study the ecotoxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1106832. [PMID: 36793784 PMCID: PMC9923006 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1106832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides was selected as a biological model to investigate its response to the toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Cnmim]Br), a type of ionic liquid (IL), with different alkyl chain lengths (n describes the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain). The inhibition of bacterial growth by [Cnmim]Br was positively correlated with n. Morphological characterization revealed that [Cnmim]Br caused cell membrane perforation. The signal amplitude of the electrochromic absorption band shift of endogenous carotenoids showed a negatively linear correlation with n, and the amplitude of the blue-shift of the B850 band in light-harvesting complex 2 showed a positively linear correlation with n. Furthermore, an increase in blocked ATP synthesis and increase in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed in chromatophores treated with ILs containing longer alkyl chains. In summary, the purple bacterium can be developed as a model to monitor ecotoxicity and examine the mechanism of IL toxicity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Defeat undefeatable: ionic liquids as novel antimicrobial agents. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
3
|
M. S. Costa F, Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva M, L. C. Passos M. Ionic Liquids and Organic Salts with Antimicrobial Activity as a Strategy Against Resistant Microorganisms. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Grewal J, Khare SK, Drewniak L, Pranaw K. Recent perspectives on microbial and ionic liquid interactions with implications for biorefineries. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
5
|
Pan X, Li L, Huang HH, Wu J, Zhou X, Yan X, Jia J, Yue T, Chu YH, Yan B. Biosafety-inspired structural optimization of triazolium ionic liquids based on structure-toxicity relationships. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127521. [PMID: 34736187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), owing to their low vapor pressure and excellent solvating ability, are being increasingly applied in various industries to replace highly toxic organic solvents. They mainly pollute aquatic environment and soils, directly endangering eco-environment and human health. Therefore, it is critical to understand and optimize structural motifs of ILs with reduced toxicity. Considering human oral exposure is the major route, our investigations employed a human cell panel (modeling oral exposures) including human stomach (GES-1), intestinal (FHC), liver (HepG2) and kidney (HEK293) cells using a series of experimental and computational approaches to explore the cytotoxicity and molecular mechanism of ILs. We discovered that the cytotoxicity of triazolium and imidazolium ILs was human cell line-dependent with cytotoxicity in an order of FHC > GES-1 > HepG2 > HEK293. For this reason, a toxicity assay using a single cell line was highly inappropriate. Compared to anions (Br-, OTs-, OTMBS-) we tested, the cation of ILs played a major role in causing cytotoxicity. Ionic liquids with cations having longer hydrophobic sidechains (IL09 vs. IL01) readily insert into cell membranes with enhanced membrane and lipidomic perturbations, induce cytotoxicity by triggering cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Reducing sidechain length and incorporating three nitrogen atoms (triazolium) instead of two (imidazolium) in the cation core alleviated cytotoxicity by reducing cell membrane perturbations and cell function interference. These findings provide important guiding principles for the design of the next-generation of "green" and safe ILs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujiao Pan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hsin-Heng Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jialong Wu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yen-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei P, Pan X, Chen CY, Li HY, Yan X, Li C, Chu YH, Yan B. Emerging impacts of ionic liquids on eco-environmental safety and human health. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13609-13627. [PMID: 34812453 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00946j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have been rapidly applied in diverse areas, such as organic synthesis, electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, functional materials, pharmaceutics, and biomedicine. The increase in the production and application of ILs has resulted in their release into aquatic and terrestrial environments. Because of their low vapor pressure, ILs cause very little pollution in the atmosphere compared to organic solvents. However, ILs are highly persistent in aquatic and terrestrial environments due to their stability, and therefore, potentially threaten the safety of eco-environments and human health. Specifically, the environmental translocation and retention of ILs, or their accumulation in organisms, are all related to their physiochemical properties, such as hydrophobicity. Based on results of ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and toxicity in mammalian models, the mechanisms involved in IL-induced toxicity include damage of cell membranes and induction of oxidative stress. Recently, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques have been used in mining and modeling toxicity data to make meaningful predictions. Major future challenges are also discussed. This review will accelerate our understanding of the safety issues of ILs and serve as a guideline for the design of the next generation of ILs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xiujiao Pan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chien-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hsin-Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yen-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China. .,Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cho CW, Pham TPT, Zhao Y, Stolte S, Yun YS. Review of the toxic effects of ionic liquids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147309. [PMID: 33975102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Interest in ionic liquids (ILs), called green or designer solvents, has been increasing because of their excellent properties such as thermal stability and low vapor pressure; thus, they can replace harmful organic chemicals and help several industrial fields e.g., energy-storage materials production and biomaterial pretreatment. However, the claim that ILs are green solvents should be carefully considered from an environmental perspective. ILs, given their minimal vapor pressure, may not directly cause atmospheric pollution. However, they have the potential to cause adverse effects if leaked into the environment, for instance if they are spilled due to human mistakes or technical errors. To estimate the risks of ILs, numerous ILs have had their toxicity assessed toward several micro- and macro-organisms over the past few decades. Since the toxic effects of ILs depend on the method of estimating toxicity, it is necessary to briefly summarize and comprehensively discuss the biological effects of ILs according to their structure and toxicity testing levels. This can help simplify our understanding of the toxicity of ILs. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the key findings of toxicological information of ILs, collect some toxicity data of ILs to different species, and explain the influence of IL structure on their toxic properties. In the discussion, we estimated two different sensitivity values of toxicity testing levels depending on the experiment condition, which are theoretical magnitudes of the inherent sensitivity of toxicity testing levels in various conditions and their changes in biological response according to the change in IL structure. Finally, some perspectives, future research directions, and limitations to toxicological research of ILs, presented so far, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Woong Cho
