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B PK, Basak B, Patel V, Senapati N, Ramani V, Gajbhiye N, Kalola A. Enriched soil amendments influenced soil fertility, herbage yield and bioactive principle of medicinal plant ( Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) grown in two different soils. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24874. [PMID: 38317909 PMCID: PMC10838752 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
High cost of chemical fertilizers and poor nutrient content in conventional organic sources (manure, compost, charcoal etc.) can be addressed through development of enriched organic amendments. However, there is a need to evaluate enriched organic amendments as a potential alternative of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, an effort was made to prepare enriched organic amendments through blending distillation waste of aromatic plant biomass (DWB) with naturally available low-grade rock phosphate (RP) and waste mica (WM). Enrich compost (ENC) was produced from DWB in a natural composting process, blended with mineral powder, whereas biochar fortified mineral (BFM) was prepared by blending biochar, derived from DWB through hydrothermal reaction, with mineral powder. The main aims of the present study were to investigate the impacts of ENC and BFM applications on soil properties, and herbage yield and quality of a medicinal herb Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). The performances of ENC and BFM at two different rates (2.5 and 5 t ha-1) were compared with the application of conventional farmyard manure (FYM, 5 t ha-1) and chemical fertilizers (CF, NPK 60-40-20 kg ha-1) in two different soils in a pot experiment. Both, ENC and EBC improved soil quality and fertility by increasing soil organic carbon, available nutrients, microbial biomass and enzyme activity. The ENC and BFM increased total herbage yields by 21 and 16.3 % compared to FYM. In both soils, the CF treatment produced the maximum dry herbage yields (32.7-37.4 g pot-1), which however were comparable to ENC (31.9-33.7 g pot-1) and BFM (30.7-35.1 g pot-1) treatments. Bioactive compound (sennoside) production in senna was significantly improved by ENC and BFM compared to CF. The present study indicates that ENC and BFM could not only help to overcome the limitation of conventional FYM, but also have the potentials to substitute costly chemical fertilizers, particularly in medicinal plant cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumar B
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, 388110, India
| | - B.B. Basak
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - V.J. Patel
- Department of Agronomy, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, 388110, India
| | - Nimai Senapati
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - V.P. Ramani
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, 388110, India
| | - N.A. Gajbhiye
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - A.D. Kalola
- Department of Agricultural Statistics, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, 388110, India
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Liu X, Jiang C, Qin Y, Wang C, Wang J, Zheng X, Maihaiti M, Zhang X, Ma S, Xu S, Zhuang X. Production of biochar from squeezed liquid of fruit and vegetable waste: Impacts on soil N 2O emission and microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117245. [PMID: 37774999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The squeezed liquid from fruit and vegetable waste (LW) presents a unique wastewater challenge, marked by recalcitrance in treatment and amplified design risks with the application of conventional processes. Following coagulation of the squeezed liquid, the majority of particulate matter precipitates. The resulting precipitated floc (LWF) is reclaimed and subsequently utilized for the synthesis of biochar. The present study primarily explores the viability of repurposing LWF as biochar to enhance soil quality and mitigate N2O emissions. Findings indicate that the introduction of a 2% proportion of LWFB led to a remarkable 99.5% reduction in total N2O emissions in contrast to LWF. Concurrently, LWFB substantially enhanced nutrients content by elevating soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen levels. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing in conjunction with qPCR, the investigation unveiled that the porous structure and substantial specific surface area of LWFB potentially fostered microbial adhesion and heightened diversity within the soil microbial community. Furthermore, LWFB notably diminished the relative abundance of AOB (Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas), and NOB (Candidatus_Nitrotoga), thereby curbing the conversion of NH4+ into NO3-. The pronounced elevation in nosZ abundance implies that LWFB holds the potential to mitigate N2O emissions through a conversion to N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Cancan Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mairemu Maihaiti
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xupo Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuanglong Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Chen X, Cheng Z, Chen G, Yang Y, Sun P. Structural and antimicrobial property changes of veterinary antibiotics in thermal treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120519. [PMID: 36347415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural application contributes major consumption of antibiotics worldwide. As veterinary antibiotics are poorly metabolized by animals, most of them end up in agricultural waste, which is increasingly subject to thermal treatment, such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, etc. However, there is a lack of research on their thermal decomposition mechanisms and products elucidation. Therefore, this study investigated the thermal decomposition of four major veterinary antibiotics groups (β-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides) with emphasis on their thermal stability, structural transformation and antibacterial activity. Results show that thermal treatment can remove the parent antibiotics with their antibacterial activity except for gatifloxacin (GAT). Although the parent form of GAT was fully removed at 200 °C, its products showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli. We present novel evidence that the PhO-CH3 chemical bond on GAT preferentially brake to generate methyl radical, which underwent a substitution reaction at the para position of phenol. This reaction also occurred during the thermal decomposition of antibiotic analogues, balofloxacin and moxifloxacin, whose thermolysis products also showed significant antibacterial activity. Furthermore, these thermolysis products may present potentially cardiotoxic and pose higher risks to human health than their parent forms, based on the comparison with a group of drugs withdrawn from the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yongkui Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Basak BB, Sarkar B, Saha A, Sarkar A, Mandal S, Biswas JK, Wang H, Bolan NS. Revamping highly weathered soils in the tropics with biochar