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Padioleau A, Cariou R, Guiffard I, Le Bizec B, Escher BI, Antignac JP, Dervilly G. Non-targeted analysis of lipidic extracts by high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterise the chemical exposome: Comparison of four clean-up strategies applied to egg. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123963. [PMID: 38101287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biota samples are used to monitor chemical stressors and their impact on the ecosystem and to describe dietary chemical exposure. These complex matrices require an extraction step followed by clean-up to avoid damaging sensitive analytical instruments based on chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. While interest for non-targeted analysis (NTA) is increasing, there is no versatile or generic sample preparation for a wide range of contaminants suitable for a diversity of biotic matrices. Among the contaminants' variety, persistent contaminants are mostly hydrophobic (mid- to non-polar) and bio-magnify through the lipidic fraction. During their extraction, lipids are generally co-extracted, which may cause matrix effect during the analysis such as hindering the acquired signal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four clean-up methods to selectively remove lipids from extracts prior to NTA. We evaluated (i) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (ii) Captiva EMR-lipid cartridge (EMR), (iii) sulphuric acid degradation (H2SO4) and (iv) polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) for their efficiency to remove lipids from hen egg extracts. Gas and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry fitted with either electron ionisation or electrospray ionisation sources operating in positive and negative modes were used to determine the performances of the clean-up methods. A set of 102 chemicals with a wide range of physico-chemical properties that covers the chemical space of mid- to non-polar contaminants, was used to assess and compare recoveries and matrix effects. Matrix effects, that could hinder the mass spectrometer signal, were lower for extracts cleaned-up with H2SO4 than for the ones cleaned-up with PDMS, EMR and GPC. The recoveries were satisfactory for both GPC and EMR while those determined for PDMS and H2SO4 were low due to poor partitioning and degradation/dissociation of the compounds, respectively. The choice of the clean-up methods, among those assessed, should be a compromise that takes into account the matrix under consideration, the levels and the physico-chemical properties of the contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beate I Escher
- Department Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Salim EI, Abdel-Halim KY, El-Mahalawy ME, Badr HA, Ahmed H. Tissue Distribution, Pharmacokinetics, and Effect of Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Acute Intravenous Administration of Silver Nanoparticles in Rats. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:29. [PMID: 38202484 PMCID: PMC10780562 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The widespread biomedical and commercial applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have increased their potential for human and environmental exposure and toxicity to human health. The bio-distribution and toxicity of AgNPs in rodents following inhalation, intratracheal instillation, and oral ingestion are well documented; however, little is known about the bio-distribution of intravenously (IV)-administered AgNPs and their organ-specific pathophysiological effects. Here, we investigate the pharmacokinetic pattern and tissue distribution of AgNPs in male rats following IV administration. The animals were humanely sacrificed after 10 min, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 168 h of AgNP administration, and the silver (Ag) content was measured from blood samples and various tissues following acid digestion. The AgNPs were readily absorbed and subsequently distributed into most organs predominantly in the colon, small intestine, kidney, and heart after 6 h; however, they were the highest in the spinal cord after 168 h. White blood cells (WBCs) were significantly increased (42-60%) in AgNP-administered animals at all time points except 10 min. Regarding platelets, all AgNP-administered animals showed counts 7.8-39.2% lower, with the lowest count at 168 h post-administration. In the case of lymphocytes (LYMs), the AgNP-treated animals exhibited a count 19.5-41% lower at 10 min and 1 h post-administration; however, the animals at 168 h post-administration showed a count 30.5% more. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) counts from the AgNP-treated animals were decreased by 50-62%. The concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST), urea, and creatinine were increased in the AgNP-treated animals. Taken together, the results suggest that the acute IV administration of AgNPs alters metabolic and hematological parameters in animals and may pose a health risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed I. Salim
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (E.I.S.); (M.E.E.-M.)
| | - Khaled Y. Abdel-Halim
- Mammalian & Aquatic Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory (CAPL), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Mostafa E. El-Mahalawy
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (E.I.S.); (M.E.E.-M.)