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Thi Phuong Thuy Pham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, HoChiMihn University of Food Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Hydrosciences, Institute of Water Chemistry, Bergstraße 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Beakje-dearo, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khan AS, Ibrahim TH, Jabbar NA, Khamis MI, Nancarrow P, Mjalli FS. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the recovery of phenolic compounds: effect of ionic liquids structure and process parameters. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12398-12422. [PMID: 35423754 PMCID: PMC8697206 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water pollution is a severe and challenging issue threatening the sustainable development of human civilization. Besides other pollutants, waste fluid streams contain phenolic compounds. These have an adverse effect on the human health and marine ecosystem due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic nature. Therefore, it is necessary to remove such phenolic pollutants from waste stream fluids prior to discharging to the environment. Different methods have been proposed to remove phenolic compounds from wastewater, including extraction using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvent (DES), a class of organic salts having melting point below 100 °C and tunable physicochemical properties. The purpose of this review is to present the progress in utilizing ILs and DES for phenolic compound extraction from waste fluid streams. The effects of IL structural characteristics, such as anion type, cation type, alkyl chain length, and functional groups will be discussed. In addition, the impact of key process parameters such as pH, phenol concentration, phase ratio, and temperature will be also described. More importantly, several ideas for addressing the limitations of the treatment process and improving its efficiency and industrial viability will be presented. These ideas may form the basis for future studies on developing more effective IL-based processes for treating wastewaters contaminated with phenolic pollutants, to address a growing worldwide environmental problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sada Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates .,Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technolgy Banuu-28100 Khyber Pakhthunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Taleb H Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Abdel Jabbar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Mustafa I Khamis
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Paul Nancarrow
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Farouq Sabri Mjalli
- Petroleum & Chemical Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University Muscat 123 Oman
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Z, Xiao H, Wu S, Wang J, Ji J, Qin X. Effects of amino acid ionic liquids with different cations ([N 2Py], [N 2222], [P 2222], and [C 2mim]) on wheat seedlings. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1901-1908. [PMID: 35424100 PMCID: PMC8693646 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08350j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of four ionic liquids with different cations (N-ethyl-pyridine alanine [N2Py][Ala], tetraethyl phosphine l-α-amino propionic acid salt [P2222][Ala], 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium alanine [C2mim][Ala], and tetraethyl ammonium l-α-amino propionic acid salt [N2222][Ala]) was assessed in hydroponically-grown wheat seedlings at concentrations from 200-1200 mg L-1. The results showed that type of cation has a significant influence on the growth, chlorophyll and nutrient uptake of wheat seedlings (P < 0.05). We observed decreased dry weight and shorter roots and shoots in the treated seedlings with increasing IL concentrations. The contents of Chl a and Chl b in wheat seedlings exposed to ILs showed the trend of firstly increasing followed by a decrease with increasing IL concentrations, but they peaked at different concentrations of ILs. In addition, the exposure of wheat seedling to ILs containing different cations (200-1200 mg L-1) led to first an increase and then a decrease of nitrogen content, and reduced the content of phosphorus and potassium. Moreover, the cellular structures, including nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membranes, and the cell walls of wheat leaf and root were affected to varying degrees by 600 mg L-1 ILs. The negative impacts of ILs on wheat seedlings ranked from high to low were: [N2Py][Ala] > [N2222][Ala] > [P2222][Ala] > [C2mim][Ala]. In this work, the relatively stronger toxicity of [N2Py][Ala] was likely contributed by ethanol, which was used to dissolve [N2Py][Ala]. Therefore, it is not recommended to use N-ethyl-pyridine alanine ([N2Py][Ala]) widely in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Chen
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Hong Xiao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Siqi Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Jiayang Ji
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| | - Xiao Qin
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McNeice P, Reid A, Imam HT, McDonagh C, Walby JD, Collins TJ, Marr AC, Marr PC. Designing Materials for Aqueous Catalysis: Ionic Liquid Gel and Silica Sphere Entrapped Iron-TAML Catalysts for Oxidative Degradation of Dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14026-14035. [PMID: 33103422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials have been developed that encapsulate a homogeneous catalyst and enable it to operate as a heterogeneous catalyst in water. A hydrophobic ionic liquid within the material was used to dissolve Fe-TAML and keep it from leaching into the aqueous phase. One-pot processes were used to entrap Fe-TAML in basic ionic liquid gels, and ionic liquid gel spheres structured via a modified Stöber synthesis forming SiO2 particles of uniform size. Catalytic activity was demonstrated via the oxidative degradation of dyes. Fe-TAML entrapped in a basic ionic liquid gel exhibited consistent activity in five recycles. This discovery of heterogenized H2O2 activators prepared by sol-gel and Stöber processes opens new possibilities for the creation of engineered catalytic materials for water purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter McNeice
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
- Queen's University Ionic Liquids Laboratories, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Reid
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan T Imam
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
- Queen's University Ionic Liquids Laboratories, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Carol McDonagh
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D Walby
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Terrence J Collins
- Institute for Green Science, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew C Marr
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
- Queen's University Ionic Liquids Laboratories, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia C Marr
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
- Queen's University Ionic Liquids Laboratories, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arunkumar R, Abraham AN, Shukla R, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. Cytotoxicity of protic ionic liquids towards the HaCat cell line derived from human skin. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Chen B, Dong J, Li B, Xue C, Tetteh PA, Li D, Gao K, Deng X. Using a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa to evaluate the biotoxicity of ionic liquids with different cations and anions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 198:110604. [PMID: 32339924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With the extensive use of ionic liquids (ILs) in various industrial fields, their potential toxicity to aquatic ecosystem has attracted considerable attention. In this work, biotoxicity of ILs with different cations and anions was evaluated by using a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Results showed that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C8mim]NO3), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C8mim]BF4), and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12mim]Cl) had a significant inhibition on the algal growth with EC50 values of 23.48, 4.72, 3.80, 4.44, and 0.10 mg L-1 at the 72 h of exposure, respectively. These data suggested that the toxicity of ILs increased with the increase of side alkyl chain length, while anions had little influences on their toxicity to this alga. Moreover, changes in chlorophyll a content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and ΦPSII) indicated that the five ILs could damage the photosynthetic system of this alga resulting in the decrease of photosynthetic efficiency. The increased soluble protein content and antioxidase activity could be considered as an active response mechanism of this alga against the exposure of ILs. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in this alga increased significantly when it was exposed to ILs, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were accumulated in the algal cells, which would cause injury of the algal biofilm and chloroplast. Therefore, results obtained in this work would help to explain the possible underlying toxic mechanisms of ILs to C. pyrenoidosa, and provide a significant theoretical support for assessing the toxicity of ILs to aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunye Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Pius Abraham Tetteh
