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Sun B, Li J, Bai Y, Zhou X, Lam PKS, Chen L. Hypoxic and temporal variation in the endocrine disrupting toxicity of perfluorobutanesulfonate in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:279-291. [PMID: 37923438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is an emerging pollutant capable of potently disrupting the sex and thyroid endocrine systems of teleosts. However, the hypoxic and temporal variation in PFBS endocrine disrupting toxicity remain largely unknown. In the present study, adult marine medaka were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of PFBS (0 and 10 µg/L) under normoxia or hypoxia conditions for 7 days, aiming to explore the interactive behavior between PFBS and hypoxia. In addition, PFBS singular exposure was extended till 21 days under normoxia to elucidate the time-course progression in PFBS toxicity. The results showed that hypoxia inhibited the growth and caused the suspension of egg spawn regardless of PFBS exposure. With regard to the sex endocrine system, 7-day PFBS exposure led to an acute stimulation of transcriptional profiles in females, which, subsequently, recovered after the 21-day exposure. The potency of hypoxia to disturb the sex hormones was much stronger than PFBS. A remarkable increase in estradiol concentration was noted in medaka blood after hypoxia exposure. Changes in sex endocrinology of coexposed fish were largely determined by hypoxia, which drove the formation of an estrogenic environment. PFBS further enhanced the endocrine disrupting effects of hypoxia. However, the hepatic synthesis of vitellogenin and choriogenin, two commonly used sensitive biomarkers of estrogenic activity, failed to initiate in response to the estrogen stimulus. Compared to sex endocrine system, disturbances in thyroidal axis by PFBS or hypoxia were relatively mild. Overall, the present findings will advance our toxicological understanding about PFBS pollutant under the interference of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baili Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yachen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Sun B, Li J, Hu C, Giesy JP, Lam PKS, Chen L. Toxicity of perfluorobutanesulfonate on gill functions of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma): A time course and hypoxia co-exposure study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162297. [PMID: 36801345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is found in hypoxia regions. Results of previous studies have shown that hypoxia was capable of altering the inherent toxicity of PFBS. However, regarding gill functions, hypoxic influences and time course progression of toxic effects of PFBS remain unclear. In this study, with the aim to reveal the interaction behavior between PFBS and hypoxia, adult marine medaka Oryzias melastigma were exposed for 7 days to 0 or 10 μg PFBS/L under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Subsequently, to explore the time-course transition in gill toxicity, medaka were exposed to PFBS for 21 days. The results showed that hypoxia dramatically increased the respiratory rate of medaka gill, which was further enhanced by exposure to PFBS; although exposure to PFBS under normoxic conditions for 7 days did not alter respiration, exposure to PFBS for 21 days significantly accelerated the respiration rate of female medaka. Concurrently, both hypoxia and PFBS were potent to interrupt the gene transcriptions and Na+, K+-ATPase enzymatic activity that play pivotal roles in the osmoregulation in gills of marine medaka, consequently disrupting homeostasis of major ions in blood, such as Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+. In addition, composition and diversity of the microbiome residing on surfaces of the gill were profiled by using amplicon sequencing. Acute exposure to hypoxia for only 7 days caused a significant decrease in diversity of the bacterial community of gill whatever the presence of PFBS, while PFBS exposure for 21 days increased the diversity of gill microbial community. Principal component analysis revealed that, compared with PFBS, hypoxia was the predominant driver of gill microbiome dysbiosis. Depending on duration of exposure, a divergence was caused in the microbial community of gill. Overall, the current findings underline the interaction between hypoxia and PFBS on gill function and demonstrate the temporal variation in PFBS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baili Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Chen L, Zhu M, Liu Y, Yang Z, Li H, Mu H, Liu S, Wu B. Perfluorobutanesulfonate exposure induces metabolic disturbances in different regions of mouse gut. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161261. [PMID: 36587682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), has raised many health concerns. However, PFBS toxicity in the mammalian gut remains unclear. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 10 μg/L and 500 μg/L PFBS or 500 μg/L PFOS in their water supply for 28 days. PFBS toxicity in the ileum and colon was explored and compared to that of PFOS. Biochemical analysis showed that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels increased in the ileum exposed to 10 μg/L PFBS, whereas no significant changes were observed in those levels in the colon. Catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, and IL-1β levels increased and glutathione (GSH) levels decreased in the ileum of the 500 μg/L-PFBS group, whereas only MDA levels increased in the colon of the 500 μg/L-PFBS group. The results showed that more severe damage occurred in the ileum than in the colon after PFBS exposure, and these align with the 500 μg/L-PFOS group exposure as well. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis revealed glutathione metabolism as a vital factor in inducing PFBS and PFOS toxicities in the ileum. Steroid hormone and amino acid metabolisms were other important factors involved in PFBS and PFOS toxicities, respectively. In the colon, GSH, pyrimidine, and glucose (especially galactose) metabolism was the main contributor to PFBS toxicity, and sulfur amino acid metabolism was the main pathway for PFOS toxicity. This study provides more evidence of the health hazards due to low-dose PFBS exposure in the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Zhongchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Ehrlich V, Bil W, Vandebriel R, Granum B, Luijten M, Lindeman B, Grandjean P, Kaiser AM, Hauzenberger I, Hartmann C, Gundacker C, Uhl M. Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environ Health 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 36814257 PMCID: PMC9944481 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of public health concern, because of their ubiquitous and extremely persistent occurrence, and depending on their structure, their bio-accumulative, mobile and toxic properties. Human health effects associated with exposure to PFAS include adverse effects on the immune system. In 2020, EFSA (the European Food Safety Authority) defined adverse effects on the immune system as the most critical effect for human health risk assessment, based on reduced antibody responses to childhood vaccines and similar effects observed in experimental animal studies. Likewise, the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) considers PFAS-induced immunotoxicity, especially in children, as the critical effect for risk assessment. However, the mechanisms by which antibody concentrations are impacted are not completely understood. Furthermore, other targets of the immune system functions have been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to explore PFAS-associated immune-related effects. This includes, relevant mechanisms that may underlie the observed effects on the immune system, immunosuppression as well as immunoenhancement, such as i) modulation of cell signalling and nuclear receptors, such as NF-κB and PPARs; ii) alteration of calcium signalling and homoeostasis in immune cells; iii) modulation of immune cell populations; iv) oxidative stress and v) impact on fatty acid metabolism & secondary effects on the immune system. METHODS A literature research was conducted using three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus), which were searched in July 2021 for relevant studies published in the time frame from 2018 to 2021. In total, 487 publications were identified as potentially eligible and following expert-based judgement, articles relevant for mechanisms of PFAS induced immunotoxicity are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we show that there is substantial evidence from both in vitro and in vivo experimental as well as epidemiological studies, supporting that various PFAS, not only PFOA and PFOS, affect multiple aspects of the immune system. Timing of exposure is critical, because the developing immune system is especially vulnerable to toxic insults, resulting in a higher risk of particularly adverse immune effects but also other organs later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ehrlich