application: What we know and what is needed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153461. [PMID: 35093379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fast weathering of parent materials and rapid mineralization of organic matter because of prevalent climatic conditions, and subsequent development of acidity and loss/exhaustion of nutrient elements due to intensive agricultural practices have resulted in the degradation of soil fertility and productivity in the vast tropical areas of the world. There is an urgent need for rejuvenation of weathered tropical soils to improve crop productivity and sustainability. For this purpose, biochar has been found to be more effective than other organic soil amendments due to biochar's stability in soil, and thus can extend the benefits over long duration. This review synthesizes information concerning the present status of biochar application in highly weathered tropical soils highlighting promising application strategies for improving resource use efficiency in terms of economic feasibility. In this respect, biochar has been found to improve crop productivity and soil quality consistently through liming and fertilization effects in low pH and infertile soils under low-input conditions typical of weathered tropical soils. This paper identifies several advance strategies that can maximize the effectiveness of biochar application in weathered tropical soils. However, strategies for the reduction of costs of biochar production and application to increase the material's use efficiency need future development. At the same time, policy decision by linking economic benefits with social and environmental issues is necessary for successful implementation of biochar technology in weathered tropical soils. This review recommends that advanced biochar strategies hold potential for sustaining soil quality and agricultural productivity in tropical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Basak
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, Gujrat, India.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ajoy Saha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore Research Centre, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal 462038, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchita Mandal
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Enviromicrobiology, Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Ecological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India; International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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Ndoung OCN, Figueiredo CCD, Ramos MLG. A scoping review on biochar-based fertilizers: enrichment techniques and agro-environmental application. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08473. [PMID: 34917792 PMCID: PMC8646155 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is a carbonized biomass that can be used as a soil amendment. However, the exclusive use of biochar may present some limitations, such as the lack of nutrients. Thus, biochar enrichment techniques have made it possible to obtain biochar-based fertilizers (BCFs), with great potential to improve soil fertility. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of information about the description, advantages, and limitations of the methods used for biochar enrichment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the production methods of enriched biochar and its performance in agriculture as a soil amendment. Studies demonstrate that the application of BCF is more effective in improving soil properties and crop yields than the exclusive application of pure biochar or other fertilizers. The post-pyrolysis method is the most used technique for enriching biochar. Future studies should focus on understanding the mechanisms of the long-term application of BCFs.
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Fachini J, Figueiredo CCD, Frazão JJ, Rosa SD, da Silva J, Vale ATD. Novel K-enriched organomineral fertilizer from sewage sludge-biochar: Chemical, physical and mineralogical characterization. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:98-108. [PMID: 34478953 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge biochar (SSB) is a multi-nutrient fertilizer with very low K concentration. This study presents a novel K-enriched SSB fertilizer with the potential to increase K use efficiency by crops. The object of this work was therefore to evaluate the physical-chemical, morphological and mineralogical characteristics of a SSB organomineral fertilizer (OSSB) enriched with K. SSB was enriched with KCl and K2SO4 using three technological methods (granules, pellets and powders). The enrichment of SSB with K ensured a K2O content about 75 times higher than the pure SSB. Organominerals in powder form had higher levels of total nitrogen, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus and higher pH than granules and pellets. The morphology and physical characteristics of enriched OSSBs were more influenced by the form of the fertilizer than by the source of K. In general, the enriched OSSBs are influenced by the quantities of feedstocks and the enrichment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jóisman Fachini
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sara Dantas Rosa
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, 70910-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Characterization Techniques as Supporting Tools for the Interpretation of Biochar Adsorption Efficiency in Water Treatment: A Critical Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165063. [PMID: 34443648 PMCID: PMC8398246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, biochar (BC) has received significant attention in many environmental applications, including water purification, since it is available as a low-cost by-product of the energetic valorisation of biomass. Biochar has many intrinsic characteristics, including its porous structure, which is similar to that of activated carbon (AC), which is the most widely used sorbent in water treatment. The physicochemical and performance characteristics of BCs are usually non-homogenously investigated, with several studies only evaluating limited parameters, depending on the individual perspective of the author. Within this review, we have taken an innovative approach to critically survey the methodologies that are generally used to characterize BCs and ACs to propose a comprehensive and ready-to-use database of protocols. Discussion about the parameters of chars that are usually correlated with adsorption performance in water purification is proposed, and we will also consider the physicochemical properties of pollutants (i.e., Kow). Uniquely, an adsorption efficiency index BC/AC is presented and discussed, which is accompanied by an economic perspective. According to our survey, non-homogeneous characterization approaches limit the understanding of the correlations between the pollutants to be removed and the physicochemical features of BCs. Moreover, the investigations of BC as an adsorption medium necessitate dedicated parallel studies to compare BC characteristics and performances with those of ACs.