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cen P, Spahiu K, Tyumentsev MS, Foreman MRSJ. Metal extraction from a deep eutectic solvent, an insight into activities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11012-11024. [PMID: 32367089 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvent extraction of gold, palladium, technetium, indium and rhenium from both mixtures of a deep eutectic solvent with aqueous salt solutions and of two different aqueous salt solutions has been performed. Initially using gold and then the other metals the solvent extraction results were interpreted using an activity coefficient/function equation (specific ion interaction theory). The most important presented result is the addition of a new term to the specific ion interaction theory equation. Using the new model it will be possible to make predictions of the behaviour of a solvent extraction system where one of the liquid phases is a mixture of aqueous salts and the deep eutectic solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cen
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Duman AN, Ozturk I, Tunçel A, Ocakoglu K, Colak SG, Hoşgör-Limoncu M, Yurt F. Synthesis of new water-soluble ionic liquids and their antibacterial profile against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02607. [PMID: 31667420 PMCID: PMC6812458 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of imidazolium bromide salts (NIM-Br 1a, 1b and 1c) bearing different lengths of alkyl chains were synthesized and theirin vitro antibacterial activities were determined by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, these imidazolium derivatives were also evaluated against biofilm produced by these bacterial strains. All compounds were found to be effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and also more effective on the S. aureus biofilm production than the others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niyazi Duman
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ozturk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Cigli, Izmir, 35620, Turkey
| | - Ayça Tunçel
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, Tarsus, TR-33480, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Gokhan Colak
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tarsus University, Tarsus, TR-33480, Turkey
| | - Mine Hoşgör-Limoncu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yurt
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey.,Institute of Nuclear Science, Department of Nuclear Applications, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thamke VR, Chaudhari AU, Tapase SR, Paul D, Kodam KM. In vitro toxicological evaluation of ionic liquids and development of effective bioremediation process for their removal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:567-577. [PMID: 31026705 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the cyto-genotoxicological impact of ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, trihexyl tetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium chloride, on animal cells and their biodegradation. The long alkyl chain containing ionic liquids were found to be more toxic whereas benzene functional group in benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride enhances its toxicity. Aerobic bacterial granules, a bacterial consortium, were developed that have promising ability to break down these organic pollutants. These aerobic bacterial granules have been applied for the biodegradation of ionic liquids. The biological oxygen demand (5 days) and chemical oxygen demand parameters confirmed that the biodegradation was solely due to aerobic bacterial granules which further decreased the time period needed for regular biodegradation by biological oxygen demand (28 days). The high resolution mass spectrometry analysis further approved that the degradation of ionic liquids was mainly via removal of the methyl group. Elevated N-demethylase enzyme activity supports the ionic liquids degradation which may be occurring through demethylation mechanism. The amplicon sequencing of aerobic bacterial granules gives insight into the involvement of the bacterial community in the biodegradation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viresh R Thamke
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Ashvini U Chaudhari
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Savita R Tapase
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Dhiraj Paul
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Kisan M Kodam
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gundolf T, Rauch B, Kalb R, Rossmanith P, Mester P. Influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide modifications on the efficacy of antimicrobial ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Martins RC, Dorneles GP, Teixeira VON, Antonello AM, Couto JL, Rodrigues Júnior LC, Monteiro MC, Peres A, Schrekker HS, Romão PRT. Imidazolium salts as innovative agents against Leishmania amazonensis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
18
|
Quental MV, Pereira MM, Ferreira AM, Pedro SN, Shahriari S, Mohamadou A, Coutinho JAP, Freire MG. Enhanced separation performance of aqueous biphasic systems formed by carbohydrates and tetraalkylphosphonium- or tetraalkylammonium-based ionic liquids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2018; 20:2978-2983. [PMID: 30337836 PMCID: PMC6191024 DOI: 10.1039/c8gc00622a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at establishing more effective and sustainable separation processes, herein we propose the use of carbohydrates combined with tetralkylphosphonium- and tetralkylammonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) to form aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). The formation of ABS composed of non-aromatic and non-fluorinated ILs with carbohydrates is here shown for the first time. These novel systems are competive extraction platforms when compared against more conventional ABS formed by ILs and salts or fluorinated ILs and carbohydrates. Finally, it is shown that these systems can be efficiently recovered and reused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Quental
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Matheus M. Pereira
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Ferreira
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia N. Pedro
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Shahla Shahriari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aminou Mohamadou
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu F, Zhou Y, Cao K, Gao W, Gao B, Sun L, Liu S, Wang L, Ding Y. Phytotoxicity of ionic liquids with different structures on wheat seedlings and evaluation of their toxicity attenuation at the presence of modified biochar by adsorption effect. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:331-338. [PMID: 29310069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of eight common ionic liquids (ILs) on wheat seedlings was evaluated with specific emphasis on the influence of concentration range, anion species and cation chain length of ILs. The growth of wheat seeds was significantly inhibited by ILs, especially under higher concentration, presence of the fluoride anion and the longer alkyl chain length of the cation. The modified biochar (PB-K-N) efficiently removed the ILs from aqueous solutions, the order of the adsorption capacities was as follows: [Bmim]OAc [Bmim]C7H5O2 [Bmim]BF4 [Bmim]Br, [Domim]Br [BPy]Br [Omim]Br [Bmim]Br [Emim]Br. Furthermore, the wheat growth of all ILs groups except [Bmim]BF4 group in the presence of PB-K-N was also similar to that of the control groups, which clearly demonstrated that PB-K-N could decrease or alleviate toxicity of ILs toward wheat by adsorption effect. Therefore, the biochar application was effective in improving plant resistance to ILs stress by adsorption, to reduce the phytotoxicity of ILs and provide an alternative approach for the utilization of PB-K-N in ILs contaminated water and soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China; School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yanmei Zhou
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China.