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wieneke Bil
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Berit Granum
- Division of Climate and Environment Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Division of Climate and Environment Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Andreas-Marius Kaiser
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Hauzenberger
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Hartmann
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (Umweltbundesamt GmbH), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Lupton SJ, Smith DJ, Scholljegerdes E, Ivey S, Young W, Genualdi S, DeJager L, Snyder A, Esteban E, Johnston JJ. Plasma and Skin Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Levels in Dairy Cattle with Lifetime Exposures to PFAS-Contaminated Drinking Water and Feed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15945-15954. [PMID: 36475664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasma and ear notch samples were removed from 164 Holstein cows and heifers, which had lifetime exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through consumption of contaminated feed and water sources. A suite of nine PFAS including five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSA) was quantified in plasma and ear notch samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioaccumulation of four- to nine-carbon PFCAs did not occur in plasma or skin, but PFSAs longer than four carbons accumulated in both plasma and skin. Exposure periods of at least 1 year were necessary for PFSAs to reach steady-state concentrations in plasma. Neither parity (P = 0.76) nor lactation status (P = 0.30) affected total PFSA concentrations in mature cow plasma. In contrast, lactation status greatly affected (P < 0.0001) total PFSA concentrations in ear notch samples. Skin samples could be used for biomonitoring purposes in instances when on-farm blood collection and plasma preparation are not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - David J Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - Eric Scholljegerdes
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico88003, United States
| | - Shanna Ivey
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003, Las Cruces, New Mexico88003, United States
| | - Wendy Young
- U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland20740, United States
| | - Susan Genualdi
- U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland20740, United States
| | - Lowri DeJager
- U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland20740, United States
| | - Abigail Snyder
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota58102, United States
| | - Emilio Esteban
- USDA FSIS, Office of Public Health Science, 1400 Independence Avenue South West, Washington, District of Columbia20250, United States
| | - John J Johnston
- USDA FSIS, Office of Public Health Science, 2150 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado80526, United States
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6
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Chen L, Liu Y, Mu H, Li H, Liu S, Zhu M, Bu Y, Wu B. Effects of perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluorooctane sulfonate on lipid homeostasis in mouse liver. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120403. [PMID: 36228861 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), an alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), has been increasingly used in recent years. However, emerging evidence has raised concerns about the potential health risks of PFBS. Here, the toxicityof low-dose PFBS on livers was explored and compared with that of PFOS. Adult C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 10 μg/L, 500 μg/L PFBS, or 500 μg/L PFOS for 28 days through drinking water. At the phenotypic level, no liver damage was observed in the 10 μg/L PFBS group. The cell apoptosis and decrease of CAT activities were observed in the 500 μg/L PFBS group, while accumulation of lipid droplets, increase of CAT activities and TAG levels were found in the 500 μg/L PFOS group. Lipidomics analysis revealed that 138, 238, and 310 lipids were significantly changed in the 10 μg/L, 500 μg/L PFBS and 500 μg/L PFOS groups, respectively. The two PFBS-treated groups induced similar global lipid changes in a dose-dependent manner, which were distinct from PFOS. Overall, PFBS exposure induced an increase in phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, but a decrease in phosphatidylinositol. PFOS exposure caused an increase in triacylglycerols. This study provides more evidence on the health hazards caused by exposure to low-dose PFBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Hongxin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Bu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Hu D, Wen W, Xia X. An unexpected synergistic toxicity caused by competitive bioconcentration of perfluoroalkyl acid mixtures to Daphnia magna: Further promoted by elevated temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120336. [PMID: 36216180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mixed pollution of the global water environment by perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their ecological risks have aroused widespread concern. However, the relationship between the combined toxicity of PFAA mixtures and their accumulation in aquatic organisms is not well understood in the context of global warming. Here, we study the bioconcentration and combined toxicity of three PFAA mixtures (PFOA, PFDA, PFDoA) to Daphnia magna (D. magna) under different exposure concentrations and temperatures. The results show that although competitive bioconcentration exists, the combined toxicity of the PFAA mixtures to D. magna is synergistic. These contradictory phenomena occur because although the longer-chain PFDoA inhibits the bioconcentration of the shorter-chain PFOA and PFDA, the bioconcentration of PFDoA itself is promoted, and PFDoA is more toxic to D. magna than PFOA and PFDA. The toxic equivalent concentration for the PFAA mixture is 1.38-1.67 times higher than that obtained from simple addition for the three PFAAs when exposed separately. Moreover, elevated temperature promotes not only the bioconcentration of each PFAA and the competition of bioconcentration between shorter-chain and longer-chain PAFF, but also the synergistic toxicity of PFAA mixtures to D. magna. This study suggests that the effect of the interactions among different PFAAs on their bioconcentration and toxicity under different water environmental conditions, such as temperature, should be considered for ecological risk assessment of PFAA mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Diexuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Janssen AWF, Louisse J, Rijkers D, Pinckaers NET, Hoekstra SA, Hoogenboom RLAP, Peijnenburg AACM, Beekmann K. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) decrease the expression of recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) in human B lymphoma Namalwa cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 97:10.1007/s00204-022-03405-z. [PMID: 36326898 PMCID: PMC9859925 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent and have been shown to induce a wide range of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity. So far, little information is available about the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PFASs, including those related to their immunotoxicity. Reported immunotoxic effects of PFASs include decreased antibody responses in experimental animals and humans, indicating that PFASs may, among others, affect B cell function. In the present study, we first assessed the effects of PFOA on the transcriptome of the human Namalwa B cell line using RNA seq analysis. Gene expression changes, analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, pointed to various cellular processes affected by PFOA, including 'B cell development' and 'Primary immunodeficiency signaling'. Interestingly, PFOA decreased the expression of RAG1 and RAG2, genes involved in immunoglobulin and T cell receptor V(D)J recombination. As a next step, time- and concentration-dependent changes in the expression of RAG1 and RAG2 upon exposure to PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS were studied through RT-qPCR analysis. Analysis with the concentration-response modeling software PROAST resulted in the following potency ranking: PFNA > PFOA > PFOS > PFHxS. Altogether, the present in vitro study provides insights into the effects of selected PFASs on B cells, identifying RAG1 and RAG2 expression as possible relevant targets that may play a role in the immunotoxicity of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E T Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerdtje A Hoekstra