| | - Haitham A. Badr
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA
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Reiter EB, Escher BI, Rojo-Nieto E, Nolte H, Siebert U, Jahnke A. Characterizing the marine mammal exposome by iceberg modeling, linking chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1802-1816. [PMID: 37132588 PMCID: PMC10647987 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study complements work on mixture effects measured with in vitro bioassays of passive equilibrium sampling extracts using the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in organs from marine mammals with chemical profiling. Blubber, liver, kidney and brain tissues of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and orca (Orcinus orca) from the North and Baltic Seas were investigated. We analyzed 117 chemicals including legacy and emerging contaminants using gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and quantified 70 of those chemicals in at least one sample. No systematic differences between the organs were found. Only for single compounds a clear distribution pattern was observed. For example, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, enzacamene and etofenprox were mainly detected in blubber, whereas tonalide and the hexachlorocyclohexanes were more often found in liver. Furthermore, we compared the chemical profiling with the bioanalytical results using an iceberg mixture model, evaluating how much of the biological effect could be explained by the analyzed chemicals. The mixture effect predicted from the quantified chemical concentrations explained 0.014-83% of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor activating effect (AhR-CALUX), but less than 0.13% for the activation of the oxidative stress response (AREc32) and peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ). The quantified chemicals also explained between 0.044-45% of the cytotoxic effect measured with the AhR-CALUX. The largest fraction of the observed effect was explained for the orca, which was the individuum with the highest chemical burden. This study underlines that chemical analysis and bioassays are complementary to comprehensively characterize the mixture exposome of marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Reiter
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hannah Nolte
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstr. 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Rojo-Nieto E, Jahnke A. Chemometers: an integrative tool for chemical assessment in multimedia environments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3193-3205. [PMID: 36826793 PMCID: PMC10013656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose novel chemometers - passive equilibrium samplers of, e.g., silicone - as an integrative tool for the assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds in multimedia environments. The traditional way of assessing levels of organic pollutants across different environmental compartments is to compare the chemical concentration normalized to the major sorptive phase in two or more media. These sorptive phases for hydrophobic organic compounds differ between compartments, e.g., lipids in biota and organic carbon in sediments. Hence, comparability across media can suffer due to differences in sorptive capacities, but also extraction protocols and bioavailability. Chemometers overcome these drawbacks; they are a common, universal and well-defined polymer reference phase for sampling of a large range of nonpolar organic pollutants in different matrices like biota, sediment and water. When bringing the chemometer into direct contact with the sample, the chemicals partition between the sample and the polymer until thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning is established. At equilibrium, the chemical concentrations in the chemometers can be determined and directly compared between media, e.g., between organisms of different trophic levels or inhabiting different areas, between organs within an organism or between biotic and abiotic compartments, amongst others. Chemometers hence allow expressing the data on a common basis, as the equilibrium partitioning concentrations in the polymer, circumventing normalizations. The approach is based on chemical activity rather than total concentrations, and as such, gives a measure of the "effective concentration" of a compound or a mixture. Furthermore, chemical activity is the main driver for partitioning, biouptake and toxicity. As an additional benefit, the extracts of the chemometers only require limited cleanup efforts, avoiding introduction of a bias between chemicals of different persistence, and can be submitted to both chemical analysis and/or bioanalytical profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Ramírez DG, Narváez Valderrama JF, Palacio Tobón CA, García JJ, Echeverri JD, Sobotka J, Vrana B. Occurrence, sources, and spatial variation of POPs in a mountainous tropical drinking water supply basin by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120904. [PMID: 36565914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widely distributed along the world and their levels in surface waters may pose a risk to human health due to consumption of contaminated water or fish long-term exposure to contaminated water. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Piedras river (Colombia) is a problem of serious concern since freshwater is conducted to a drinking water supply system that provides more than 3 million users. In this research, we deployed silicone rubber membranes as passive samplers in two sampling campaigns at seven sampling stations selected along the river, to assess sources and spatial variation of POPs. The measurements confirmed freely dissolved concentration of the EPA prioritized PAHs (excluding naphthalene), PCBs, heptachlor isomers, dieldrin, endosulfan isomers, among other POPs at trace levels in the water source. The Risk Quotient (RQ) method was applied to prioritize POPs with the highest potential toxicity over aquatic ecosystems. The OCP Heptachlor overcome RQ, while Dieldrin and Endosulfan, and some PAHs congeners such as Perylene, Pyrene, Benzo[a]pyrene, and Fluoranthene displayed medium-risk RQ. Significant differences between sampling stations assessed by One-way ANOVA suggested that the main PAHs and PCBs sources to the river were the punctual discharge from the WWTP and a leachate discharge form a landfill located in the study area. Additionally, nonpoint sources of OCPs were identified. Our results showed that the origin of PAHs and PCBs are associated with urban activities, while the contribution of OCPs is related to the presence of legacy pesticides from past usage in agricultural activities in the basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gil Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53 - 108, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Ingeniar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jhon Fredy Narváez Valderrama