| | - Kunxia Cao
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China
| | - Wenli Gao
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Finance Division, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Finance Division, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China
| | - Yanting Ding
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang C, Wang J, Dong M, Wang J, Du Z, Li B, Zhu L. Effect of 1-methyl-3-hexylimidazolium bromide on zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:348-353. [PMID: 29121564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids, generally referred to ionic liquids (ILs), are "green solvents". Antioxidant responses and DNA damage in zebrafish livers exposed to 1-methyl-3-hexylimidazolium bromide ([C6mim]Br) were evaluated at various doses (5-40 mg/L) for a 28-day IL-exposure. A significant decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was exhibited, and catalase (CAT) was inhibited at the highest dose (40 mg/L). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly promoted at most exposure interval times except for the dose of 5 mg/L on day 21 in male and days 21 and 28 in female. Malonaldehyde (MDA) contents remarkable increased exposed to [C6mim]Br. Besides, a notable increase was exhibited, which indicated an inducement of DNA damage with respect to control groups. Thus, we believed that [C6mim]Br causes oxidative stress and DNA damage in zebrafish. Gender differences were insignificant in almost all the tested biomarkers, thus, male and female zebrafish could be mixed at a ratio of 1:1 in the future evaluation. The present study may also provide basic toxicology information for IL evaluation to aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Miao Dong
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Environmental Concerns Regarding Ionic Liquids in Biotechnological Applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 168:241-328. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
22
|
Thamke VR, Tapase SR, Kodam KM. Evaluation of risk assessment of new industrial pollutant, ionic liquids on environmental living systems. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:237-248. [PMID: 28865373 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are much known for their promising alternative for volatile solvents in industries and gained popularity as a greener solvent, however industrial effluent discharge containing ILs are also increasing. There is a scarcity of information on the toxicity of ILs; the present study will explore different facts about their harmfulness. The toxic effects of five different ILs: [C4MIM]Br, [Hx3PC14]N(CN)2, [C10MIM]BF4, [BTDA]Cl and [C4MPY]Cl were analysed on bacteria, fungi, plant and animal cells. Both Gram positive and negative bacteria were found to be more susceptible to [C10MIM]BF4 and [BTDA]Cl than [C4MIM]Br, [Hx3PC14]N(CN)2 and [C4MPY]Cl, whereas fungi revealed quite a resistance to all ILs. All ILs were toxic towards Triticum aestivum affecting their roots and shoots, however [C10MIM]BF4 and [BTDA]Cl were more toxic amongst them. Studies on Allium cepa described their toxic behaviour at the genetic level by altering cell division and nuclear material. Furthermore, studies on human red blood cells described by % haemolysis in which [Hx3PC14]N(CN)2 and [BTDA]Cl exhibited higher toxicity at very lower concentrations. While the genotoxic effect on blood lymphocytes exerted by [Hx3PC14]N(CN)2, [C10MIM]BF4 and [BTDA]Cl confirmed their toxic effects on human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viresh R Thamke
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Savita R Tapase
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kisan M Kodam
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li W, Xu G. Enhancement of anaerobic digestion of grass by pretreatment with imidazolium-based ionic liquids. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:1843-1851. [PMID: 27654512 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1238963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) and the enhancement of high-solid anaerobic digestion by pretreatment were studied. Compared with [Bmim]Cl, [Bmim]OAc and [Bmim]BF4, [Bmim]PF6 had the highest toxicity. When the mass ratio of [Bmim]PF6 to grass was higher than 1:10, biogas was not produced within 30 days. The ability to remove lignin and hemicellulose followed the sequence of [Bmim]OAc, [Bmim]Cl, [Bmim]BF4 and [Bmim]PF6. The crystallinity index of grass pretreated with [Bmim]OAc, [Bmim]Cl, [Bmim]BF4 and [Bmim]PF6 reduced by 73.83%, 54.44%, 17.52% and 7.47%, respectively. The pretreatment with ILs enhanced the methane yield of grass by reducing crystallinity and particle size. The grass pretreated with [Bmim]OAc had the highest methane yield, about 221 mL/g volatile solids, due to its good lignin removal ability and relative low toxicity. After 10 times recycling, the cumulative methane yield of grass pretreated by recycled [Bmim]OAc decreased by 11.95%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- a NUS Environment Research Institute , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
- b State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - G Xu
- b State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Costa SPF, Azevedo AMO, Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS. Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids: Recent Advances in (Eco)toxicology and (Bio)degradability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2321-2347. [PMID: 28394478 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to integrate the most recent and pertinent data available on the (bio)degradability and toxicity of ionic liquids for global and critical analysis and on the conscious use of these compounds on a large scale thereafter. The integrated data will enable focus on the recognition of toxicophores and on the way the community has been dealing with them, with the aim to obtain greener and safer ionic liquids. Also, an update of the most recent biotic and abiotic methods developed to overcome some of these challenging issues will be presented. The review structure aims to present a potential sequence of events that can occur upon discharging ionic liquids into the environment and the potential long-term consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M O Azevedo
