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van der Schyff V, Kalina J, Abballe A, Iamiceli AL, Govarts E, Melymuk L. Has Regulatory Action Reduced Human Exposure to Flame Retardants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19106-19124. [PMID: 37992205 PMCID: PMC10702444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to several environmental and human health effects. Because of this, the production and use of several FRs are regulated globally. We reviewed the available records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in human breast milk from literature to evaluate the efficacy of regulation to reduce the exposure of FRs to humans. Two-hundred and seven studies were used for analyses to determine the spatial and temporal trends of FR exposure. North America consistently had the highest concentrations of PBDEs, while Asia and Oceania dominated HBCDD exposure. BDE-49 and -99 indicated decreasing temporal trends in most regions. BDE-153, with a longer half-life than the aforementioned isomers, typically exhibited a plateau in breast milk levels. No conclusive trend could be established for HBCDD, and insufficient information was available to determine a temporal trend for BDE-209. Breakpoint analyses indicated a significant decrease in BDE-47 and -99 in Europe around the time that regulation has been implemented, suggesting a positive effect of regulation on FR exposure. However, very few studies have been conducted globally (specifically in North America) after 2013, during the time when the most recent regulations have been implemented. This meta-analysis provides insight into global trends in human exposure to PBDEs and HBCDD, but the remaining uncertainty highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and monitoring, even after a compound group is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Department
of Environment and Health, Italian National
Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Iamiceli
- Department
of Environment and Health, Italian National
Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO
Health, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
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2
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Ruis M, Hoffman K, Stapleton HM. Brominated flame retardants and legacy organochlorines in archived human placenta samples: Sex differences, temporal analysis and associations with infant birth weight. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138170. [PMID: 36804493 PMCID: PMC10039416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study evaluated temporal changes in the accumulation of several classes of POPs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and several organochlorine pesticides in human placenta and examined their associations with birth outcomes at delivery. Placental tissues (n = 99) previously collected and archived at the Duke University Medical Center from 2009 to 2015 were analyzed for 22 POPs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The mean age of mothers was 30.6 years; 8% of newborns were characterized as low birthweight (<2500 g). Of the 22 POPs targeted in the analysis, only p,p'-DDE, BDE-47 and BDE-100 were detected in more than 50% of the samples, with median concentrations of 0.110, 0.310, and 0.033 ng/g wet weight, respectively. Placental PBDE concentrations generally decreased over time, particularly BDE-47. Placental tissues associated with female infants had significantly higher levels of BDE-100 than placental tissues associated with male infants (p = 0.02) and a similar, but not statistically significant trend was observed for BDE-47 (p = 0.07). Multivariate regression models revealed that placental BDE-47 concentrations were associated with a significantly lower birthweight among male, but not female infants. A similar, although non-statistically significant, trend was observed for other POPs, further suggesting sex-specific associations between gestational exposure to POPs and birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ruis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Children's Health Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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3
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Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Abdallah MAE, Cline-Cole R, Harrad S. Temporal trends in concentrations of brominated flame retardants in UK foodstuffs suggest active impacts of global phase-out of PBDEs and HBCDD. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160956. [PMID: 36528953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global restrictions on use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) have generated demand for novel BFRs (NBFRs) as substitutes. Our research group has previously reported decreased concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDD and increased concentrations of NBFRs in UK indoor environments, suggesting that restrictions on PBDEs and HBCDD are exerting an impact. In this study, we analysed UK foodstuffs collected in 2020-21 and compared the BFR concentrations found with those found in similar samples collected in 2015 to investigate whether similar trends in BFR concentrations would be observed. Concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDD isomers detected in our samples had declined by 78-92 % and 59-97 % since the 2015 study, respectively. Moreover, concentrations of NBFRs (dominated by 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE or TBE), and bis(2-ethyl hexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP or TBPH)) in UK foodstuffs increased significantly (28-1400 %) between 2015 and 2020-21. Combined, these findings suggest that restrictions on use of PBDEs and HBCDD have had a discernible impact on concentrations of these legacy BFRs and their NBFR replacements in UK foodstuffs. Interestingly, given recent reports of a significant increase in concentrations of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in UK house dust between 2014 and 2019, a significant decline (70-84 %) in concentrations of DBDPE was observed in UK foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Reginald Cline-Cole
- Department of African Studies & Anthropology, School of History and Cultures, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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4
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Wang XS, Tan X, Zhang Y, Hu XX, Shen C, Huang YY, Fu HL, Yu RH, He CT. The enantiomer-selective metabolism of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) by human HepG2 cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144430. [PMID: 33736337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatic metabolism of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) played critical roles in the selective bioaccumulation of HBCDs in humans, the hepatic metabolism patterns of its enantiomers remained ambiguous. Aiming to elucidate the mechanism on hepatic metabolism of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) enantiomers, the enantiomers ((+)-α-HBCD, (-)-α-HBCD, (+)-γ-HBCD, and (-)-γ-HBCD), the diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs) and the mixed of α- and γ-HBCDs were incubated with human HepG2 cell under different exposure levels in the present study. The clearance percentages ranked as γ-HBCD enantiomers >β-HBCD enantiomers >α-HBCD enantiomers at the same exposure levels. The clearance percentages of (+)- and (-)-α-HBCDs increased when cells were exposed to racemic α-HBCD and the mixture of racemic α- and γ-HBCDs (p < 0.05). (-)-γ-HBCD was more resistant to human hepatic metabolism than (+)-γ-HBCD, leading to the enantiomer fractions (EFs) of γ-HBCD lower than 0.50. (-)-α-HBCD was slightly more metabolized when independently exposed to α-HBCD, while (+)-α-HBCD was more preferentially metabolized after exposure to α- and γ-HBCD mixtures. Hydroxylation and debromination HBCD metabolites were identified. In addition, the different EFs of HBCDs in cells and mediums suggested the selective transfer of chiral HBCDs and HBCD metabolites through the cell membrane. This study provided new insight into the enantiomer-selective metabolism of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Wang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, China National Analytical Center Guangzhou (Guangdong Institute of Analysis), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xia-Xin Hu
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chuang Shen
- School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Hui-Ling Fu
- School of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Ruo-Han Yu
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chun-Tao He
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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5
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Hu L, Luo D, Wang L, Yu M, Zhao S, Wang Y, Mei S, Zhang G. Levels and profiles of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk in China and their potential health risks to breastfed infants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142028. [PMID: 32906049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were prohibited or limited in use several decades ago, they are still frequently detected in the human body. The purpose of this study was to understand the levels and profiles of POPs in breast milk in China and assess their potential health risks among breastfed infants under six months of age. A literature review focused on China was performed for studies published from 2001 to 2020. The POP levels in breast milk along with other important variables were extracted, and then the average individual POP levels in breast milk were estimated. This review summarises the distribution of traditional and new POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and reported notably high levels of short-chain chlorinated paraffins and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) in breast milk. Although the levels of traditional POPs generally declined over time, especially p,p'-DDE and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), women living in coastal areas, urban areas, and southern China still have a high body burden of certain POPs. In the present study, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of POPs through breastfeeding was used to evaluate the health risk for infants by comparing with acceptable levels. The findings suggested that infants born in coastal areas most likely suffered potential health risk from exposure to DDT, and the health risk of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in infants in most nationwide regions remains a concern. More importantly, the EDI of PCBs for infants exceeds the safe limit on a national scale. Continuous surveillance of PCBs in breast milk is critical to evaluate the potential health effects on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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6
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Sjödin A, Mueller JF, Jones R, Schütze A, Wong LY, Caudill SP, Harden FA, Webster TF, Toms LM. Serum elimination half-lives adjusted for ongoing exposure of tri-to hexabrominated diphenyl ethers: Determined in persons moving from North America to Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125905. [PMID: 32004881 PMCID: PMC7819278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the human serum elimination half-life of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) adjusted for ongoing exposure in subjects moving from a higher exposure region (North America) to a lower exposure region (Australia). The study population was comprised of exchange students and long-term visitors from North America moving to Brisbane, Australia (N = 27) and local residents (N = 23) who were followed by repeated serum sampling every other month. The local residents were sampled to adjust for ongoing exposure in Australia. Only one visitor remained in Australia for a period of time similar to the elimination half-life and had a sufficiently high initial concentration of PBDEs to derive a half-life. This visitor arrived in Australia in March of 2011 and remained in the country for 1.5 years. Since the magnitude of PBDE exposure is lower in Australia than in North America we observed an apparent 1st order elimination curve over time from which we have estimated the serum elimination half-lives for BDE28, BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, and BDE153 to be 0.942, 1.19, 1.03, 2.16, and 4.12 years, respectively. Uncertainty in the estimates were estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The human serum elimination half-life adjusted for ongoing exposure can allow us to assess the effectiveness and reduction in exposure in the general population following phase out of commercial penta- and octaBDE in 2004 in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sjödin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Andre Schütze