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Chowdhury MI, Sana T, Panneerselvan L, Sivaram AK, Megharaj M. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) induces several behavioural defects in Caenorhabditis elegans that can also be transferred to the next generations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132896. [PMID: 34780740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a well-known global persistent organic pollutant of grave concern to ecological and human health. Toxicity of PFOS to animals and humans are well studied. Although few studies have reported the behavioral effect of PFOS on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, it's transgenerational effects were seldom studied. Therefore, we investigated the toxicity of PFOS on several behavioral responses besides bioaccumulation and transgenerational effects in C. elegans. In contrast to the several published studies, we used lower concentrations (0.5-1000 μg/L or 0.001-2.0 μM) that are environmentally relevant and reported to occur close to the contaminated areas. The 48 h median lethal concentration of PFOS was found to be 3.15 μM (1575 μg/L). PFOS (≥0.01 μM) caused severe toxicity to locomotion, and this effect was even transferred to progeny. However, after a few generations, the defect was rectified in the progeny of single-time exposed parent nematodes. Whereas, continuous exposure at 0.001 μM PFOS, no visible defects were observed in the progeny. PFOS (≥0.01 μM) also significantly decreased the brood size in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, lifespan was affected by the higher concentration of PFOS (≥1.0 μM). These two behavioral endpoints, lifespan and reproduction defects, became less severe in the progeny. Chemotaxis plasticity was also significantly retarded by ≥ 1.0 μM PFOS compared to the control group. Results indicate that PFOS can exert severe neurobehavioral defects that can be transferred from parents to their offspring. The findings of this study have significant implications for the risk assessment of perfluorinated substances in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjurul Islam Chowdhury
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tanmoy Sana
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Logeshwaran Panneerselvan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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10
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Liu N, Wu C, Lyu G, Li M. Efficient adsorptive removal of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids using reed straw-derived biochar (RESCA). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149191. [PMID: 34333431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water and groundwater treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) heavily relies on adsorption-based approaches using carbonaceous materials, such as granular activated carbon (GAC). Application of GAC is restricted by its inefficiency to remove short-chain PFAAs that have prevalently emerged as substitutes and/or metabolites of long-chain polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Here, we synthesized reed straw-derived biochar (RESCA) exhibiting exceptional removal efficiencies (>92%) toward short-chain PFAAs at environment-relevant concentrations (e.g., 1 μg/L). Pseudo-second-order kinetic constants of RESCA were 1.13 and 1.23 L/(mg h) for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), respectively, over six times greater than GAC. SEM imaging and BET analysis revealed the combination of highly hydrophobic surface and scattered distribution of mesopores (2-10 nm in diameter) was associated with the rapid adsorption of short-chain PFAAs. RESCA-packed filters demonstrated effective removal of the mixture of three short-chain and three long-chain PFAAs in the influent with the flow rate up to 45 mL/min. In contrast, GAC-packed filters were significantly less efficient in the removal of short-chain PFAAs, which were also negatively affected by the increase of the flow rate. Efficacy of RESCA-packed filters was also validated in four PFAA-spiked groundwater samples from different sites. Dissolved organic matter (DOC) of >8 mg/L can negatively affect the removal of short-chain PFAAs by RESCA. Feasibility of scaling up the RESCA adsorption system was investigated using breakthrough simulation. Overall, RESCA represents a green adsorbent alternative for the feasible and scalable treatment of a wide spectrum of PFAAs of different chain lengths and functional moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Guifen Lyu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States; Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
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11
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Xu H, Mao Y, Hu Y, Xu B. Association between exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and increased fractional exhaled nitric oxide in adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110450. [PMID: 33188757 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are widely detected in the environment and human body, and they have been linked to asthma and a number of respiratory responses in children and mice. However, no previous studies have investigated the association between exposure to PFCs and airway inflammation in adults. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the associations between serum PFCs and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of airway inflammation, in adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 3630 adults aged 20-79 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007-2012) was conducted. Serum concentrations of five major PFCs were measured using SPE-HPLC-TIS-MS/MS method, including perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDE). The detection rates of them were all >85%. Weighted multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) analyses were applied to examine the associations between serum PFCs and FeNO. RESULTS After adjusted for potential confounding factors, linear regression analyses found that compared with their lowest tertiles, highest tertiles of PFOS, PFDE and PFOA were significantly associated with 5.02% (95% CI: 1.40%, 8.77%), 3.77% (95% CI: 0.30%, 7.36%) and 6.34% (95% CI: 2.81%, 10.01%) increases in FeNO, respectively. The second tertile of PFNA was significantly correlated with a 4.79% (95% CI: 1.41%, 8.29%) increase in FeNO compared with the lowest tertile. In the BKMR analysis, the mixture effect of PFCs on FeNO increased significantly when the PFC levels were at or above the 60th percentiles compared to those at their medians. PFOS and PFOA displayed significant positive single-exposure effects on FeNO when all the other PFCs are set at a particular threshold. CONCLUSIONS This study provided preliminary evidence that serum PFCs were positively associated with increased FeNO in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yanan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.288 Nanjing Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Bucai Xu
- The Longgang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No.238 Longxiang Road, Longgang City, Zhejiang, 325800, China.