- Grupo de Investigación Ingeniar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Alberto Palacio Tobón
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53 - 108, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan José García
- Grupo de Investigación Ingeniar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Echeverri
- Corporación Autónoma Regional de los Ríos Negro y Nare CORNARE, Carrera 59 No. 44 - 48, El Santuario, Colombia
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wernicke T, Rojo-Nieto E, Paschke A, Nogueira Tavares C, Brauns M, Jahnke A. Exploring the partitioning of hydrophobic organic compounds between water, suspended particulate matter and diverse fish species in a German river ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2022; 34:66. [PMID: 35946043 PMCID: PMC9355927 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) along freshwater food chains is a major environmental concern as top predators in food webs are relevant for human consumption. To characterize and manage the associated risks, considerable numbers of organisms are sampled regularly for monitoring purposes. However, ethical and financial issues call for an alternative, more generic and more robust approach for assessing the internal exposure of fish that circumvents large variability in biota sampling due to interindividual differences. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) offer a fugacity-based approach for pollutant enrichment from different abiotic environmental compartments with a subsequent estimation of bioaccumulation in fish which we explored and compared to HOC concentrations in fish as determined using traditional approaches. RESULTS In this study, concentrations in silicone-based PSDs applied to the water phase and suspended particulate matter (SPM) of a river polluted with HOCs were used to estimate the concentration in model lipids at thermodynamic equilibrium with either environmental compartment. For comparison, muscle tissue of seven fish species (trophic level 1.8 to 2.8) was extracted using traditional exhaustive solvent extraction, and the lipid-normalized concentrations of HOCs were determined. The PSD-based data from SPM proved to be a more conservative estimator for HOCs accumulated in fish than those from water. Body length of the fish was found to be more suitable to describe increasing accumulation of HOCs than their trophic level as derived from stable isotope analysis and might offer a suitable alternative for future studies. CONCLUSIONS By combining fugacity-based sampling in the abiotic environment, translation into corresponding concentrations in model lipids and body length as an indicator for increasing bioaccumulation in fish, we present a suggestion for a robust approach that may be a meaningful addition to conventional monitoring methods. This approach potentially increases the efficiency of existing monitoring programs without the need to regularly sacrifice vertebrate species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00644-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wernicke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Nogueira Tavares
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Conservation Biology & Social-Ecological Systems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Brauns
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Machate O, Schmeller DS, Loyau A, Paschke A, Krauss M, Carmona E, Schulze T, Moyer A, Lutz K, Brack W. Complex chemical cocktail, containing insecticides diazinon and permethrin, drives acute toxicity to crustaceans in mountain lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154456. [PMID: 35283126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mountain lakes have long been perceived as pristine environments. However, atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been shown to expose these sensitive ecosystems to chemical pollution. Little is known on how this pollution impacts aquatic ecosystems at high altitudes. We combined passive sampling with liquid and gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC- and GC-HRMS) to screen the water of eight lakes in three different regions of the French Pyrenees. In total, we screened for 479 organic chemicals including POPs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), legacy and current-use pesticides, biocides, and musk fragrances. We detected a complex cocktail of 151 individual chemicals and used their toxic unit summation (ΣTU) to assess toxicity for crustaceans and algae. While risks for algae never reached chronic risks, this was always the case for crustaceans. Acute toxic risk thresholds for crustaceans were even exceeded in several of our sites. At sites with acute toxic risk levels (> 0.1 ΣTU) crustaceans were completely absent or showed a low abundance. We conclude that crustaceans were at least partly impacted by the high toxic risks driven by the insecticides diazinon and permethrin. These drugs are widely used to protect livestock from blue tongue disease transmitted by sucking insects, suggesting free roaming livestock as local source. Our results provide important evidence on toxic chemical pollution in relatively remote mountain areas, with important consequences for aquatic mountain ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Machate
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Department of Biology, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk S Schmeller
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| | - Adeline Loyau
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France; Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhütte 2, Stechlin D-16775, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Eric Carmona
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alessandra Moyer
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132-1722, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lutz
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132-1722, United States of America
| | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Effect Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse, 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Jonker MTO. Polyethylene-Water and Polydimethylsiloxane-Water Partition Coefficients for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Influence of Polymer Source and Proposed Best Available Values. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1370-1380. [PMID: 35322897 PMCID: PMC9325362 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For most passive sampling applications, the availability of accurate passive sampler-water partition coefficients (Kp-w ) is of key importance. Unfortunately, a huge variability exists in literature Kp-w values, in particular for hydrophobic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This variability is a major source of concern in the passive sampling community, which would benefit from high-quality Kp-w data. Hence, in the present study "best available" PAH and PCB Kp-w values are proposed for the two most often applied passive sampling materials, that is, low-density polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), based on (1) a critical assessment of existing literature data, and (2) new Kp-w determinations for polyethylene and PDMS, with both polymers coming in six different versions (suppliers, thicknesses). The experimental results indicated that Kp-w values for PDMS are independent of the source, thus allowing straightforward standardization. In contrast, Kp-w values for polyethylene from different sources differed by up to 30%. Defining best available Kp-w values for this polymer therefore may require standardization of the polymer source. Application of the proposed best available Kp-w values will substantially improve the accuracy of freely dissolved concentration results by users and the potential for comparisons across laboratories. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1370-1380. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Glanzmann V, Booij K, Reymond N, Weyermann C, Estoppey N. Determining the Mass Transfer Coefficient of the Water Boundary Layer at the Surface of Aquatic Integrative Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6391-6398. [PMID: 35420785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling devices (PSDs) offer key benefits for monitoring chemical water quality, but the uptake process of PSDs for hydrophilic compounds still needs to be better understood. Determining mass transfer coefficients of the water boundary layer (kw) during calibration experiments and in situ monitoring would contribute toward achieving this; it allows for combining calibration data obtained at different temperature and hydrodynamic conditions and facilitate the translation of laboratory-derived calibration data to field exposure. This study compared two kw measurement methods applied to extraction disk housings (Chemcatcher), namely, alabaster dissolution and dissipation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) from silicone. Alabaster- and PRC-based kw were measured at four flow velocities (5-40 cm s-1) and two temperatures (11 and 20 °C) in a channel system. Data were compared using a relationship based on Sherwood, Reynolds, and Schmidt numbers. Good agreement was observed between data obtained at both temperatures, and for the two methods. Data were well explained by a model for mass transfer to a flat plate under laminar flow. It was slightly adapted to provide a semi-empirical model accounting for the effects of housing design on hydrodynamics. The use of PRC-spiked silicone to obtain in situ integrative kw for Chemcatcher-type PSDs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vick Glanzmann
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kees Booij
- PaSOC, Greate Pierwei 25, 8821 LV Kimswerd, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Reymond
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Estoppey
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Zhou M, Yang H, Li H, Gu L, Zhou Y, Li M. The effects of molecular weight and orientation on the membrane permeation and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2158-2166. [PMID: 35005759 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane permeation and the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are crucial aspects affecting their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. However, a clear understanding of these processes is still rare due to the difficulty of determining the details experimentally. Here, the interactions between PAHs and lipid bilayers were studied by molecular simulations, mainly to check the influence of molecular weight and orientation. The liposome-water partition coefficient (KLW), transmembrane time (τ), and permeability coefficient (P) of the PAHs were calculated by integrating free energy profiles from umbrella sampling. For selected PAHs, the membrane adsorption is a spontaneous process. The preferred location is near the CC bond and the orientation is related to the molecular structure. The P values of all the PAHs are basically the same order of magnitude, which means that the molecular weight contributes little to the process. As for KLW and τ, they show obvious increases with different molecular weights. Unconstrained simulations showed that a flat orientation on the membrane surface would prevent PAHs from being transported through the membrane. Highly hydrophobic driving forces are not always good for the absorption of PAHs, especially the formation of aggregates. In addition, the orientations and energetic barriers of PAHs near the midplane of the lipid bilayer explain the different transitions of high- and low-weight PAHs. This work provides molecular level details relating to the interactions of PAHs with lipid membranes, with significance for understanding the health effects of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China.
| | - Huarong Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China.
| | - Lingzhi Gu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, Chinese Academy of Engineering and Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China.
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11
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Godéré M, Malleret L, Höhener P, Doumenq P. Passive sampling of chlorinated paraffins by silicone: Focus on diffusion and silicone-water partition coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132201. [PMID: 34509757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are under regulation through the European Water Framework Directive and were recently classified as POPs. Consecutively, the increasing use of middle-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) becomes of growing concern. Knowledge on the occurrence of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) is still scarce particularly in water phase. To achieve sufficient method sensitivity, the passive sampling approach, acting as a relevant alternative to usual grab sampling, has been considered only very recently for the monitoring of CPs in water. The present work aimed at determining the diffusion coefficients in silicone (Ds) and the silicone-water partition coefficients (Ksw) of various CP groups, having different chlorine contents and carbon chain lengths, in four commercial CP mixtures. Log Ds (-10.78 to -10.21) was found to vary little and to be high for the groups of CPs studied. Thus, their uptake in silicone is controlled by the water boundary layer, which allows to consider the release of performance and reference compounds for in-field estimation of the sampling rate. Moreover, CPs partitioned strongly towards silicone rubbers. Both the chlorination degree and the carbon chain length of CPs cause large uncertainties in the partitioning between silicone and water (log Ksw between 4.85 and 6.30), indicating that instead of an average value, differentiated Ksw should be used to estimate aqueous CPs more accurately. Even so, the probable influence of chlorine atoms position on polarity and partitioning may be an argument for favoring sampling in the kinetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Godéré
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France
| | - Laure Malleret
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France.
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France
| | - Pierre Doumenq
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, France
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12
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Zhu T, Chen W, Jafvert CT, Fu D, Cheng H, Chen M, Wang Y. Development of novel experimental and modelled low density polyethylene (LDPE)-water partition coefficients for a range of hydrophobic organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118223. [PMID: 34583266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about partitioning constants of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) between the polymer and aqueous phases is critical for assessing chemical environmental fate and transport. The conventional experimental method is characterized by large discrepancies in the measured values due to the limited water solubility of HOCs and other associated issues. In the current work, a novel three-phase partitioning system was evaluated to determine accurate low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-water partition coefficients (KPE-w). By adding sufficient surfactant (Brij 30) to form the micellar pseudo-phase within the polymer/water system, the KPE-w values were obtained from a combination of two experimentally measured values, that is, the micelle-water partition coefficient (Kmic-w) and the LDPE-micelle partition coefficient (KPE-mic). The method presented here is capable of shortening the equilibration time to half a month, and avoiding defects of the traditional method with respect to directly measured aqueous phase concentrations. Herein, the KPE-w values were determined for HOCs with little errors. Meanwhile, based on the 120 experimental KPE-w data, several in silico models were also developed as valid extrapolation tools to estimate missing or uncertain values. Analysis of the underlying solubility interactions in the nonionic surfactant micelles were investigated, providing additional support for the reliability of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, and Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Haomiao Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping, Lanzhou, 730050, China
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13
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Zhu T, Chen W, Gu Y, Jafvert CT, Fu D. Polyethylene-water partition coefficients for polychlorinated biphenyls: Application of QSPR predictions models with experimental validation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117799. [PMID: 34731669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The water environmental recalcitrance and ecotoxicity caused by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are international issues of common concern. The partition coefficients with PCBs between low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and water (KPE-w) are significant to assess their environmental transport and/or fate in aquatic environment. Even moderately hydrophobic PCBs, however, possess large KPE-w values, which makes directly experimental measurement labored. Here, based on the combination of quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) and machine-learning algorithms, 10 in-silico models are developed to provide a quick estimate of KPE-w. These models exhibit good goodness-of-fit (R2adj: 0.919-0.975), robustness (Q2LOO: 0.870-0.954) and external prediction performances (Q2ext: 0.880-0.971), providing a speedy feasibility to close data gaps for limited or absent experimental information, especially the RF-2 model. Particularly, an additional experimental verification is performed for models by a rapid and accurate three-phase system (aqueous phase, surfactant micelles and LDPE). The results of the experiments for 16 PCBs show the modeling results agree well with experimental values, within or approaching the residuals of ± 0.3 log unit. Mechanism interpretations imply that the number of chlorine atoms and ortho-substituted chlorines are the great effect parameters for KPE-w. This result also heightens interest in measuring and predicting the KPE-w values of chemicals containing halogen atoms in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, P.R.China.
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R.China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, P.R.China
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, and Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R.China
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14
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Amato ED, Pfeiffer F, Estoppey N, Subotic D, Herweyers L, Breugelmans T, Weyn M, Du Bois E, Dardenne F, Covaci A, Town RM, Blust R. Field application of a novel active-passive sampling technique for the simultaneous measurement of a wide range of contaminants in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130598. [PMID: 33901895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A first test of the field capabilities of a novel in situ sampling technique combining active and passive sampling (APS) was conducted in the sea. The proof-of-concept device uses a pump to draw water into a diffusion cell where dissolved target substances are accumulated onto sorbents which are selective for different classes of contaminants (i.e., metal cations, polar and non-polar organic compounds), simultaneously. A controlled laminar flow established in the diffusion cell enables measurements of contaminant concentrations that are fully independent from the hydrodynamic conditions in the bulk solution. APS measurements were consistent with those obtained using conventional passive sampling techniques such as organic diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) and silicone rubber (SR) samplers (generally < 40% difference), taking into account the prevailing hydrodynamic conditions. The use of performance reference compounds (PRC) for hydrophobic contaminants provided additional information. Field measurements of metal ions in seawater showed large variability due to issues related to the device configuration. An improved field set-up deployed in supplementary freshwater mesocosm experiments provided metal speciation data that was consistent with passive sampling measurements (DGT), taking into account the hydrodynamic conditions. Overall, the results indicate that the APS technique provides a promising approach for the determination of a wide range of contaminants simultaneously, and independently from the hydrodynamic conditions in the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio D Amato
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Fabienne Pfeiffer
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Estoppey
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Subotic
- Internet and Data Lab (IDLab), University of Antwerp - Imec, Belgium
| | - Laure Herweyers
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Research Group Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten Weyn
- Internet and Data Lab (IDLab), University of Antwerp - Imec, Belgium
| | - Els Du Bois
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Freddy Dardenne
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raewyn M Town
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Baumer A, Jäsch S, Ulrich N, Bechmann I, Landmann J, Escher BI. Kinetics of Equilibrium Passive Sampling of Organic Chemicals with Polymers in Diverse Mammalian Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9097-9108. [PMID: 34143604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium passive sampling employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a sampling phase can be used for the extraction of complex mixtures of organic chemicals from lipid-rich biota. We extended the method to lean tissues and more hydrophilic chemicals by implementing a mass-balance model for partitioning between lipids, proteins, and water in tissues and by accelerating uptake kinetics with a custom-built stirrer that effectively decreased time to equilibrium to less than 8 days even for a homogenized liver tissue with an only 4% lipid content. The partition constants log Klipid/PDMS between tissues and PDMS were derived from measured concentration in PDMS and the mass-balance model and were very similar for 40 neutral chemicals with octanol-water partition constants 1.4 < log Kow < 8.7, that is, log Klipid/PDMS of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.13-1.39) for the adipose tissue, 1.16 (1.00-1.33) for the liver, and 0.58 (0.42-0.73) for the brain. This conversion factor can be applied to interpret chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays after additionally accounting for a small fraction of coextracted lipids of <0.7% of the PDMS weight. PDMS is more widely applicable for passive sampling of mammalian tissues than previously thought, both, in terms of diversity of chemicals and the range of lipid contents of tissues and, therefore, an ideal method for human biomonitoring to be combined with in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baumer
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Jäsch
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Department of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Landmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Booij K. Passive Sampler Exchange Kinetics in Large and Small Water Volumes Under Mixed Rate Control by Sorbent and Water Boundary Layer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1241-1254. [PMID: 33492717 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exchange kinetics of organic compounds between passive samplers and water can be partly or completely controlled by transport in the sorbent. In such cases diffusion models are needed. A model is discussed that is based on a series of cosines (space) and exponentials (time). The model applies to mixed rate control by sorbent and water boundary layer under conditions of fixed aqueous concentrations (open systems, infinite water volumes, in situ sampling) and fixed amounts (closed systems, finite water volumes, ex situ sampling). Details on the implementation of the model in computational software and spreadsheet programs are discussed, including numerical accuracy. Key parameters are Biot number (ratio of internal/external transfer resistance) and sorbent/water phase ratio. Small Biot numbers are always indicative of rate control by the water boundary layer, but for large Biot numbers this may still be the case over short time scales. Application to environmental monitoring of nonpolar compounds showed that diffusion models are rarely needed for sampling with commonly used single-phase polymers. For determining sorption coefficients in batch incubations, the model demonstrated a profound effect of sorbent/water phase ratio on time to equilibrium. Application of the model to sampling of polar organic compounds by extraction disks with or without a membrane showed that moderate to major sorbent-controlled kinetics is likely to occur. This implies that the use of sampling rate models for such samplers needs to be reconsidered. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1241-1254. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- Passive Sampling of Organic Compounds, Kimswerd, The Netherlands
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17
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Sun B, Liu J, Zhang YQ, Leungb KMY, Zeng EY. Leaching of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from microplastics in fish oil: Kinetics and bioaccumulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124726. [PMID: 33316664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) contain high levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which can leach to organism tissues upon ingestion, thereby leading to increased chemical exposure. However, leaching kinetics of inherent contaminants from ingested MPs are poorly studied. The present study characterized the leaching kinetics of PBDEs from sub-millimeter sized MPs in fish oil at relevant body temperatures for marine organisms and assessed exposure risk of MPs for cod fish by a biodynamic model. Diffusion coefficients (Dp) of PBDEs are in the ranges of 1.98 × 10-19-2.35 × 10-16 m2·s-1 in polystyrene, 1.89 × 10-20-2.07 × 10-18 m2·s-1 in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and 4.26 × 10-18-1.72 × 10-15 m2·s-1 in polypropylene. A linear function obtained between log Dp of BDE-209 and glass-transition temperature of MPs allows estimation of Dp of BDE-209 contained in other common types of MPs present in the gastrointestinal lipid. The biota-plastic accumulation factors of PBDEs for three plastics were in the range of 4.77 × 10-14-4.03 × 10-7. Although bioaccumulation of MPs-affiliated PBDEs is accelerated by oil in the gastrointestinal tract, the modeled steady-state concentrations of PBDEs in cod tissue lipid through ingestion of MPs under the most likely conditions were below the lower end of the global PBDE concentration, implicating that ingestion of MPs by organisms remains a negligible pathway in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leungb
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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18
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Fuchte HE, Schäffer A, Booij K, Smith KEC. Kinetic Passive Sampling: In Situ Calibration Using the Contaminant Mass Measured in Parallel Samplers with Different Thicknesses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15759-15767. [PMID: 33213141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of single-phase passive samplers is a common method for sampling bioavailable concentrations of hydrophobic aquatic pollutants. Often such samplers are used in the kinetic stage, and in situ calibration is necessary. Most commonly, exchange kinetics are derived from the release rates of performance reference compounds (PRCs). In this study, a complementary calibration approach was developed, in which measuring the contaminant mass ratio (CMR) from two samplers with different thicknesses allows the dissolved concentrations to be determined. This new CMR calibration was tested (1) in a laboratory experiment with defined and constant concentrations and (2) in the field, at a storm water retention site. Silicone passive samplers with different thicknesses were used to sample a range of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the laboratory study, the concentrations derived from the CMR calibration were compared with those from water extraction and passive dosing and differences below a factor 2 were found. In the field study, CMR-derived concentrations were compared to those from PRC calibration. Here, differences ranged by only a factor 1 to 3 between both methods. These findings indicate that the CMR calibration can be applied as a stand-alone or complementary calibration method for kinetic passive sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Fuchte
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Kees Booij
- Passive Sampling of Organic Compounds (PaSOC), 8821LV Kimswerd, The Netherlands
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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19
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Smedes F, Sobotka J, Rusina TP, Fialová P, Carlsson P, Kopp R, Vrana B. Unraveling the Relationship between the Concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Freshwater Fish of Different Trophic Levels and Water Using Passive Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7942-7951. [PMID: 32551598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in aquatic biota are used for compliance, as well as time and spatial trend monitoring in the aqueous environment (European Union water framework directive, OSPAR). Because of trophic magnification in the food chain, the thermodynamic levels of HOCs, for example, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and brominated diphenyl ether congeners, in higher trophic level (TL) organisms are expected to be strongly elevated above those in water. This work compares lipid-based concentrations at equilibrium with the water phase derived from aqueous passive sampling (CL⇌water) with the lipid-based concentrations in fillet and liver of fish (CL) at different TLs for three water bodies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The CL values of HOCs in fish were near CL⇌water, only after trophic magnification up to TL = 4. For fish at lower TL, CL progressively decreased relative to CL⇌water as KOW of HOCs increased above 106. The CL value decreasing toward the bottom of the food chain suggests nonequilibrium for primary producers (algae), which is in agreement with modeling passive HOC uptake by algae. Because trophic magnification and the resulting CL in fish exhibit large natural variability, CL⇌water is a viable alternative for monitoring HOCs using fish, showing a twofold lower confidence range and requiring less samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foppe Smedes
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana P Rusina
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fialová
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Hjalmar Johansen Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Radovan Kopp
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture (FA), Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Centre RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Wang Y, Peris A, Rifat MR, Ahmed SI, Aich N, Nguyen LV, Urík J, Eljarrat E, Vrana B, Jantunen LM, Diamond ML. Measuring exposure of e-waste dismantlers in Dhaka Bangladesh to organophosphate esters and halogenated flame retardants using silicone wristbands and T-shirts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137480. [PMID: 32146393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS) wristbands and cotton T-shirts were used to assess the exposure of e-waste recyclers in Dhaka, Bangladesh to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), dechlorane plus (DPs), and organophosphate esters (OPEs). The median surface-normalized uptake rates of PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs were 170, 8.5, 4.8, and 270 ng/dm2/h for wristbands and 5.4, 2.0, 0.94, and 23 ng/dm2/h for T-shirts, respectively. Concentrations of Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP), Bis(2-ethlyhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP), and Dechlorane plus (DPs) in wristbands were significantly correlated with those in T-shirts. Wristbands accumulated ~7 times more mass than T-shirts, especially of compounds expected to be mainly in the gas phase. We introduce the silicone "sandwich" method to approximate the easily releasable fraction (ERF) from T-shirts, hypothesized to be related to dermal exposure. ERFs varied from 6 to 75% of total chemical accumulated by T-shirts and were significantly negatively correlated with compounds' octanol-air partition coefficient (log Koa). The median daily exposure doses via dermal transfer from the front of the T-shirt to the front body trunk were 0.32, 0.13, 0.11, and 9.1 ng/kg-BW/day for PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs, and OPEs, respectively. The evidence of e-waste recycler exposure to flame retardants in this low income country, lacking protective personal equipment, calls for measures to minimize their exposure and for chemical management regulations to consider exposures to chemicals in waste products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Andrea Peris
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Spain
| | | | | | - Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, United States of America
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jakub Urík
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Spain
| | | | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change, Egbert, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Jonker MTO, Burgess RM, Ghosh U, Gschwend PM, Hale SE, Lohmann R, Lydy MJ, Maruya KA, Reible D, Smedes F. Ex situ determination of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils: basis for interpreting toxicity and assessing bioavailability, risks and remediation necessity. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1800-1828. [PMID: 32313252 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils is considered the driver behind chemical bioavailability and, ultimately, toxic effects in benthic organisms. Therefore, quantifying Cfree, although challenging, is critical when assessing risks of contamination in field and spiked sediments and soils (e.g., when judging remediation necessity or interpreting results of toxicity assays performed for chemical safety assessments). Here, we provide a state-of-the-art passive sampling protocol for determining Cfree in sediment and soil samples. It represents an international consensus procedure, developed during a recent interlaboratory comparison study. The protocol describes the selection and preconditioning of the passive sampling polymer, critical incubation system component dimensions, equilibration and equilibrium condition confirmation, quantitative sampler extraction, quality assurance/control issues and final calculations of Cfree. The full procedure requires several weeks (depending on the sampler used) because of prolonged equilibration times. However, hands-on time, excluding chemical analysis, is approximately 3 d for a set of about 15 replicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- RM Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Chemistry Department, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Danny Reible
- Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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22
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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