Simultaneous determination of organochlorine pesticides and bisphenol A in edible marine biota by GC-MS

Optimization of a modified Captiva EMR-lipid method based on micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of nine bisphenols in mussel samples

This work describes a reliable, cheap, easy and fast method for analysis of nine bisphenols in mussel samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after trimethylsilylation. The modified method consisted of miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion (micro-MSPD) in a glass Pasteur pipette using Captiva EMR (enhanced matrix removal)-lipid as the sorbent. Good linearity was obtained in the work range (1-500 μg L-1) with a correlation coefficient (R2) ≥ 0.998. The method accuracy and precision were determined at two concentration levels. The results show recoveries ranging from 55 to 111%. The precision varied from 1.95 to 11.4% (RSD). The whole quantification limits were between 0.056 and 3.42 μg per kg dry weight. The analytical procedure was applied for the analyses of five mussel samples collected from Galician Rias. The major compound was BPA, and wild mussels from Rías de Ferrol, Vigo and A Coruña had the highest levels. The proposed method is suitable for the analysis of BPA and its analogues in mussel samples.

Novel ultrasound assisted extraction and d-SPE clean-up for the analysis of multiple legacy and emerging organic contaminants in edible fish

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), phthalate esters (PAEs) are pervasive environmental pollutants, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. Although several analytical methods were developed for these compounds, they are not performed simultaneously. This study addresses the need for a sustainable, novel, analytical approach capable of simultaneously determining these diverse chemical classes in edible fish muscles. Employing ultrasound extraction coupled with dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) as a cleanup procedure, the method was compared to conventional techniques, revealing significant improvements. Analytical parameters were thoroughly assessed, and the innovative method demonstrated notable advantages, reducing extraction and purification times by approximately 74-80 % and solvent consumption by around 94-97 %. Applied to Mediterranean Sea fish samples, the results underscore the method's potential as a viable, sustainable alternative to traditional approaches, promising enhanced efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

Occurrence of common plastic additives and contaminants in raw, steamed and canned mussel samples from different harvesting areas using MSPD-HPLC methodology

Microplastics are a complex mix of chemicals containing polymers and certain plastic additives such as bisphenols and phthalates. These particles are porous materials that can also sorb contaminants from their surroundings, and leach chemicals from the particle under certain circumstances. Aquatic animals can ingest microplastic particles, which mostly bioaccumulate in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. In terms of dietary exposure, small animals consumed whole such as mussels, contribute more to the dietary intake of microplastic particles. Plastic additives and contaminants are not chemically bound to the polymers, and certain processing methods or cooking processes result in the release of these chemicals that leach from the plastic particles, leaving them more available for absorption when ingested. Analytical methods are crucial for a better understanding of the occurrence of plastic additives and contaminants in aquatic products, and to know certain circumstances and treatments that influence human exposure. This study uses an MSPD-HPLC methodology for the simultaneous determination of 9 analytes (BPA, BPF, BPS, DEP, DBP, DEHP, DDD, DDT, and DDE) analyzing, for the first time, the occurrence of these chemicals in raw, steamed and canned mussels of two different harvesting areas (Atlantic and the Mediterranean), becoming one of the most efficient methodologies for determining the presence of these analytes in very complex food matrices, able to define the changes in cooking and processing activities. The results showed that the heat and pressure treatment could influence the migration of plastic additives from microplastic particles present in mussels to the cooking liquids.

Determination of 57 pesticide residues in fishery products by GC tandem mass spectrometry combined with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction

An analytical method using GC-MS/MS combined with quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction was developed to determine 57 pesticides in fishery products. The limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ, respectively) of the analytical method ranged between 0.91 and 2.12 ng/g wet mass and 3 and 7 ng/g wet mass, respectively. Moreover, the linearity of the calibration curves was acceptable (R2 > 0.99). The relative pesticide recoveries ranged between 53.87 and 127.2%, and reproducibility ranged between 0.25 and 10.87%. The pesticide residues in brown seaweed, eel, flatfish, shrimp, and abalone samples were analyzed using the developed analytical method, and the results indicate that most samples were not contaminated by the 57 target pesticides, except low levels (< 10 ng/g) of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene, alachlor, ametryn, isoprothiolane, and prometryn in several samples.