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- A3D-Association for Drug Discovery and Development, Rua do Baixeiro n° 38, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deng XY, Li D, Wang L, Hu XL, Cheng J, Gao K. Potential toxicity of ionic liquid ([C 12mim]BF 4) on the growth and biochemical characteristics of a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:675-684. [PMID: 28202243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, some researchers have pointed out that the threats of ionic liquids (ILs) to aquatic environment cannot be ignored. Thus, this study investigated the potential toxicity of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C12mim]BF4) on a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at population, biochemical and physiological levels using 96h growth tests with a batch-culture system. Results showed that [C12mim]BF4 was very stable in aquatic environment during 96h of exposure. The growth of P. tricornutum was significantly inhibited by [C12mim]BF4 with 24, 48, 72 and 96h EC50 values of 0.63, 0.61, 0.68 and 0.72mgL-1, respectively. Although there were no significant differences between the controls and treatments with 0.1 and 0.5mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4, the effective quantum yields (ΦPSII) of the diatom in 1, 2.5, 5 and 10mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments were 61.48, 17.04, 2.96 and 0.74% of that in the controls at 96h of exposure, respectively. Chl a content of the diatom was decreased by 34.86, 47.79, 49.81, 59.21, 79.82 and 86.98% compared with that of the controls at 96h of exposure in 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments, respectively. Relative to the controls, soluble sugar content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of the diatom increased with increasing [C12mim]BF4 concentrations at 96h of exposure, and reached their maxima (1.46μg106cell-1, 7.48FU107cell-1, 3.35nmol108cell-1, 33.41 and 7.23Umg-1 proteins, respectively) in 5mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments. While the maximum soluble protein content (1.56μg106cell-1) of the diatom was obtained in 0.5mgL-1 [C12mim]BF4 treatments, and then decreased with increasing [C12mim]BF4 concentrations from 0.5 to 10mgL-1. These findings provide strong evidence for the potential toxicity of ILs to marine diatoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China.
| | - Da Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Xiao-Li Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Azevedo AMO, Pereira SAP, Passos MLC, Costa SPF, Pinto PCAG, Araujo ARTS, Saraiva MLMFS. Assessment of ionic liquids' toxicity through the inhibition of acylase I activity on a microflow system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:351-358. [PMID: 28126569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acylase I (ACY I) plays a role in the detoxication and bioactivation of xenobiotics as well in other physiological functions. In this context, an automated ACY I assay for the evaluation of ionic liquids' (ILs) toxicity was developed. The assay was implemented in a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system and was applied to eight commercially available ILs. The SIA methodology was based on the deacetylation of N-acetyl-l-methionine with production of l-methionine, which was determined using fluorescamine. ACY I inhibition in the presence of ILs was monitored by the decrease of fluorescence intensity. The obtained results confirmed the influence of ILs' structural elements on its toxicity and revealed that pyridinium and phosphonium cations, longer alkyl side chains and tetrafluoroborate anion displayed higher toxic effect on enzyme activity. The developed methodology proved to be robust and exhibited good repeatability (RSD < 1.3%, n = 10), leading also to a reduction of reagents consumption and effluents production. Thus, it is expected that the proposed assay can be used as a novel tool for ILs' toxicity screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M O Azevedo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah A P Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Rainha D. Amélia, S/N, 6300-749 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Marieta L C Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; A3D - Association for Drug Discovery and Development, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André R T S Araujo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Costa SPF, Pereira SAP, Pinto PCAG, Araujo ARTS, Passos MLC, Saraiva MLMFS. Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids: Automated Evaluation of the Chemical Oxygen Demand of Photochemically Degraded Compounds. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1351-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana P. F. Costa
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - Sarah A. P. Pereira
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior; Instituto Politécnico da Guarda; Av. Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, n° 50 6300-559 Guarda Portugal
| | - Paula C. A. G. Pinto
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- A3D-Association for Drug Discovery and Development; Rua do Baixeiro n° 38 Aveiro Portugal
| | - André R. T. S. Araujo
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior; Instituto Politécnico da Guarda; Av. Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, n° 50 6300-559 Guarda Portugal
| | - Marieta L. C. Passos
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade do Porto; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Egorova KS, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7132-7189. [PMID: 28125212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in the form of ionic liquid species. The main aim of this Review is to attract a broad audience of chemical, biological, and medical scientists to study advantages of ionic liquid pharmaceutics. Overall, the discussed data highlight the importance of the research direction defined as "Ioliomics", studies of ions in liquids in modern chemistry, biology, and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Radošević K, Železnjak J, Cvjetko Bubalo M, Radojčić Redovniković I, Slivac I, Gaurina Srček V. Comparative in vitro study of cholinium-based ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents toward fish cell line. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 131:30-36. [PMID: 27179607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of ionic liquids, much was expected concerning their applicability as an alternative to organic solvents in the chemical technology and biotechnology fields. However, the most studied and commonly used ionic liquids based on imidazolium and pyridinium were found not to be as environmentally friendly as it was first expected. Therefore, a new generation of alternative solvents named natural ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, composed of natural and/or renewable compounds, have come into focus in recent years. Since the number of newly synthesized chemicals increases yearly, simple and reliable methods for their ecotoxicological assessment are necessary. Permanent fish cell lines can serve as a test system for the evaluation of a chemical's cytotoxicity. This paper presents research results on the cytotoxic effects on Channel Catfish Ovary (CCO) cell line induced by fifteen cholinium-based ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Based on the decrease in cell viability, the most obvious toxic effect on CCO cells was caused by ionic liquid choline oxalate, while other solvents tested exhibited low cytotoxicity. Therefore, we can conclude that cholinium-based ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents are comparatively less toxic to CCO cells than conventional ionic liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Radošević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Železnjak
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Cvjetko Bubalo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Igor Slivac
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Višnja Gaurina Srček
