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Ramos P, Ashworth DJ. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in agricultural contexts and mitigation of their impacts using biochar: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172275. [PMID: 38583608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Growing concern over the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural compartments (e.g., soil, water, plants, soil fauna) has led to an increased interest in scalable and economically feasible remediation technologies. Biochar is the product of pyrolyzing organic materials (crop waste, wood waste, manures, grasses) and has been used as a low-cost adsorbent to remove contaminants including PFAS. This review frames biochar as a strategy for mitigating the detrimental impacts of PFAS in agricultural systems and discusses the benefits of this strategy within the framework of the needs and challenges of contaminant remediation in agriculture. To gauge the optimal physicochemical characteristics of biochar in terms of PFAS adsorption, principal component analysis using >100 data points from the available literature was performed. The main biochar-based PFAS treatment strategies (water filtration, soil application, mixing with biosolids) were also reviewed to highlight the benefits and complications of each. Life cycle analyses on the use of biochar for contaminant removal were summarized, and data from selected studies were used to calculate (for the first time) the global warming potential and net energy demand of various agriculturally important biochar classes (crop wastes, wood wastes, manures) in relation to their PFAS adsorption performance. This review serves to identify key gaps in our knowledge of (i) PFAS adsorption by biochars in agricultural remediation applications and (ii) environmental costs/benefits of biochars in relation to their adsorptive properties toward PFAS. The concepts introduced in this review may assist in developing large-scale biochar-based PFAS remediation strategies to help protect the agricultural food production environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ramos
- USDA-ARS, United States Salinity Laboratory, 450 W. Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Ashworth
- USDA-ARS, United States Salinity Laboratory, 450 W. Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507, United States of America.
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Timshina AS, Robey NM, Oldnettle A, Barron S, Mehdi Q, Cerlanek A, Townsend TG, Bowden JA. Investigating the sources and fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food waste compost. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 180:125-134. [PMID: 38564913 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Composting municipal food waste is a key strategy for beneficially reusing methane-producing waste that would otherwise occupy landfill space. However, land-applied compost can cycle per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) back into the food supply and the environment. We partnered with a pilot-scale windrow composting facility to investigate the sources and fate of 40 PFAS in food waste compost. A comparison of feedstock materials yielded concentrations of ∑PFAS under 1 ng g-1 in mulch and food waste and at 1380 ng g-1 in leachate from used compostable food contact materials. Concentrations of targeted ∑PFAS increased with compost maturity along the windrow (1.85-23.1 ng g-1) and in mature stockpiles of increasing curing age (12.6-84.3 ng g-1). Among 15 PFAS quantified in compost, short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) - C5 and C6 PFCAs in particular - led the increasing trend, suggesting biotransformation of precursor PFAS into these terminal PFAS through aerobic decomposition. Several precursor PFAS were also measured, including fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs) and polyfluorinated phosphate diesters (PAPs). However, since most targeted analytical methods and proposed regulations prioritize terminal PFAS, testing fully matured compost would provide the most relevant snapshot of PFAS that could be land applied. In addition, removing co-disposed food contact materials from the FW feedstock onsite yielded only a 37 % reduction of PFAS loads in subsequent compost, likely due to PFAS leaching during co-disposal. Source-separation of food contact materials is currently the best management practice for meaningful reduction of PFAS in food waste composts intended for land application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Timshina
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nicole M Robey
- Innovative Technical Solutions, Inc., Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Allison Oldnettle
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Qaim Mehdi
- University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Allison Cerlanek
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Li J, Li X, An R, Duan L, Wang G. Occurrence, source apportionment, and ecological risk of legacy and emerging per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Dahei river basin of a typical arid region in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118111. [PMID: 38184065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are artificial chemicals with broad commercial and industrial applications. Many studies about PFASs have been conducted in densely industrial and populated regions. However, fewer studies have focused on the PFASs' status in a typical arid region. Here, we investigated 30 legacy and emerging PFASs in surface water from the mainstream and tributaries of the Dahei River. Our results revealed that total PFASs concentrations (∑30PFASs) in water ranged from 3.13 to 289.1 ng/L (mean: 25.40 ng/L). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) had the highest mean concentration of 2.44 ng/L with a 100% detection frequency (DF), followed by perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (mean concentration: 1.34 ng/L, DF: 59.26%). Also, perfluorohexane sulfonate (DF: 44.44%), perfluorobutane sulfonate (DF: 88.89%), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (DF: 92.59%) had mean concentrations of 12.94, 2.00, and 1.05 ng/L, respectively. Source apportionment through ratio analysis and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression analysis showed that treated or untreated sewage, aqueous film-forming foam, degradation of precursors, and fluoropolymer production were the primary sources. The PFOS alternatives were more prevalent than those of PFOA. Conductivity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a positively correlated with Σ30PFASs and total perfluoroalkane sulfonates concentrations. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment showed that more attention should be paid to perfluorooctadecanoic acid, perfluorohexadecanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, and (6:2 and 6:2/8:2) polyfluoroalkyl phosphate mono- and di-esters. The mass load of PFASs to the Yellow River was 1.28 kg/year due to the low annual runoff in the Dahei River in the arid region. This study provides baseline data for PFASs in the Dahei River that can aid in the development of effective management strategies for controlling PFASs pollution in typical arid regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- . Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Xinlei Li
- . Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Rui An
- . China Institute for Geo-Environmental Monitoring, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limin Duan
- . Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- . Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Liu S, Duan L, Shi F, Filippelli GM, Naidu R. Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in vegetables from Sydney and Newcastle, Australia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38545920 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 53 fruit and vegetable samples collected from a local wholesale and retail market in Sydney and a local supermarket in Newcastle. As there is limited information about PFAS levels in vegetables on the market, this study aimed to fill this gap and assess potential risks for humans through consumption of these vegetables. METHODS QuEChERS extraction - a solid-phase extraction method, a portmanteau word formed from 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' - followed by enhanced matrix removal-lipid cleaning and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to detect 30 PFASs in vegetables. RESULTS PFOA was detected in 7 out of the 53 samples, with concentrations of 0.038-1.996 ng g-1 fresh weight; PFOS was detected in 2 samples only, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 0.911 ng g-1 fresh weight. PFHxS was not detected in any sample in this study. PFOA and PFOS concentrations measured in vegetables in this study constituted daily intake of 2.03 ng kg-1 body weight (BW) and 1.98 ng kg-1 BW, respectively, according to recommended daily vegetable intake and BW data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The most sensitive population group is girls of 4-8 years of age. These estimated exposure levels represent up to 1.3% of the tolerable daily intake for PFOA (160 ng kg-1 BW) and 9.9% for PFOS (20 ng kg-1 BW) according to Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Consumption of the vegetables from the study locations poses a marginal risk to human health. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel M Filippelli
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Ye B, Wang J, Zhou L, Yu X, Sui Q. Perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in agricultural soil-plant systems: Occurrence, uptake, and biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168974. [PMID: 38036134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors have been used in various consumer and industrial products due to their hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. In recent years, PFAA precursors in agricultural soil-plant systems have received increasing attention as they are susceptible to biotransformation into metabolites with high biotoxicity risks to human health. In this review, we systematically assessed the occurrence of PFAA precursors in agricultural soils, taking into account their sources and biodegradation pathways. In addition, we summarized the findings of the relevant literature on the uptake and biotransformation of PFAA precursors by agricultural plants. The applications of biosolids/composts and pesticides are the main sources of PFAA precursors in agricultural soils. The physicochemical properties of PFAA precursors, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, and plant species are the key factors influencing plant root uptakes of PFAA precursors from soils. This review revealed, through toxicity assessment, the potential of PFAA precursors to generate metabolites with higher toxicity than the parent precursors. The results of this paper provide a reference for future research on PFAA precursors and their metabolites in soil-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xia Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Ao J, Tang W, Liu X, Ao Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) as PFAS substitutes and precursors: An overview. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133018. [PMID: 37984148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are emerging substitutes for legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are widely applied in consumer products and closely related to people's daily lives. Increasing concern has been raised about the safety of PAPs due to their metabolism into perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) in vivo. This review summarizes the current knowledge on PAPs and highlights the knowledge gaps. PAPs dominated the PFAS profiles in wastewater, sludge, household dust, food-contact materials, paper products, paints, and cosmetics. They exhibit biomagnification due to their higher levels in top predators. PAPs have been detected in human blood worldwide, with the highest mean levels being found in the United States (1.9 ng/mL) and China (0.4 ng/mL). 6:2 diPAP is the predominant PAP among all identified matrices, followed by 8:2 diPAP. Toxicokinetic studies suggest that after entering the body, most PAPs undergo biotransformation, generating phase Ⅰ (i.e., PFCAs), phase II, and intermediate products with toxicity to be verified. Several epidemiological and toxicological studies have reported the antiandrogenic effect, estrogenic effect, thyroid disruption, oxidative damage, and reproductive toxicity of PAPs. More research is urgently needed on the source and fate of PAPs, human exposure pathways, toxicity other than reproductive and endocrine systems, toxic effects of metabolites, and mixed exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qianlong Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Xu Y, Guo Y, Qian L, Su Z, Chen QY, Wang J, Jiang L. Fluoroether Double-Chain Phosphate Surfactants: An Exploration of Alternatives to Fluorotelomer Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1316-1326. [PMID: 38156971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