Trophic Chain Organochlorine Pesticide Contamination in a Highly Productive Upwelling Area in Southeastern Brazil

Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) are legacy anthropogenic compounds known to persist for several years in the environment. The continuous use of some OCP, such as DDT, after restrictions in developing countries are cause of concern, due to their deleterious effects to marine life and humans. Studies assessing OCP contamination in coastal environments are still scarce in South America and there is a need to understand the impacts from trophic chain accumulation of these pollutants in marine life. In this study, we have assessed OCP levels in muscle and liver and estimated the biomagnification factor in several upwelling system trophic chain members, including fish, squid, and marine mammal from Southeastern Brazil. DDT degradation product DDE was the OCP detected in the highest concentrations in Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei), 86.4 ng·g^-1 wet weight, and fish muscle and liver. In general, higher OCP levels were found in liver than in muscle, except for croaker. Biomagnification factors (BMF) of OCP in the top predator P. blainvillei and the carnivorous cutlass fish (Trichiurus lepturus) were on average between 0.2 and 1.8. Continued OCP monitoring in this region is warranted to better understand the distribution and fate of these compounds over time, with the goal to establish strategies for the conservation of local dolphin species and to assess human health risks from local coastal region populations.

Evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of emerging contaminants in the Pearl River Basin for regulating purposes

Little information is available on how the types, concentrations, and distribution of chemicals have evolved over the years. The objective of the present study is therefore to review the spatial and temporal distribution profile of emerging contaminants with limited toxicology data in the pearl river basin over the years to build up the emerging contaminants database in this region for risk assessment and regulatory purposes. The result revealed that seven groups of emerging contaminants were abundant in this region, and many emerging contaminants had been detected at much higher concentrations before 2011. Specifically, antibiotics, phenolic compounds, and acidic pharmaceuticals were the most abundant emerging contaminants detected in the aquatic compartment, while phenolic compounds were of the most profound concern in soil. Flame retardants and plastics were the most frequently studied chemicals in organisms. The abundance of the field concentrations and frequencies varied considerably over the years, and currently available data can hardly be used for regulation purposes. It is suggested that watershed management should establish a regular monitoring scheme and comprehensive database to monitor the distribution of emerging contaminants considering the highly condensed population in this region. The priority monitoring list should be formed in consideration of historical abundance, potential toxic effects of emerging contaminants as well as the distribution of heavily polluting industries in the region.

Magnetic-Core-Shell-Satellite Fe3O4-Au@Ag@(Au@Ag) Nanocomposites for Determination of Trace Bisphenol A Based on Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS)

As a typical representative of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA) is a common persistent organic pollutant in the environment that can induce various diseases even at low concentrations. Herein, the magnetic Fe₃O₄-Au@Ag@(Au@Ag) nanocomposites (CSSN NCs) have been prepared by self-assembly method and applied for ultra-sensitive surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) detection of BPA. A simple and rapid coupling reaction of Pauly's reagents and BPA not only solved the problem of poor affinity between BPA and noble metals, but also provided the SERRS activity of BPA azo products. The distribution of hot spots and the influence of incremental introduction of noble metals on the performance of SERRS were analyzed by a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. The abundance of hot spots generated by core-shell-satellite structure and outstanding SERRS performance of Au@Ag nanocrystals were responsible for excellent SERRS sensitivity of CSSN NCs in the results. The limit of detection (LOD) of CSSN NCs for BPA azo products was as low as 10^-10 M. In addition, the saturation magnetization (Ms) value of CSSN NCs was 53.6 emu·g^-1, which could be rapidly enriched and collected under the condition of external magnetic field. These magnetic core-shell-satellite NCs provide inspiration idea for the tailored design of ultra-sensitive SERRS substrates, and thus exhibit limitless application prospects in terms of pollutant detection, environmental monitoring, and food safety.

Multiple exposure of the Boreogadus saida from bessel fjord (NE Greenland) to legacy and emerging pollutants

This work investigates the occurrence of OCPs, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), endosulfan (α- and β-EDS) isomers, chlorpyrifos (CPF), dacthal (DAC) and phenolic compounds, such as 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and its precursors nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO) and bisphenol A (BPA), in polar cod sampled in and outside Bessel Fjord (NE Greenland). Linear regressions between target contaminants and morphological parameters (age, length, weight, gonad- and hepato-somatic indices and Fulton K) have been also evaluated. Polar cod collected at shelf had higher average concentrations of BPA, NP1EO, NP2EO and 4-NP (muscle: 6.2, 13.2, 8.9 and 1.9 ng/g w.w., respectively; liver: 5.8, 7.5, 5.2 and 0.9 ng/g w.w. respectively), than fjord's specimens (muscle: 3.5, 9.1, 3.9 and 1.0 ng/g w.w., respectively; liver: 2.4, 5.3, 2.9 and 1.1 ng/g w.w. respectively). ΣHCHs, ΣEDSs, ΣDDTs, CPF and DAC, were more accumulated in the polar cod from the fjord (average amount in muscle: 9.1, 4.8, 7.9, 3.8 and 2.8 ng/g w.w., respectively; average amount in the liver: 11.2, 9.0, 3.8, 5.9 and 4.9 ng/g w.w., respectively) than shelf's ones (average amount in muscle 3.9, 4.5, 4.2, 0.9 and 1.2 ng/g w.w., respectively; average amount in liver 7.8, 6.3, 2.1, 3.4 and 2.5 ng/g w.w., respectively). The comparison between the concentration of target contaminants and morphologic parameters suggested a different exposure of polar cod occupying the fjord and shelf habitats, due to a combination of genetic and dietary differences, climate change effects and increased human activities.