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Antibacterial and anti-adhesive properties of ionic liquids with various cationic and anionic heads toward pathogenic bacteria. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Montalbán MG, Hidalgo JM, Collado-González M, Díaz Baños FG, Víllora G. Assessing chemical toxicity of ionic liquids on Vibrio fischeri: Correlation with structure and composition. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:405-414. [PMID: 27139120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important properties of ionic liquids is their non-volatility, making them potentially "green" alternatives to volatile organic compounds. However, they are widely soluble in water, meaning that they can be released into aquatic ecosystems and so contribute to water pollution. Nevertheless, although the toxicity of ILs has been widely assessed in the literature, the information is still scarce due to the great number of ionic liquids that have been synthesized. The present work reports the toxicity of twenty-nine imidazolium-, pyridinium- and ammonium-based ionic liquids towards the bioluminescent photobacterium Vibrio fischeri. When the effect of the type of anion, the length of the alkyl chain of the cation, the cation core and the presence of a functionalized side chain in the cation on ionic liquid toxicity were analyzed, the main influence was seen to be exercised by the alkyl chain length. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships-based method was used to compare the experimental results with previously estimated values and very good agreement was obtained. A relationship between the toxicity, expressed as Log EC50, and the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes G Montalbán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana M Hidalgo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mar Collado-González
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Guillermo Díaz Baños
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Víllora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, Campus of Espinardo, E-30071, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ribas A, Del Ponte E, Dalbem A, Dalla-Lana D, Bündchen C, Donato R, Schrekker H, Fuentefria A. Imidazolium salts with antifungal potential for the control of head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:445-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Ribas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - E.M. Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa MG Brazil
| | - A.M. Dalbem
- Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - D. Dalla-Lana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - C. Bündchen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - R.K. Donato
- Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - H.S. Schrekker
- Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A.M. Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas; UFRGS; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nancharaiah YV, Francis AJ. Hormetic effect of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate on bacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:178-183. [PMID: 25703901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The biological effect of ionic liquids (ILs) is one of the highly debated topics as they are being contemplated for various industrial applications. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]) showed remarkable hormesis on anaerobic Clostridium sp. and aerobic Pseudomonas putida. Bacterial growth was stimulated at up to 2.5 g L(-1) and inhibited at >2.5 g L(-1) of [EMIM][Ac]. The growth of Clostridium sp. and P. putida were higher by 0.4 and 4-fold respectively, in the presence of 0.5 g L(-1) [EMIM][Ac]. Assessment of the effect of [EMIM][Ac] under different growth conditions showed that the hormesis of [EMIM][Ac] was mediated via regulation of medium pH. Hormetic effect of [EMIM][Ac] was evident only in medium with poor buffering capacity and in the presence of a fermentable substrate as the carbon source. The hormetic effect of [EMIM][Ac] on bacterial growth is most likely associated with the buffering capacity of acetate anion. These observations have implications in ILs toxicity studies and ecological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y V Nancharaiah
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - A J Francis
- Environmental Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Costa SPF, Pinto PCAG, Lapa RAS, Saraiva MLMFS. Toxicity assessment of ionic liquids with Vibrio fischeri: an alternative fully automated methodology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 284:136-142. [PMID: 25463227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated Vibrio fischeri methodology based on sequential injection analysis (SIA) has been developed. The methodology was based on the aspiration of 75 μL of bacteria and 50 μL of inhibitor followed by measurement of the luminescence of bacteria. The assays were conducted for contact times of 5, 15, and 30 min, by means of three mixing chambers that ensured adequate mixing conditions. The optimized methodology provided a precise control of the reaction conditions which is an asset for the analysis of a large number of samples. The developed methodology was applied to the evaluation of the impact of a set of ionic liquids (ILs) on V. fischeri and the results were compared with those provided by a conventional assay kit (Biotox(®)). The collected data evidenced the influence of different cation head groups and anion moieties on the toxicity of ILs. Generally, aromatic cations and fluorine-containing anions displayed higher impact on V. fischeri, evidenced by lower EC50. The proposed methodology was validated through statistical analysis which demonstrated a strong positive correlation (P>0.98) between assays. It is expected that the automated methodology can be tested for more classes of compounds and used as alternative to microplate based V. fischeri assay kits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana P F Costa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui A S Lapa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mester P, Wagner M, Rossmanith P. Antimicrobial effects of short chained imidazolium-based ionic liquids—influence of anion chaotropicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:96-101. [PMID: 25450920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), a new solvent class composed solely of ions, have already found their way into numerous chemical and biochemical applications. Due to their unique properties and wide application range, research utilizing this new technology for biotechnological applications is steadily increasing. However, progress is hampered by lack of toxicological data, especially concerning IL anions and their general underlying toxicity mechanisms. The present study investigated for the first time the influence of the chaotropicity of the anion for nine imidazole based ILs on their antimicrobial behavior. The results indicate that for ILs with small cations ([C(n)mim](+) with n=2 and 4), the chaotropicity of the anion is a major factor regarding antimicrobial behavior, while for [C6mim](+) based ILs a surfactant-like behavior was identified that explains their high toxicity. It could also be shown that with increasing anion chaotropicity the surfactant-like behavior of the cation is strengthened. Identification of chaotropicity as an underlying mode of antimicrobial action of ILs presents a new point of adjustment for future design with regard to their toxicological behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mester