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Basak BB, Saha A, Sarkar B, Kumar BP, Gajbhiye NA, Banerjee A. Repurposing distillation waste biomass and low-value mineral resources through biochar-mineral-complex for sustainable production of high-value medicinal plants and soil quality improvement. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143319. [PMID: 33199015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High cost of synthetic fertilizers and their hazardous effects catapult the exploration of alternative nutrient formulations and soil amendments. This study aimed to synthesize a novel biochar-mineral-complex (BMC), and evaluate its nutrient supplying and soil improvement performances. In a hydrothermal reaction, the BMC was prepared using a biochar derived from distillation waste of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and farmyard manure, for the first time via fortification with low-grade rock phosphate and waste mica. The BMC showed improved physico-chemical properties and nutrient availability than the pristine biochar. When applied to a deeply weathered acidic soil, the BMC significantly (P < 0.05) improved the herbage and bioactive compound (sennoside) yields of a medicinal plant (senna; Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) compared to the pristine biochar, farmyard manure, vermicompost, and chemical fertilizers. The BMC also improved the soil quality by increasing nutrient and carbon contents, and microbial activities. Soil quality improvement facilitated greater nutrient uptake in senna plants under BMC compared to the pristine biochar, and conventional organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. This study thus encourages the development of BMC formulations not only to overcome the limitation of sole biochar application to soils, but also to phaseout chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Moreover, BMC could bestow resilience and sustainability to crop production via value-added recycling of waste biomass and low-grade mineral resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Basak
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India.
| | - Ajoy Saha
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India; ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore Research Centre, Bangalore 560089, India
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - B Prem Kumar
- Department Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388110, India
| | - N A Gajbhiye
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand 387310, India
| | - Atanu Banerjee
- Dr. K C Patel Research & Development Centre, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand 388421, India
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Yuan S, Hong M, Li H, Ye Z, Gong H, Zhang J, Huang Q, Tan Z. Contributions and mechanisms of components in modified biochar to adsorb cadmium in aqueous solution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139320. [PMID: 32446077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have carried out a large number of studies on the adsorption of heavy metals by modified biochar, but there have been fewer explorations of the contributions and mechanisms of components in biochar composites on heavy metals adsorption. In this paper, the biochar was modified by Fe2+/Fe3+ and NaOH, and a further analysis of the adsorption of cadmium on the new biochar was conducted. It was found that (1) the adsorption capacity for cadmium of the modified biochar (M85) was 406.46 mg/g, which was 16 times that of the original biochar (C800); (2) the increased adsorption of cadmium onto the modified biochar had little correlation with the specific surface area, and the pure iron component was not the decisive factor for the huge adsorption capacity; and (3) the modified biochar was a kind of composite material with special construction, where the C-O-Fe structure that formed on its surface was the main reason for the sharp increase in adsorption. Among the iron components, iron oxides (Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and Fe-O-Fe), iron-containing functional groups (-Fe-R-COOH and Fe-R-OH, etc.) and the mineral crystal XiFeYjOk reacted with the cadmium ion in aqueous solution to exchange, form complexes and precipitate, achieving the purpose of fixing the heavy metal. In addition, the aromatic structure C=Cπ can also adsorb Cd2+ to generate C=Cπ-Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mengfan Hong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huabo Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhongxin Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Lion Hill Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Odukkathil G, Vasudevan N. Bacteria amended clay biochar composite biobed system to treat agriculture runoff. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110694. [PMID: 32560979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient adsorbent which can resolve the existing limitations of a biobed is of concern. In the present study, a composite is prepared by mixing and pyrolyzing clay and plant parts. This is finally converted to clay biochar composite with enhanced porosity and adsorption capacity. Composite consists of clay with sawdust or clay with powdered dry fruit of Acacia concinna. Among the different composites employed, clay/Acacia concinna (7.6/0.4) with higher structural stability was used as the biomix for biobed. The clay biochar composite (20%) bioaugmented with biosurfactant producing bacterial consortium was then mixed with sandy clay loam soil in a laboratory-scale biobed system. The study showed a COD removal of 95% and cypermethrin removal of 98%. Biodegradation of cypermethrin isomers in soil and clay biochar composite was observed. The study revealed that clay biochar composite amended with biosurfactant producing bacterial consortium is an efficient biomix for the biobed system.
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11
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Recent advances and applications of magnetic nanomaterials in environmental sample analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sashidhar P, Kochar M, Singh B, Gupta M, Cahill D, Adholeya A, Dubey M. Biochar for delivery of agri-inputs: Current status and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134892. [PMID: 31767299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, a carbonaceous porous material produced from the pyrolysis of agricultural residues and solid wastes has been widely used as a soil amendment. Recent publications on biochar are primarily focussed with its application in climatic aspects, contaminant immobilization, soil amendment strategies, nutrient recovery, engineered material production and waste-water treatment. Numerous studies have reported the positive attribute of biochar's nutrient value that helps in improving plant growth and fertilizer use efficiency. The renewability, low-cost, high porosity, high surface area and customizable surface chemistry of biochar offers ample prospect in several engineering applications, some of which needs significant attention. This review aims at systematically assessing the uses of biochar as a potential carrier material for delivery of agrochemicals and microbes. The key parameters of biochar that are crucial to assess the potential of any material to be used for delivery purposes are discussed. The parameters such as the physicochemical properties of biochar, the mechanistic aspects of adsorption and release of agrochemicals and microbes from biochar, comparative assessment of biochar over other carrier materials, long-term effects of biochar and the economic and environmental benefits of biochar are discussed in detail. At the end, a brief perspective has also been laid out to discuss how nano-interventions could further be helpful to tailor biochar properties useful for delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sashidhar
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India; Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Mandira Kochar
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Brajraj Singh
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - David Cahill
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India
| | - Mukul Dubey
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI Gram, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana 122003, India.