While legacy fluorosurfactants have already been categorized as persistent organic pollutants, there appeared to be many strategies to develop alternatives. In this work, fluoroether double-chain phosphate surfactants (C72 diPAP-Na and C72 diPAP-NH4) were designed and synthesized with the initial intention of exploring the creation of new fluorosurfactants containing oxygen heteroatoms in the fluorocarbon chain segments to provide an alternative to the legacy long-chain fluorosurfactants. Furthermore, it was expected that they would even exceed the existing 6:2 fluorotelomer surfactants (6:2 diPAP-Na and 6:2 diPAP-NH4). Compared with characterizations of surface activity, foam performance, and wettability, the results showed that each of them has its own distinctive performance. Although the C72 series as new fluoroether surfactants cannot fully replace the 6:2 series of fluorosurfactants in terms of performance, there is a possibility of substitution in some aspects, which is of positive significance for further exploration to improve alternatives to legacy fluorosurfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoben Su
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinmin Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Company, Ltd., Fluorinated New Material Industry Park, Mingxi, Sanming 365200, Fujian, China
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Nassazzi W, Wu TC, Jass J, Lai FY, Ahrens L. Phytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the influence of supplements on the performance of short-rotation crops. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122038. [PMID: 37321315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds threatening water quality and food safety worldwide. Phytoremediation is a nature-based, cost-effective, and scalable solution with high potential for treating PFAS-contaminated sites. However, there is a large knowledge gap regarding choice of plant species and methods to enhance performance. This study assessed the PFAS phytoextraction potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), mustard (Brassica juncea), and industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in a greenhouse experiment, using inorganic fertilizer and a microbial mixture as supplements. PFAS concentrations were measured using UPLC-MS/MS, and bioconcentration factors for different plant tissues and removal efficiency were determined. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) accumulation was 0.4-360 times higher than that of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) homologues of similar perfluorocarbon chain length. Inorganic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.001) reduced PFAS concentration in all plant tissues, whereas the microbial mixture tested did not affect PFAS concentration. PFAS uptake ranged from 0.2 to 33% per crop cycle. Overall, the potential number of crop cycles required for removal of 90% of individual PFAS ranged from six (PFPeA) to 232 (PFOA) using sunflower, 15 (PFPeA) to 466 (PFOS) using mustard and nine (PFPeA) to 420 (PFOS) using Hemp. In this study, the percentage of PFAS removal by plants was determined, and an estimation of the time required for PFAS phytoextraction was determined for the first time. This information is important for practical phytoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nassazzi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tien-Chi Wu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center - Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lv L, Liu B, Zhang B, Yu Y, Gao L, Ding L. A systematic review on distribution, sources and sorption of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in soil and their plant uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116156. [PMID: 37196690 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in environment, which have attracted increasing concerns in recent years. This study collected the data on PFAAs concentrations in 1042 soil samples from 15 countries and comprehensively reviewed the spatial distribution, sources, sorption mechanisms of PFAAs in soil and their plant uptake. PFAAs are widely detected in soils from many countries worldwide and their distribution is related to the emission of the fluorine-containing organic industry. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are found to be the predominant PFAAs in soil. Industrial emission is the main source of PFAAs contributing 49.9% of the total concentrations of PFAAs (Ʃ PFAAs) in soil, followed by activated sludge treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (19.9%) and irrigation of effluents from WWTPs, usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFFs) and leaching of leachate from landfill (30.2%). The adsorption of PFAAs by soil is mainly influenced by soil pH, ionic strength, soil organic matter and minerals. The concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in soil are negatively correlated with the length of carbon chain, log Kow, and log Koc. The carbon chain lengths of PFAAs are negatively correlated with the root-soil concentration factors (RCFs) and shoot-soil concentration factors (SCFs). The uptake of PFAAs by plant is influenced by physicochemical properties of PFAAs, plant physiology and soil environment. Further studies should be conducted to make up the inadequacy of existing knowledge on the behavior and fate of PFAAs in soil-plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
| | - Bimi Zhang
- Food and Drug Engineering Institute, Jilin Province Economic Management Cadre College, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lingjie Ding
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
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Wu S, Zhu L, Ye Q, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Chen X, Zhong W. Mechanisms for the structural dependent transformation of 6:2 and 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131536. [PMID: 37146340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are widely used and detected in various environmental media and organisms, but little is known about their behaviors in plants. In this study, the uptake, translocation and transformation of 6:2 and 8:2 diPAP in wheat using hydroponic experiments were investigated. 6:2 diPAP was more easily taken up by roots and translocated to shoots than 8:2 diPAP. Their phase I metabolites were fluorotelomer saturated carboxylates (FTCAs), fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylates (FTUCAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). PFCAs with even-numbered chain length were the primary phase I terminal metabolites suggesting that they were mainly generated through β-oxidation. Cysteine and sulfate conjugates were the primary phase II transformation metabolites. The higher levels and ratios of phase II metabolites in the 6:2 diPAP exposure group indicated that the phase I metabolites of 6:2 diPAP were more susceptible to phase II transformation than that of 8:2 diPAP, which was confirmed by density functional theory calculation. Enzyme activity analyses and in vitro experiments demonstrated that cytochrome P450 and alcohol dehydrogenase actively participated in the phase Ⅰ transformation of diPAPs. Gene expression analyses showed that glutathione S-transferase (GST) was involved in the phase Ⅱ transformation, and the subfamily GSTU2 played a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
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Guo M, Liu X, Dong C, Wu F, Geng Q, Li F, Tan Z. New insights into the oxidative damage and antioxidant defense mechanism in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) exposed to 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106500. [PMID: 37141848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
8:2 perfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP) is the main precursor of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, and it has been detected in a wide range of environments. In this study, conventional biochemical and histopathological analyses and transcriptome methods were used to investigate the accumulation and oxidative stress of 8:2 diPAP in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) as well as the clam's defense mechanisms for the first time. The hepatopancreas was the main target organ for 8:2 diPAP accumulation; the concentration reached 484.0 ± 15.5 ng/g after 7 days of exposure to 10 μg/L of 8:2 diPAP, which was 2-100 times higher than that found in other organs. 8:2 diPAP accumulation resulted in significant lipid peroxidation, and the change in malondialdehyde content was highly correlated with 8:2 diPAP accumulation (r > 0.8). The antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase were significantly activated at 7 days of exposure. Although the levels subsequently returned to normal, this restoration was unable to prevent damage. Histopathological analysis showed that 8:2 diPAP exposure resulted in inflammatory damage to the hepatopancreas, which failed to resolve during the recovery period. Transcriptomic analyses showed that the expression of differentially expressed genes had different degrees of positive/negative correlation with antioxidant indicators, and they were significantly enriched in cell death regulatory pathways such as autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. The core factor expression results indicated that 8:2 diPAP exposure induced activation of the organismal autophagy factor followed by a shift towards apoptosis. In addition, pathways related to amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism were involved in determining the cell fate of Manila clams. Overall, these results indicated that 8:2 diPAP induced peroxidation of membrane lipids, disturbed physiological processes, and ultimately initiated programmed cell death in Manila clams. The findings of this study provide new insights into the mechanism of toxicity of 8:2 diPAP exposure in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261325, China