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12
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Ojo AF, Peng C, Ng JC. Assessing the human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A need for greater focus on their interactions as mixtures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124863. [PMID: 33373965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, human health risk assessment of PFAS currently relies on animal toxicity data derived from individual substance exposure, which may not adequately predict the risk from combined exposure due to possible interactions that can influence the overall risk. Long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), particularly perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are recognised as global emerging contaminants of concern due to their ubiquitous distribution in all environmental media, wildlife, and humans, persistency, bioaccumulative-, toxic-, and human health-risk potentials. This article reviews the current understanding of the human health risks associated with PFAS exposure focusing on more recent toxicological and epidemiological studies from 2010 to 2020. The existing information on PFAA mixtures was also reviewed in an attempt to highlight the need for greater focus on their potential interactions as mixtures within the class of these chemicals. A growing number of toxicological studies have indicated several adverse health outcomes of PFAA exposure, including developmental and reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid disruption, and carcinogenicity. Epidemiological findings further support some of these adverse human health outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not well defined. A few in vitro studies focusing on PFAA mixtures revealed that these compounds may act additively or interact synergistically/antagonistically depending on the species, dose level, dose ratio, and mixture components. Hence, the combined effects or potential interactions of PFAS mixtures should be considered and integrated into toxicity assessment to obtain a realistic and more refined human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke F Ojo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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13
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Mousavi SE, Delgado-Saborit JM, Godderis L. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and premature skin aging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124256. [PMID: 33129602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a ubiquitous group of persistent chemicals distributed globally in the environment. Skin aging is a notorious process that is prematurely induced by the interaction between endogenous and exogenous factors, including exposure to environmental chemicals. The existing evidence suggests that skin absorption of PFASs through dermal contact may be an important route of exposure to these chemicals in humans. On the other hand, PFASs intake by other routes may lead to PFASs bioaccumulation in the skin via tissue bio-distribution. Additionally, the presence of PFASs in consumer and cosmetic products combined with their daily close contact with the skin could render humans readily susceptible to dermal absorption. Therefore, chronic low-dose dermal exposure to PFASs can occur in the human population, representing another important route of exposure to these chemicals. Studies indicate that PFASs can threaten skin health and contribute to premature skin aging. Initiation of inflammatory-oxidative cascades, induction of DNA damage such as telomere shortening, dysregulation of genes engaged in dermal barrier integrity and its functions, signaling of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and last but not least the down-regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components are among the most likely mechanisms by which PFASs can contribute to premature skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Esmaeil Mousavi
- Department of Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water and Wastewater Consulting Engineers (Design & Research), Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Universitat Jaume I, Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Castellon, Spain; ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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14
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Mokra K. Endocrine Disruptor Potential of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)-A Synthesis of Current Knowledge with Proposal of Molecular Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2148. [PMID: 33670069 PMCID: PMC7926449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are a group of chemical compounds that, even in low concentrations, cause a hormonal imbalance in the body, contributing to the development of various harmful health disorders. Many industry compounds, due to their important commercial value and numerous applications, are produced on a global scale, while the mechanism of their endocrine action has not been fully understood. In recent years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained the interest of major international health organizations, and thus more and more studies have been aimed to explain the toxicity of these compounds. PFASs were firstly synthesized in the 1950s and broadly used in the industry in the production of firefighting agents, cosmetics and herbicides. The numerous industrial applications of PFASs, combined with the exceptionally long half-life of these substances in the human body and extreme environmental persistence, result in a common and chronic exposure of the general population to their action. Available data have suggested that human exposure to PFASs can occur during different stages of development and may cause short- or/and long-term health effects. This paper synthetizes the current literature reports on the presence, bioaccumulation and, particularly, endocrine toxicity of selected long- and short-chain PFASs, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms underlying their endocrine actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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15
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Yue Y, Li S, Qian Z, Pereira RF, Lee J, Doherty JJ, Zhang Z, Peng Y, Clark JM, Timme-Laragy AR, Park Y. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) impaired reproduction and altered offspring physiological functions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111695. [PMID: 32835727 PMCID: PMC7554236 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), a shorter chain Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) cognate of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), has been used as replacement for the toxic surfactant PFOS. However, emerging evidences suggest safety concerns for PFBS and its effect on reproductive health is still understudied. Therefore, the current work aimed to investigate the effect of PFBS, in comparison to PFOS, on reproductive health using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo animal model. PFOS (≥10 μM) and PFBS (≥1000 μM) significantly impaired the reproduction capacity of C. elegans, represented as reduced brood size (total egg number) and progeny number (hatched offspring number), without affecting the hatchability. Additionally, the preconception exposure of PFOS and PFBS significantly altered the embryonic nutrient loading and composition, which further led to abnormalities in growth rate, body size and locomotive activity in F1 offspring. Though the effective exposure concentration of PFBS was approximately 100 times higher than PFOS, the internal concentration of PFBS was lower than that of PFOS to produce the similar effects of PFOS. In conclusion, PFOS and PFBS significantly impaired the reproductive capacities in C. elegans and the preconception exposure of these two compounds can lead to offspring physiological dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Yue
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Sida Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Zhuojia Qian
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | | | - Jonghwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Jeffery J Doherty
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
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16