Validation of analytical methods for organochlorine pesticide detection in shellfish and cephalopods by GC-MS/MS

This study validated the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in shellfish and cephalopods using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and monitored residual pesticide levels. The QuEChERS method was used to analyze OCPs and was validated by checking the linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. Octopus minor and Venerupis philippinarum, were purchased from four cities in the South Korean peninsula. The LOD values were 0.10-0.80 ng/g in shellfish and 0.21-0.77 ng/g in cephalopods, while the LOQ values were 0.31-2.41 ng/g in shellfish and 0.63-2.33 ng/g in cephalopods. Accuracy ranged from 83.5 to 117.4% and 79.8 to 118.4%, and precision ranged from 0.3 to 27.5% and 1.2 to 27.9%, in shellfish and cephalopods, respectively, conforming to the Codex Alimentarius Commission guidelines. Although residual OCP levels were below detection limits, the QuEChERS method may be effective for analyzing the OCPs in shellfish and cephalopods.

Simultaneous determination of 17 bisphenols in polycarbonate by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

A novel method was developed for the first time for the determination of 17 bisphenols by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Under the optimal conditions, 17 bisphenols were separated successfully on a high density diol column in 9 min using methanol and carbon dioxide as mobile phase. 0.02% ammonium hydroxide/methanol v/v was used as the post-column compensation solvent to improve response of mass spectrometry. Linear relations of matrix-matched calibration curve were favorable over the selected concentration range of 1-100 μg/kg with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9981. The method limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.1-0.5 μg/kg and 0.5-2.5 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries at three spiked levels in polycarbonate were in the range of 81.8-114.5%. Intra-day and inter-day precisions for six replicates were below 15.0%. This method was successfully applied to determine bisphenols in polycarbonate.

Analysis of 52 pesticides in fresh fish muscle by QuEChERS extraction followed by LC-MS/MS determination

Pesticide pollution in water has been well described; however, little is known on pesticide accumulation by aquatic organisms, and to date, most studies in this line have been focused on persistent organochlorine pesticides. For this reason, a method based on QuEChERS extraction and subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis has been developed and validated for the determination of 52 medium to highly polar pesticides in fresh fish muscle. Target pesticides were selected on the basis of use and occurrence in surface waters. Quantification is carried out following an isotope dilution approach. The method developed is satisfactory in terms of accuracy (relative recoveries between 71 and 120%), precision (relative standard deviations below 21%) and sensitivity (limits of determination in the pg/g or low ng/g f.w. range for most compounds). The application of the validated methodology to fish specimens collected from the Adige River (Italy) revealed the presence of trace levels of diazinon, dichlorvos and diuron, and measurable levels of metolachlor, quinoxyfen, irgarol, terbutryn, and acetamiprid, but in all cases at concentrations below the default maximum residue level of 10 ng/g established for pesticides not specifically regulated in fish intended for human consumption. Metolachlor and quinoxyfen were both the most ubiquitous and abundant pesticides, in agreement with their high potential for bioaccumulation. Both are toxic to aquatic organisms, and therefore, their potential effects on aquatic ecosystems should be further explored.

Simultaneously determination of bisphenol A and its alternatives in sediment by ultrasound-assisted and solid phase extractions followed by derivatization using GC-MS

Bisphenol analogues are a group of chemicals which are being widely applied in industrial and household products owing to regulations on bisphenol A (BPA) in many countries. In this study, an analytical method, including extraction from complex environmental matrices, clean-up using solid phase extraction (SPE) and following-up derivatization prior to gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was developed to analyze seven commonly used bisphenols in sediment. Five kinds of extraction solvents, four kinds of SPE cartridges, and four kinds of SPE eluting solvents were individually tested for their performances; and the conditions for derivatizing were also optimized. Finally, C₁₈ cartridge was determined as the SPE cartridge and methanol was selected as extracting and eluting solvent. Acetic anhydride (AA) was used as derivatizing agent and reaction took 20 min at room temperature. The method was used successfully to measure the seven bisphenol compounds in sediment samples from Taihu Lake, China. BPA, bisphenol F and bisphenol S were detected in all sediment samples, with concentrations in the range of 3.94-33.2; 0.503-3.28 and 0.323-27.3 ng g^-1 dw. Other compounds were detected at low frequencies or not detected. We provided a convenient, reliable, and sensitive method to analyze bisphenol compounds in complex environmental samples.