| | - Chenfan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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12
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Sunyer-Caldú A, Golovko O, Kaczmarek M, Asp H, Bergstrand KJ, Gil-Solsona R, Gago-Ferrero P, Diaz-Cruz MS, Ahrens L, Hultberg M. Occurrence and fate of contaminants of emerging concern and their transformation products after uptake by pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120958. [PMID: 36603758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recovery and reuse of nutrients is a major challenge in agriculture. A new process contributing to a circular economy is the anaerobic digestion of food waste, which is a sustainable way of recycling nutrients as the digestate can be used as fertiliser in agriculture and horticulture. However, the digestate may be polluted with contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that can be circulated back into the food chain, posing a risk to the environment and human health. In this work, the nutrient solution was spiked with 18 selected CECs frequently detected in food waste biogas facilities, and subsequent uptake and fate of these CECs were evaluated in pak choi grown in two different nutrient solutions (mineral and organic). All spiked compounds except two (propylparaben, fenbendazole) were taken up by pak choi plants, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and sertraline displaying the highest concentrations (270 and 190 μg/kg fresh weight, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in uptake between mineral and organic nutrient solutions. Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was negatively correlated with perfluorocarbon chain length and dependent on the functional group (r = -0.73). Sixteen transformation products (TPs) were tentatively identified using suspect screening, most of which were Phase II or even Phase III metabolites. Six of these TPs were identified for the first time in plant metabolism and their metabolic pathways were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michał Kaczmarek
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Asp
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Bergstrand
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Severo Ochoa Excellence Center (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Hultberg
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
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13
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Kavusi E, Shahi Khalaf Ansar B, Ebrahimi S, Sharma R, Ghoreishi SS, Nobaharan K, Abdoli S, Dehghanian Z, Asgari Lajayer B, Senapathi V, Price GW, Astatkie T. Critical review on phytoremediation of polyfluoroalkyl substances from environmental matrices: Need for global concern. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114844. [PMID: 36403653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of emerging organic contaminants that are impervious to standard physicochemical treatments. The widespread use of PFAS poses serious environmental issues. PFAS pollution of soils and water has become a significant issue due to the harmful effects of these chemicals both on the environment and public health. Owing to their complex chemical structures and interaction with soil and water, PFAS are difficult to remove from the environment. Traditional soil remediation procedures have not been successful in reducing or removing them from the environment. Therefore, this review focuses on new phytoremediation techniques for PFAS contamination of soils and water. The bioaccumulation and dispersion of PFAS inside plant compartments has shown great potential for phytoremediation, which is a promising and unique technology that is realistic, cost-effective, and may be employed as a wide scale in situ remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kavusi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shahi Khalaf Ansar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Ebrahimi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Seyede Shideh Ghoreishi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sima Abdoli
- Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Dehghanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - G W Price
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
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14
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Kolanczyk RC, Saley MR, Serrano JA, Daley SM, Tapper MA. PFAS Biotransformation Pathways: A Species Comparison Study. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11010074. [PMID: 36668800 PMCID: PMC9862377 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Limited availability of fish metabolic pathways for PFAS may lead to risk assessments with inherent uncertainties based only upon the parent chemical or the assumption that the biodegradation or mammalian metabolism map data will serve as an adequate surrogate. A rapid and transparent process, utilizing a recently created database of systematically collected information for fish, mammals, poultry, plant, earthworm, sediment, sludge, bacteria, and fungus using data evaluation tools in the previously described metabolism pathway software system MetaPath, is presented. The fish metabolism maps for 10 PFAS, heptadecafluorooctyl(tridecafluorohexyl)phosphinic acid (C6/C8 PFPiA), bis(perfluorooctyl)phosphinic acid (C8/C8 PFPiA), 2-[(6-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-dodecafluorohexyl)oxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), N-Ethylperfluorooctane-1-sulfonamide (Sulfuramid; N-EtFOSA), N-Ethyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamido Ethanol phosphate diester (SAmPAP), Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP), 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH), 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), were compared across multiple species and systems. The approach demonstrates how comparisons of metabolic maps across species are aided by considering the sample matrix in which metabolites were quantified for each species, differences in analytical methods used to identify metabolites in each study, and the relative amounts of metabolites quantified. Overall, the pathways appear to be well conserved across species and systems. For PFAS lacking a fish metabolism study, a composite map consisting of all available maps would serve as the best basis for metabolite prediction. This emphasizes the importance and utility of collating metabolism into a searchable database such as that created in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Kolanczyk
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Megan R. Saley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jose A. Serrano
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sara M. Daley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Mark A. Tapper
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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15
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Nassazzi W, Lai FY, Ahrens L. A novel method for extraction, clean-up and analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in different plant matrices using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1212:123514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Lämmer R, Weidemann E, Göckener B, Stahl T, Breuer J, Kowalczyk J, Just H, Boeddinghaus RS, Gassmann M, Kling HW, Bücking M. Evaluation of the Transformation and Leaching Behavior of Two Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in a Field Lysimeter Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14329-14338. [PMID: 36323308 PMCID: PMC9673155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 6:2 and 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (diPAP) were individually investigated in lysimeters under near-natural conditions. Leachate was sampled for 2 years, as was the soil after the experiment. In the leachate of the diPAP-spiked soils, perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) of different chain lengths were detected [23.2% (6:2 diPAP variant) and 20.8% (8:2 diPAP variant) of the initially applied molar amount]. After 2 years, the soils still contained 36-37% 6:2 diPAP and 41-45% 8:2 diPAP, respectively, in addition to smaller amounts of PFCAs (1.5 and 10.6%, respectively). Amounts of PFCAs found in the grass were low (<0.1% in both variants). The recovery rate of both 6:2 diPAP and 8:2 diPAP did not reach 100% (63.9 and 83.2%, respectively). The transformation of immobile diPAPs into persistent mobile PFCAs and their transport into the groundwater shows a pathway for human exposure to hazardous PFCAs through drinking water and irrigation of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lämmer
- Department of Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Eva Weidemann
- Department of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Straße 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Department of Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe, Joseph-König-Straße 40, 48147 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstraße 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Janine Kowalczyk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hildegard Just
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Runa S Boeddinghaus
- Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstraße 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Gassmann
- Department of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Straße 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Kling
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mark Bücking
- Department of Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Jiang T, Zhang W, Liang Y. Uptake of individual and mixed per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by soybean and their effects on functional genes related to nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156640. [PMID: 35697220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we set up a soil-microbe-soybean system spiked with PFOA, PFOS, or a PFAS mixture of eight PFAS and investigated the distribution of PFAS in the system and impacts on the abundance and expression level of genes involved in the nitrogen (N) cycle. When soybean was exposed to the PFAS mixtures, synergistic uptake by shoots was detected. PFAS exhibited remarkable impacts on abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes in both bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as expression of N fixation gene in soybean nodules. The abundance of nitrification genes AOA and AOB amoA and denitrification gene nirK was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in almost all treatments in bulk soil, except PFOA at 10 μg/kg. The abundance of other functional genes, such as nirS and norZ was affected differently depending on PFAS concentrations and sample location, either bulk soil or the rhizosphere. Interestingly, the N fixation gene nifH in soybean nodules was overexpressed by a PFAS mixture at 100 μg/kg. Hence, this work provided in-depth knowledge regarding the distribution of PFAS and their impacts on the N cycle for the studied system. Results from this study provide insights on assessing risks posed by individual or mixed PFAS to soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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18