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Toni R, Di Conza G, Barbaro F, Zini N, Consolini E, Dallatana D, Antoniel M, Quarantini E, Quarantini M, Maioli S, Bruni CA, Elviri L, Panseri S, Sprio S, Sandri M, Tampieri A. Microtopography of Immune Cells in Osteoporosis and Bone Lesions by Endocrine Disruptors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1737. [PMID: 33013826 PMCID: PMC7493744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis stems from an unbalance between bone mineral resorption and deposition. Among the numerous cellular players responsible for this unbalance bone marrow (BM) monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, T and B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells play a key role in regulating osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and their progenitor cells through interactions occurring in the context of the different bone compartments (cancellous and cortical). Therefore, the microtopography of immune cells inside trabecular and compact bone is expected to play a relevant role in setting initial sites of osteoporotic lesion. Indeed, in physiological conditions, each immune cell type preferentially occupies either endosteal, subendosteal, central, and/or perisinusoidal regions of the BM. However, in the presence of an activation, immune cells recirculate throughout these different microanatomical areas giving rise to a specific distribution. As a result, the trabeculae of the cancellous bone and endosteal free edge of the diaphyseal case emerge as the primary anatomical targets of their osteoporotic action. Immune cells may also transit from the BM to the depth of the compact bone, thanks to the efferent venous capillaries coursing in the Haversian and Volkmann canals. Consistently, the innermost parts of the osteons and the periosteum are later involved by their immunomodulatory action, becoming another site of mineral reabsorption in the course of an osteoporotic insult. The novelty of our updating is to highlight the microtopography of bone immune cells in the cancellous and cortical compartments in relation to the most consistent data on their action in bone remodeling, to offer a mechanist perspective useful to dissect their role in the osteoporotic process, including bone damage derived from the immunomodulatory effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Toni
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,OSTEONET-CMG Unit (Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies) at the Medical Center Galliera (CMG), San Venanzio, Italy.,Interdepartment Center for Law, Economics, and Medicine of Sport, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Giusy Di Conza
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Barbaro
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" - Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elia Consolini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Dallatana
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Manuela Antoniel
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Quarantini
- OSTEONET-CMG Unit (Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies) at the Medical Center Galliera (CMG), San Venanzio, Italy
| | - Marco Quarantini
- OSTEONET-CMG Unit (Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies) at the Medical Center Galliera (CMG), San Venanzio, Italy
| | - Sara Maioli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Celeste Angela Bruni
- Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery - DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine - BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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18
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Banjabi AA, Li AJ, Kumosani TA, Yousef JM, Kannan K. Serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and their association with osteoporosis in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109676. [PMID: 32485360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is widespread and has received considerable attention in recent years due to their link with adverse health outcomes, including bone health. Nevertheless, no earlier studies have reported serum PFAS concentrations, and their association with incident osteoporosis in populations in Saudi Arabia. In this clinical case-control study, serum samples collected from 208 individuals (n = 100 cases and n = 108 controls) aged 40-89 years from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for 17 PFASs. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for association between serum PFAS concentrations and osteoporosis, stratified by gender, age, serum calcium and vitamin D, previous history of fractures and thyroid disorders. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were detected in >80% of serum samples analyzed. PFOS (overall median concentration: 5.08 ng/mL), PFHxS (1.49 ng/mL), PFOA (1.33 ng/mL) and PFNA (0.55 ng/mL) accounted for 94% and 80% of the total serum PFASs concentrations in cases and controls, respectively. Serum PFOA, PFNA and PFUnDA concentrations increased with age in Saudi women. Results from the crude models showed that individuals in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles of serum PFAS concentrations had 2.3-96-fold increase in odds of diagnosis for osteoporosis compared with those in the 1st quartile (rank order: PFUnDA > PFOA > PFNA > PFOS > PFHxS). Our results suggest that exposure to PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS and PFUnDA was associated with osteoporosis in this sample of adult Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Banjabi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adela Jing Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Production of Bio-products for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehad M Yousef
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Biochemistry Department, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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19
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Lau C, Rumpler J, Das KP, Wood CR, Schmid JE, Strynar MJ, Wambaugh JF. Pharmacokinetic profile of Perfluorobutane Sulfonate and activation of hepatic nuclear receptor target genes in mice. Toxicology 2020; 441:152522. [PMID: 32534104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are organic chemicals with wide industrial and consumer uses. They are found ubiquitously at low levels in the environment and are detectable in humans and wildlife. Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (PFBS) is a short-chained PFAS used to replace perfluorooctane sulfonate in commerce. In general, the rate of clearance for the short-chained PFAS is faster than that for the long-chained congeners. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic properties of PFBS and its hepatic transcriptional responses in CD-1 mice. Males and females were given PFBS by oral gavage at 30 or 300 mg/kg; controls received 0.5 % Tween-20 vehicle. Trunk blood was collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h thereafter; liver and kidney were also harvested. Serum and tissue concentrations of PFBS were determined by HPLC-MS-MS. Expression of several hepatic nuclear receptor target genes was determined by qPCR. The half-life of PFBS was estimated as 5.8 h in the males and 4.5 h in the females. Tmax was reached within 1-2 h. Volume of distribution was similar between the two sexes (0.32-0.40 L/kg). The rate of PFBS clearance was linear with exposure doses. Within 24 h, serum PFBS declined to less than 5 % of Cmax. PFBS was detected in liver or kidney, although tissue levels of the chemical were only a fraction of those in serum. At 24 h after administration of 300 mg/kg PFBS, elevated expression of several hepatic genes targeted for PPARα, PPARy, and PXR but not by AhR, LXR or CAR was observed, with responses indistinguishable between males and females. Little to no transcriptional response was seen with the 30 mg/kg dose. The short serum half-lives of PFBS (4-5 h) in mice were comparable to those reported in rats. Although detection of PFBS in liver was low compared to that in serum even at the 300 mg/kg dose, the tissue level was sufficient to activate several hepatic nuclear receptors, which may represent an acute response to the chemical at a high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lau
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Jason Rumpler
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kaberi P Das
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carman R Wood
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Strynar
- Watershed and Ecosystems Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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20
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Liu S, Yang R, Yin N, Faiola F. The short-chain perfluorinated compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA, disrupt human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and adipogenic differentiation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:187-199. [PMID: 31862060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are commonly used in industrial processes and daily life products. Because they are persistent, they accumulate in the environment, wildlife and humans. Although many studies have focused on two of the most representative PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, the potential toxicity of short-chain PFASs has not yet been given sufficient attention. We used a battery of assays to evaluate the toxicity of several four-carbon and six-carbon perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxyl acids (PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA), with a human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) system. Our results demonstrate significant cyto- and potential developmental toxicity for all the compounds analyzed, with shared but also distinct mechanisms of toxicity. Moreover, the effects of PFBS and PFHxS were stronger than those of PFBA and PFHxA, but occurred at higher doses compared to PFOS or PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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21