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Irfan M, Mehmood S, Mahmud A, Anjum AA. An Assessment of Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Different Types of Poultry Waste Compost Prepared by Bin and Windrow Composting System. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Irfan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Mahmud
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - AA Anjum
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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14
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Hong M, Zhang L, Tan Z, Huang Q. Effect mechanism of biochar's zeta potential on farmland soil's cadmium immobilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19738-19748. [PMID: 31090000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ passivation of heavy metals by biochar mainly focuses on the effect of biochar's pH, surface oxygen-containing functional groups (OCFGs), and ash content. In this paper, starting with the measurement of biochar's electrical properties under different pyrolysis atmospheres and temperatures, the changes in the zeta potential of biochar and the consequent effects on cadmium immobilization in soil are studied. The results show that the zeta potential of biochar from the pyrolysis of high temperature (800 °C) is higher than that of biochar at low temperatures, so its electronegativity is weaker than that of biochar at low temperatures, but the protective effect on wheat is stronger than that of biochar obtained at low temperatures. The zeta potential of biochar obtained under a CO2 atmosphere was higher than that of biochar prepared under a N2 atmosphere, so its protective effect on wheat was stronger than that of biochar under N2. The reason is that biochar particles with a high zeta potential and weak electronegativity have higher cohesion and are better at in situ passivation of Cd in soils. Namely, biochar obtained at high pyrolysis temperatures (800 °C) and prepared under a CO2 atmosphere has better effect on Cd immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Hong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongxin Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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15
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Han H, Rafiq MK, Zhou T, Xu R, Mašek O, Li X. A critical review of clay-based composites with enhanced adsorption performance for metal and organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:780-796. [PMID: 30851518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption techniques offer unique advantages owing to the use of synthetic (e.g., nanosized metal oxides and polymer-functionalized nanocomposites) and natural (e.g., clay and biochar) materials for pollutant removal. Although the most widely used adsorbent is activated carbon, extensive studies have highlighted the promising potential of modified clay minerals and biochar for removing heavy metal and organic pollutants from industrial, drinking, and eutrophic wastewater, due to their low cost and easy accessibility. However, clay modification using acids, calcination, polymers, or surfactants exhibits relatively low absorption/regeneration ability towards antibiotics, aromatics, and various dyes. The coexistence of numerous contaminants in industrial wastewater inhibited the performance of adsorbents, which accelerated the development of novel modified clay composites such as clay-biochar, organo-bentonite/sodium alginate beads, and enhanced biochar. This review summarizes recent studies and absorption mechanisms concerning clay composites based on various modification methods and component materials. The comparison of clay composites used for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants provides valuable insight into real wastewater treatment. Knowledge gaps, uncertainties, and future challenges involved in the fabrication and regeneration of modified clay composites are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Khalid Rafiq
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom; Rangeland Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tuoyu Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Wong JTF, Chen X, Deng W, Chai Y, Ng CWW, Wong MH. Effects of biochar on bacterial communities in a newly established landfill cover topsoil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 236:667-673. [PMID: 30772724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed the benefits of applying biochar in landfill final cover soil, such as adsorbing odorous compounds and promoting microbial methane oxidation. Most of these processes are related to the soil bacterial communities. However, the effects of biochar application on the overall bacterial community in newly established landfill cover soil are not yet understood, especially in field condition. The objective of the present field study is to investigate the effects of biochar on the diversity of soil bacterial community 3 months after incubation (short-term). Landfill final cover topsoil (0.6 m) was amended with 0 (control), 5, and 10% (w/w) of biochar derived from peanut-shell and wheat straw. Soil bacterial communities were analysed using the 16S rRNA-based T-RFLP approach. Biochar application significantly (p < 0.05) increased the diversity of soil bacterial communities. The Shannon diversity index of bacterial communities in soil amended with 5 and 10% of biochar was increased from 3.34 to 3.85 and 3.92, respectively. There were four bacterial phyla recorded found at both control and amended soils, namely Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. In addition, Gemmatimonadetes was found only in soil amended with 10% biochar. The interactions between soil bacterial communities and measured soil parameters including moisture content, electrical conductivity, total organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were found to be statistically non-significant (p > 0.05), according to the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). This may be due to the highly heterogeneous nature of landfill soil. Results from this study revealed that short-term biochar application already altered the soil physicochemical properties and increased the diversity of soil bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Tsz Fung Wong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xunwen Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yemao Chai
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles Wang Wai Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Moradi S, Rasouli-Sadaghiani MH, Sepehr E, Khodaverdiloo H, Barin M. Soil nutrients status affected by simple and enriched biochar application under salinity conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:257. [PMID: 30929074 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of biochar application as simple and enriched, on the soil nutrients status in the salinity conditions, a research was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The biochar (grape pruning residues) was applied in three levels (0, 2% biochar, and 2% enriched biochar by rock phosphate and cow manure). Also, the salinity treatment was considered in three levels (2, 4.5, and 9 dSm-1). After treating the soil, it was incubated in polyethylene containers for a 70-day period at 25 °C and 70% field capacity moisture regime. The results showed that salinity significantly affected the soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium, magnesium, sodium, basal respiration, and nitrifying bacteria frequency (P < 0.001) and chloride concentration (P < 0.01). Also, the biochar significantly affected the pH, organic carbon, concentration of total nitrogen, phosphorous, solution potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, basal respiration, and nitrifying bacteria frequency (P < 0.001) of the soil. The interaction effect of biochar and salinity levels was significant on soil sodium concentration (P < 0.01) and pH (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control treatment, the enriched biochar, decreased soil pH (about 1.4%) and increased the phosphorous, iron, and zinc up to 36%, 29%, and 36%, respectively and simple biochar increased the Nitrogen and Potassium up to 46% and 48%, respectively. In general, it was concluded that both types of the biochars lowered the sodium concentration of the soil in different salinity levels due to high potential of biochar for sodium absorption which this ability may be considered in saline soils remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahedin Moradi
- Soil Science, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.