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Weidemann E, Lämmer R, Stahl T, Göckener B, Bücking M, Breuer J, Kowalczyk J, Just H, Boeddinghaus RS, Gassmann M. Leaching and Transformation of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Unsaturated Soil Column Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2065-2077. [PMID: 35751449 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally ubiquitous, anthropogenic substances with adverse effects on organisms, which shows the need to study their environmental fate and leaching behavior. In the present soil columns study, the leaching behavior and fate of nontransformable and transformable (precursors) were investigated. Ten nontransformable PFAS in two different soils, two precursors and two field soils, which were already contaminated with a mixture of PFAS, and two uncontaminated controls, were set up for a time span of 2 years. At the end of the study, the molecular balance could not be closed for nontransformable PFAS. This effect was positively correlated to the fluorinated carbon chain length. The precursors, which were both polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAP), had different transformation products and transformation rates, with a higher rate for 6:2 diPAP than 8:2 diPAP. After 2 years, amounts of diPAP were still found in the soil with no significant vertical movement, showing high adsorption to soils. Transformation products were estimated to be simultaneously formed. They were predominantly found in the percolation water; the amounts left in soil were negligible. Up to half of the initial precursor amounts could not be balanced and were considered missing amounts. The results of contaminated field soil experiments showed the challenge to estimate PFAS leaching without knowing all occurring precursors and complex transformation dynamics. For this purpose, it was shown that a broad examination of contaminated soil with different analytical methods can help with qualitative estimations of leaching risks. For a better quantitative estimation, analytical determination of more PFAS and a quantification of the missing amounts are needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2065-2077. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weidemann
- Department of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - René Lämmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Mark Bücking
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg (LTZ), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Hildegard Just
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gassmann
- Department of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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19
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Just H, Göckener B, Lämmer R, Wiedemann-Krantz L, Stahl T, Breuer J, Gassmann M, Weidemann E, Bücking M, Kowalczyk J. Degradation and Plant Transfer Rates of Seven Fluorotelomer Precursors to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and F-53B in a Soil-Plant System with Maize ( Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8920-8930. [PMID: 35840126 PMCID: PMC9335875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer precursors in soil constitute a reservoir for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. In the present study, precursor degradation and transfer rates of seven fluorotelomer precursors and F-53B (chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates) were investigated in pot experiments with maize plants (Zea mays L.). The degradation of fluorotelomer precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their uptake spectra corresponded to those of fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) in terms of the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms. Short-chain PFCAs were translocated into the shoots (in descending order perfluoropentanoic, perfluorobutanoic, and perfluorohexanoic acid), whereas long-chain PFCAs mainly remained in the soil. In particular, fluorotelomer phosphate diesters (diPAPs) were retained in the soil and showed the highest degradation potential including evidence of α-oxidative processes. F-53B did not degrade to PFAAs and its constituents were mainly detected in the roots with minor uptake into the shoots. The results demonstrate the important role of precursors as an entry pathway for PFCAs into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Just
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed, and Feed Additives, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- . Phone: +4930 18412 28409
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
| | - René Lämmer
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
| | - Lars Wiedemann-Krantz
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Chemical
and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe
(CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Strasse
40, 48147 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Agricultural
Technology Centre Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstraße 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Gassmann
- Department
of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University
of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Strasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Eva Weidemann
- Department
of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University
of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Strasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark Bücking
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
- School of
Chemistry, Monash University, Box 23, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Janine Kowalczyk
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed, and Feed Additives, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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20
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van Asselt ED, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Focker M, Berendsen BJA, van de Schans MGM, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Chemical food safety hazards in circular food systems: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10319-10331. [PMID: 35611891 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food production has increasingly become effective but not necessarily sustainable. Transitioning toward circular production systems aiming to minimize waste and reuse materials is one of the means to obtain a more sustainable food production system. However, such a circular food production system can also lead to the accumulation and recirculation of chemical hazards. A literature review was performed to identify potential chemical hazards related to the use of edible and non-edible resources in agriculture and horticulture, and edible plant and animal by-products in feed production. The review revealed that limited information was available on the chemical hazards that could occur when reusing crop residues in circular agriculture. Frequently mentioned hazards present in edible and non-edible resources are heavy metals, process and environmental contaminants, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. For feed, natural toxins and pharmaceutical residues are of potential concern. Studies, furthermore, indicated that plants are capable of taking up chemical hazards when grown on contaminated soil. The presence of chemical hazards in manure, sewage sludge, crop residues, and animal by-products may lead to accumulation in a circular food production system. Therefore, it is relevant to identify these hazards prior to application in food production and, if needed, take precautionary measures to prevent food safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D van Asselt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Focker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B J A Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Meng P, DeStefano NJ, Knappe DRU. Extraction and Matrix Cleanup Method for Analyzing Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids and Other Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruits and Vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4792-4804. [PMID: 35188387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether acids (PFEAs) are a subclass of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are detected with increasing frequency in environmental matrices. Diet can be an important route of PFEA exposure, but the presence of PFEAs in food is poorly understood. Extraction methods for food samples exist for traditionally studied PFAS, but their suitability for PFEAs and other novel PFAS remains unknown. In this study, an extraction and matrix cleanup method was developed to quantify 45 PFAS, including 13 PFEAs, 3 perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, and 6 fluorotelomer carboxylic acids in 10 types of fruits and vegetables. Homogenized samples were extracted with basic methanol, and resulting extracts were diluted with water and cleaned up using solid-phase extraction with weak anion-exchange cartridges. The method was validated by performing spike-recovery experiments at spike levels of 1 ng/g in all 10 matrices and 0.1 ng/g in 2 matrices. For PFAS without a corresponding isotopically labeled internal standard (IS), adopting an IS with a similar chromatographic retention time generated the most accurate recoveries. Dependent upon the matrix, recoveries of 38-44 PFAS (including 10-13 PFEAs) fell within 50-150% for samples spiked at 1 ng/g. Recoveries of 40 and 38 PFAS in blueberries and corn, respectively, fell within 50-150% for samples spiked at 0.1 ng/g. Method quantification limits (MQLs) of PFAS in pure solvents were determined as the lowest calibration level with an accuracy between 70 and 130%. To compensate for matrix effects, a matrix factor was applied on the basis of the analyte response in different matrices relative to the pure solvent. The MQLs of 45 PFAS (including 13 PFEAs) in 10 matrices ranged from 0.025 to 0.25 ng/g. Overall, this method is capable of sensitively quantifying 45 PFAS in many fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Meng
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Noelle J DeStefano
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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22
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Translocation, bioaccumulation, and distribution of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in plants. iScience 2022; 25:104061. [PMID: 35345465 PMCID: PMC8957016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent in the environment and have been detected in a variety of plants such as vegetables, cereals, and fruits. Increasing evidence shows that plants are at a risk of being adversely affected by PFASs. This review concludes that PFASs are predominantly absorbed by roots from sources in the soil; besides, the review also discusses several factors such as soil properties and the species of PFASs and plants. In addition, following uptake by root, long-chain PFASs (C ≥ 7 for PFCA and C ≥ 6 for PFSA) were preferentially retained within the root, whereas the short-chain PFASs were distributed across tissues above the ground — according to the studies. The bioaccumulation potential of PFASs within various plant structures are further expressed by calculating bioaccumulation factor (BAF) across various plant species. The results show that PFASs have a wide range of BAF values within root tissue, followed by straw, and then grain. Furthermore, owing to its high water solubility than other PFASs, PFOA is the predominant compound accumulated in both the soil itself and within the plant tissues. Among different plant groups, the potential BAF values rank from highest to lowest as follows: leaf vegetables > root vegetables > flower vegetables > shoot vegetables. Several PFAS groups such as PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS, may have an increased public health risk based on the daily intake rate (ID). Finally, future research is suggested on the possible PFASs degradation occurring in plant tissues and the explanations at genetic-level for the metabolite changes that occur under PFASs stress. Long-chain PFASs are preferentially retained in the roots BAF values were ranked as root > straw > grain in one plant PFOA is the main compound in soil and within plant tissues PFOA, PFBA, and PFOS have a potential risk to humans through dietary exposure