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Das RN, Roy K. Predictive modeling studies for the ecotoxicity of ionic liquids towards the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 104:170-176. [PMID: 24296027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous potential of ionic liquids is becoming an issue of high concern with increasing application of these compounds in various industrial processes. Predictive toxicological modeling on ionic liquids provides a rational assessment strategy and aids in developing suitable guidance for designing novel analogues. The present study attempts to explore the chemical features of ionic liquids responsible for their ecotoxicity towards the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus by developing mathematical models using extended topochemical atom (ETA) indices along with other categories of chemical descriptors. The entire study has been conducted with reference to the OECD guidelines for QSAR model development using predictive classification and regression modeling strategies. The best models from both the analyses showed that ecotoxicity of ionic liquids can be decreased by reducing chain length of cationic substituents and increasing hydrogen bond donor feature in cations, and replacing bulky unsaturated anions with simple saturated moiety having less lipophilic heteroatoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Narayan Das
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rapid Sample Preparation for Molecular Biological Food Analysis Based on Magnesium Chloride. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Zhang C, Malhotra SV, Francis AJ. Toxicity of ionic liquids to Clostridium sp. and effects on uranium biosorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 264:246-253. [PMID: 24316798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As green solvents ionic liquids (ILs) show high potential in nuclear industry for extraction and purification of actinides. However, to date relatively little information has been gained on ILs application in microbial processes, for example biosorption of radionuclides. We investigated the effects of three ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6), N-ethylpyridinium trifluoroacetate (EtPyCF3COO) and N-ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (EtPyBF4) on the growth and biosorption of uranium by Clostridium sp. The ILs affected the growth of the bacterium as evidenced by decreases in optical density, total gas production, and organic acids production from glucose metabolism. The IC50-48h of three ILs decreased in the order of BMIMPF6 (8.26mM)>EtPyBF4 (7.04mM)>EtPyCF3COO (4.05mM). Uranium biosorption by the bacterial cells decreased by 75% in the presence of 1% (v/v) BMIMPF6 and by about 90% with 1% (v/v) EtPyBF4 or EtPyCF3COO, in comparison to the control without ILs. The diminished biosorption may be attributed to the membrane damages induced by EtPyBF4 and EtPyCF3COO, which can be visualized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the accumulation of uranium inside peripheral membrane of the cells exposed to uranium alone or with BMIMPF6, while little or no accumulation was observed in the presence of EtPyBF4 and EtPyCF3COO. These results imply that potential toxicity of ILs towards microorganisms is a particularly important issue in limiting its biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China 300071; Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07104 USA.
| | - S V Malhotra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07104 USA
| | - A J Francis
- Environmental Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA; Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Santos AG, Ribeiro BD, Alviano DS, Coelho MAZ. Toxicity of ionic liquids toward microorganisms interesting to the food industry. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi were resistant to high concentrations of imidazolium-based ionic liquids, andPseudomonas aeruginosawas tolerant to [NTf2] anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Santos
- Escola de Quíımica
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Centro de Tecnologia
- Bl.E, Lab. 103
- Cidade Universitária
| | - B. D. Ribeiro
- Escola de Quíımica
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Centro de Tecnologia
- Bl.E, Lab. 103
- Cidade Universitária
| | - D. S. Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo Góes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. A. Z. Coelho
- Escola de Quíımica
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Centro de Tecnologia
- Bl.E, Lab. 103
- Cidade Universitária
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hajfarajollah H, Mokhtarani B, sharifi A, Mirzaei M, Afaghi A. Toxicity of various kinds of ionic liquids towards the cell growth and end product formation of the probiotic strain, Propionibacterium freudenreichii. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00925h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of different concentrations of [HMIM][PTS] on the cell growth ofPropionibacterium freudenreichii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Mokhtarani
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali sharifi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mirzaei
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Afaghi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran
- Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hou XD, Liu QP, Smith TJ, Li N, Zong MH. Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of cholinium amino acids ionic liquids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59145. [PMID: 23554985 PMCID: PMC3598705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinium amino acid ionic liquids ([Ch][AA] ILs), which are wholly composed of renewable biomaterials, have recently been demonstrated to have very promising properties for applications in organic synthesis and biomass pretreatment. In this work, the toxicity of these ILs toward enzymes and bacteria was assessed, and the effect of the anion on these properties is discussed. The inhibitory potentials of this type of ILs to acetylcholinesterase were weaker approximately an order of magnitude than the traditional IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Additionally, the [Ch][AA] ILs displayed low toxicity toward the bacteria tested. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the [Ch][AA] ILs was evaluated via the closed bottle and CO(2) headspace tests using wastewater microorganisms. All the ILs were classified as 'readily biodegradable' based on their high levels of mineralization (62-87%). The presence of extra carboxyl or amide groups on the amino acid side chain rendered the ILs significantly more susceptible to microbial breakdown. In addition, for most of the [Ch][AA] ILs, low toxicity correlated with good biodegradability. The low toxicity and high biodegradability of these novel [Ch][AA] make them promising candidates for use as environmentally friendly solvents in large-scale applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Liu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (NL); (MHZ)
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (NL); (MHZ)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