- Agriculture Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Mumme J, Getz J, Prasad M, Lüder U, Kern J, Mašek O, Buss W. Toxicity screening of biochar-mineral composites using germination tests. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:91-100. [PMID: 29778049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the properties and toxicity (water cress germination trials) of 38 waste-derived, novel biochar-mineral composites (BMCs) produced via slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochars). The biochars were produced from sewage sludge and compost-like output (CLO) by varying the type of mineral additive (zeolite, wood ash and lignite fly ash), the mineral-to-feedstock ratio and the carbonization process. While pure hydrochars completely inhibited germination of water cress, this effect was ameliorated by mineral additives. Seedlings grew best in pyrolysis chars and while wood ash addition decreased plant growth in many cases, 1:10 addition to CLO doubled germination rate. The factors responsible for the phytotoxicity can be attributed to pH, salinity and organic contaminants. Importantly, while pure minerals inhibited germination, conversion of minerals into BMCs reduced their inhibitory effects due to buffered release of minerals. Overall, mineral wastes (e.g., combustion ashes) and waste biomass can be used safely as sources of nutrients and stable organic carbon (for soil carbon sequestration) when converted into specific biochar-mineral composites, exploiting synergies between the constituents to deliver superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mumme
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Building, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Josephine Getz
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Building, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK; Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Greenway Hub, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Ireland
| | | | - Ulf Lüder
- SunCoal Industries GmbH, Rudolf-Diesel-Straße 15, 14974, Ludwigsfelde, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kern
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Building, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Wolfram Buss
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, King's Building, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK.
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19
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Fischer D, Erben G, Dunst G, Glaser B. Dynamics of labile and stable carbon and priming effects during composting of sludge and lop mixtures amended with low and high amounts of biochar. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:880-893. [PMID: 32559983 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of biochar amendment on the dynamics of labile and stable carbon (C) fractions and associated priming effects during composting of sludge and lop mixtures. Furthermore, the effect of aerobic composting on biochar stable C composition was analyzed. Low amounts of activated carbon [dosage 0-1.7% w/w] and higher amounts of charcoal [dosage 0-38% w/w] were applied to the organic feedstock mixture in two separated full-scale composting trials under practical field conditions. The results demonstrated that biochar-C was substantially more stable during the composting process than compost-derived organic C resulting in a significant enrichment of the stable black C fraction in the final product. Furthermore, stability of final products were significantly increased, if more biochar has been initially added prior to composting. However, labile organic C losses were increased (positive priming) if low amounts of activated carbon have been applied, while no short-term priming effects could be observed after adding charcoal over a wider application range. Moreover, biochar stable C composition was positively affected during the composting process. Based on our results, a biochar amendment ≥10% (w/w) seems generally favorable for an accelerated composting process, while stability characteristics of the final products were improved. However, some caution seems to be required concerning the usability of activated carbon due to positive priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fischer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agronomy and Nutritional Sciences, Soil Biogeochemistry, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Gabriel Erben
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agronomy and Nutritional Sciences, Soil Biogeochemistry, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gerald Dunst
- Ecoregion Kaindorf, Sonnenerde GmbH, Oberwarterstraße 100, A-7422 Riedlingsdorf, Austria
| | - Bruno Glaser
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agronomy and Nutritional Sciences, Soil Biogeochemistry, von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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20
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Taherymoosavi S, Verheyen V, Munroe P, Joseph S, Reynolds A. Characterization of organic compounds in biochars derived from municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 67:131-142. [PMID: 28601581 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has been growing in many countries, which has led to numerous environmental problems. Converting MSW into a valuable biochar-based by-product can manage waste and, possibly, improve soil fertility, depending on the soil properties. In this study, MSW-based biochars, collected from domestic waste materials and kerbsides in two Sydney's regions, were composted and pyrolysed at 450°C, 550°C and 650°C. The characteristics of the organic components and their interactions with mineral phases were investigated using a range of analytical techniques, with special attention given to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metal concentrations. The MSW biochar prepared at 450°C contained the most complex organic compounds. The highest concentration of fixed C, indicating the stability of biochar, was detected in the high-temperature-biochar. Microscopic analysis showed development of pores and migration of mineral phases, mainly Ca/P/O-rich phases, into the micro-pores and Si/Al/O-rich phases on the surface of the biochar in the MSW biochar produced at 550°C. Amalgamation of organic phases with mineral compounds was observed, at higher pyrolysis temperatures, indicating chemical reactions between these two phases at 650°C. XPS analysis showed the main changes occurred in C and N bonds. During heat treatment, N-C/C=N functionalities decomposed and oxidized N configurations, mainly pyridine-N-oxide groups, were formed. The majority of the dissolved organic carbon fraction in both MSW biochar produced at 450°C and 550°C was in the form of building blocks, whereas LMW acids was the main fraction in high-temperature-biochar (59.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarasadat Taherymoosavi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Vince Verheyen
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3842, Australia
| | - Paul Munroe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alicia Reynolds
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3842, Australia