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23
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Liu Z, Xu C, Johnson AC, Sun X, Ding X, Ding D, Liu S, Liang X. Source apportionment and crop bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids and novel alternatives in an industrial-intensive region with fluorochemical production, China: Health implications for human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127019. [PMID: 34523491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their great environmental hazards, the widely used legacy perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are gradually restricted, and novel alternatives are being developed and applied. For efficient control of emerging environmental risks in agricultural production, we systematically studied the source apportionment in field soils and bioaccumulation characteristics in multiple crops of 12 PFAAs and five novel alternatives in an industrial-intensive region of China, followed by human exposure estimation and health risk assessment. Compared with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), shorter-chained PFAAs and novel alternatives have become the dominant components in local soils and crops, indicating their wide application. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model coupled with multivariate analysis identified fluoropolymer manufacturing and textile treatment as the principal sources. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of individual PFAAs and alternatives in crops decreased with increasing carbon chain lengths. As a novel alternative of PFOA, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) exhibited much higher BAFs; for the alternative of PFOS, 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA) showed lower BAFs. The bioaccumulation capacities of PFAAs and alternatives were also associated with soil organic matter and crop species. Through crop consumption, short-chained PFAAs and novel alternatives might pose emerging human health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon, OX 10 8BB, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Jiangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution, Institute of Microbe, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sitao Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW72BU, UK
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24
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Rijnders J, Bervoets L, Prinsen E, Eens M, Beemster GTS, AbdElgawad H, Groffen T. Perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAAs) accumulate in field-exposed snails (Cepaea sp.) and affect their oxidative status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148059. [PMID: 34102443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a group of synthetic persistent chemicals with distinctive properties, such as a high thermal and chemical stability, that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. They have been produced since the 1950s, resulting in a global contamination of the environment and wildlife. They are resistant to biodegradation and have the tendency to bio-accumulate in organisms and bio-magnify in the food chain. However, little is known about the bioaccumulation of PFAAs in terrestrial invertebrates, including how they affect the physiology and particularly oxidative status. Therefore, we studied the bioaccumulation of PFAAs in snails that were exposed for 3 and 6 weeks along a distance gradient radiating from a well-known fluorochemical hotspot (3M). In addition, we examined the potential effects of PFAAs on the oxidative status of these snails. Finally, we tested for relationships between the concentrations of PFAAs in snails with those in soil and nettles they were feeding on and the influence of soil physicochemical properties on these relationships. Our results showed higher concentrations of PFOA and/or PFOS in almost every matrix at the 3M site, but no concentration gradient along the distance gradient. The PFOS concentrations in snails were related to those in the nettles and soil, and were affected by multiple soil properties. For PFOA, we observed no relationships between soil and biota concentrations. Short-chained PFAAs were dominant in nettles, whereas in soil and snails long-chained PFAAs were dominant. We found a significant positive correlation between peroxidase, catalase and peroxiredoxins and PFAA concentrations, suggesting that snails, in terms of oxidative stress (OS) response, are possibly susceptible to PFAAs pollution. CAPSULE: We observed a positive correlation between the levels of PFAAs and the antioxidants peroxidase, catalase and peroxiredoxins in snails, exposed on nettles grown at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Rijnders
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Thimo Groffen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicologal Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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25
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Stevenson ED, Kleinman MT, Bai X, Barlaz M, Abraczinskas M, Guidry V, Watson J, Chow J. Critical review on PFOA, kidney cancer, and testicular cancer. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1265-1276. [PMID: 34609253 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1975995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Stevenson
- Department of Meteorology and Measurement, Bay Area Air Quality Management District, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xuelien Bai
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Morton Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Michael Abraczinskas
- North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Virginia Guidry
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Raleigh, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology Section, NC, USA
| | | | - Judy Chow
- Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
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26
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Schmitt M, Zwiener C. Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester-Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11070-11079. [PMID: 34327989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) are widely used for paper and cardboard impregnation and discharged via waste streams from production processes and consumer products. To improve the knowledge about the environmental fate of diPAPs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) was used to characterize the transformation pathways and reaction kinetics. 6:2 diPAP was transformed electrochemically to perfluorocarboxylic acids (C5-C7 PFCAs) and two intermediates (6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, FTCA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, FTUCA). EO of potential intermediates 6:2 monoPAP and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) showed similar transformation products but with different ratios. We show that 6:2 diPAP is initiated by OH radical (•OH) reactions, as evidenced by the measured steady-state concentrations of •OH with the probe molecule terephthalic acid, quenching experiments, and pH dependency of the reaction. PFHpA was the main product of 6:2 diPAP oxidation, and it was formed in a pseudo-first-order reaction for which a bimolecular rate constant was estimated to be k O • H , diPAP form PFHpA = 9.4(±1.4) × 107 M-1 s-1 by an initial rate approach. This can be utilized to estimate the environmental half-life of 6:2 diPAP for the reaction with •OH and the formation kinetics of persistent PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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27
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Lesmeister L, Lange FT, Breuer J, Biegel-Engler A, Giese E, Scheurer M. Extending the knowledge about PFAS bioaccumulation factors for agricultural plants - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142640. [PMID: 33077210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A main source of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) residues in agricultural plants is their uptake from contaminated soil. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) can be an important tool to derive recommendations for cultivation or handling of crops prior consumption. This review compiles >4500 soil-to-plant BAFs for 45 PFASs from 24 studies involving 27 genera of agricultural crops. Grasses (Poaceae) provided most BAFs with the highest number of values for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. Influencing factors on PFAS transfer like compound-specific properties (hydrophobicity, chain length, functional group, etc.), plant species, compartments, and other boundary conditions are critically discussed. Throughout the literature, BAFs were higher for vegetative plant compartments than for reproductive and storage organs. Decreasing BAFs per additional perfluorinated carbon were clearly apparent for aboveground parts (up to 1.16 in grains) but not always for roots (partly down to zero). Combining all BAFs per single perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C4-C14) and sulfonic acid (C4-C10), median log BAFs decreased by -0.25(±0.029) and -0.24(±0.013) per fluorinated carbon, respectively. For the first time, the plant uptake of ultra-short-chain (≤ C3) perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) was reviewed and showed a ubiquitous occurrence of trifluoroacetic acid in plants independent from the presence of other PFAAs. Based on identified knowledge gaps, it is suggested to focus on the uptake of precursors to PFAAs, PFAAs ≤C3, and additional emerging PFASs such as GenX or fluorinated ethers in future research. Studies regarding the uptake of PFASs by sugar cane, which accounts for about one fifth of the global crop production, are completely lacking and are also recommended. Furthermore, aqueous soil leachates should be tested as an alternative to the solvent extraction of soils as a base for BAF calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lesmeister
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Thomas Lange
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstr. 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Giese
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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28