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) modify lung surfactant function and pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Qi W, Clark JM, Timme-Laragy AR, Park Y. Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (PFBS) Induces Fat Accumulation in HepG2 Human Hepatoma. TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 102:585-606. [PMID: 33762794 PMCID: PMC7986581 DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1808894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, especially perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, have been extensively used for over 50 years. A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating the potential adverse effects of these substances, including its effect on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases. Nonetheless, there is no report of effects of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, the major replacement for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, the effects of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid exposure on fat accumulation in a human hepatoma cell line were examined. Cells were exposed to perfluorobutanesulfonic acid with or without 300 μmol/L fatty acid mixture (oleic acid:palmitic acid = 2:1) conjugated by bovine serum albumin as an inducer of steatosis for 48 hours. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid at 200 μmol/L significantly increased the triglyceride level in the presence of fatty acid compared to the control, but not without fatty acid, which was abolished by a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma antagonist. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid upregulated key genes controlling lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid treatment also promoted the production of reactive oxygen species, an endoplasmic reticulum stress marker and cytosolic calcium. In conclusion, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid increased fat accumulation, in part, via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated pathway in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Qi
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
- Corresponding author: Phone (413) 545-1018,
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23
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Bogdanska J, Borg D, Bergström U, Mellring M, Bergman Å, DePierre J, Nobel S. Tissue distribution of 14C-labelled perfluorooctanoic acid in adult mice after 1-5 days of dietary exposure to an experimental dose or a lower dose that resulted in blood levels similar to those detected in exposed humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124755. [PMID: 31726523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a global environmental pollutant detected in both wildlife and human populations, has several pathophysiological effects in experimental animals, including hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity. However, details concerning the tissue distribution of PFOA, in particular at levels relevant to humans, are lacking, which limits our understanding of how humans, and other mammals, may be affected by this compound. Therefore, we characterized the tissue distribution of 14C-PFOA in mice in the same manner as we earlier examined its analogues perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in order to allow direct comparisons. Following dietary exposure of adult male C57/BL6 mice for 1, 3 or 5 days to a low dose (0.06 mg/kg/day) or a higher experimental dose (22 mg/kg/day) of 14C-PFOA, both scintillation counting and whole-body autoradiography revealed the presence of PFOA in most of the 19 different tissues examined, demonstrating its ability to leave the bloodstream and enter tissues. There were no differences in the pattern of tissue distribution with the low and high dose and the tissue-to-blood ratios were similar. At both doses, PFOA levels were highest in the liver, followed by blood, lungs and kidneys. The body compartments estimated to contain the largest amounts of PFOA were the liver, blood, skin and muscle. In comparison with our identical studies on PFOS and PFBS, PFOA reached considerably higher tissue levels than PFBS, but lower than PFOS. Furthermore, the distribution of PFOA differed notably from that of PFOS, with lower tissue-to-blood ratios in the liver, lungs, kidneys and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Bogdanska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Borg
- Swedish Chemicals Agency, SE-17267, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Bergström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria Mellring
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Joseph DePierre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Nobel
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Interspecies differences in perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toxicokinetics and application to health-based criteria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:239-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Huang M, Dzierlenga A, Robinson V, Waidyanatha S, DeVito M, Eifrid M, Granville C, Gibbs S, Blystone C. Toxicokinetics of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane-1-sulphonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in male and female Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats after intravenous and gavage administration. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:645-655. [PMID: 31334035 PMCID: PMC6624215 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, the half-life of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids decreased with shorter chain lengths. Sex differences in kinetics were found for PFBS and PFHxS but not PFOS. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids were highly present in the liver but not the brain.
Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants that have been detected in the environment and in humans. With the PFAS chemical class, there are perfluorinated alkyl acids, many of which have been associated with certain toxicities. Because toxicity testing cannot feasibly be conducted for each individual PFAS, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) designed studies to compare toxicities across different subclasses of PFAS and across PFAS of different chain lengths to better understand the structure-toxicity relationship. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in parallel to these toxicity studies to facilitate comparisons across PFAS and to provide context for human relevance. Here, the toxicokinetic parameters of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane-1-sulphonic acid (PFHxS), or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) after a single intravenous or gavage administration in male and female Hsd:Sprague-Dawley rats are reported. Concentrations of these PFAS were measured in the liver, kidney, and brain. Plasma half-life increased with longer chain length after gavage administration: PFBS- males averaged 3.3 h, females 1.3 h; PFHxS- males averaged 16.3 days, females 2.1 days; PFOS- males and females averaged ˜ 20 days. There were dose-dependent changes in clearance and systemic exposure for all administered chemicals and the direction of change was different in PFOS compared to the others. Liver:plasma ratios of PFOS were the highest followed by PFHxS and PFBS, while brain:plasma ratios were low in all three sulfonates. Sex differences in plasma half-life and tissue distribution were observed for PFBS and PFHxS, but not PFOS. These data provide a direct comparison of the kinetics of three different perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids and allow for the contextualization of toxicity data in rats for human risk assessment of this chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Huang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - A.L. Dzierlenga
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - V.G. Robinson
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - S. Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - M.J. DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - M.A. Eifrid
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, United States
| | - C.A. Granville
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, United States
| | - S.T. Gibbs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, 43201, United States
| | - C.R. Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
- Corresponding author at: Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, PO Box 12233 (MD K2-12), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States.