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21
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Yang J, Li H, Zhang D, Wu M, Pan B. Limited role of biochars in nitrogen fixation through nitrate adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:758-765. [PMID: 28341466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate cycling is essential in sustaining soil systems. Excessive application of N-fertilizers and the associated underground water contamination have attracted a great deal of research attention. Sorption is efficient and environmentally friendly in nitrate fixation. A debate was noted in literature regarding whether biochars have potential to fix nitrate through sorption. In this study, biochars produced from different biomasses as well as biomass compositions were chosen as the absorbents to evaluate their potential efficiencies in nitrate fixation. Increased sorption to nitrate was observed for biochars with increased pyrolysis temperature, but the increasing extent varied with biomass. The surface base functional groups and surface charges of biochars could not well explain nitrate sorption. The significant positive correlation between nitrate sorption and biochar surface areas suggested that surface area was the controlling parameter for nitrate sorption. The pre-coating of tannic acid (TA) on biochars decreased but did not completely inhibit nitrate sorption. This observation suggested that nitrate sorption on biochars may be further decreased after their interactions with natural organic matter. Nitrate sorption was compared among various adsorbents, including biochars, soil particles, clay minerals, engineered particles, as well as humic substances. Soil particles generally showed high sorption to nitrate over biochars. This result suggested that biochars investigated in this work may play a limited role in nitrate fixation through sorption after their massive application. Nitrogen fixation through nitrate adsorption on biochars should be carefully evaluated taking into consideration of biochar feedstocks and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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22
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Dai Z, Zhang X, Tang C, Muhammad N, Wu J, Brookes PC, Xu J. Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:601-611. [PMID: 28063658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A large number of soils, worldwide, are acid (normally pH<5.5) and suffering from on-going soil acidification. Acid soils or soils undergoing acidification generally have low fertility and low crop productivity. Biochars have been reported to be of potential value in agriculture for improving soil properties and in reducing the hazards caused by soil acidification and in naturally acidic soils. However, the ameliorant effects of biochars on acid soils and the mechanisms involved have not previously been critically reviewed. Here we summarize the phenomena, and mechanisms involved in the improvement of soil acidity by biochars, the alleviation of aluminum toxicity, the enhancement of nutrient availability, and changes in nitrification by collating data in the literature. In addition, the agronomic effectiveness and environmental concerns in the incorporation of biochar and other soil additives (i.e. lime, industrial by-products, organic wastes and plant residues) to acid soils are systemically compared. We conclude that biochar is a potentially effective amendment to reverse or to prevent acidification in acid soils. Finally, perspectives for further research in terms of soil acidification are presented to address some issues that are still poorly understood and/or highly controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Dai
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - C Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Philip C Brookes
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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23
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He Y, Sun B, Li S, Sun X, Guo Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Jiang G, Xing M. Simultaneous analysis 26 mineral element contents from highly consumed cultured chicken overexposed to arsenic trioxide by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21741-21750. [PMID: 27522209 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the impacts of dietary arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on 26 mineral element contents in the liver and kidney of chicken. A total of 100 male Hy-line cocks were randomly divided into 2 groups (50 chickens in each group), including an arsenic-treated group (basic diet supplemented with As2O3 at 30 mg/kg) and a control group (basal diet). The feeding experiment lasted for 90 days and the experimental animals were given free access to feed and water. We determined 26 mineral elements in the liver and kidney by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that nine element levels (Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Cd, Ba, and Pb) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the liver of chickens exposed to As2O3 compared to the control chickens where three element levels (Ni, As, and Hg) increased significantly (P < 0.05). The results in the kidney showed that nine element levels (Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sb, Ba, and Pb) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the chickens exposed to As2O3 compared to the control chickens where four element levels (Mo, As, Cd, and Hg) increased significantly (P < 0.05). These results suggest that supplementation of high levels of arsenic affected trace mineral levels in the liver and kidney of chicken, and the effects vary from organ to organ. The aim of this study is to provide references for further study of heavy metal poisoning by detecting the contents of minerals induced by arsenic in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonan Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Siwen Li
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Sun
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Darby I, Xu CY, Wallace HM, Joseph S, Pace B, Bai SH. Short-term dynamics of carbon and nitrogen using compost, compost-biochar mixture and organo-mineral biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11267-11278. [PMID: 26924699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effects of different organic treatments including compost (generated from cattle hide waste and plant material), compost mixed with biochar (compost + biochar) and a new formulation of organo-mineral biochar (produced by mixing biochar with clay, minerals and chicken manure) on carbon (C) nitrogen (N) cycling. We used compost at the rate of 20 t ha(-1), compost 20 t ha(-1) mixed with 10 t ha(-1) biochar (compost + biochar) and organo-mineral biochar which also contained 10 t ha(-1) biochar. Control samples received neither of the treatments. Compost and compost + biochar increased NH4 (+) -N concentrations for a short time, mainly due to the release of their NH4 (+) -N content. Compost + biochar did not alter N cycling of the compost significantly but did significantly increase CO2 emission