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Sima MW, Jaffé PR. A critical review of modeling Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the soil-water environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143793. [PMID: 33303199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their health effects and the recalcitrant nature of their CF bonds, Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are widely investigated for their distribution, remediation, and toxicology in ecosystems. However, very few studies have focused on modeling PFAS in the soil-water environment. In this review, we summarized the recent development in PFAS modeling for various chemical, physical, and biological processes, including sorption, volatilization, degradation, bioaccumulation, and transport. PFAS sorption is kinetic in nature with sorption equilibrium commonly quantified by either a linear, the Freundlich, or the Langmuir isotherms. Volatilization of PFAS depends on carbon chain length and ionization status and has been simulated by a two-layer diffusion process across the air water interface. First-order kinetics is commonly used for physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes. Uptake by plants and other biota can be passive and/or active. As surfactants, PFAS have a tendency to be sorbed or concentrated on air-water or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfaces, where the same three isotherms for soil sorption are adopted. PFAS transport in the soil-water environment is simulated by solving the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) that is coupled to PFAS sorption, phase transfer, as well as physical, chemical, and biological transformations. As the physicochemical properties and concentration vary greatly among the potentially thousands of PFAS species in the environment, systematic efforts are needed to identify models and model parameters to simulate their fate, transport, and response to remediation techniques. Since many process formulations are empirical in nature, mechanistic approaches are needed to further the understanding of PFAS-soil-water-plant interactions so that the model parameters are less site dependent and more predictive in simulating PFAS remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Sima
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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29
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Song M, Jiang L, Zhang D, Huang Z, Wang S, Mei W, Luo C, Zhang G. Uptake, Acropetal Translocation, and Enantioselectivity of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Maize Coexisting with Copper. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2062-2068. [PMID: 33555873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake and translocation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are critical for food safety and raise major concerns. However, those processes are associated with many undisclosed mechanisms, especially when PFOS coexist with heavy metals. In this study, we investigated the effect of copper (Cu) on PFOS distribution in maize tissues by assessing the PFOS concentration and enantioselectivity. The presence of <100 μmol/L Cu exerted a limited effect on PFOS bioaccumulation, while >100 μmol/L Cu damaged the root cell membrane and increased root permeability, resulting in a higher PFOS concentration in roots. The suppression of acropetal translocation might be attributed to Cu inhibition of carrier proteins. The enantiomer fraction (EF) of 1m-PFOS at <100 μmol/L Cu was higher than that in a commercial product (0.5). Racemic PFOS was detected at >100 μmol/L Cu in roots and the EF variation changed from positive to negative in shoots. These EF results evidenced the existence of a protein-mediated uptake pathway. Besides, this study indicated the challenge of chiral signature application in PFOS source identification, given the effects of heavy metals and plants on PFOS enantioselectivity. The findings provide insight into PFOS bioaccumulation in plants cocontaminated with Cu and will facilitate environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Song
- Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Longfei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zilin Huang
- Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weiping Mei
- Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- Joint Institute for Environmental Research & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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30
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Wang W, Rhodes G, Ge J, Yu X, Li H. Uptake and accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127584. [PMID: 32717507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found to be accumulated in agricultural products. Consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products represents a feasible pathway for the trophic transfer of these toxic chemicals along food chains/webs, leading to risks associated with human and animal health. Recently, studies on plant uptake and accumulation of PFASs have rapidly increased; consequently, a review to summarize the current knowledge and highlight future research is needed. Analysis of the publications indicates that a large variety of plant species can take up PFASs from the environment. Vegetables and grains are the most commonly investigated crops, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as the most studied PFASs. The potential sources of PFASs for plant uptake include industrial emissions, irrigation with contaminated water, land application of biosolids, leachates from landfill sites, and pesticide application. Root uptake is the predominant pathway for the accumulation of PFASs in agricultural crops, and uptake by plant aboveground portions from the ambient atmosphere could play a minor role in the overall PFAS accumulation. PFAS uptake by plants is influenced by physicochemical properties of compounds (e.g., perfluorocarbon chain length, head group functionality, water solubility, and volatility), plant physiology (e.g., transpiration rate, lipid and protein content), and abiotic factors (e.g., soil organic matters, pH, salinity, and temperature). Based on literature analysis, the current knowledge gaps are identified, and future research prospects are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Geoff Rhodes
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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31
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Göckener B, Eichhorn M, Lämmer R, Kotthoff M, Kowalczyk J, Numata J, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Bücking M. Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Feed into the Eggs of Laying Hens. Part 1: Analytical Results Including a Modified Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12527-12538. [PMID: 33121246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprises thousands of chemicals, which are used in various industrial applications and consumer products. In this study, a feeding experiment with laying hens and feed grown on a contamination site was conducted, and PFAS were analyzed in the feed and eggs to assess the transfer of PFAS into eggs. A targeted analysis of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and different sulfonamides was performed. Additionally, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was modified by fully oxidizing small amounts of the samples instead of oxidizing their extracts in order to overcome potential losses during extraction. Targeted analysis showed the presence of known PFAAs and four sulfonamides in the feed and egg yolk samples. In the plant-based feed, short-chain PFAAs, methyl and ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (Me- and EtFOSAA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were the most abundant PFAS. In the eggs, PFOS, FOSAA, and its alkylated homologues showed the highest concentrations. The TOP assay revealed the presence of substantial amounts of precursors with different chain lengths from C4 to C8. The highest relative increase of PFOA after oxidation was observed in egg yolk from the end of the exposure period (828%). The results of this study demonstrate the transfer of PFAAs and their precursors into hens' eggs and emphasize the contribution of (known and unidentified) precursors to the overall PFAS burden in edible products. The modified TOP assay approach was shown to be a powerful tool to better assess the total burden of samples with PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Göckener
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Maria Eichhorn
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - René Lämmer
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Department 2, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany
| | - Janine Kowalczyk
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schafft
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mark Bücking
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 13 Rainforest Walk, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Determination of transformation products of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances at trace levels in agricultural plants. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Shigei M, Ahrens L, Hazaymeh A, Dalahmeh SS. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and soil in wastewater-irrigated farmland in Jordan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137057. [PMID: 32036142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Zarqa river (ZR) in Jordan receives >300,000 m3 day -1 of wastewater effluent from Assamra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and is a major source of irrigation water for vegetable crops and fodder downstream. ZR water quality is therefore highly important and directly influences crop and soil quality in irrigated fields. This study investigated the occurrence and concentration of 20 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Assamra wastewater, ZR water, soils and crop plants (alfalfa (Medicago sativa), mint (Mentha spicata) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)) along the ZR flow path between Assamra WWTP and Jerash spring. The combined PFAS concentration (∑PFASs) in Assamra WWTP effluent (14-24 ng L-1) was comparable to that in influent (10-15 ng L-1), indicating poor removal of PFASs. The dominant PFAS in influent was perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), while perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA) dominated in effluent. ∑PFASs in an unaffected upstream tributary (Sukhna station) was 4.7-5.4 ng L-1. Farther downstream, ZR water contained 16-27 ng L-1, with PFPeA, PFOA and PFDA dominating, and these levels did not change along the flow path to Jerash spring. ∑PFASs in soil was generally low, 340 ± 150 pg g-1 dry weight (dw) in alfalfa soil (mainly PFOA and PFDA) and 710 ± 420 pg g-1 dw in mint soil and 970 ± 800 pg g-1 dw in lettuce soil (mainly linear perfluorooctane sulfonate (L-PFOS) in both cases). Soil-water partitioning coefficient (Kd) was generally low in all soils (range 24-62 L kg-1, 20-46 L kg-1 and 28 L kg-1 for PFOA, PFDA and L-PFHxS, respectively). No PFASs were detected in alfalfa and mint plants. Overall, this investigation demonstrated that PFAS contamination in wastewater, surface water and soil in the ZR basin is very low in a global comparison, and that there is no accumulation of PFASs in the food and feed crops studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shigei
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7032, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ayat Hazaymeh
- Royal Scientific Society, Water and Environment Centre, Box 1438, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Sahar S Dalahmeh