Assessment of biological effects of environmental pollution in Mersin Bay (Turkey, northeastern Mediterranean Sea) using Mullus barbatus and Liza ramada as target organisms

The increasing emphasis on the assessment and monitoring of marine ecosystems has revealed the need to use appropriate biological indicators for these areas. Enzyme activities and histopathology are increasingly being used as indicators of environmental stress since they provide a definite biological end-point of pollutant exposure. As part of an ecotoxicological assessment of Mersin Bay, EROD enzyme activity and histopathological response in selected organs and tissues of two species of fish, Mullus barbatus (red mullet) and Liza ramada (thinlip grey mullet), captured from area were examined. Pollutant (Organochlorines (OC), alkylphenols (APs) and BPA) levels and biomarker responses in tissue samples were evaluated together for their potential to alter the metabolism and cellular aspects in liver and gonad. Elevated induction of EROD activity and histopathological alterations in contaminated samples from Mersin Bay was observed compared to reference site indicating the exposure to potential pollutants.

Glyoxal-Urea-Formaldehyde Molecularly Imprinted Resin as Pipette Tip Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbent for Selective Screening of Organochlorine Pesticides in Spinach

A new kind of glyoxal-urea-formaldehyde molecularly imprinted resin (GUF-MIR) was synthesized by a glyoxal-urea-formaldehyde (GUF) gel imprinting method with 4,4'-dichlorobenzhydrol as a dummy template. The obtained GUF-MIR was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and applied as a selective adsorbent of miniaturized pipet tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) for the separation and extraction of three organochlorine pesticides (dicofol (DCF), dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD), and tetradifon) in spinach samples. The proposed pretreatment procedures of spinach samples involved only 5.0 mg of GUF-MIR, 0.7 mL of MeOH-H2O (1:1, v/v) (washing solvent), and 0.6 mL of cyclohexane-ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v) (elution solvent). In comparison with other adsorbents (such as silica gel, C18, NH2-silica gel, and neutral alumina (Al2O3-N)), GUF-MIR showed higher adsorption and purification capacity for DCF, DDD, and tetradifon in aqueous solution. The average recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 89.1% to 101.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 7.1% (n = 3). The presented GUF-MIR-PT-SPE method combines the advantages of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), GUF, and PT-SPE and can be used in polar solutions with high affinity and selectivity to the analytes in complex samples.

Characterize and Gene Expression of Heat Shock Protein 90 in Marine Crab Charybdis japonica following Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol Exposures

OBJECTIVES

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone important in the maturation of a broad spectrum of protein. In this study, an HSP90 gene was isolated from Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, as a bio-indicator to monitor the marine ecosystem.

METHODS

This work reports the responses of C. japonica HSP90 mRNA expression to cellular stress by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) using real-time. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The deduced amino acid sequence of HSP90 from C. japonica shared a high degree of homology with their homologues in other species. In a phylogenetic analysis, C. japonica HSP90 is evolutionally related with an ortholog of the other crustacean species. The expression of HSP90 gene was almost distributed in all the examined tissues of the C. japonica crab but expression levels varied among the different body parts of the crabs. We examined HSP90 mRNA expression pattern in C. japonica crabs exposed to EDCs for various exposure times. The expression of HSP90 transcripts was significantly increased in C. japonica crabs exposed to BPA and NP at different concentrations for 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours. The mRNA expression of HSP90 gene was significantly induced in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after BPA or NP exposures for 96 hours.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, expression analysis of Asian paddle crab HSP90 gene provided useful molecular information about crab responses in stress conditions and potential ways to monitor the EDCs stressors in marine environments.