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Samuel P Caudill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Webster
- Dept Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Leisa-Maree Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Li L, Hoang C, Arnot JA, Wania F. Clarifying Temporal Trend Variability in Human Biomonitoring of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers through Mechanistic Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:166-175. [PMID: 31779308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring data collected from individuals of the same age sampled in different years provide within-age temporal trends, which are often employed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical regulatory policies. For polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), this within-age temporal trend has been observed to vary between congeners and age groups. We systematically explore the mechanisms responsible for such variability through simulating human exposure via multiple exposure pathways to PBDEs released from multiple lifecycle stages. Our simulation indicates that, after new use of PBDEs is banned, emissions to the outdoor environment from use and waste disposal outlast those to the indoor environment from the indoor use phase, leading to slower decline rates in the contamination of food items sourced from the outdoor environment than that from indoors. Compared with indoor exposure pathways, the consumption of contaminated food contributes more to the exposure (i) to more hydrophobic, recalcitrant congeners, and (ii) of adults than children, which results in slower rates of decline in the within-age temporal trend of those congeners and in adults. The within-age temporal trend is influenced to a lesser extent by the elimination of PBDEs from the human body, e.g., differences in biotransformation potential of congeners, growth dilution, and pre- and postnatal exposures by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Christopher Hoang
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jon A Arnot
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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8
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Drage DS, Heffernan AL, Cunningham TK, Aylward LL, Mueller JF, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL. Serum measures of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in reproductive-aged women in the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108631. [PMID: 31404810 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the serum concentrations of two brominated flame retardants (BFRs) - polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) -in 59 women aged between 23 and 42 from the United Kingdom. We also collected demographic data, including age, bodyweight and height in order to test for associations with BFR levels. Temporal and global differences were also assessed using previously published data. HBCDD was detected in 68% of samples with a mean concentration of 2.2 ng/g lipid (range = <0.3-13 ng/g lipid). The dominant stereoisomer was α-HBCDD with an average contribution of 82% (0-100%) towards ΣHBCDD, was followed by γ-HBCDD (average contribution = 17%). PBDEs were detected in 95% of samples with a mean ∑PBDE (sum of BDEs -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -183) concentration of 2.4 ng/g lipid (range = <0.4-15 ng/g lipid). BDEs -153 and -47 were the dominant congeners, contributing an average of 40% and 37% respectively, to the average ΣPBDE congener profile. Data from this study suggests that HBCDD levels decrease with age, it also suggests a positive association between bodyweight and HBCDD levels, which likewise requires a large-scale study to confirm this. The data also show that 10 years after their European ban, PBDE body burden has begun to decrease in the UK. Whilst it is too early to draw any firm conclusions for HBCDDs, they appear to be following a similar pattern to PBDEs, with levels decreasing by a factor of >2.5 since 2010. Whilst the human body burden appear to be decreasing, both PBDEs and HBCDD are still consistently detected in human serum, despite legislative action limiting their production and use. This highlights the need to continuously assess human exposure and the effectiveness of policy aimed at reducing exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia.
| | - Amy L Heffernan
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia
| | - Thomas K Cunningham
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Hull/Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull IVF Unit. The Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA 22044, USA
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld, 4108, Australia
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Hull/Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull IVF Unit. The Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Hull/Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull IVF Unit. The Women and Children's Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK; Royal College of Surgeons Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain
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9
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Issart A, Szpunar J. Potential of Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry (LESA-MS) for the Characterization of Polymer-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050802. [PMID: 31060265 PMCID: PMC6572150 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA -MS) is a direct analysis method suitable for the analysis of polymers. It is based on a fast and efficient extraction of polymer components, such as non-intentionally added species (NIAS), post-polymerization residues, or additives, and residues resulting from specific uses followed by their MS detection. In comparison with batch methods, it is a “green” method, using negligible volumes of organic solvents, and it is cost-effective, avoiding lengthy sample preparation procedures. It can be used for the detection of known molecules (targeted analysis), identification of unknown species (exploratory analysis requiring MS/MS) and semi-quantative analysis, if standards are available. The to-date applications of LESA-MS in the field of polymer science are reviewed and critically discussed taking into account the hands-on experience from the authors’ laboratory. Future possibilities of LESA applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Issart
- Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM), UMR 5254CNRS-UPPA, Hélioparc, 2, av. Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM), UMR 5254CNRS-UPPA, Hélioparc, 2, av. Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
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10
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Drage DS, Harden FA, Jeffery T, Mueller JF, Hobson P, Toms LML. Human biomonitoring in Australian children: Brominated flame retardants decrease from 2006 to 2015. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:363-368. [PMID: 30497797 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) were used intensively as flame retardants, worldwide. They have been detected in human serum samples and PBDEs have been found to be elevated in young children. Commercial Penta- and Octa-PBDE mixtures were banned in Australia in 2005, while HBCDD was banned worldwide in 2013. We investigated PBDE and HBCDD concentrations in serum collected from young children. We also investigated temporal trends in PBDE concentration 10 years after their Australian ban. Surplus human blood serum samples were collected through a pathology clinic (n = 800), in 2014/15, stratified by age (0-6, 6-12, 12-18, 18-24, 24-30, 30-36, 36-42, 42-48, 48-54 and 54-60 months) and sex and pooled for analysis of PBDEs (BDEs -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183) and HBCDD. In 2014/15, the geometric mean concentration of the sum of all PBDEs measured (ΣPBDEs) was 4.5 ng/g lipid (median: 4.6 ng/g lipid, range: 0.88-26 ng/g lipid). A positive association between BDE-47 concentration and age was observed (R = 0.41, p = 0.008), however there were no trends between other PBDE congeners or HBCDD and age. There were no significant differences between genders for PBDEs (t-test, p = 0.802) or HBCDD (t-test, p = 0.740).The highest concentrations observed were in pools from the females 30-36 month (26 ng/g lipid) and Males 6-12 month (21 ng/g lipid) categories. BDEs -47 and -99 were the predominant congeners with a combined average contribution of 75% of ΣPBDEs. PBDEs showed a significant reduction in children aged 0-4 years over an eight year period. In 2014/15, the mean (range) concentration of BDE-47 is 2.8 (0.23 to 11) ng/g lipid compared to pools in 2006/07 at 19 (3-55) ng/g lipid (p < 0.0001) and for BDE-153 is 0.73 (<0.1 = -2.9) ng/g lipid compared to pools in 2006/07 at 4.7 (2-10) ng/g lipid (p < 0.0001). HBCDD concentrations were lower than PBDEs with a mean concentration of 0.45 ng/g lipid. There were no temporal trends observed for HBCDD when compared to samples collected in 2012. The dominant stereoisomer was α-HBCDD (mean = 0.38 ng/g lipid) with an average contribution of 65% towards ΣHBCDD. Levels of PBDEs in young Australian children have significantly decreased since the bans of commercial Penta- and Octa-BDE in 2005. There has been no observed decrease in HBCDD levels in Australian children since its ban in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK; Queensland Alliance of Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Australia.
| | | | - Tomas Jeffery
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance of Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Toms LML, Sjödin A, Hobson P, Harden FA, Aylward LL, Mueller JF. Temporal trends in serum polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Australian population, 2002-2013. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:357-364. [PMID: 30243184 PMCID: PMC6263174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In Australia, systematic biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in pooled serum samples stratified by age and sex has occurred every two years between 2002/03 and 2012/13. Multiple regression modeling on log10-transformed serum pool concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100 and 153 and on the sum of these (Σ4PBDE) was conducted to examine trends by sex and time since baseline, stratified by age group. Temporal trends were age- and congener-specific, with the largest changes per year of observation in the 0-4 year old group, with β (SE) = -0.098 (0.013) for log10BDE47; -0.119 (0.012) for log10BDE99; -0.084 (0.014) for log10BDE100, and -0.053 (0.013) for log10BDE153, all p < 0.001. Adults over age 16 showed much smaller decreasing temporal trends for BDE47 and BDE99, no significant changes in BDE100, and, for the oldest age groups, slight increases in BDE153. As a result, Σ4PBDE concentrations were stable over the entire time period in adults older than 16. Concentrations of each BDE in pools from females aged 31-60 were significantly lower compared to males. Relative proportions of BDE47 declined, while BDE153 accounted for a greater share of Σ4PBDE over time. Whereas previously we saw a large elevation in the youngest age groups compared to older children and adults, this is no longer the case. This may be due to a decline in infant and toddler exposures in the indoor environment as use of PBDEs in consumer products has been phased out, suggesting temporal changes in the relative sources of exposure for young children in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Sciences, Australia.
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Lesa L Aylward
- Summit Toxicology, Falls Church, VA, USA; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Sciences, Australia
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12
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Cheng JO, Ko FC. Occurrence of PBDEs in surface sediments of metropolitan rivers: Sources, distribution pattern, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:1578-1585. [PMID: 29801251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sources, concentrations, and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in surface sediments from 33 stations in Danshui River basin (Taiwan) in 2015. High spatial variation in total PBDEs (Σ19PBDEs) in sediments was found ranging from 2.3 to 10,490 ng g-1 dw. The effects of the physicochemical characteristics, total organic carbons (TOC) and grain size of sediments on the levels and distributions of PBDEs were investigated. Significant linear correlations were observed for PBDE concentrations with TOC (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.01) and fine sediment fraction (grain size <1 mm; r2 = 0.2, p < 0.05). Spatial distributions of Σ19PBDEs showed that sediment samples were likely impacted by point source inputs. BDE209 was the dominant congener, accounting for 77.5%-99.9% of the Σ19PBDEs in sediments suggested that commercial deca-BDE mixtures are the major sources of PBDEs in Danshui River basin. Regarding ecological risk estimation, high molecular PBDEs pose a high risk quotient (RQ > 1) to sediment dwelling organism along the 33 sampling stations, suggesting that penta-BDEs and deca-BDE are the major ecological risk drivers in the Danshui River basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-O Cheng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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13
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Coakley J, Bridgen P, Mueller J, Douwes J, 't Mannetje A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorinated alkyl substances in blood serum of New Zealand adults, 2011-2013. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:382-389. [PMID: 29885504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A national survey was conducted in 2011-2013 to assess serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in adult New Zealanders. Participants were randomly selected from the 2010 Electoral Roll within 64 demographic strata according to 4 age groups, 4 geographic regions, 2 ethnic groups (Māori/non-Māori) and sex. Eligible participants (n = 734; response rate of contacted individuals = 37%) donated up to 30 mL of blood, after which serum was pooled (49 pools for BFRs, 63 pools for PFASs) according to demographic strata. BFRs were analysed by GC-HRMS and PFASs by LC-MS/MS. Associations between serum BFRs and PFASs and demographic variables (age, region, ethnicity, sex) were assessed using regression analysis. The weighted geometric mean (GM) serum concentrations of BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, and BDE153 were 2.0, 0.66, 0.43, and 1.2 ng/g lipid, respectively. The weighted geometric mean (GM) serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA were 3.4, 2.4, 1.0, and 0.66 ng/mL, respectively. The majority of BFRs showed higher serum concentrations in younger age groups. Conversely, the four PFASs showed higher serum concentrations in older age groups. Concentrations of BFRs and PFASs were generally lower in females compared to males. In New Zealand, both age and sex are important determinants of BFR and PFAS serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Coakley
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
| | - P Bridgen
- AsureQuality Ltd., Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - J Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - J Douwes
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - A 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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14
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Kim J, Kang JH, Choi SD, Zhu J, Chang YS. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Korean metropolitan population are declining: A trend from 2001 to 2013. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2323-2330. [PMID: 29978494 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been banned or voluntarily withdrawn from commerce worldwide. Declining levels of PBDEs in humans have been reported elsewhere, but not in Korea. We monitored 7 individual PBDE congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-183) in 103 human serum samples collected in 2006. The arithmetic mean and median values for the sum of the 7 PBDEs (∑PBDEs) were 7.13 and 6.70 ng/g lipid, respectively. In addition, 6 pooled human serum samples collected in 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were analyzed. A decrease in PBDE levels was observed, as reflected by the median value of ∑PBDEs from 5.98 in 2006 to 2.98 ng/g lipid in 2013 as well as in the pooled samples. The levels of individual congeners also decreased but at different declining rates. Based on these results and previously reported data, a definite decline in PBDE levels in the Korean metropolitan population could be observed from 2001 to 2013, providing the first evidence in Korea of the same decline observed elsewhere in the world. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2323-2330. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchul Kim
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Korean Polar Research Institute, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Kang
- Korean Polar Research Institute, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
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15
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Spatial Distribution of Novel and Legacy Brominated Flame Retardants in Soils Surrounding Two Australian Electronic Waste Recycling Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8194-8204. [PMID: 30004224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Informal recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) has been shown to cause significant brominated flame retardant (BFR) contamination of surrounding soils in a number of Asian and West African countries. However, to the authors' knowledge, there have been no published studies demonstrating polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR) soil contamination from regulated "formal" e-waste processing facilities in developed countries. This study reports on PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) and NBFRs (PBT, PBEB, HBB, EH-TBB, BTBPE and DBDPE) in 36 soil samples surrounding two Australian e-waste recycling plants and a further eight reference soils. Overall ∑PBDE concentrations ranged 0.10-98 000 ng/g dw (median; 92 ng/g dw) and ∑NBFRs ranged ND-37 000 ng/g dw (median 2.0 ng/g dw). Concentrations in soils were found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from one of the e-waste facilities for ∑penta-BDEs, BDE-183, BDE-209, and ∑NBFR compound groups. ANOVA tests further illustrated the potential for e-waste recycling to significantly elevate concentrations of some BFRs in soils over distances up to 900 m compared to references sites. This study provides the first evidence of soil contamination with PBDEs and NBFRs originating from formal e-waste recycling facilities in Australia, which may have implications for e-waste recycling practices throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
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16
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Fujii Y, Kato Y, Masuda N, Harada KH, Koizumi A, Haraguchi K. Contamination trends and factors affecting the transfer of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers, tetrabromobisphenol A, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol to breast milk in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:936-943. [PMID: 29572047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated contamination trends and factors affecting the levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereomers, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), in breast milk in Japan. Breast milk samples (n = 64) were collected from mothers living in six prefectures in Japan. The mean concentrations were 2.2, 0.19, 0.29, 3.0, and 0.59 ng/g lipid weight for α-HBCD, β-HBCD, γ-HBCD, TBBP-A, and 2,4,6-TBP, respectively. Based on the previous studies, the levels of ΣHBCD in Japanese women's milk appear to be increasing, and the levels of TBBP-A are higher than those in other Asian countries. Although ΣHBCD were not correlated to phenolic BFRs, the concentration of β-HBCD was significantly correlated to the concentrations of TBBP-A (r = 0.440, p < 0.01) and 2,4,6-TBP (r = 0.320, p < 0.01). The concentration of γ-HBCD increased significantly with maternal age (r = 0.378, p < 0.01), but the concentrations of the other analytes were not dependent on age. The concentration of α-HBCD was higher in primiparae than in multiparae (p < 0.05), while TBBP-A was higher in multiparae. No significant correlation was found between the phenolic BFR levels in milk and mothers' age, working place, and drinking/smoking habits. These results suggest that exposure to α- and γ-HBCD diastereomers could be affected by maternal age and parity, respectively, because of their different kinetics and sources. Therefore, these factors should be considered when conducting infant risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Nanako Masuda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan.
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17
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Lu S, Tan Z, Jiang Y, Wu D, Zhang J, Zhou J, Lin X. Hexabromocyclododecanes in breast milk from residents in Shenzhen, China: Implications for infant exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1090-1097. [PMID: 29890578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used as flame retardants for various products and have become ubiquitous pollutants in environmental media. However, little is known about HBCD exposure for humans, especially in China. This study aimed to investigate the levels and profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in human breast milk and to estimate the daily HBCD intake for infants in Shenzhen, China. Levels of the HBCD diastereoisomers α-, β-, and γ-HBCD in 180 breast milk samples collected from primiparas in Shenzhen were measured. The concentrations of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD (ΣHBCDs) ranged within 0.103-15.1ng/g lipid and had a median of 1.82ng/g lipid. ΣHBCDs levels in milk in the present study are comparable to those in milk from other countries and regions but are markedly higher than those for most populations in other regions of China. Among the diastereoisomers, α-HBCD was predominant, accounting for 97.6% of the concentration of ΣHBCDs. The estimated daily intake of ΣHBCDs via breast milk for infants in Shenzhen ranged from 0.481 to 100ng/kgbw/day with a median of 8.40ng/kgbw/day, however, which was unlikely to raises a health concern based on the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The duration of residence was found to have a significant positive correlation with the HBCD levels in the human breast milk (p<0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report on HBCD levels in breast milk from Shenzhen residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology & Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518131, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongting Wu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshi Lin
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
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18
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Concentrations of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in indoor dust in Melbourne, Australia: An assessment of human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:191-201. [PMID: 29428609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFR) have been used in a range of polymers to inhibit the spread of fires but also have a propensity to migrate out of consumer materials and contaminate indoor dust. In this study, a total of 57 dust samples were collected from 12 homes, eight offices and eight vehicles in Melbourne, Australia and analysed for eight PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) and seven NBFRs (PBT, PBEB, HBB, EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, BTBPE and DBDPE) to determine human exposure risks from dust ingestion. Samples were analysed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Legacy and replacement flame retardants were detected in all samples with overall ∑PBDE concentrations ranging from 120 to 1700,000 ng/g (median 2100 ng/g) and ∑NBFRs ranging from 1.1 to 10,000 ng/g (median 1800 ng/g). BDE-209 and DBDPE were the dominant compounds in dust samples, followed by congeners associated with commercial Penta-BDE formulations (-47, -99, -100, -153 and -154) and then EH-TBB of the FireMaster 550 and BZ-54 products. ∑Penta-BDE concentrations were elevated in office samples compared with homes and vehicles, while EH-TBB and BDE-209 measured higher concentrations in vehicles compared with their respective levels in homes and offices. Risk assessment estimates revealed the majority of exposure to occur in the home for both adults and toddlers in the City of Melbourne. Generally, body weight adjusted exposure to PBDEs and NBFRs was predicted to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher for toddlers than adults. Estimated rates of BDE-47, -99, -153 and -209 ingestion were each 2 orders of magnitude or more below the USEPA's prescribed oral reference dose values (RfDs) for typical exposure scenarios. However, exposure rates for BDE-47 and -99 reached as high as 52 and 95% of RfDs, respectively, for adults and 4.4 and 7.4%, respectively, for toddlers in high exposure scenarios. This study provides the first wide-ranging survey of NBFRs in indoor dust from homes, offices and vehicles in Australia and offers further evidence of human exposure to legacy and novel brominated flame retardants via dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Orta-García ST, Ochoa-Martínez ÁC, Varela-Silva JA, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in blood samples from children living in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:90-101. [PMID: 29376401 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1429578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) exposure assessment using blood samples collected from children living in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (GDL). Five congeners of PBDEs were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The blood concentrations of total PBDEs ranged from 5.50 to 169 ng/g lipid (42.0 ± 18.0 ng/g lipid; mean ± standard deviation). Regarding BDE congeners, the main congener (highest blood levels) was BDE99 (14.5 ± 5.50 ng/g lipid), followed by BDE100 (9.80 ± 3.40 ng/g lipid) and BDE154 (9.80 ± 5.90 ng/g lipid), and finally BDE153 (5.80 ± 2.30 ng/g lipid) and BDE47 (2.20 ± 1.20 ng/g lipid). In conclusion, blood PBDEs concentrations of concern were detected in this study, as blood levels were similar to the ones found in North America (the highest worldwide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra T Orta-García
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT) , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Ángeles C Ochoa-Martínez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT) , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
| | - José A Varela-Silva
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT) , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
- c Facultad de Enfermería , Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas , Zacatecas , México
| | - Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT) , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . San Luis Potosí , México
- d Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí . Rioverde San Luis Potosí , México
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Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Zhou X, Li J, Wu Y. A national survey of tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane and decabrominated diphenyl ether in human milk from China: Occurrence and exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:237-245. [PMID: 28477480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A national survey of three currently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human milk was conducted in 2011. Human milk from 16 provinces of China were collected, pooled and measured. The estimated daily intake (EDI) via human milk ingestion for nursing infant and the related health risks were evaluated. The median levels of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 were 1.21, 6.83 and 0.556ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Levels of BDE-209 were lower than those of TBBPA, indicating that the production and application of deca-BDE in China has been below that of TBBPA after the restriction of PBDEs. Moreover, contamination levels of TBBPA and HBCD in this survey were higher than those observed in last national survey conducted in 2007, indicating an increase of TBBPA and HBCD in the environment from 2007 to 2011. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 via human milk for 1-6months old infant were 39.2, 51.7 and 3.65ng/kgbw/day, respectively. For risk assessment, margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated by comparing the BMDL10 (benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10%) to the EDI of each BFR. Large MOEs indicates that the estimated dietary exposure to these three BFRs for nursing infant is unlikely to raise significant health concerns. Compared with some currently used novel BFRs which also measured in this survey, higher contamination levels were found in some non-PBDE BFRs, indicating that the consumption pattern of BFRs has shifted from PBDEs to non-PBDE BFRs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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21
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Zhang L, Yin S, Zhao Y, Shi Z, Li J, Wu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from China under the Stockholm Convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:32-38. [PMID: 28926786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seven congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153,BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180) were measured in 32 regional pooled human milk samples originating from 1760 volunteering primiparous mothers to evaluate the current human body burden of general population and the temporal trend in China. Individual human milk samples were collected following a WHO-designed procedure. This work is one of parts of the evaluation of effectiveness of Stockholm Convention performance. The concentration of ∑7PBDEs ranged from 0.3 ng g-1 lipid to 4.0 ng g-1 lipid with a mean of 1.5 ng g-1 lipid. The concentration of ∑6PCBs ranged from 2.3 ng g-1 lipid to 19.0 ng g-1 lipid with a mean of 6.6 ng g-1 lipid. By comparing with background determination in 2007, there was no significance for ∑7PBDEs. However, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100 significantly decreased with an average of 45%, 48%, and 46%, respectively, from 2007 to 2011, and an increase of BDE-183 was founded in most regions. For ∑6PCBs, there was a significant decline with an average reduction of 41% from 2007 to 2011. These results indicate the effectiveness of reduction and elimination of POPs in China. Future national human milk biomonitoring is worthy to be done to further evaluate the time trend and effectiveness of the Convention performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuaixing Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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22
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Inthavong C, Hommet F, Bordet F, Rigourd V, Guérin T, Dragacci S. Simultaneous liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of brominated flame retardants (tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers) in French breast milk. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:762-769. [PMID: 28821000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
TBBPA and HBCDs are the two classes of flame retardants that are still allowed for use by the European Commission. In May 2013, HBCDs were listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants under the Stockholm Convention, and they were banned with an exemption on EPS/XPS for cavity wall insulation. This study describes the development and optimisation of a rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method using isotopic dilution quantification including a simplified extraction step using a mixture of solvents and sulphuric acid hydrolysis followed by the one-shot analysis of TBBPA and each of the α-, β- and γ-HBCD diastereoisomers. The limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were 0.5 and 2.5 ng g-1 (lipid weight, lw) for TBBPA and HBCD diastereoisomers, respectively. The method was applied to analyse 106 samples of individual mature breast milk. TBBPA was quantified in 42% of these samples within a range of <LOQ to 15.1 ng g-1 lw. HBCD diastereoisomers were quantified in 8%, 3% and 3% of the collected samples for α-, β- and γ-HBCDs, respectively. The α-form was predominant in each quantifiable breast milk sample. The rapid newly developed LC-MS/MS method appears to be suitable for simultaneously analysing and quantifying TBBPA and HBCDs (three isomers) in human breast milk with the aim of establishing BFR multi-contamination profiles of breast milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanthadary Inthavong
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Frédéric Hommet
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François Bordet
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Rigourd
- Institut de Puériculture et de Périnatalogie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylviane Dragacci
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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23
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Chen Y, Sjodin A, McLachlan MS, English K, Aylward LL, Toms LML, Varghese J, Sly PD, Mueller JF. Persistent organic pollutants in infants and toddlers: Relationship between concentrations in matched plasma and faecal samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:82-88. [PMID: 28689110 PMCID: PMC5633368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Early-childhood biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is challenging due to the logistic and ethical limitations associated with blood sampling. We investigated using faeces as a non-invasive matrix to estimate internal exposure to POPs. The concentrations of selected POPs were measured in matched plasma and faecal samples collected from 20 infants/toddlers (aged 13±4.8months), including a repeat sample time point for 13 infants (~5months apart). We observed higher rates of POP quantification in faeces (2g dry weight) than in plasma (0.5mL). Among the five chemicals that had quantification frequencies over 50% in both matrices, except for HCB, log concentration in faeces (Cf) and blood (Cb) were correlated (r>0.74, P<0.05) for p.p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), 2,2',3,4,4',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB138) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB153). We determined faeces:plasma concentration ratios (Kfb), which can be used to estimate Cb from measurements of Cf for infants/toddlers. For a given chemical, the variation in Kfb across individuals was considerable (CV from 0.46 to 0.70). Between 5% and 50% of this variation was attributed to short-term intra-individual variability between successive faecal samples. This variability could be reduced by pooling faeces samples over several days. Some of the remaining variability was attributed to longer-term intra-individual variability, which was consistent with previously reported observations of a decrease in Kfb over the first year of life. The strong correlations between Cf and Cb demonstrate the promise of using faeces for biomonitoring of these compounds. Future research on the sources of variability in Kfb could improve the precision and utility of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Chen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Andreas Sjodin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Karin English
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Lesa L Aylward
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Julie Varghese
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
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24
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Tang J, Zhai JX. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk, cord blood and placentas: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21548-21573. [PMID: 28831660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs rapidly bioaccumulate in the environment, food, wild animals and humans. In this review, we investigated the harmful effects of PBDEs on humans, especially in early life, and summarised the levels of PBDEs in human biological samples (breast milk, cord blood and placentas). In addition, we described the spatiotemporal distribution of PBDEs in this review. PBDE levels in breast milk, cord blood and placentas were generally higher in North America than in other regions, such as Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa. However, high levels of PBDEs in human biological samples were detected at e-waste recycling sites in South China, East China and South Korea. This finding suggests that newborns living in e-waste regions are exposed to high levels of PBDEs during prenatal and postnatal periods. The time trends of PBDE concentration differed according to the region. Few studies have investigated PBDE levels in humans from 1967 to 2000, but they increased rapidly after 2000. PBDE concentration peaked at approximately 2006 globally. Compared with other PBDE congeners, BDE-47, BDE-153 and BDE-209 were the major components, but the detection rate of BDE-209 was lower than those of others. Future studies should focus on determining the BDE-209 concentration, which requires the implementation of different analytical approaches. Additionally, the levels of PBDEs in human samples and the environment should be monitored, especially in e-waste recycling regions. Graphical abstract The figures described the spatial distribution of the lowest (Fig. a1) and highest concentration of ∑PBDE (Fig. a2) in different countries by 2006 and described the spatial distribution of the lowest (Fig. b1) and highest concentration of ∑PBDE (Fig. b2) in different countries from 2007 to 2015. All the figures indicated that the levels of PBDEs in North America were substantially higher than those in many regions of Europe, Asia, Oceania, or Africa. Comparing Fig. a1-b1 or Fig. a2-b2, increasing trends were observed in some countries, especially in some regions in China, Korea and Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jin Xia Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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25
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Ma Y, Li P, Jin J, Wang Y, Wang Q. Current halogenated flame retardant concentrations in serum from residents of Shandong Province, China, and temporal changes in the concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:116-122. [PMID: 28214714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The residents of Shandong Province, China, are exposed to high concentrations of halogenated flame retardants because large amounts of halogenated flame retardants are produced in the province. We determined the concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDEs), seven novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and the two dechlorane plus isomers (DPs) in serum from residents of Shandong Province. The aim was to identify temporal trends in the concentrations of these pollutants. The mean total concentrations of PBDEs, NBFRs and DPs were 41, 2.2 and 2.1ng/g lipid in pooled serum samples collected in 2014, and were 32, 3.5 and 3.1ng/g lipid in pooled serum samples collected in 2015, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether was the dominant PBDE congener in all of the samples. The novel brominated flame retardant and dechlorane plus concentrations were between one and two orders of magnitude lower than the PBDE concentrations. The PBDE concentrations in serum decreased significantly between 2007 and 2015, but the pentabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, and dechlorane plus concentrations were relatively stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; State Information Center, Beijing 100045, China
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26
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Thomas A, Toms LML, Harden FA, Hobson P, White NM, Mengersen KL, Mueller JF. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in pooled human serum by age and gender. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:10-18. [PMID: 27992738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used for many decades in Australia with cessation of selected persistent and bioaccumulative OCPs ranging from the 1970s to as recently as 2007. The specific aims of this study were to use samples representative of an Australian population to assess age and gender differences in the concentration of OCPs in human blood sera and to investigate temporal trends in these chemicals. Serum was collected from de-identified, surplus pathology samples over five time periods (2002/03, 2006/07, 2008/09, 2010/11 and 2012/13), with 183 serum pools made from 12,175 individual samples; 26 pools in 2002/03, 85 pools in 2006/07 and 24 pools each in 2008/09, 2010/11 and 2012/13. Samples were analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), γ -hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) (γ-HCH), oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and Mirex. Stratification criteria included gender and age (0-4; 5-15; 16-30; 31-45; 46-60; and >60 years) with age additionally stratified by adults >16 years and children 0-4 and 5-15 years. All pools from all collection periods had detectable concentrations of OCPs with a detection frequency of >60% for HCB, β-HCH, trans-nonachlor, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. The overall OCP concentrations increased with age with the highest concentrations in the >60 years groups. Females did not have higher mean OCP concentrations than males except for HCB concentrations (p=0.0006). Temporal trends showed overall decreasing serum concentrations by collection period with the exception of an increase in OCP concentrations between 2006/07 and 2008/09. Excluding this data point, HCB decreased from year to year by 7-76%; β-HCH concentrations decreased by 14 - 38%; trans-nonachlor concentrations decreased by 10 - 65%; p,p'-DDE concentrations decreased by 6 - 52%; and p,p'-DDT concentrations decreased by 7 - 30%. The results indicate that OCP concentrations have decreased over time as is to be expected following the phase out of these chemicals in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleysha Thomas
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree Leontjew Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Fiona A Harden
- Hunter Industrial Medicine, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicole M White
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| | - Kerrie L Mengersen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
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27
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Drage DS, Mueller JF, Hobson P, Harden FA, Toms LML. Demographic and temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) in an Australian population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:192-198. [PMID: 27792943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) were measured in 67 pooled serum samples collected between 2002 and 2015 in South East Queensland, Australia. These data are the first report of HBCDD in Australian human serum. Temporal and demographic (age and gender) trends were investigated. HBCDD were detected in measurable concentrations in 69% of samples. The average ∑HBCDD concentration was 3.1ng/g lipid, whilst the range was <0.5 to 36ng/g lipid. α-HBCDD was the dominant stereoisomer making up an average of 60% of ∑HBCDD. The remainder was made up by γ-HBCDD. In contrast to another group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs, (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)), HBCDD were found in the lowest concentrations in pools from children aged 0-4 years. This could be attributed to differences in exposure, usage, and/ or the much lower half-life of HBCDD in the human body compared to PBDEs. HBCDD concentrations appear to be significantly higher in females than in males, however the reasons for this are unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Drage
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia.
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Australia
| | - Fiona A Harden
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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28
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Brits M, de Vos J, Weiss JM, Rohwer ER, de Boer J. Critical review of the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their environmental levels in Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:174-189. [PMID: 27591369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
World-wide, the prevalence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is well documented for routine analysis of environmental and biological matrices. There is, however, limited information on these compounds in the African environment and insufficient information on the analytical approaches used to obtain data. This paper presents a review on BFR levels in the African environment and the various analytical methodologies specifically applied in Africa for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls and alternative-BFRs. The analyses include liquid sample preparation using liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction and solid sample preparation involving Soxhlet extraction, with ultrasound-assisted extraction increasingly being applied. Instrumental detection techniques were limited to gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector and electron impact ionisation with single quadrupole mass spectrometers. Information on congener profile prevalence in indoor dust, soil, aquatic environment (water, sediment, and aquatic organisms), eggs, wastewater treatment plant compartments, landfills (leachate and sediment) and breast milk are presented. Although PBDEs were inconsistently detected, contamination was reported for all investigated matrices in the African environment. The manifestation in remote regions indicates the ubiquitous prevalence and long-range transport of these compounds. Levels in sediment, and breast milk from some African countries were higher than reported for Asia and Europe. Due to limited data or non-detection of alternative-BFRs, it is unclear whether banned formulations were replaced in Africa. Most of the data reported for BFR levels in Africa were obtained in non-African laboratories or in South Africa and formed the basis for our discussion of reported contamination levels and related methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brits
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa; VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Separation Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Jayne de Vos
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Laboratory for Separation Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Sandiford CJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:225-232. [PMID: 27588576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sandiford
- Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA), PO Box 362, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Lee SC, Sverko E, Harner T, Pozo K, Barresi E, Schachtschneider J, Zaruk D, DeJong M, Narayan J. Retrospective analysis of "new" flame retardants in the global atmosphere under the GAPS Network. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:62-69. [PMID: 26857525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis was conducted on air samples that were collected in 2005 under the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network around the time period when the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants came into force. Results are presented for several new flame retardants, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), which was recently listed under the Convention (2013). These results represent the first global-scale distributions in air for these compounds. The targeted compounds are shown to have unique global distributions in air, which highlights the challenges in understanding the sources and environmental fate of each chemical, and ultimately in their assessments as persistent organic pollutants. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of using the PUF disk passive air sampler to study these new flame retardants in air, many of which exist entirely in the particle-phase as demonstrated in this study using a KOA-based partitioning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Chi Lee
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada.
| | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Ribera 2850, P.C. 407 01 29 Concepción, Chile; RECETOX, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3/126, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Enzo Barresi
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - JoAnne Schachtschneider
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Donna Zaruk
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Maryl DeJong
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
| | - Julie Narayan
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4 Canada
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Butt CM, Hoffman K, Chen A, Lorenzo A, Congleton J, Stapleton HM. Regional comparison of organophosphate flame retardant (PFR) urinary metabolites and tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) in mother-toddler pairs from California and New Jersey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:627-634. [PMID: 27397928 PMCID: PMC4980246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative chemical flame retardants in consumer products is increasing as the result of the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Today, the most commonly detected alternatives in residential furniture include the organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and the Firemaster (R) 550 mixture (FM550). Urinary levels of dialkyl and diaryl phosphate esters, and 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) have been used as biomarkers of human exposure to PFRs and FM550, respectively. In a previous study, we demonstrated that toddlers had significantly higher levels of PFRs relative to their mothers in a cohort from New Jersey; however, it is unclear if there are regional differences in exposure. It is possible that exposure to PFRs may be higher in California relative to other US States due to the California flammability standard, as was seen previously observed for PBDEs. In the current study, we examined urinary levels of PFR metabolites and TBBA in 28 mother-child pairs from California, USA, collected in 2015, and compared them with levels measured in our previous study from New Jersey. Urine samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of mother and child urine samples, while bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), tert-butyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) and TBBA were detected in < 50% of samples. Interestingly, BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of the urine samples, suggesting ubiquitous exposure to the parent compound, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP). The current study found significantly higher BDCIPP levels in California toddlers and higher and ip-PPP levels in mothers as compared to the New Jersey cohort, which may be reflective of California's furniture flammability standard. For example, BDCIPP levels in California children were 2.4 times higher than those in New Jersey children. Consistent with our previous work, the current study showed higher PFR and EH-TBB exposure in children, likely due to increased hand-mouth behavior. Children's DPHP and BDCIPP levels, on average, were 5.9 times and 15 times those of their mothers. Positive correlations between paired mothers and their children were shown for DPHP and BCIPHIPP conjugates but not BDCIPP or ip-PPP. In the children, several predictors of hand-mouth behavior were associated with BDCIPP, DPHP and ip-PPP urine levels, but no associations were observed with BCIPHIPP conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Amelia Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | | | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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Guo W, Holden A, Smith SC, Gephart R, Petreas M, Park JS. PBDE levels in breast milk are decreasing in California. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:505-513. [PMID: 26693645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of the bans in reducing PBDE levels, we recruited 67 California first time mothers (sampled during 2009-2012) and collected cord blood at birth (n = 31), breast milk (n = 66) and maternal blood (n = 65) at 3-8 weeks postpartum. Using the same sample extraction procedures and analytical instrumentation method (GC-HRMS), we compared PBDE as well as PCB levels in these breast milk samples to those from our previous study (n = 82, sampled during 2003-2005) and found that the sum of PBDEs over the ∼7 year course declined by 39% (GeoMean = 67.8 ng/g lipid in 2003-2005; 41.5 ng/g lipid in 2009-2012) and that the sum of PCBs declined by 36% (GeoMean = 71.6 ng/g lipid in 2003-2005; 45.7 ng/g lipid in 2009-2012). This supports our earlier finding of a PBDE decline (39%) in blood. We also found that the PBDE concentrations and congener profiles were similar in breast milk and their matched maternal/cord blood: BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDE-153, -99, and -100. Similar levels and congener profiles of PBDEs in these matrices suggest that they are at equilibrium. Therefore, we propose that maternal serum levels may be used to predict an infant's daily dose of PBDE exposure from breastfeeding when breast milk levels are not available. In addition, our study confirmed that breastfeeding babies are still exposed to high levels of PBDEs, even though PBDE levels are decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Guo
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA.
| | - Arthur Holden
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA
| | - Sabrina Crispo Smith
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA; Sequoia Foundation, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Myrto Petreas
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, USA
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Thai PK, Heffernan AL, Toms LML, Li Z, Calafat AM, Hobson P, Broomhall S, Mueller JF. Monitoring exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an Australian population using pooled urine samples. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:30-35. [PMID: 26700419 PMCID: PMC6936263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be assessed through monitoring of urinary mono-hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs). The aim of this study was to provide the first assessment of exposure to PAHs in a large sample of the population in Queensland, Australia including exposure to infant (0-4years). De-identified urine specimens, obtained from a pathology laboratory, were stratified by age and sex, and pooled (n=24 pools of 100) and OH-PAHs were measured by gas chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. Geometric mean (GM) concentrations ranged from 30ng/L (4-hydroxyphenanthrene) to 9221ng/L (1-naphthol). GM of 1-hydroxypyrene, the most commonly used PAH exposure biomarker, was 142ng/L. The concentrations of OH-PAHs found in this study are consistent with those in developed countries and lower than those in developing countries. We observed no association between sex and OH-PAH concentrations. However, we observed lower urinary concentrations of all OH-PAHs in samples from infants (0-4years), children (5-14years) and the elderly (>60year old) compared with samples from other age groups (15-29, 30-44 and 45-59years) which may be attributed to age-dependent behaviour-specific exposure sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Amy L Heffernan
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zheng Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Jochen F Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Guo W, Gardner S, Yen S, Petreas M, Park JS. Temporal Changes of PBDE Levels in California House Cats and a Link to Cat Hyperthyroidism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1510-1518. [PMID: 26699103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we measured serum PBDE levels in California (CA) house cats during two time periods: 2008-2010 and 2012-2013 to assess the impacts of the decline in use of these materials after the bans. The median ∑19PBDE level in CA household cats (age ≥10 yr) was 3479 ng/g lipid in 2008-2010 (1st time period, n = 21) and 1518 ng/g lipid in 2012-2013 (2nd time period, n = 22), about 2 times lower than in the first time period (p = 0.006). In contrast, PCB and OCP levels showed no statistically significant changes. With better matched group size and age (HT = 11 vs non-HT = 11, age ≥10 yr) in the second time period, we found that ∑19PBDE level (mean ± SE ng/g lipid) was significantly higher in the HT group (3906 ± 1442) than those in the non-HT group (1125 ± 244) (p = 0.0030). Higher levels of PCBs and OCPs were also found in HT group. Despite the declines of PBDE levels, our findings indicate that the current levels of PBDEs, as well as PCBs and OCPs, may still pose health effects for house cats and, possibly, humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Guo
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency , 700 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Stephen Gardner
- VCA Albany Animal Hospital , 1550 Solano Avenue, Albany, California 94707, United States
| | - Simon Yen
- Campus Veterinary Clinic , 1807 M.L.K. Jr Way, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Myrto Petreas
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency , 700 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency , 700 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
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Dimitriadou L, Malarvannan G, Covaci A, Iossifidou E, Tzafettas J, Zournatzi-Koiou V, Kalantzi OI. Levels and profiles of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in human breast milk from Thessaloniki, Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:350-358. [PMID: 26367190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk samples (n=87) collected between July 2004 and July 2005 from primipara and multipara mothers from Thessaloniki, Greece were analysed for six groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). DDTs [median: 410ng/g lipid weight (lw)], PCBs (median: 90ng/g lw) and HCHs (median: 40ng/g lw) were the predominantly identified compounds in all the breast milk samples. Levels of PBDEs (median: 1.5ng/g lw) in human breast milk samples from Thessaloniki, Greece were lower compared to other countries. Maternal age had a positive correlation with most compounds, but not with PBDEs. Women with a higher occupational exposure to PBDEs (i.e., working in office environments) had higher PBDE concentrations than all others and showed strong correlations, especially for BDE 47 and BDE 153. None of the analysed compounds showed any correlation with parity. Based on these levels, the daily intake of each group of POPs via human milk was calculated and compared with the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) or the reference doses (RfD). For the majority of samples (85 out of 87) a higher daily intake of PCBs than the TDI was calculated, while 11 out of 87 samples had a higher HCB intake than the TDI. The TDI and the RfD were not exceeded for DDTs and PBDEs, respectively. This is the first report of brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Dimitriadou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81100, Greece
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eleni Iossifidou
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Tzafettas
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; European Interbalkan Medical Center of Thessaloniki, Pylaia, 544 54 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Zournatzi-Koiou
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
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Fromme H, Becher G, Hilger B, Völkel W. Brominated flame retardants – Exposure and risk assessment for the general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gyalpo T, Toms LM, Mueller JF, Harden FA, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Insights into PBDE Uptake, Body Burden, and Elimination Gained from Australian Age-Concentration Trends Observed Shortly after Peak Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:978-84. [PMID: 25768049 PMCID: PMC4590757 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population pharmacokinetic models combined with multiple sets of age-concentration biomonitoring data facilitate back-calculation of chemical uptake rates from biomonitoring data. OBJECTIVES We back-calculated uptake rates of PBDEs for the Australian population from multiple biomonitoring surveys (top-down) and compared them with uptake rates calculated from dietary intake estimates of PBDEs and PBDE concentrations in dust (bottom-up). METHODS Using three sets of PBDE elimination half-lives, we applied a population pharmacokinetic model to the PBDE biomonitoring data measured between 2002-2003 and 2010-2011 to derive the top-down uptake rates of four key PBDE congeners and six age groups. For the bottom-up approach, we used PBDE concentrations measured around 2005. RESULTS Top-down uptake rates of Σ4BDE (the sum of BDEs 47, 99, 100, and 153) varied from 7.9 to 19 ng/kg/day for toddlers and from 1.2 to 3.0 ng/kg/day for adults; in most cases, they were--for all age groups--higher than the bottom-up uptake rates. The discrepancy was largest for toddlers with factors up to 7-15 depending on the congener. Despite different elimination half-lives of the four congeners, the age-concentration trends showed no increase in concentration with age and were similar for all congeners. CONCLUSIONS In the bottom-up approach, PBDE uptake is underestimated; currently known pathways are not sufficient to explain measured PBDE concentrations, especially in young children. Although PBDE exposure of toddlers has declined in the past years, pre- and postnatal exposure to PBDEs has remained almost constant because the mothers' PBDE body burden has not yet decreased substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzing Gyalpo
- Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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Stoffmonographie für 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromcyclododecan (HBCDD) - HBM-Werte für HBCDD im Fettanteil der Muttermilch oder des Blutplasmas. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:889-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yegambaram M, Manivannan B, Beach TG, Halden RU. Role of environmental contaminants in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease: a review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 12:116-46. [PMID: 25654508 PMCID: PMC4428475 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666150204121719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's dis ease (AD) is a leading cause of mortality in the developed world with 70% risk attributable to genetics. The remaining 30% of AD risk is hypothesized to include environmental factors and human lifestyle patterns. Environmental factors possibly include inorganic and organic hazards, exposure to toxic metals (aluminium, copper), pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides), industrial chemicals (flame retardants) and air pollutants (particulate matter). Long term exposures to these environmental contaminants together with bioaccumulation over an individual's life-time are speculated to induce neuroinflammation and neuropathology paving the way for developing AD. Epidemiologic associations between environmental contaminant exposures and AD are still limited. However, many in vitro and animal studies have identified toxic effects of environmental contaminants at the cellular level, revealing alterations of pathways and metabolisms associated with AD that warrant further investigations. This review provides an overview of in vitro, animal and epidemiological studies on the etiology of AD, highlighting available data supportive of the long hypothesized link between toxic environmental exposures and development of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 875904 Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Stasinska A, Heyworth J, Reid A, Callan A, Odland JØ, Trong Duong P, Van Ho Q, Hinwood A. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in plasma of pregnant women from Western Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:554-61. [PMID: 24973935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are a class of brominated flame retardants applied to consumer goods to reduce their flammability. These compounds are lipophilic, persistent and bioaccumulate through the food web. PBDEs have been detected in human blood, adipose tissue and breast milk. There are a small number of studies reporting concentrations of PBDEs in Australian populations. These indicate that concentrations are higher than in studies reporting concentrations from Europe but lower than those from Northern America. The aim of this paper was to determine the concentrations of PBDEs in the plasma of pregnant women participating in the Australian Maternal Exposure to Toxic Substances (AMETS) study in Western Australia. The samples comprised 164 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, who were non-smokers and not occupationally exposed to persistent substances. Participants provided blood samples at 38 weeks gestation and these were analysed for five PBDE congeners. Maternal health and birth outcomes data were also obtained. The median for sum PBDE concentrations in plasma was 53.9 pg g(-1) (range 13.2 to 1390 pg g(-1)ww). Concentrations were adjusted for the estimated plasma lipid content. The concentrations of Σ5PBDE ranged from 2.44 to 258 ng g(-1) lipid with a median of 9.97 ng g(-1) lipid. BDE-47 was the dominant congener (median 21.4 pg g(-1), range <4.95 to 1030 pg g(-1)) followed by BDE-153 (median 12.2 pg g(-1), range <2.94 to 353 pg g(-1)). There were no significant associations between maternal, housing or dietary factors and concentrations of PBDEs in this study. Maternal PBDE concentrations were not associated with infant birth weight. This study builds upon previous Australian research and shows that concentrations in this sample of Western Australian women were higher than in parts of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Stasinska
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Alison Reid
- Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Anna Callan
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | | | - Phi Trong Duong
- Nha Trang Pasteur Institute, Department of Environment and School Health, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam.
| | - Quoc Van Ho
- Nha Trang Pasteur Institute, Department of Environment and School Health, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam.
| | - Andrea Hinwood
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
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Ryan JJ, Rawn DFK. The brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in Canadian human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:1-8. [PMID: 24879366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human milk samples were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada mostly in the years 1992 to 2005. These included five large cities in southern Canada as well as samples from Nunavik in northern Quebec. Comparative samples were also collected from residents of Austin, Texas, USA in 2002 and 2004. More than 300 milk samples were analysed for the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), PBDEs and HBCD, by extraction, purification and quantification using either isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-MS. The Canadian total PBDE values in the years 2002-2005 show median levels of about 20μg/kg on a lipid basis; a value significantly higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. Milk samples from Inuit donors in the northern region of Nunavik were slightly lower in PBDE concentrations than those from populated regions in the south of Quebec. Milk samples from Ontario contained slightly lower amounts of PBDEs in two time periods than those from Texas. HBCD levels in most milk samples were usually less than 1ppb milk lipid and dominated by the α-isomer. This large data set of BFRs in Canadian human milk demonstrates an increase in the last few decades in human exposure to BFRs which now appears to have stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jake Ryan
- Bureau Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dorothea F K Rawn
- Bureau Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Paine MRL, Rae ID, Blanksby SJ. Direct detection of brominated flame retardants from plastic e-waste using liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1203-1208. [PMID: 24760560 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The worldwide generation of plastic electronic waste (e-waste) is reaching epic proportions. The presence of toxic brominated flame retardants (BFRs) within these materials limits their ability to be recycled, resulting in large amounts of e-waste reaching landfills. METHODS Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) employing a chip-based nanoelectrospray coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer represents a novel control technology for directing e-waste streams for recycling. LESA-MS allows direct sampling and analysis of solid material, capable of detecting BFRs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A), the two most common flame retardant additives currently in circulation. RESULTS Authentic PBDE congeners and TBBP-A were deposited on glass and characterised by LESA-MS analysis. PBDEs are notoriously difficult to detect via electrospray; however, they were detected with ease by utilising a combination of nanoelectrospray and solvent doped with ammonium acetate. In situ detection of TBBP-A within plastic e-waste was also possible by performing LESA-MS on the surface of granulated material provided by a commercial waste depot. E-waste sample analysis was completely automated, with each sample analysed in less than 1 min. CONCLUSIONS LESA-MS is fast, simple, and robust allowing unambiguous detection of a range of additives through tandem mass spectrometry. LESA-MS does not require dissolution of the solid matrix nor the sample to be present under vacuum and the use of separative techniques prior to analysis is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R L Paine
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Law RJ, Covaci A, Harrad S, Herzke D, Abdallah MAE, Fernie K, Toms LML, Takigami H. Levels and trends of PBDEs and HBCDs in the global environment: status at the end of 2012. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 65:147-58. [PMID: 24486972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have compiled and reviewed the most recent literature, published in print or online from January 2010 to December 2012, relating to the human exposure, environmental distribution, behaviour, fate and concentration time trends of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants, in order to establish their current trends and priorities for future study. More data are now becoming available for remote areas not previously studied, Indian Ocean islands, for example. Decreasing time trends for penta-mix PBDE congeners were seen for soils in northern Europe, sewage sludge in Sweden and the USA, carp from a US river, trout from three of the Great Lakes and in Arctic and UK marine mammals and many birds, but increasing time trends continue in polar bears and some birds at high trophic levels in northern Europe. This may be partially a result of the time delay inherent in long-range atmospheric transport processes. In general, concentrations of BDE209 (the major component of the deca-mix PBDE product) are continuing to increase. Of major concern is the possible/likely debromination of the large reservoir of BDE209 in soils and sediments worldwide, to yield lower brominated congeners which are both more mobile and more toxic, and we have compiled the most recent evidence for the occurrence of this degradation process. Numerous studies reported here reinforce the importance of this future concern. Time trends for HBCDs are mixed, with both increases and decreases evident in different matrices and locations and, notably, with increasing occurrence in birds of prey. Temporal trends for both PBDEs and HBCD in Asia are unclear currently. A knowledge gap has been noted in relation to metabolism and/or debromination of BDE209 and HBCD in birds. Further monitoring of human exposure and environmental contamination in areas of e-waste recycling, particularly in Asia and Africa, is warranted. More data on temporal trends of BDE and HBCD concentrations in a variety of matrices and locations are needed before the current status of these compounds can be fully assessed, and the impact of regulation and changing usage patterns among different flame retardants determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Law
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, H. Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mohamed A-E Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kim Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7R 4A6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Clinical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Centre for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Ibaraki, Japan
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Rawn DFK, Gaertner DW, Weber D, Curran IHA, Cooke GM, Goodyer CG. Hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in Canadian human fetal liver and placental tissues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:622-629. [PMID: 24061053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Detectable concentrations of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been reported in human tissues worldwide, but investigations to determine fetal exposure to this brominated flame retardant are lacking. This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in human tissues (fetal liver and placenta) from Canada. Tissue samples were collected over a thirteen year period following elective pregnancy terminations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Samples were extracted using homogenisation with solvent, cleaned up using adsorption chromatography and analysis was performed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from below the limit of detection (<LOD; <1 ng g(-1)) to 4500 ng g(-1) lipid in fetal livers and <LOD (<1 ng g(-1)) to 5600 ng g(-1) lipid in placental tissue. No clear temporal trend was established in liver samples, nor was a significant relationship observed between fetal age and ΣHBCD concentrations. Temporal differences, however, were noted in placental tissues before and after 2005. HBCD concentrations in liver:placental paired tissue samples did not show a correlation. HBCD was found in placental tissues from Canadian women and results indicate that HBCD was present, at measurable concentrations, in developing fetuses from as early as 6.5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea F K Rawn
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, 2203C, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Brominated Flame Retardants and Their Replacements in Food Packaging and Household Products: Uses, Human Exposure, and Health Effects. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6500-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sanders JM, Knudsen GA, Birnbaum LS. The fate of β-hexabromocyclododecane in female C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:251-7. [PMID: 23733921 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a high production volume cycloaliphatic used as an additive flame retardant primarily in polystyrene foam building materials. HBCD mixtures contain three major stereoisomers, alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), at a typical ratio of 1.2:0.6:8.2. The toxicokinetic properties of the α and γ isomers differ. For instance, α-HBCD has greater bioavailability and potential for accumulation in mice than γ-HBCD. The present study reports comparative kinetics data for β-HBCD needed to support toxicological evaluations of HBCD mixtures. Results indicated that a single oral dose of 3mg/kg of [(14)C]-labeled β-HBCD was absorbed rapidly (≥ 85% total dose) in the female C57BL/6 mouse. The C max for β-HBCD-derived radioactivity in tissues, except adipose, was observed 3h following gavage. Approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted in urine and feces within 24h, primarily as β-HBCD-derived metabolites. A portion of the dose (circa 9%) was excreted in feces as γ-HBCD. Oral administration of 30 or 100mg/kg of β-HBCD resulted initially in slower rates of [(14)C] elimination; however, cumulative excretion data were similar across the dosing range 4 days postdosing. Residual concentrations of [(14)C] in tissues were highest in adipose and liver. β-HBCD-derived radioactivity accumulated in most tissues following four consecutive daily oral doses of 3mg/kg. The extent of metabolism and excretion of β-HBCD in female C57BL/6 mice was similar to that for γ-HBCD. The potential for accumulation of β-HBCD-derived material in most tissues appeared to be less than for α-HBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Sanders
- Toxicology and Toxicokinetics Group, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Human hair as a biomarker of human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shi Z, Jiao Y, Hu Y, Sun Z, Zhou X, Feng J, Li J, Wu Y. Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:10-18. [PMID: 23500394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were measured in 103 human milk samples collected from Beijing in 2011. The donors' personal information, such as dietary habit and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, was obtained by questionnaires. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis indicated that the levels of TBBPA ranged from <LOD to 12.46 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), with a median value of 0.10 ng g(-1) lw. Three HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were also measured using UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of ΣHBCDs ranged from <LOD to 78.28 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 2.40 ng g(-1) lw. α-HBCD was generally the most abundant of the three isomers. Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.22 to 135.41 ng g(-1) lw, with a median value of 3.24 ng g(-1) lw. BDE-209 dominated the PBDE profile in the majority of the human milk samples. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, ΣHBCDs and ΣPBDEs by breast-fed infants were 2.34, 24.89 and 71.27 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the BFR levels in milk and the mother's diet, place of residence, smoking habit, nursing duration or computer use habit. In contrast, the mother's age, body mass index (BMI), education level and number of computers in the home were related to the levels of some types of BFRs. More research is needed to further investigate the major source(s) of exposure, the effect of each potential factor and the possible toxicological impact of high daily BFR intake on infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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An J, Zou W, Chen C, Zhong FY, Yu QZ, Wang QJ. The cytological effects of HBCDs on human hepatocyte L02 and the potential molecular mechanism. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:1333-1342. [PMID: 23705609 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.781875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment media and organism samples are gradually rising with the increase of HBCDs usage. This study is designed to investigate the cytological effects of HBCDs on human hepatocyte L02 and explore the potential molecular mechanism. The results of CCK-8 assay showed that high concentration of HBCDs (>20 μM) significantly suppressed cell survival, while comparatively lower dose of HBCDs (10(-13)-10(-7)M) slightly stimulated cell proliferation (P < 0.05). In the mean time, high concentration HBCDs markedly induced cell apoptosis and DNA damage, accompanying with increase of intracellular Ca(2+)level and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). ROS level induced by low concentration of HBCDs was comparatively lower than that by high concentration of HBCDs. In addition, low concentration HBCDs exposure (10(-13)-10(-7)M) resulted in up-regulation of PCNA protein expression level in a time-dependent manner. However, high concentration HBCDs exposure led to increase of Apaf-1 expression level. In conclusion, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of Apaf-1 mediated pathway involve the L02 cell apoptosis induced by high concentration HBCDs exposure. However, low concentration HBCDs exposure could stimulate cell proliferation of L02 cells, which might be associated with enhancement of PCNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China.
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