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7032, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zhang M, Wang P, Lu Y, Lu X, Zhang A, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Khan K, Sarvajayakesavalu S. Bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in vegetables from the largest vegetable production base of China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105347. [PMID: 31794940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in edible parts of vegetables, soils, and irrigation water in greenhouse and open filed, for the first time, in Shouguang city, the largest vegetable production base in China, which is located nearby a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated, and the human exposures of PFAAs via consumption of the vegetables for different age groups assuming the maximum levels detected in each vegetable and average consumption rates were also estimated. The ΣPFAA levels ranged from 1.67 to 33.5 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the edible parts of all the vegetables, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) being the dominant compound with an average contribution of 49% to the ΣPFAA level. The leafy vegetables showed higher ΣPFAA levels (average 8.76 ng/g dw) than the fruit and root vegetables. For all the vegetables, the log10 BAF values of perfluorinated carboxylic acids showed a decreasing trend with increasing chain length, with PFBA having the highest log10 BAF values (average 0.98). Cabbage had higher bioaccumulation of PFBA (log10 BAF 1.24) than other vegetables. For the greenhouse soils and vegetables, the average contribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to ΣPFAA was lower than that in the open field samples, while the contributions of PFBA, PFHxA, PFPeA to ΣPFAA were higher. Irrigation water may be an important source of PFAAs in greenhouse, while for open field vegetables and soils, atmospheric deposition may be an additional contamination pathway. The estimated maximum exposure to PFOA through vegetable consumption for urban preschool children (aged 2-5 years) was 63% of the reference dose set by the European Food Safety Authority. Suggestions are also provided for mitigating the health risks of human exposure to PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Xiaotian Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
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Chen M, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Xiao B, Liu M, Yang L. Species dependent accumulation and transformation of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters in sediment by three benthic organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105171. [PMID: 31610368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediment is a major sink for 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP) in the environment. In the present study, three representative benthic organisms, including carp (Cyrinus carpio), loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) and worm (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri), were exposed to 8:2 diPAP spiked sediment at 300 ng g-1. 8:2 diPAP in the sediment was bioavailable to carp, loach and worm even though the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) (0.137, 0.0273, 0.413 g g-1, respectively) were relatively low due to its large molecular weight and high log KOW value. The worm displayed the greatest enrichment ability among the three species, implying the utility of using worm as a bio-indicator of 8:2 diPAP pollution in sediment. The biotransformation products (e.g. 8:2 FTUCA and 7:3 FTCA) were detected in all the three species, suggesting that they had the ability to transform 8:2 diPAP. Loach displayed the strongest metabolism capacity while worm displayed the weakest. Transformation of 8:2 diPAP also took place in the sediment by microorganisms. Notably, the concentration ratio of 7:3 FTCA and 8:2 FTUCA in the sediment was much lower than that in benthic organisms, suggesting that the aquatic benthic organisms and microorganisms had different transformation activities and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Bowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Chen M, Guo T, He K, Zhu L, Jin H, Wang Q, Liu M, Yang L. Biotransformation and bioconcentration of 6:2 and 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Underestimated ecological risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:201-208. [PMID: 30504021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphates esters (PAPs) are widely used in a variety of commercial products, and have been detected in many aquatic organisms. In this study, common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were administered with 6:2 and 8:2 diPAP in water to investigate their bio-accumulation and transformation in fish. Several degradation products, including fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids (6:2 and 8:2 FTUCA), 5:3 and 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (5:3 and 7:3 FTCA), perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) were identified in the carp liver. In addition, several phase-II metabolites, such as glutathione- and glucuronide-conjugated compounds were detected in the carp bile. 8:2 diPAP displayed lower accumulation potential than 6:2 diPAP probably due to its relatively large molecular size. However, 8:2 diPAP experienced more extensive transformation (transformation rate 6.78-14.6 mol%) and produced more phase I metabolites than 6:2 diPAP (0.49-0.66 mol%). The in vitro incubation with the liver S9 fraction confirmed that biotransformation of 6:2 and 8:2 diPAP took place in the carp liver. Further analyses of enzyme activities indicated that acid phosphatase (ACP) could be involved in mediating phase I while glutathione S-transferase (GST) involved in phase II metabolism of 6:2 and 8:2 diPAP in carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Keyan He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Liu J, Li C, Qu R, Feng J, Wang L. Formation of perfluorocarboxylic acids from photodegradation of tetrahydroperfluorocarboxylic acids in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:598-606. [PMID: 30476840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydroperfluorocarboxylic acids (2H,2H,3H,3H-PFCAs) have aroused the interest of scholars worldwide due to their potential to generate perfluorinated compounds. In this work, we systematically examined the photodegradation kinetics and mechanisms of typical 2H,2H,3H,3H-PFCAs (CnF2n+1C2H4COOH, n = 6, 7, 8) in aqueous solution by a 500 W Hg lamp. The photodecomposition of 2H,2H,3H,3H-PFCAs all followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the photolysis rate coefficients increased with the increasing carbon chain length. Under the same reaction condition, 2H,2H,3H,3H-PFCAs degraded much faster than the corresponding PFCAs. The photodecomposition rate coefficient of C8F17CH2CH2COOH was accelerated by low pH and Fe3+ addition, but decreased by the existence of humic acid, carbonate and bicarbonate. Compared with ultrapure water, a decreased removal of 2H,2H,3H,3H-PFCAs was observed in four types of natural waters, i.e., tap water, Jiuxiang river water, primary effluent and secondary effluent. According to mass analysis, C8F17CH2CH2COOH was mainly decomposed into 8:2 fluorotelomer acid (C8F17CH2COOH), shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-1-enes (CnF2n) and perfluoroketenes (CnF2n+1CF = C = O). Thus, α-oxidation, decarboxylation and elimination reaction were proposed as reaction pathways. ECOSAR predictions showed that photolysis generally decreased the aquatic toxicity of C8F17CH2CH2COOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqin Liu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chenguang Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jianfang Feng
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Ghisi R, Vamerali T, Manzetti S. Accumulation of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural plants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:326-341. [PMID: 30502744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are a class of compounds that include perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, some of the most persistent pollutants still allowed - or only partially restricted - in several product fabrications and industrial applications worldwide. PFASs have been shown to interact with blood proteins and are suspected of causing a number of pathological responses, including cancer. Given this threat to living organisms, we carried out a broad review of possible sources of PFASs and their potential accumulation in agricultural plants, from where they can transfer to humans through the food chain. Analysis of the literature indicates a direct correlation between PFAS concentrations in soil and bioaccumulation in plants. Furthermore, plant uptake largely changes with chain length, functional group, plant species and organ. Low accumulations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have been found in peeled potatoes and cereal seeds, while short-chain compounds can accumulate at high levels in leafy vegetables and fruits. Significant variations in PFAS buildup in plants according to soil amendment are also found, suggesting a particular interaction with soil organic matter. Here, we identify a series of challenges that PFASs pose to the development of a safe agriculture for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Ghisi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Manzetti
- Fjordforsk A/S, Institute for Science and Technology, Midtun 6894, Vangsnes, Norway; Uppsala Centre for Computational Sciences, Dept. of Cell & Molec. Biol., Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Dalahmeh S, Tirgani S, Komakech AJ, Niwagaba CB, Ahrens L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, soil and plants in wetlands and agricultural areas in Kampala, Uganda. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:660-667. [PMID: 29539594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and concentrations of 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were evaluated in wastewater, surface water, soil and crop plants (yam (Dioscorea spp.), maize (Zea mays) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)) in Nakivubo wetland and Lake Victoria at Kampala, Uganda. ∑PFAS concentrations in effluent from Bugolobi wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were higher (5.6-9.1ngL-1) than in the corresponding influent (3.4-5.1ngL-1), indicating poor removal of PFASs within the WWTP. ∑PFAS concentrations decreased by a factor of approximately five between Nakivubo channel (8.5-12ngL-1) and Lake Victoria (1.0-2.5ngL-1), due to dilution, sorption to sediment and uptake by plants in the wetland. ∑PFAS concentrations were within the range 1700-7900pgg-1 dry weight (dw) in soil and 160pgg-1 dw (maize cobs) to 380pgg-1 dw (sugarcane stems) in plants. The dominant PFASs were perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) in wastewater, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in surface water, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in soil and perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) and PFOA in different plant tissues, reflecting PFAS-specific partitioning behaviour in different matrices. Soil-water partitioning coefficient (log Kd) in wetland soil under yam was lowest for short-chain PFHxA (1.9-2.3Lkg-1) and increased with increasing chain length to 2.8-3.1Lkg-1 for perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) and 2.8-3.1Lkg-1 for perfluoroctanesulfonate (PFOS). The log Koc values ranged between 2.2 and 3.6Lkg-1, with the highest log Koc estimated for long-chain perfluorocarbon PFASs (i.e. PFUnDA 3.2-3.5Lkg-1 and PFOS 3.2-3.6Lkg-1). The concentration ratio (CR) between plants and soil was <1 for all PFASs and plant species, with the highest CR estimated for PFHpA (0.65-0.67) in sugarcane stem and PFBS (0.53-0.59) in yam root. Overall, this investigation demonstrated PFASs entry into the terrestrial food chain and drinking water resources in Kampala, Uganda. Source identification, assessment of impacts on human health and the environment, and better wastewater treatment technologies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Dalahmeh
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agriculturfal Sciences (SLU), Box 7032, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sana Tirgani
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agriculturfal Sciences (SLU), Box 7032, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Allan John Komakech
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles B Niwagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zabaleta I, Bizkarguenaga E, Nunoo DBO, Schultes L, Leonel J, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Benskin JP. Biodegradation and Uptake of the Pesticide Sulfluramid in a Soil-Carrot Mesocosm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2603-2611. [PMID: 29415544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) is the active ingredient of Sulfluramid, a pesticide which is used extensively in South America for control of leaf-cutting ants. Despite being a known precursor to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), the importance of EtFOSA as a source of environmental PFOS remains unclear. In the present work, uptake, leaching, and biodegradation of EtFOSA and its transformation products were assessed over 81 days in soil-carrot ( Daucus carota ssp sativus) mesocosms for the first time. Experiments performed in the presence of carrot produced PFOS yields of up to 34% using a technical EtFOSA standard and up to 277% using Grão Forte, a commercial Sulfluramid bait formulation containing 0.0024% EtFOSA. Perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetate (FOSAA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) also formed over the course of the experiments, with the latter substance attributed to the presence of perfluorooctanamide impurities. The leachate contained low levels of transformation products and a high FOSA:PFOS ratio, consistent with recent observations in Brazilian surface water. In carrots, the more hydrophilic transformation products (e.g., PFOS) occurred primarily in the leaves, while the more hydrophobic products (e.g., FOSA, FOSAA, and EtFOSA) occurred in the peel and core. Remarkably, isomer-specific analysis revealed that the linear EtFOSA isomer biodegraded significantly faster than branched isomers. These data collectively show that the application of Sulfluramid baits can lead to the occurrence of PFOS in crops and in the surrounding environment, in considerably higher yields than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Bilbao , Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ekhine Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Bilbao , Spain
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Deborah B O Nunoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lara Schultes
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Juliana Leonel
- Department of Oceanography , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Bilbao , Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE) , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Plentzia , Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Bilbao , Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE) , University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Plentzia , Spain
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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Zabaleta I, Bizkarguenaga E, Izagirre U, Negreira N, Covaci A, Benskin JP, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Biotransformation of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester in gilthead bream (Sparus aurata). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1085-1092. [PMID: 28787782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) are high production volume surfactants used in the food contact paper and packaging industry. PAPs may transform to persistent perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) under biotic conditions, but little is known about their fate and behavior in aquatic organisms. Here we report for the first time on the uptake, tissue distribution, and biotransformation of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP) in fish. Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata) were dosed via the diet (8:2 diPAP at 29μg/g) for 7days, during which time 8:2 diPAP and its transformation products were monitored in plasma, liver, muscle, gills, bile and brain. 8:2 diPAP tended to accumulate in liver, plasma and gills, and to a lesser extent in muscle, bile and brain. Several transformation products (observed previously in other organisms) were also observed in most tissues and biofluids, including both saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer acids (8:2 FTCA, 8:2 FTUCA, 7:3 FTCA), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). 8:2 FTCA was the major metabolite in all tissues/biofluids, except for bile, where PFOA occurred at the highest concentrations. Unexpectedly high PFOA levels (up to 3.7ng/g) were also detected in brain. Phase 2 metabolites, which have been reported in fish following exposure to fluorotelomer alcohols, were not observed in these experiments, probably due to their low abundance. Nevertheless, the detection of PFOA indicates that exposure to PAPs may be an indirect route of exposure to PFCAs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ekhine Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urtzi Izagirre
- Department of Zoology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g,E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g,E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g,E-48620 Plentzia, Spain
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Zhao S, Zhu L. Uptake and metabolism of 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in soil-earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and soil-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:124-131. [PMID: 27639617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH) in the systems of soil-earthworm (Eisenia fetida), soil-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soil-earthworm-wheat, including degradation in soil, uptake and metabolism in wheat and earthworms were investigated. Several perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) as degradation products of 10:2 FTOH were identified in the soil, plant and earthworms. 10:2 FTOH could be biodegraded to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) in soil in the absence or presence of wheat/earthworms, and PFDA was the predominant metabolite. Accumulation of initial 10:2 FTOH and its metabolites were observed in the wheat and earthworms, suggesting that 10:2 FTOH could be bioaccumulated in wheat and earthworms and biotransformed to the highly stable PFCAs. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoic (PFHxA) and PFDA were detected in wheat root, while PFDA and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were detected in shoot. PFNA and PFDA were determined in earthworms and the concentration of PFDA was much higher. The presence of earthworms and/or plant stimulated the microbial degradation of 10:2 FTOH in soil. The results supplied important evidence that degradation of 10:2 FTOH was an important potential source of PFCAs in the environment and in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Food and Environment, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13121224. [PMID: 27973400 PMCID: PMC5201365 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Field investigations on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels in various environmental matrixes were reported, but there is still a lack of PFAA level data for agricultural environments, especially agricultural producing areas, so we collected soil, irrigation water and agricultural product samples from agricultural producing areas in the provinces of Liaoning, Shandong and Sichuan in China. The background pollution from instruments was removed and C4–C18 PFAAs were detected by LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of PFAAs in the top and deep layers of soil were compared, and the levels of PFAAs in different agricultural environments (greenhouses and open agriculture) were analyzed. We found the order of PFAA levels by province was Shandong > Liaoning > Sichuan. A descending trend of PFAA levels from top to deep soil and open to greenhouse agriculture was shown and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was considered as a marker for source analysis. Bean vegetables contribute highly to the overall PFAA load in vegetables. A significant correlation was shown between irrigation water and agricultural products. The EDI (estimated daily intake) from vegetables should be of concern in China.
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Bizkarguenaga E, Zabaleta I, Mijangos L, Iparraguirre A, Fernández LA, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctane sulfonamide by carrot and lettuce from compost amended soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:444-51. [PMID: 27450950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, which acts like a sink for many pollutants, including metals, pathogens and organic pollutants, that are not completely removed in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), is applied as a nutrient rich organic fertilizer in many agricultural applications. In the present work, carrot and lettuce crops were grown in two different compost amended soils fortified with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorosulfonate acid (PFOS) and perfluorosulfonamide (FOSA) and cultivated in a greenhouse. The plants were harvested and divided into root core, root peel and leaves in the case of carrots and into heart and leaves for lettuces. Concentrations for all the different compartments were determined to assess the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and the plant distribution of the target analytes. The highest carrot BCFs for PFOA and PFOS were determined in the leaves (0.6-3.4), while lower values were calculated in the core (0.05-0.6) and the peel (0.05-1.9) compartments. However, PFOA was taken up in the translocation stream and accumulated more than PFOS in the edible part of lettuce. FOSA was totally degraded in the presence of carrot; however, a lower FOSA degradation was observed in presence of the lettuce, which was dependent on the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil. The higher the TOC value, the higher the FOSA degradation observed. No degradation was observed in the crop absence. In the case of the carrot experiments, different polymeric materials (polyethersulfone, PES, polyoxymethylene, and silicone rod) were tested to predict the concentration in the cultivation media. A high correlation (r(2)>0.63) was observed for the BCFs in the PES and in the carrot core and peel for PFOA and PFOS. It could be, concluded that the PES can be used as a first approach for the determination of the uptake of compounds such as PFOS and PFOA in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - I Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - L Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - L A Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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