LIU GUILI, ZHONG RUIBO, HU RUISHENG, ZHANG FENG. APPLICATIONS OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN BIOMEDICINE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s179304801230006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(Ionic liquids) ILs have unique properties compared with conventional solvents, opening a wide range of application as solvents and catalysts. ILs' cytotoxicity extend their application in biomedicine by acting as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. This article reviews the current research advances of ILs' biomedical application from the following four aspects: solvents, catalysts, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. By introducing ILs' interesting structures and their corresponding unique properties, this review concludes the current state-of-art of ILs biomedical applications. We also try to point out the ILs issues and solutions for more potential applications in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GUILI LIU
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - RUIBO ZHONG
- Biology School, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - RUISHENG HU
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - FENG ZHANG
- Biology School, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Duan E, Li Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Song Y, Guan J, Yang K. Anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of caprolactam-tetrabutyl ammonium bromide ionic liquid to methanogenic gas production. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
44
|
Removal of imidazolium ionic liquids by microbial associations: Study of the biodegradability and kinetics. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Steudte S, Stepnowski P, Cho CW, Thöming J, Stolte S. (Eco)toxicity of fluoro-organic and cyano-based ionic liquid anions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9382-4. [PMID: 22892596 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The (eco)toxicity of the most common ionic liquid anions like [N(CN)(2)](-), [C(CN)(3)](-), [B(CN)(4)](-), [(CF(3)SO(2))(2)N](-), [(C(2)F(5))(3)PF(3)](-) was investigated in test systems of different trophic level. In the same order, and thus with increasing hydrophobicity, a trend of higher toxicity was found. Especially the [(C(2)F(5))(3)PF(3)](-) moiety poses a significant hazard towards aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Steudte
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tang S, Baker GA, Zhao H. Ether- and alcohol-functionalized task-specific ionic liquids: attractive properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4030-66. [PMID: 22456483 PMCID: PMC3341508 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the designer nature of ionic liquids (ILs) has driven their exploration and exploitation in countless fields among the physical and chemical sciences. A fair measure of the tremendous attention placed on these fluids has been attributed to their inherent designer nature. And yet, there are relatively few examples of reviews that emphasize this vital aspect in an exhaustive or meaningful way. In this critical review, we systematically survey the physicochemical properties of the collective library of ether- and alcohol-functionalized ILs, highlighting the impact of ionic structure on features such as viscosity, phase behavior/transitions, density, thermostability, electrochemical properties, and polarity (e.g. hydrophilicity, hydrogen bonding capability). In the latter portions of this review, we emphasize the attractive applications of these functionalized ILs across a range of disciplines, including their use as electrolytes or functional fluids for electrochemistry, extractions, biphasic systems, gas separations, carbon capture, carbohydrate dissolution (particularly, the (ligno)celluloses), polymer chemistry, antimicrobial and antielectrostatic agents, organic synthesis, biomolecular stabilization and activation, and nanoscience. Finally, this review discusses anion-functionalized ILs, including sulfur- and oxygen-functionalized analogs, as well as choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), an emerging class of fluids which can be sensibly categorized as semi-molecular cousins to the IL. Finally, the toxicity and biodegradability of ether- and alcohol-functionalized ILs are discussed and cautiously evaluated in light of recent reports. By carefully summarizing literature examples on the properties and applications of oxy-functional designer ILs up till now, it is our intent that this review offers a barometer for gauging future advances in the field as well as a trigger to spur further contemplation of these seemingly inexhaustible and--relative to their potential--virtually untouched fluids. It is abundantly clear that these remarkable fluidic materials are here to stay, just as certain design rules are slowly beginning to emerge. However, in fairness, serendipity also still plays an undeniable role, highlighting the need for both expanded in silico studies and a beacon to attract bright, young researchers to the field (406 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaokun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Chemistry Program, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ismail Hossain M, Samir BB, El-Harbawi M, Masri AN, Abdul Mutalib MI, Hefter G, Yin CY. Development of a novel mathematical model using a group contribution method for prediction of ionic liquid toxicities. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:990-994. [PMID: 21794892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new mathematical model has been developed that expresses the toxicities (EC₅₀ values) of a wide variety of ionic liquids (ILs) towards the freshwater flea Daphnia magna by means of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). The data were analyzed using summed contributions from the cations, their alkyl substituents and anions. The model employed multiple linear regression analysis with polynomial model using the MATLAB software. The model predicted IL toxicities with R²=0.974 and standard error of estimate of 0.028. This model affords a practical, cost-effective and convenient alternative to experimental ecotoxicological assessment of many ILs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ismail Hossain
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nancharaiah YV, Francis AJ. Alkyl-methylimidazolium ionic liquids affect the growth and fermentative metabolism of Clostridium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6573-6578. [PMID: 21474305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIM][Ac], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate [EMIM][DEP], and 1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate [MMIM][DMP] on the growth and glucose fermentation of Clostridium sp. was investigated. Among the three ionic liquids tested, [MMIM][DMP] was found to be least toxic. Growth of Clostridium sp. was not inhibited up to 2.5, 4 and 4 g L(-1) of [EMIM][Ac], [EMIM][DEP] and [MMIM][DMP], respectively. [EMIM][Ac] at <2.5 g L(-1), showed hormetic effect and stimulated the growth and fermentation by modulating medium pH. Total organic acid production increased in the presence of 2.5 and 2 g L(-1) of [EMIM][Ac] and [MMIM][DMP]. Ionic liquids had no significant influence on alcohol production at <2.5 g L(-1). Total gas production was affected by ILs at ≥ 2.5 g L(-1) and varied with type of methylimidazolium IL. Overall, the results show that the growth and fermentative metabolism of Clostridium sp. is not impacted by ILs at concentrations below 2.5 g L(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Venkata Nancharaiah
- Environmental Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|