compared to control. Compost significantly increased N2O emission compared to control. Compost + biochar did not significantly change N supply and also did not decrease CO2 and N2O emissions compared to compost, suggesting probably higher rates of biochar may be required to be added to the compost to significantly affect compost-induced C and N alteration. The organo-mineral biochar had no effect on N cycling and did not stimulate CO2 and N2O emission compared to the control. However, organo-mineral biochar maintained significantly higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than compost and compost + biochar from after day 14 to the end of the incubation. Biochar used in organo-mineral biochar had increased organic C adsorption which may become available eventually. However, increased DOC in organo-mineral biochar probably originated from both biochar and chicken manure which was not differentiated in this experiment. Hence, in our experiment, compost, compost + biochar and organo-mineral biochar affected C and N cycling differently mainly due to their different content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Darby
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Cheng-Yuan Xu
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, 4670, Australia
| | - Helen M Wallace
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia
| | - Stephen Joseph
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 2074, Australia
| | - Ben Pace
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shahla Hosseini Bai
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Ye J, Zhang R, Nielsen S, Joseph SD, Huang D, Thomas T. A Combination of Biochar-Mineral Complexes and Compost Improves Soil Bacterial Processes, Soil Quality, and Plant Properties. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:372. [PMID: 27092104 PMCID: PMC4824760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and promises food production with minimal environmental impact, however this farming practice does not often result in the same productivity as conventional farming. In recent years, biochar has received increasing attention as an agricultural amendment and by coating it with minerals to form biochar-mineral complex (BMC) carbon retention and nutrient availability can be improved. However, little is known about the potential of BMC in improving organic farming. We therefore investigated here how soil, bacterial and plant properties respond to a combined treatment of BMC and an organic fertilizer, i.e., a compost based on poultry manure. In a pakchoi pot trial, BMC and compost showed synergistic effects on soil properties, and specifically by increasing nitrate content. Soil nitrate has been previously observed to increase leaf size and we correspondingly saw an increase in the surface area of pakchoi leaves under the combined treatment of BMC and composted chicken manure. The increase in soil nitrate was also correlated with an enrichment of bacterial nitrifiers due to BMC. Additionally, we observed that the bacteria present in the compost treatment had a high turnover, which likely facilitated organic matter degradation and a reduction of potential pathogens derived from the manure. Overall our results demonstrate that a combination of BMC and compost can stimulate microbial process in organic farming that result in better vegetable production and improved soil properties for sustainable farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation & School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shaun Nielsen
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation & School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Joseph
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danfeng Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation & School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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Sun B, Xing M. Evaluated the Twenty-Six Elements in the Pectoral Muscle of As-Treated Chicken by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 169:359-64. [PMID: 26123164 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the impacts of dietary arsenic trioxide on the contents of 26 elements in the pectoral muscle of chicken. A total of 100 Hy-line laying cocks were randomly divided into two groups (n = 50), including an As-treated group (basic diet supplemented with arsenic trioxide at 30 mg/kg) and a control group (basal diet). The feeding experiment lasted for 90 days and the experimental animals were given free access to feed and drinking water. The elements lithium (Li), boron (B), natrum (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (AI), silicium (Si), kalium (K), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), ferrum (Fe), cobalt (Co.), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), stannum (Sn), stibium (Sb), barium (Ba), hydrargyrum (Hg), thallium (Tl) and plumbum (Pb) in the pectoral muscles were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The resulted data indicated that Li, Na, AI, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ba, Tl and Pb were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in chicken exposed to As2O3 compared to control chicken, while Mg, Si, K, As and Cd decreased significantly (P < 0.05). These results suggest that ICP-MS determination of elements in chicken tissues enables a rapid analysis with good precision and accuracy. Supplementation of high levels of As affected levels of 20 elements (Li, Na, AI, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Ba, Tl, Pb, Mg, Si, K, As and Cd) in the pectoral muscles of chicken. Thus, it is needful to monitor the concentration of toxic metal (As) in chicken for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, PRC, 26 Hexing Rd, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Samojeden B, Motak M, Grzybek T. The influence of the modification of carbonaceous materials on their catalytic properties in SCR-NH3. A short review. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kammann CI, Schmidt HP, Messerschmidt N, Linsel S, Steffens D, Müller C, Koyro HW, Conte P, Joseph S, Stephen J. Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11080. [PMID: 26057083 PMCID: PMC4460888 DOI: 10.1038/srep11080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil amendment with pyrogenic carbon (biochar) is discussed as strategy to improve soil fertility to enable economic plus environmental benefits. In temperate soils, however, the use of pure biochar mostly has moderately-negative to -positive yield effects. Here we demonstrate that co-composting considerably promoted biochars' positive effects, largely by nitrate (nutrient) capture and delivery. In a full-factorial growth study with Chenopodium quinoa, biomass yield increased up to 305% in a sandy-poor soil amended with 2% (w/w) co-composted biochar (BC(comp)). Conversely, addition of 2% (w/w) untreated biochar (BC(pure)) decreased the biomass to 60% of the control. Growth-promoting (BC(comp)) as well as growth-reducing (BC(pure)) effects were more pronounced at lower nutrient-supply levels. Electro-ultra filtration and sequential biochar-particle washing revealed that co-composted biochar was nutrient-enriched, particularly with the anions nitrate and phosphate. The captured nitrate in BC(comp) was (1) only partly detectable with standard methods, (2) largely protected against leaching, (3) partly plant-available, and (4) did not stimulate N2O emissions. We hypothesize that surface ageing plus non-conventional ion-water bonding in micro- and nano-pores promoted nitrate capture in biochar particles. Amending (N-rich) bio-waste with biochar may enhance its agronomic value and reduce nutrient losses from bio-wastes and agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Kammann