Genotoxic potentials and related mechanisms of bisphenol A and other bisphenol compounds: a comparison study employing chicken DT40 cells

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been found in plastic food containers, paper currencies and toys. BPA has been reported for various adverse health concerns including reproduction, development and carcinogenesis. These potential health implications have led to increasing use of alternative bisphenols such as bisphenol F and bisphenol S among many. However, little is known about the toxicity of alternative bisphenols and most of the toxicological information is limited to endocrine disrupting potentials. In this study, we evaluated cytotoxicity and the genotoxic potentials of several bisphenol compounds, and identified the mechanism of genotoxicity using a panel of mutant chicken DT40 cell lines deficient in DNA repair pathways. Several bisphenols including bisphenol AP, bisphenol M, or bisphenol P exerted genotoxic potentials that are greater than that of BPA. Generally RAD54(-/-) mutant cells were the most sensitive to all bisphenols except for bisphenol F, suggesting the induction of DNA double-strand breaks that could be rescued by homologous recombination. Genotoxic potential of bisphenols was confirmed by chromosomal aberration assay and γ-H2AX foci forming assay between wild-type and RAD54(-/-) mutant. Among the tested bisphenols, BPP at 12.5μM showed the greatest genotoxic potency, inducing chromosomal aberration and γ-H2AX foci in RAD54(-/-) mutant by 2.6 and 4.8 folds greater than those in wild-type, respectively. Our results clearly show several alternative bisphenols can cause genotoxicity that could be rescued by homologous recombination pathway, and some bisphenols induced even greater genotoxic potentials than that of BPA.

Determination of pesticide residues and related compounds in water and industrial effluent by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Pollution of drinking water supplies from industrial waste is a result of several industrial processes and disposal practices, and the establishment of analytical methods for monitoring organic compounds related to environmental and health problems is very important. In this work, a method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and related compounds in drinking and surface water as well as in industrial effluent. Optimization of the method was achieved by using a central composite design approach on parameters such as the sample pH and SPE eluent composition. A single SPE consisting of the loading on a polymeric sorbent of 100 mL of sample adjusted to pH 3 and elution with methanol/methylene chloride (10:90, v/v) permitted the obtaining of acceptable recoveries in most cases. The concentration factor associated with sensitivity of the chromatographic analysis permitted the achievement of the method limit of detection values between 0.01 and 0.25 μg L(-1). Recovery assays presented mean recoveries between 70 and 120% for most of the compounds with very good precision, despite the different chemical nature of the compounds analyzed. The selectivity of the method, evaluated through the relative intensity of quantification and qualification ions obtained by GC-QqQ-MS/MS, was considered adequate. The developed method was finally applied to the determination of target analytes in real samples. River water and treated industrial effluent samples presented residues of some compounds, but no detectable residues were found in the drinking water samples evaluated.

Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and plasticisers in the Selangor River basin and possible pollution sources

A study on the quality of water abstracted for potable use was conducted in the Selangor River basin from November 2008 to July 2009. Seven sampling sites representing the intake points of water treatment plants in the basin were selected to determine the occurrence and level of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), six phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). Results indicated OCPs were still detected regularly in 66.1 % of the samples with the Σ(15)OCPs ranging from 0.6-25.2 ng/L. The first data on PAEs contamination in the basin revealed Σ(6)PAEs concentrations were between 39.0 and 1,096.6 ng/L with a median concentration of 186.0 ng/L while BPA concentration ranged from <1.2 to 120.0 ng/L. Although di-n-butyl phthalate was detected in all the samples, concentrations of di-ethyl(hexyl)phthalate were higher. Sampling sites located downstream recorded the highest concentrations, together with samples collected during the dry season. Comparison of the detected contaminants with the Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI) showed some agreement between the concentration and the current classification of stream water. While the results suggest that the sites were only slightly polluted and suitable to be used as drinking water source, its presence is cause for concern especially to the fragile firefly "Pteroptyx tener" ecosystem located further downstream.

Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface water, drinking water and plasma from Malaysia with exposure assessment from consumption of drinking water

This study investigated the level of bisphenol A (BPA) in surface water used as potable water, drinking water (tap and bottled mineral water) and human plasma in the Langat River basin, Malaysia. BPA was present in 93% of the surface water samples at levels ranging from below limit of quantification (LOQ; 1.3 ng/L) to 215 ng/L while six fold higher levels were detected in samples collected near industrial and municipal sewage treatment plant outlets. Low levels of BPA were detected in most of the drinking water samples. BPA in tap water ranged from 3.5 to 59.8 ng/L with the highest levels detected in samples collected from taps connected to PVC pipes and water filter devices. Bottled mineral water had lower levels of BPA (3.3±2.6 ng/L) although samples stored in poor storage condition had significantly higher levels (11.3±5.3 ng/L). Meanwhile, only 17% of the plasma samples had detectable levels of BPA ranging from 0.81 to 3.65 ng/mL. The study shows that BPA is a ubiquitous contaminant in surface, tap and bottled mineral water. However, exposure to BPA from drinking water is very low and is less than 0.01% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI).