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Kim JW, Lim HB, Jang JY, Shin HS. Sludge-based candidate reference materials for enhanced quality control of particulate processes in total organic carbon analysis for wastewater 1. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141458. [PMID: 38364920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Accurate analyses of total organic carbon (TOC) encompassing particulate organic carbon in wastewater are key for evaluating the behavior of particulate organic contaminants and maintaining the carbon mass balance throughout the wastewater treatment process. This study was conducted to develop candidate reference materials of environmental origin from excess sludge collected from wastewater treatment facilities, primarily receiving industrial wastewater and livestock manure as the main sources. Homogeneity and stability assessments for total carbon (TC) and TOC were conducted in the particle samples following the standardized procedures of ISO Guide 35 and ISO 13258. The results showed that high inorganic carbon (IC) content in particles, such as YJ(500) (IC: 29%), rendered them unsuitable for TOC quality control (QC), as they increased uncertainty in both homogeneity and stability assessments. Additionally, a13C NMR analysis revealed that samples with a high (O-alkyl)/(C-H-alkyl) ratio in their carbon structures exhibited relatively low stability. Through the homogeneity and stability assessments, a particle sample, YJ(100), was selected as the reference material (RM); the assigned values were as follows: 30.78% for TC and 27.94% for TOC, with uncertainties of 0.01% and 1.1%, respectively. Furthermore, considering sample transportation conditions, the safe storage period for the RM particles was determined to be 2 weeks under harsh conditions (at 40 °C). In our inter-laboratory test (n = 8) using the particle samples, we confirmed that the particle samples can effectively enhance particle processing QC and validate a proposed suspended solids pretreatment method. This study showcases valuable environmental particle sample production and evaluation, offering potential advancements in the QC of TOC analysis for wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Won Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jun-Young Jang
- Material Science and Environmental Engineering Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
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2
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Jaffé PR, Huang S. Rebuttal to Correspondence on "Defluorination of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) by Acidimicrobium sp. Strain A6". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20443-20447. [PMID: 37913821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Kim JW, Lee HS, Lim HB, Shin HS. Identification of the cause of the difference among TOC quantitative methods according to the water sample characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162530. [PMID: 36871741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis with accurate determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) content in suspended solids (SS) containing water is critical for evaluating the environmental impact of particulate organic pollutants in water and calculating the carbon cycle mass balance. TOC analysis is divided into the non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and differential (known as TC-TIC) methods; although the selection of method is greatly affected by the sample matrix characteristics of SS, no studies have investigated this. This study quantitatively evaluates the effect of SS containing inorganic carbon (IC) and purgeable organic carbon (PuOC), as well as that of sample pretreatment, on the accuracy and precision of TOC measurement in both methods for various environmental water sample types (12 wastewater influents and effluents and 12 types of stream water). For influent and stream water with high SS, the TC-TIC method expressed 110-200 % higher TOC recovery than that for the NPOC method due to POC component losses in SS owing to its conversion into PuOC during sample pretreatment (using ultrasonic) and subsequent loss in the NPOC purging process. Correlation analysis confirmed that particulated organic matter (POM, mg/L) content in SS directly affected this difference (r > 0.74, p < 0.01, n = 24); for POC water samples (those containing >10 mg/L of POM) featuring purgeable dissolved organic matter, TC-TIC was appropriate in securing TOC measurement accuracy. In constrast, in effluent and stream water with low SS (i.e., < ∼5 mg/L) and high IC (> 70 %) contents, the TOC measurement ratios (TC-TIC/NPOC) of both methods were similar, between 0.96 and 1.08, suggesting that NPOC is appropriate for improving precision. Our results provide useful basic data to establish the most reliable TOC analysis method considering SS contents and its properties along with the matrix characteristics of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Won Kim
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea
| | - Han-Saem Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hye-Bin Lim
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul 01811, South Korea.
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Nurhayati M, You Y, Park J, Lee BJ, Kang HG, Lee S. Artificial neural network implementation for dissolved organic carbon quantification using fluorescence intensity as a predictor in wastewater treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139032. [PMID: 37236275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although spectroscopic methods provide a fast and cost-effective means of monitoring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural and engineered water systems, the prediction accuracy of these methods is limited by the complex relationship between optical properties and DOC concentration. In this study, we developed DOC prediction models using multiple linear/log-linear regression and feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) and investigated the effectiveness of spectroscopic properties, such as fluorescence intensity and UV absorption at 254 nm (UV254), as predictors. Optimum predictors were identified based on correlation analysis to construct models using single and multiple predictors. We compared the peak-picking and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) methods for selecting appropriate fluorescence wavelengths. Both methods had similar prediction capability (p-values >0.05), suggesting PARAFAC was not necessary for choosing fluorescence predictors. Fluorescence peak T was identified as a more accurate predictor than UV254. Combining UV254 and multiple fluorescence peak intensities as predictors further improved the prediction capability of the models. The ANN models outperformed the linear/log-linear regression models with multiple predictors, achieving higher prediction accuracy (peak-picking: R2 = 0.8978, RMSE = 0.3105 mg/L; PARAFAC: R2 = 0.9079, RMSE = 0.2989 mg/L). These findings suggest the potential to develop a real-time DOC concentration sensor based on optical properties using an ANN for signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mita Nurhayati
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Indonesia University of Education, Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkwan Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joon Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Geun Kang
- BIN-TECH KOREA Co., Ltd., A 3S52, 158-10, Sajik-daero 361beon-gil, Sangdang-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyun Lee
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hassan A, Mohammed E, Oshaish A, Badhafere D, Ayranci K, Dong T, Waheed UB, El-Husseiny A, Mahmoud M. Prediction of Total Organic Carbon in Organic-Rich Shale Rocks Using Thermal Neutron Parameters. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4790-4801. [PMID: 36777603 PMCID: PMC9909808 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC) content is one of the crucial parameters that determine the value of the source rock. The TOC content gives important indications about the source rocks and hydrocarbon volume. Various techniques have been utilized for TOC quantification, either by geochemical analysis of source rocks in laboratories or using well logs to develop mathematical correlations and advanced machine learning models. Laboratory methods require intense sampling intervals to have an accurate understanding of the reservoir, and depending on the thickness of the interested formation, it can be time-consuming and costly. Empirical correlations based on well logs (e.g., density, sonic, gamma ray, and resistivity) showed fast predictions and very reasonable accuracies. However, other important parameters such as thermal neutron logs have not been studied yet as a potential input for providing reliable TOC predictions. Also, different studies estimate the TOC based on the well-logging data for various formations; however, limited studies were reported to predict the TOC for the Horn River Formation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to estimate the TOC variations based on the thermal neutron logs using one of the largest source rocks in Canada: The Horn River Formation. More than 150 data sets were collected and used in this work. The parameters of the artificial neural network (ANN) model were fine-tuned in order to improve the model's prediction performance. Furthermore, an empirical correlation was developed utilizing the optimized ANN model to allow fast and direct application for the developed model. The developed correlation can predict the TOC with an average absolute error of 0.52 wt %. The proposed TOC model was able to outperform the previous models, and the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.28 to 0.73. Overall, the proposed TOC model can provide high accuracy for TOC ranges from 0.3 to 6.44 wt %. The developed model can provide a real-time quantification for the organic matter maturity, helping to allocate the zones of mature organic matter within the drilled formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjed Hassan
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Mohammed
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Oshaish
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhafer Badhafere
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Korhan Ayranci
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tian Dong
- Key
Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Umair bin Waheed
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar El-Husseiny
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- College
of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia
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Jeong WG, Kim JG, Lee SM, Baek K. CaO 2-based electro-Fenton-oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157065. [PMID: 35780882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been well recognized that the Fenton reaction requires a rigorous pH control and suffers from the fast self-degradation of H2O2. In an effort to resolve the technical demerits of the conventional Fenton reaction, particular concern on the use of CaO2-based Fenton reaction was paid in this study. To realize the practical use of CaO2 in the Fenton reaction for groundwater remediation, it could be of great importance to control its reaction rate in the subsurface. As such, this study laid great emphasis on the combined process of electrochemical oxidation and CaO2-based Fenton oxidation, using 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) as a model compound. It was hypothesized that the reaction rate is also highly contingent on the formation of Fe(II) (stemmed from iron anode oxidation). Eighty percent of 1,2-DCA were degraded by the CaO2-based Fenton reaction. The final pH was neutral, inferring that the reaction could be a viable option for the subsurface environment. Moreover, the supply of electric current in an iron anode expedited 1,2-DCA degradation efficiency from 35 % to 62 % via electrically generated Fe(II), which donated electrons to H2O2, producing more hydroxyl radicals. An anode-cathode configuration from the single-well system enhanced the degradation of 1,2-DCA, with less amount of energy consumption than the double-well system. Based on results, CaO2-based electro-Fenton oxidation can remove well 1,2-DCA in groundwater and can be a strategic measure for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gune Jeong
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, and Resources-Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Jeong WG, Kim JG, Baek K. Removal of 1,2-dichloroethane in groundwater using Fenton oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128253. [PMID: 35033913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Among the chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is widely used for the synthesis of vinyl chloride monomers. Despite the high demand for 1,2-DCA, it poses a risk to the environment because it is persistent and carcinogenic. Therefore, in this study, several reagents (dithionite, hydrosulfide, sulfite, persulfate, sulfate radicals, and hydroxyl radicals) were evaluated for the degradation of 1,2-DCA. Among these, the hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction were the most suitable oxidant, decomposing 92% of 1,2-DCA. Chloride, one of the final oxidized products, was observed, which supported the oxidation reaction. Moreover, with an increasing concentration of hydroxyl radicals, the degradation of 1,2-DCA increased. Furthermore, sufficient amounts of hydrogen peroxide were more important than Fe(II) in the decomposition of 1,2-DCA. The radical reaction can generate larger molecules via the degradation of 1,2-DCA, which are degraded over time. The applicability of Fenton oxidation was evaluated using real 1,2-DCA-contaminated groundwater. Although the degradation of target contaminant was lowered due to the alkaline pH and the presence of chloride and bicarbonate ions in groundwater, the Fenton reaction was still efficient to oxidize 1,2-DCA. These results indicate that Fenton oxidation is an effective technique for the treatment of 1,2-DCA in contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gune Jeong
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, and Resources-Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Shin D, Kim JG, Kim HB, Baek K. Simultaneous oxidation and analysis of TOC-TN-TP in one pot reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133336. [PMID: 34922955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) are the most common indicators of water quality. The analytical processes of the indicators require oxidation of any type of C, N, and P to carbon dioxide, nitrate, and phosphate as final products. Persulfate is the recommended oxidant for these transformations. In this study, co-oxidation was suggested for the simultaneous analysis of TOC-TN-TP. A single oxidizing reactor using persulfate was proposed instead of three individual systems. The system oxidizes complex organic chemicals to carbon dioxide, nitrate, and phosphate. However, the residual persulfate after oxidation interferes with the spectrophotometric analysis of nitrate and phosphate. Therefore, in the proposed system, the complete transformation of persulfate is a key factor for simultaneous analysis. In this system, ultraviolet irradiation for 30 min under alkaline conditions converted residual persulfate to sulfate. The complete transformation eliminated persulfate interference in nitrate and phosphate detection. In the proposed system with a single oxidation reactor, TOC, TN, and TP were oxidized and analyzed simultaneously within 15% of the analytical error range compared to the standard test method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Shin
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Soares MB, Cerri CEP, Demattê JAM, Alleoni LRF. Biochar aging: Impact of pyrolysis temperature on sediment carbon pools and the availability of arsenic and lead. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151001. [PMID: 34656569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are potentially toxic elements capable of developing several diseases in human beings such as cancer. Several adsorbent materials, including biochars, have been adopted as alternative measures designed to reduce the availability of As and Pb in water. The retention capacity of potentially toxic elements in biochars varies according to time, feedstock, and the pyrolysis temperature to produce the biochar. Our objectives in this study were to evaluate i) the aging effect of sugarcane straw pyrolyzed biochars at 350 (BC350), 550 (BC550), and 750 °C (BC750) and their ability to immobilize As and Pb; and ii) how the pyrolysis temperature and biochar aging alter the carbon content and quality of the solution and sediment. Biochars were applied at 5% (w/w), and their aging together with As and Pb immobilization effects were evaluated every 45 days over a total period of 180 days. The results were obtained using visible ultraviolet spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy combined with physical fractionation of organic matter and multivariate statistics. The groups formed in the Principal Component Analysis indicated that the change in the availability of As and Pb was related to the aging of the biochar and the temporal changes in the content and quality of organic carbon in the sediment and solution. The pyrolysis temperature was a key factor in the (im)mobilization capacity of As and Pb during the aging of the biochar. The increase in polysaccharides and organic matter associated with the particulate fraction can enhance the release of As in solution (24%). Increasing the fraction of organic matter associated with minerals reduced the availability of Pb by 58%. These findings may provide new insights into understanding the dynamics of organic matter and its role in the immobilization of As and Pb during biochar aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B Soares
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Carlos E P Cerri
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José A M Demattê
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Luís R F Alleoni
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
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10
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Hussain M, Liaqat I, Bukhari SM, Khan FS, Adalat R, Shafique MS, Azam SM, Ali A, Khalid M, Shahid Z, Iqbal MJ, Slahuddin, Ehsan A. The impact of cow dung augmentation on soil restoration and bio-accumulation of metals (Lead and Cadmium) in Pheretima posthuma (Annelida: Clitellata). BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e247562. [PMID: 34495155 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.247562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T1 of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hussain
- GC University Lahore, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Liaqat
- GC University Lahore, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S M Bukhari
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F S Khan
- University of Sialkot, Department of Biotechnology, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - R Adalat
- University of Sialkot, Department of Biotechnology, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - M Salman Shafique
- GC University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic Absorption Lab. and Functional Material Lab., Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S M Azam
- University of Education, Division of Science and Technology, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Zoology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - M Khalid
- Government Emerson College Multan, Department of Zoology, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Z Shahid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Javed Iqbal
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Zoology, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Slahuddin
- Universityof Gujrat, Department of Zoology, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - A Ehsan
- The University of Lahore, Department of Zoology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lahore, Pakistan
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11
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Li K, Chen H, Chen Z, He L, Hou X, Jiang X. Miniaturized TOC analyzer using dielectric barrier discharge for catalytic oxidation vapor generation and point discharge optical emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1172:338683. [PMID: 34119015 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC) is an important parameter describing organic pollution degree of waters. Due to the increasing need of field analysis and drawbacks of conventional TOC analytical instruments, miniaturized TOC analyzers are still demanding. In this work, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) microplasma was utilized for catalytic oxidation vapor generation (COVG) of organic compounds into CO2, and a point discharge (PD) microplasma was employed to excite the carbon atomic emission spectra for quantification. Sample solution with phosphoric acid and persulfate solution was injected into the DBD-COVG reactor by a syringe to convert organic compounds into CO2 efficiently and quickly, which was subsequently transported into the point discharge optical emission spectrometer (PD-OES) for detecting carbon at 193.09 nm. Under optimal experimental conditions, high oxidation efficiencies for several organic compounds were achieved, i.e., 96.4%, 95.1% and 94.3% for 50 mg L-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), sodium laurylsulfonate and phenol, respectively. A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 mg L-1 (as C) was obtained, with a precision of 3.9% (relative standard deviation, RSD) at 15 mg L-1 TOC standard (as C). The possible catalytic oxidation mechanism was proposed with the characteristic results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Its potential environmental application was demonstrated by successfully analyzing TOC in underground water, surface river water and surface sedimentary water samples from oil fields, with analytical results agreed well with those obtained by the commercial high-temperature combustion coupled nondispersive infrared absorption (HTC-NDIR) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hanjiao Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Changqing Oilfield Branch Company Oil Production Plant NO.11, PetroChina Company Limited, Qingyang, Gansu, 745000, China
| | - Lin He
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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12
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Huntington TG, Wieczorek ME. An increase in the slope of the concentration-discharge relation for total organic carbon in major rivers in New England, 1973 to 2019. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146149. [PMID: 33714100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mobilization and transport of organic carbon (OC) in rivers and delivery to the near-coastal ocean are important processes in the carbon cycle that are affected by both climate and anthropogenic activities. Riverine OC transport can affect carbon sequestration, contaminant transport, ocean acidification, the formation of toxic disinfection by-products, ocean temperature and phytoplankton productivity. There have been many studies reporting temporal trends in OC concentrations in comparatively small streams with minimal anthropogenic influences but there have been fewer studies on larger rivers and fewer still that have investigated changes in OC concentration-discharge (C-Q) relations. This study examined changes in C-Q relations for total organic carbon (TOC) from 1973 to 2019 in 8 rivers in New England, USA. TOC concentrations declined in all rivers, and in most rivers, and in most seasons, the slope of the C-Q relation increased between 1973 to 1995 and 1996 to 2019. The increase in C-Q slope between periods may be related to changes in the magnitude of TOC sources. The most likely sources to have changed are wastewater inputs, urban runoff, production through photosynthesis in aquatic systems, and runoff from agricultural and forestry practices. Changes in wetland abundance and changes in sulfate concentrations can be ruled out as drivers of the observed changes in C-Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Huntington
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, 196 Whitten Rd., Augusta, ME 04330, USA.
| | - Michael E Wieczorek
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, 5522 Research Park Drive, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
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13
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Choi JH, Kim JG, Kim HB, Shin DH, Baek K. Dual radicals-enhanced wet chemical oxidation of non-biodegradable chemicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123746. [PMID: 33113729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC) has been suggested and utilized as an index of organic matter in aqueous phases. The overall performance of TOC is highly dependent on the method of oxidation of organic matter to carbon dioxide, such as high-temperature combustion (HTC) and wet chemical oxidation (WCO). HTC requires more energy and maintenance cost, it is a major barrier to the field application. In contrast, WCO is more suitable for the application of on-line monitoring systems due to requiring lower energy and easy maintenance. However, WCO shows lower oxidation than HTC, thus, oxidation performance should be improved for the application to the field. In this study, a dual radical system (DRS), including sulfate and hydroxyl radicals, was proposed to enhance oxidation ability. The DRS uses alkaline pH and persulfate to generate sulfate radicals, which have been used to activate hydroxyl radicals and oxidize organic matter. The oxidation mechanism for the DRS has been verified using model chemicals with different reaction rate constants. The applicability of the DRS has been confirmed using authentic wastewater with a high concentration of chloride. In this study, the DRS showed similar performance compared to the HTC within 10 % error range. The DRS shows similar oxidation performance with HTC even at a high concentration of chloride. DRS did not show interference by the presence of chloride up to 30,000 mg/L of chloride. Results of this study indicate that the DRS can enhance overall oxidation performance compared to the conventional WCO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Choi
- Department of Environment & Energy and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Shin
- Department of Environment & Energy and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment & Energy and Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Liu S, Wang D, Zhu C, Zhou D. Effect of Straw Return on Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Paddy Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:211-217. [PMID: 32852567 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Straw return, as an important agricultural management measure, is receiving growing attention. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) can be produced when subsurface soil interacts with oxygen, but the effects of straw incorporation on •OH formation have rarely been evaluated. In this study, we found that straw return had a significant effect on soil properties. Soil pH and redox potential (Eh) decreased while electronic conductivity (EC) showed an increment. Dissolved organic carbon content of soil initially increased and then decreased to the same level as the control by the end of the experiment of 120 days. Moreover, Fe(II) formation was promoted by straw return under anaerobic conditions. •OH was produced in the flooded paddy soil when exposed to oxygen, which correlated well with Fe(II) content. The effect of rape (Brassica campestris L.) straw on •OH formation rate was more evident as compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw, suggesting a potentially more profound influence of rape straw return on pollutant transformation in paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Kadjeski M, Fasching C, Xenopoulos MA. Synchronous Biodegradability and Production of Dissolved Organic Matter in Two Streams of Varying Land Use. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:568629. [PMID: 33304327 PMCID: PMC7701103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.568629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is driven by land use, microbial activity, and seasonal variation in hydrology and water temperature, and, in turn, its microbial bioavailability is expected to vary due to differences in its composition. It is commonly assumed that DOM of terrestrial origin is resistant to microbial activity because it is composed of more complex aromatic compounds. However, the effect of DOM sources on the microbial reworking and degradation of the DOM pool remains debated. We performed laboratory incubation experiments to examine how temporal changes in DOM composition influence its microbial biodegradability in two contrasting streams (agricultural and forested) in southern Ontario, Canada. Despite a more allochthonous-like DOM signature in the forest stream and a more autochthonous-like DOM signature in the agriculture stream, we found that biodegradation and production of DOC were the same in both streams and synchronous throughout the sampling period. However, the initial DOM composition impacted how the DOM pool changed upon degradation. During the incubations, both autochthonous-like and allochthonous-like fractions of the DOM pool increased. We also found that a greater change in DOM composition during the incubations induced higher degradation of carbon. Finally, temporal variation in DOC biodegradation and production over time or across streams was not related to DOM composition, although there was a significant relationship between BDOC and nutrient concentrations in the agriculture stream. This observation potentially challenges the notion that DOM origin predicts its bioavailability and suggests that broad environmental factors shape DOC consumption and production in aquatic ecosystems. More research is needed to better understand the drivers of microbial biodegradability in streams, as this ultimately determines the fate of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Kadjeski
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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16
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Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Photolysis and photocatalysis of haloacetic acids in water: A review of kinetics, influencing factors, products, pathways, and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122143. [PMID: 32045801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are a group of pollutants ubiquitous in natural environment and anthropogenic systems, and therefore in need of control. Photolysis and photocatalysis techniques via ultraviolet (UV)-based technologies have held promise for decades in degrading organic molecules in water, but their capacities in removing HAAs remain to be explored. To better understand the trends in the existing literature and to identify the knowledge gaps that may merit further exploration, this review compares the HAAs photodegradation kinetics, influencing factors, reaction products, pathways, and mechanisms for a variety of UV technologies. The selected UV processes are classified into three types: UV-only photolysis, photooxidation, and photoreduction. Overall, although trends vary significantly depending upon many factors, the photo-susceptibility of HAAs always increases with rising molecular weight of substituted halogen atom(s), with those chlorinated HAAs being the most refractory species. Notably, while many processes proved hydroxyl radical (OH) as the forcing driver, the patterns of kinetics among HAAs were not consistent among processes, suggesting that OH was not the only driver. Compared to earlier studies focusing on specific technologies to treat numerous contaminants through a material perspective, this review commits to understanding the commonalities and differences among multiple UV-based technologies in treating only one group of compound mainly via a chemistry viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
| | - Yinan Bu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, United States
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17
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A Novel Procedure of Total Organic Carbon Analysis for Water Samples Containing Suspended Solids with Alkaline Extraction and Homogeneity Evaluation by Turbidity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113901. [PMID: 32486395 PMCID: PMC7311996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop and validate a more reliable total organic carbon (TOC) analytical procedure for water samples containing suspended solids (SS). The effects of the combined ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment (CULA) on the TOC measurement were studied in water samples containing SS from three origins (algae, sewage particles, and soil) under different analytical conditions (SS concentration, oxidation methods, and sieve size). The applicability of turbidity as a homogeneity index was also evaluated. With CULA, TOC recovery remained high (> 80%) for SS concentration ranges up to four times larger than ultrasonic pretreatment alone (UL) due to enhanced particulate organic carbon (POC) solubilization, and did not significantly differ depending on the oxidation methods, at low SS concentrations, or with varying sieve sizes. In particular, the turbidity change rate (i.e., NTU5/NTU0) of the pretreated water sample showed a high correlation with TOC precision (r2 = 0.73, p < 0.01), which suggests that turbidity can be used as an indicator of sample homogeneity. A novel TOC analytical procedure is expected to be useful for more accurate assessments of the impact of particulate pollutants on water quality than current methods, and for the analysis of the carbon cycle, including POCs, in the environment.
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18
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Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Zhu R. Some issues limiting photo(cata)lysis application in water pollutant control: A critical review from chemistry perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115605. [PMID: 32078833 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For decades, photolysis and photocatalysis have been touted as promising environment-benign and robust technologies to degrade refractory pollutants from water. However, extensive, large-scale engineering applications remain limited now. To facilitate the technology transfer process, earlier reviews have advocated to developing more cost-effective and innocuous materials, maximizing efficiency of photon usage, and optimizing photoreactor systems, mostly from material and reactor improvement perspectives. However, there are also some fundamental yet critical chemistry issues in photo(cata)lysis processes demanding more in-depth understanding and more careful consideration. Hence, this review summarizes some of these challenges. Of them, the first and paramount issue is the interference of coexisting compounds, including dissolved organic matter, anions, cations, and spiked additives. Secondly, considerable concerns are pointed to the formation of undesirable reaction by-products, such as halogenated, nitrogenous, and sulfur-containing compounds, which might increase instead of reduce toxicity of water if inadequate fluence and catalyst/additive are supplied due to time and cost constraints. Lastly, a critical issue lies in the uncertainty of current approaches used for identifying and quantifying radicals, especially when multiple radicals coexist together under changing and interconvertible conditions. The review hence highlights the needs to better understand these fundamental chemistry issues and meanwhile calls for more delicate design of experiments in future studies to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yinan Bu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, United States
| | - Rongshu Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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19
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Lee HS, Hur J, Shin HS. Enhancing the total organic carbon measurement efficiency for water samples containing suspended solids using alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 90:20-28. [PMID: 32081316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of sample pretreatments (ultrasonication and alkaline extraction) on total organic carbon (TOC) measurements for water samples containing suspended solids (SS) of four different origins (algae, soil, sewage sludge, and leaf litter) to more clearly assess the impact of particulate organic carbon (POC) in water. The effects each of ultrasonication (power, pulse, etc.) and alkaline extraction condition (concentration, time, etc.) on the TOC recovery and precision were investigated, and the results were compared with those of a new sample pretreatment method combining both methods. Alkaline treatment (0.01 mol/L NaOH) showed higher precision than ultrasonication (100/5 on/off pulse), and notably, the differences among the measured TOC values in samples of different origins were also further reduced in the alkaline treatment. This suggests that the ultrasonic pretreatment results can be mainly attributed to the increase in POC recovery through particle size reduction, whereas the alkaline treatment results are achieved through the enhancement of POC solubilization. It is also particularly noteworthy that a higher TOC recovery of 87.6% ± 7.4% with a higher precision of 8.4% could be obtained using the combined method, compared to each treatment (ultrasonic: TOC recovery 34.7%, relative standard deviation 63.1%; alkaline: 49.6% and 23.0%, respectively). Thus, simultaneous pretreatment with ultrasonication and alkaline extraction is expected to increase the oxidation rate of organic matter and the homogeneity of the samples, minimizing the loss of POC measurement values, and thereby improving the reliability of the TOC measurements of water samples containing SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Saem Lee
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
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20
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Kim HB, Kim JG, Choi JH, Kwon EE, Baek K. Photo-induced redox coupling of dissolved organic matter and iron in biochars and soil system: Enhanced mobility of arsenic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1037-1043. [PMID: 31466144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) elucidated from biochars enhances the dissolution of iron oxides and reduction of iron. However, given that reduction mechanism of iron (Fe(III)) in the practical biochar applications for soil amendment and environmental remediation have not been fully elucidated, this study laid great emphasis on the photo-induced Fe(II) liberated from DOM-Fe(III) complexes. Thus, pyrolysis of biomass was carried out at 300 °C to maximize DOM release from biochars. Moreover, three different biomass samples (rice straw (R), granular sludge (G) from an anaerobic digester, and spent coffee grounds (C)) were chosen as carbon substrates for biochars preparation. To demonstrate the transformation of Fe(III), 1 and 5 wt% biochar was applied to the clean (S1) and arsenic-contaminated (S2) soil with/without the light. The results indicate that the light condition produces more Fe(II). The amount of Fe(II) accounts for 25.3, 28.6, and 30.7% of total iron under the light with 5 wt% GB, RB, and CB in S1, and 10.6, 13.1, and 13.8% in S2. This study demonstrates that Fe(II) is generated more under ultraviolet irradiation than visible light and dark condition. In addition, a control experiment without biochar showed that DOM plays an important role in the reduction of Fe(III). The mobility of arsenic increased under the light condition since the intermediates of DOM photo-degradation accelerates the dissolution of iron oxides and arsenic competes with DOM for the adsorption. Therefore, there was no significant correlation between the elution of arsenic and the formation of Fe(II) during the reductive dissolution of iron oxide under the light condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kim HB, Kim JG, Kim SH, Kwon EE, Baek K. Consecutive reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(II) formed through photo-reaction of iron-dissolved organic matter originated from biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:231-238. [PMID: 31310873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Employing biochar for environmental remediation has been widely practiced. Nonetheless, the reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the presence of biochar have not been fully elucidated (i.e., direct or indirect reduction of Cr(VI) by biochar). In particular, the effect of light on Cr(VI) reduction by biochar was rarely reported. Thus, to clarify the reduction mechanisms of Cr(VI) by biochar at the fundamental level, this study laid great emphasis on the photo-induced reduction of Cr(VI) in the application of biochar. Biochar releases dissolved organic matter (DOM), the DOM can extract Fe(III) from soil by complexation, and the complexes can be photo-reacted under the light. In these respects, Fe(II) formed by the photo-induced reaction of DOM-Fe(III) was particularly evaluated in this study. To evaluate that, three biomass samples (rice straw, granular sludge from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, and spent coffee ground) were torrefied to biochar. To circumvent the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto biochar, biochar extractives (served as a source for DOM) and Fe(III) solution were tested with/without UV light to prove Fe(II) formation. This study experimentally proved that the more Fe(II) under the UV radiation was formed in the co-existence with biochar extractives and Fe(III). All experimental data from three biochar samples were indeed very similar. Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) from GB, RB, and CB reached up to 96, 79, and 100%, respectively. The different reduction efficiency signified that the low molecular weight of organic acids, such as oxalate, were more sensitive to the UV light, thereby resulting in the enhanced Fe(II) formation. Such Fe(II) formation subsequently led to the high reduction efficiency of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- K-WATER, Water Quality Center, Daejeon 34350, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kim JG, Park SM, Lee ME, Kwon EE, Baek K. Photocatalytic co-oxidation of As(III) and Orange G using urea-derived g-C 3N 4 and persulfate. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:193-199. [PMID: 30144680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Urea was thermally degraded to be transformed into graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and the fabricated charring compound was aimed to use a photocatalyst for the simultaneous removal of Orange G (OG) and trivalent arsenic (As(III)) through photocatalytic oxidation. This study experimentally revealed that the degradation of OG substantially restricted the oxidation performance for As(III). To mitigate the unwanted inhibition arising from the decomposition of OG, persulfate (PS) was intentionally added, which synergistically expedited the reaction kinetics for governing the oxidation performance for both OG and As(III). Hydroxyl radicals formed in the presence of g-C3N4 become a driving force for PS to expedited sulfate radicals, which substantially increased the oxidation of OG and As(III). The intrinsic structure of g-C3N4 enhancing the photocatalytic stability guaranteed the re-usability of the photocatalyst. For instance, the fabricated photocatalyst in this study exhibited the same oxidation performance at least three times. Despite the intrinsic charring compound (i.e., high porosity), this study reported that the synthesized catalyst did not adsorb As species, therefore, the further treatment is required to remove the oxidized As. Thus, all experimental findings suggest that g-C3N4 derived from urea and PS could synergistically co-oxidize azo dye compound and As(III) from the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Eun Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Kim HB, Kim SH, Jeon EK, Kim DH, Tsang DCW, Alessi DS, Kwon EE, Baek K. Effect of dissolved organic carbon from sludge, Rice straw and spent coffee ground biochar on the mobility of arsenic in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1241-1248. [PMID: 29913586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, studies on the mobility of arsenic (As) in soil amended with biochar have primarily relied on broad empirical observations, resulting in a gap between the behavior of As in amended soil and the chemical mechanisms controlling that behavior. This study focuses on the influence of abiotic factors in As mobility in As-contaminated soils amended with biochar. In order to understand the leaching of DOC and phosphate across a range of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis temperature, rice straw and granular sludge from an anaerobic digester were pyrolyzed at 300, 550, and 700 °C, and subjected to leaching studies by mixing air dried soil with 10 wt% of biochar at a soil: water ratio of 1:1(w/v). The concentration of DOC in the presence of granular sludge biochar and rice straw biochar increased from 190 mg L-1 to 2605 mg L-1 and 1192 mg L-1, respectively, which considerable accelerated the mobilization of Fe and As. More specifically, DOC drove the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). Our results suggest enhanced release of As via the reductive dissolution of iron oxides, including by the chelating-enhanced dissolution of Fe oxides, and competitive desorption by DOC and phosphate from biochar. The influence of DOC and phosphate was further evaluated using realistic application amounts (1, 3, and 5 wt%) of biochars derived from pyrolysis of granular sludge, rice straw and spent coffee ground at 300 and 550 °C. The results from these experiments further confirm that DOC is a key factor for influencing the mobility of As in the amendment of biochar to As-contaminated soil, which indicates that biochar having low levels of leachable carbon should be amended to As-contaminated soils, and with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ki Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, Seoul 03367, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Soil Environment Research Center, Chonbuk National University,Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 57896, Republic of Korea.
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