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Schmidt
- Ithaka Institute for Carbon Intelligence, Ancienne Eglise 9, CH-1974 Arbaz, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Messerschmidt
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Linsel
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diedrich Steffens
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- 1] Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany [2] Earth Science Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hans-Werner Koyro
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Pellegrino Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 4 90128 - Palermo (Italy)
| | - Stephen Joseph
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; University of New South Wales, School of Material Science and Engineering, NSW 2052, Australia
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Smith CR, Sleighter RL, Hatcher PG, Lee JW. Molecular characterization of inhibiting biochar water-extractable substances using electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13294-13302. [PMID: 24180747 DOI: 10.1021/es4034777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has gained significant interest worldwide for its potential use as both a carbon sequestration technique and soil amendment. Recently, research has shown that pinewood-derived biochar water extracts inhibited the growth of aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae, while chicken litter- and peanut shell-derived biochar water extracts showed no growth inhibition. With the use of electrodialysis, the pinewood-derived biochar water extract is separated into 3 fractions (anode-isolated, center chamber retained, and cathode-isolated substances) all with varying toxic effects. Because of its ultrahigh resolution and mass precision, electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) is utilized in this study to analyze biochar water extracts at a molecular level to enhance our understanding of the toxic nature of pinewood-derived biochar water extracts as compared to benign peanut shell-derived biochar water extracts. The molecular composition of pinewood-derived biochar water extracts shows unique carbohydrate ligneous components and sulfur containing condensed ligneous components that are both absent from the peanut shell water extracts and more prevalent in the anode-isolated substances. Using Kendrick mass defect analysis, we also determine that the most likely inhibitor species contain carboxyl and hydroxyl homologous series, both of which are characteristic functional groups hypothesized in our previous research for the inhibitor species. We have suggested that inhibition of aquatic photosynthetic microorganism growth is most likely due to degraded lignin-like species rich in oxygen containing functionalities. From the study conducted here, we show the potential of ultrahigh resolution FTICR-MS as a valuable analytical technique for determining whether certain biochars are safe and benign for use as carbon sequestration and soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University , Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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30
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Masiello CA, Chen Y, Gao X, Liu S, Cheng HY, Bennett MR, Rudgers JA, Wagner DS, Zygourakis K, Silberg JJ. Biochar and microbial signaling: production conditions determine effects on microbial communication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11496-503. [PMID: 24066613 PMCID: PMC3897159 DOI: 10.1021/es401458s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Charcoal has a long soil residence time, which has resulted in its production and use as a carbon sequestration technique (biochar). A range of biological effects can be triggered by soil biochar that can positively and negatively influence carbon storage, such as changing the decomposition rate of organic matter and altering plant biomass production. Sorption of cellular signals has been hypothesized to underlie some of these effects, but it remains unknown whether the binding of biochemical signals occurs, and if so, on time scales relevant to microbial growth and communication. We examined biochar sorption of N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) intercellular signaling molecule used by many gram-negative soil microbes to regulate gene expression. We show that wood biochars disrupt communication within a growing multicellular system that is made up of sender cells that synthesize AHL and receiver cells that express green fluorescent protein in response to an AHL signal. However, biochar inhibition of AHL-mediated cell-cell communication varied, with the biochar prepared at 700 °C (surface area of 301 m(2)/g) inhibiting cellular communication 10-fold more than an equivalent mass of biochar prepared at 300 °C (surface area of 3 m(2)/g). These findings provide the first direct evidence that biochars elicit a range of effects on gene expression dependent on intercellular signaling, implicating the method of biochar preparation as a parameter that could be tuned to regulate microbial-dependent soil processes, like nitrogen fixation and pest attack of root crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Masiello
- Department of Earth Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 126, Houston, TX 77005
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jonathan Silberg, Phone: 713-348-3849, , Dr. Caroline A. Masiello, Phone: 713-348-5234,
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 140, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Department of Earth Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 126, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Shirley Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 140, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Hsiao-Ying Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 142, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Matthew R. Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 140, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Daniel S. Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 140, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Kyriacos Zygourakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 362, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Jonathan J. Silberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 140, Houston, TX 77005
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 142, Houston, TX 77005
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Jonathan Silberg, Phone: 713-348-3849, , Dr. Caroline A. Masiello, Phone: 713-348-5234,
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