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26
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Gao K, Zhuang T, Liu X, Fu J, Zhang J, Fu J, Wang L, Zhang A, Liang Y, Song M, Jiang G. Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Association between the Placental Transfer Efficiencies and Dissociation Constant of Serum Proteins-PFAS Complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6529-6538. [PMID: 31099564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Information on placental transfer and adverse outcomes of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFASs) is limited, and factors responsible for PFAS placental transfer are still unclear. In the present study, concentrations of 21 PFASs were analyzed in 132 paired maternal and cord serum samples collected from residents in Beijing, China, and the placental transfer efficiency (PTE) of each PFAS was calculated. PTEs of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including PFBA (146%), PFBS (97%), PFPeA (118%), and PFHxA (110%), were first reported, and a complete U-shaped trend of PTEs from C4 to C13 of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) was obtained. Positive association between maternal weight and PTE of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) ( p < 0.05) and negative association between maternal PFBA concentration and birth length ( p < 0.01) were observed. Using in vitro experiments, we further determined equilibrium dissociation constants ( Kds) of human serum albumin (HSA)-PFAS complexes ( Kd-HP), serum proteins-PFAS complexes ( Kd-SP), and liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP)-PFAS complexes ( Kd-LP) and found that they were all significantly correlated with PTEs of PFASs. The correlation coefficient was 0.92, 0.89, and 0.86, respectively ( p < 0.01 in all three tests), suggesting that Kds of protein (serum)-PFAS complexes can play an important role in trans-placental transfer of PFASs in human and Kd-HP plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Taifeng Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Liguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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27
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Liu S, Yang R, Yin N, Wang YL, Faiola F. Environmental and human relevant PFOS and PFOA doses alter human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal, adipogenesis and osteogenesis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:564-572. [PMID: 30476818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PFOS and PFOA are two of the most abundant perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the environment. Previous studies have reported they have a long half-life (up to five years) once they enter into the human body. Moreover, they can potentially promote the adipogenic process by activating PPARγ. However, little is known about PFOS and PFOA chronic health impacts on humans. In this study, we employed primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and demonstrated that PFOS and PFOA exerted acute cytotoxicity and affected adipogenesis and osteogenesis at environmental and human relevant doses. In fact, PFOS and PFOA impaired the proper expression of CD90 (a surface antigen highly enriched in undifferentiated hMSCs) and promoted adipogenesis, presumably via their interaction with PPARγ. Moreover, PFOA partly disturbed osteogenesis. Thus, our findings not only validated the health risks of PFOS and PFOA, but also revealed new potential long-term PFOS/PFOA impacts on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Section of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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28
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Qi W, Clark JM, Timme-Laragy AR, Park Y. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) potentiates adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:340-345. [PMID: 30031040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) is used as the replacement of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) since 2000 because of the concern on PFOS' persistence in the environment and the bioaccumulation in animals. Accumulating evidence has shown the correlation between the exposure to perfluorinated compounds and enhanced adipogenesis. There is no report, however, of the effect of PFBS on adipogenesis. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate the role of PFBS in adipogenesis using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PFBS treatment for 6 days extensively promoted the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes, resulting in significantly increased triglyceride levels. In particular, the treatments of PFBS at the early adipogenic differentiation period (day 0-2) were positively correlated with increased the triglyceride accumulation on day 6. PFBS treatments significantly increased the protein and mRNA levels of the master transcription factors in adipocyte differentiation; CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), along with acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), the key proteins in lipogenesis. PFBS significantly activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) after 4-h treatment, and PFBS' effect on triglyceride was abolished by U0126, a specific MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor. In conclusion, PFBS increased the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in part, via MEK/ERK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Qi
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - John M Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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29
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Agas D, Lacava G, Sabbieti MG. Bone and bone marrow disruption by endocrine‐active substances. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:192-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino Camerino Italy
| | - Giovanna Lacava
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino Camerino Italy
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30
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Shi Y, Vestergren R, Nost TH, Zhou Z, Cai Y. Probing the Differential Tissue Distribution and Bioaccumulation Behavior of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances of Varying Chain-Lengths, Isomeric Structures and Functional Groups in Crucian Carp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4592-4600. [PMID: 29611424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the bioaccumulation mechanisms of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) across different chain-lengths, isomers and functional groups represents a monumental scientific challenge with implications for chemical regulation. Here, we investigate how the differential tissue distribution and bioaccumulation behavior of 25 PFASs in crucian carp from two field sites impacted by point sources can provide information about the processes governing uptake, distribution and elimination of PFASs. Median tissue/blood ratios (TBRs) were consistently <1 for all PFASs and tissues except bile which displayed a distinct distribution pattern and enrichment of several perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. Transformation of concentration data into relative body burdens (RBBs) demonstrated that blood, gonads, and muscle together accounted for >90% of the amount of PFASs in the organism. Principal component analyses of TBRs and RBBs showed that the functional group was a relatively more important predictor of internal distribution than chain-length for PFASs. Whole body bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for short-chain PFASs deviated from the positive relationship with hydrophobicity observed for longer-chain homologues. Overall, our results suggest that TBR, RBB, and BAF patterns were most consistent with protein binding mechanisms although partitioning to phospholipids may contribute to the accumulation of long-chain PFASs in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Robin Vestergren
- ACES , Stockholm University , Stockholm SE 10691 , Sweden
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nost
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , 6050 Langnes , 9037 Tromsø , Norway
- FRAM-High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment , Norwegian Institute for Air Research , 9296 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Jianghan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Brendel S, Fetter É, Staude C, Vierke L, Biegel-Engler A. Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:9. [PMID: 29527446 PMCID: PMC5834591 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain PFASs (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are widely used as alternatives to long-chain PFASs. Long-chain PFASs become gradually regulated under REACH (EC No. 1907/2006) and other international regulations, due to having persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties and/or being toxic for reproduction. The increasingly used short-chain PFASs are assumed to have a lower bioaccumulation potential. Nonetheless, they have other properties of concern and are already widely distributed in the environment, also in remote regions. The REACH Regulation does not directly address these emerging properties of concern, complicating the implementation of regulatory measures. Therefore, this study illustrates these environmental concerns and provides a strategy for a regulation of short-chain PFASs within REACH. RESULTS Short-chain PFASs have a high mobility in soil and water, and final degradation products are extremely persistent. This results in a fast distribution to water resources, and consequently, also to a contamination of drinking water resources. Once emitted, short-chain PFASs remain in the environment. A lack of appropriate water treatment technologies results in everlasting background concentrations in the environment, and thus, organisms are permanently and poorly reversibly exposed. Considering such permanent exposure, it is very difficult to estimate long-term adverse effects in organisms. Short-chain PFASs enrich in edible parts of plants and the accumulation in food chains is unknown. Regarding these concerns and uncertainties, especially with respect to the precautionary principle, short-chain PFASs are of equivalent concern to PBT substances. Therefore, they should be identified as substances of very high concern (SVHC) under REACH. The SVHC identification should be followed by a restriction under REACH, which is the most efficient way to minimize the environmental and human exposure of short-chain PFASs in the European Union. CONCLUSION Due to an increasing use of short-chain PFASs, an effective regulation is urgently needed. The concerns of short-chain PFASs do not match the "classical" concerns as defined under REACH, but are not of minor concern. Therefore, it is of advantage to clearly define the concerns of short-chain PFASs. This might facilitate the following restriction process under REACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brendel
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Éva Fetter
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Claudia Staude
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Lena Vierke
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
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Wen W, Xia X, Hu D, Zhou D, Wang H, Zhai Y, Lin H. Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) Affect the Bioconcentration and Tissue Distribution of Short-Chain PFAAs in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12358-12368. [PMID: 28988481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), ubiquitously coexisting in the environment, can be accumulated in organisms by binding with proteins and their binding affinities generally increase with their chain length. Therefore, we hypothesized that long-chain PFAAs will affect the bioconcentration of short-chain PFAAs in organisms. To testify this hypothesis, the bioconcentration and tissue distribution of five short-chain PFAAs (linear C-F = 3-6) were investigated in zebrafish in the absence and presence of six long-chain PFAAs (linear C-F = 7-11). The results showed that the concentrations of the short-chain PFAAs in zebrafish tissues increased with exposure time until steady states reached in the absence of long-chain PFAAs. However, in the presence of long-chain PFAAs, these short-chain PFAAs in tissues increased until peak values reached and then decreased until steady states, and the uptake and elimination rate constants of short-chain PFAAs declined in all tissues and their BCFss decreased by 24-89%. The inhibitive effect of long-chain PFAAs may be attributed to their competition for transporters and binding sites of proteins in zebrafish with short-chain PFAAs. These results suggest that the effect of long-chain PFAAs on the bioconcentration of short-chain PFAAs should be taken into account in assessing the ecological and environmental effects of short-chain PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Diexuan Hu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yawei Zhai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
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ARMITAGE JAMESM, ERICKSON RUSSELLJ, LUCKENBACH TILL, NG CARLAA, PROSSER RYANS, ARNOT JONA, SCHIRMER KRISTIN, NICHOLS JOHNW. Assessing the bioaccumulation potential of ionizable organic compounds: Current knowledge and research priorities. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:882-897. [PMID: 27992066 PMCID: PMC6172661 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to review the current knowledge regarding the bioaccumulation potential of ionizable organic compounds (IOCs), with a focus on the availability of empirical data for fish. Aspects of the bioaccumulation potential of IOCs in fish that can be characterized relatively well include the pH dependence of gill uptake and elimination, uptake in the gut, and sorption to phospholipids (membrane-water partitioning). Key challenges include the lack of empirical data for biotransformation and binding in plasma. Fish possess a diverse array of proteins that may transport IOCs across cell membranes. Except in a few cases, however, the significance of this transport for uptake and accumulation of environmental contaminants is unknown. Two case studies are presented. The first describes modeled effects of pH and biotransformation on the bioconcentration of organic acids and bases, while the second employs an updated model to investigate factors responsible for accumulation of perfluorinated alkyl acids. The perfluorinated alkyl acid case study is notable insofar as it illustrates the likely importance of membrane transporters in the kidney and highlights the potential value of read-across approaches. Recognizing the current need to perform bioaccumulation hazard assessments and ecological and exposure risk assessment for IOCs, the authors provide a tiered strategy that progresses (as needed) from conservative assumptions (models and associated data) to more sophisticated models requiring chemical-specific information. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:882-897. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- JAMES M. ARMITAGE
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to
| | - RUSSELL J. ERICKSON
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - TILL LUCKENBACH
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ — Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - CARLA A. NG
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - RYAN S. PROSSER
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - JON A. ARNOT
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - KRISTIN SCHIRMER
- Eawag, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
- EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - JOHN W. NICHOLS
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Effects of developmental exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on long bone morphology and bone cell differentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 301:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ng CA, Hungerbühler K. Bioaccumulation of perfluorinated alkyl acids: observations and models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4637-48. [PMID: 24762048 DOI: 10.1021/es404008g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the two prevailing hypotheses for the mechanisms that control the bioaccumulation of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs). The first assumes that partitioning to membrane phospholipids, which have a higher affinity for charged species than neutral storage lipids, can explain the high bioaccumulation potential of these compounds. The second assumes that interactions with proteins--including serum albumin, liver fatty acid binding proteins (L-FABP), and organic anion transporters--determine the distribution, accumulation and half-lives of PFAAs. We consider three unique phenomena to evaluate the two models: (1) observed patterns of tissue distribution in the laboratory and field, (2) the relationship between perfluorinated chain length and bioaccumulation, and (3) species- and gender-specific variation in elimination half-lives. Through investigation of these three characteristics of PFAA bioaccumulation, we show the strengths and weaknesses of the two modeling approaches. We conclude that the models need not be mutually exclusive, but that protein interactions are needed to explain some important features of PFAA bioaccumulation. Although open questions remain, further research should include perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) beyond the long-chain PFAAs, as these substances are being phased out and replaced by a wide variety of PFASs with largely unknown properties and bioaccumulation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Ng
- Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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