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Sabotič J, Bayram E, Ezra D, Gaudêncio SP, Haznedaroğlu BZ, Janež N, Ktari L, Luganini A, Mandalakis M, Safarik I, Simes D, Strode E, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Varese GC, Vasquez MI. A guide to the use of bioassays in exploration of natural resources. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108307. [PMID: 38185432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays are the main tool to decipher bioactivities from natural resources thus their selection and quality are critical for optimal bioprospecting. They are used both in the early stages of compounds isolation/purification/identification, and in later stages to evaluate their safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most common bioassays used in the discovery and development of new bioactive compounds with a focus on marine bioresources. We present a comprehensive list of practical considerations for selecting appropriate bioassays and discuss in detail the bioassays typically used to explore antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-ageing potential. The concept of quality control and bioassay validation are introduced, followed by safety considerations, which are critical to advancing bioactive compounds to a higher stage of development. We conclude by providing an application-oriented view focused on the development of pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetics, the industrial pipelines where currently known marine natural products hold most potential. We highlight the importance of gaining reliable bioassay results, as these serve as a starting point for application-based development and further testing, as well as for consideration by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Engin Bayram
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Institute, P.O.Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology & Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroğlu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Nika Janež
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leila Ktari
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; 2GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Evita Strode
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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Wang T, Fernandes SPS, Araújo J, Li X, Salonen LM, Espiña B. A carboxyl-functionalized covalent organic polymer for the efficient adsorption of saxitoxin. J Hazard Mater 2023; 452:131247. [PMID: 36963199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), the most widely distributed neurotoxin in marine waters and emerging cyanotoxin of concern in freshwaters, causes paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans upon consumption of contaminated shellfish. To allow for the efficient monitoring of this biotoxin, it is of high importance to find high-affinity materials for its adsorption. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a covalent organic polymer for the efficient adsorption of STX. Two β-keto-enamine-based materials were prepared by self-assembly of 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) with 2,5-diaminobenzoic acid (Pa-COOH) to give TpPa-COOH and with 2,5-diaminotoluene (Pa-CH3) to give TpPa-CH3. The carboxylic acid functionalized TpPa-COOH outperformed the methyl-bearing counterpart TpPa-CH3 by an order of magnitude despite the higher long-range order and surface area of the latter. The adsorption of STX by TpPa-COOH was fast with equilibrium reached within 1 h, and the Langmuir adsorption model gave a calculated maximum adsorption capacity, Qm, of 5.69 mg g-1, making this material the best reported adsorbent for this toxin. More importantly, the prepared TpPa-COOH also showed good reusability and high recovery rates for STX in natural freshwater, thereby highlighting the material as a good candidate for the extraction and pre-concentration of STX from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Wang
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch and Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Soraia P S Fernandes
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Araújo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch and Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Laura M Salonen
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal.
| | - Begoña Espiña
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
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Leal JF, Bombo G, Amado PSM, Pereira H, Cristiano MLS. Cation-Exchange Resin Applied to Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Depuration from Bivalves Exposed to Gymnodinium catenatum. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36832843 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of marine biotoxins in shellfish and their consumption causes serious food safety problems, threatening human health and compromising the availability of protein-based food. It is thus urgent to develop methodologies for the detoxification of live bivalves, avoiding their economic and nutritional devaluation. In this context, we tested an adsorption mechanism of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) based on a cation-exchange resin. The first studies using cultures of Gymnodinium catenatum (natural producers of PST) showed a decrease of about 80% in overall toxicity after 48 h. Interestingly, we found that the toxins are adsorbed differently, with toxins' structural features playing a part in the adsorption capacity via steric hindrance, electronic effects, or the extent of positive charge density (e.g., dcSTX). The positive effect of the resin in accelerating PST clearance from live mussels (Mytilus edulis) is not evident when compared to resin-free clearance; nevertheless, relevant information could be gathered that will facilitate further in vivo studies. Several factors appear to be at play, namely the competition of natural substances (e.g., salts, organic matter) for the same binding sites, the blocking of pores due to interactions between molecules, and/or difficulties in resin absorption by mussels. Additionally, the present work revealed the ability of mussels to neutralize pH and proposes bioconversion reactions among the PST molecules.
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Kang Y, Shi S, Sun H, Dan J, Liang Y, Zhang Q, Su Z, Wang J, Zhang W. Magnetic Nanoseparation Technology for Efficient Control of Microorganisms and Toxins in Foods: A Review. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:16050-16068. [PMID: 36533981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne diseases mediated by food microorganisms and toxins remain one of the leading causes of disease and death worldwide. It not only poses a serious threat to human health and safety but also imposes a huge burden on health care and socioeconomics. Traditional methods for the removal and detection of pathogenic bacteria and toxins in various samples such as food and drinking water have certain limitations, requiring a rapid and sensitive strategy for the enrichment and separation of target analytes. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit excellent performance in this field due to their fascinating properties. The strategy of combining biorecognition elements with MNPs can be used for fast and efficient enrichment and isolation of pathogens. In this review, we describe new trends and practical applications of magnetic nanoseparation technology in the detection of foodborne microorganisms and toxins. We mainly summarize the biochemical modification and functionalization methods of commonly used magnetic nanomaterial carriers and discuss the application of magnetic separation combined with other instrumental analysis techniques. Combined with various detection techniques, it will increase the efficiency of detection and identification of microorganisms and toxins in rapid assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jie Dan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zehui Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Hedayati Ch M, Mehmandoost Du E, Golshekan M, Mojtahedi A, Mobayen M. Synthesis of MCM‐41@SO
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H‐Polymixin B Nanocomposite for Extraction and Determination of Lipopolysaccharide from Aqueous Solutions using Taguchi Fractional Factorial Design. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Hedayati Ch
- Virology and Microbial Toxins Department School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4199613769
| | - Edris Mehmandoost Du
- Virology and Microbial Toxins Department School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4199613769
| | - Mostafa Golshekan
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4193713194
| | - Ali Mojtahedi
- Virology and Microbial Toxins Department School of Medicine Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4199613769
| | - Mohammadreza Mobayen
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran 4193713194
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Tauseef A, Hisam F, Hussain T, Caruso A, Hussain K, Châtel A, Chénais B. Nanomicrobiology: Emerging Trends in Microbial Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Magalhães-Ghiotto GAV, Natal JPS, Nishi L, Barbosa de Andrade M, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R. Okara and okara modified and functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and cyanotoxin. Environ Technol 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35138230 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophicating compounds promote the growth of cyanobacteria, which has the potential of releasing toxic compounds. Alternative raw materials, such as residues, have been used in efficient adsorption systems in water treatment. The aim of the present study was to apply the residue Okara in its original form and modified by hydrolysis with immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles as an adsorbent. For the removal, the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa was chosen, as well as its secondary metabolites, L-amino acids leucine and arginine (MC-LR microcystin), from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents presented a negative surface charge, and the x-ray diffraction (DRX) outcomes successfully demonstrated the immobilization of iron oxide nanoparticles on the adsorbents. The adsorbent with the best result was the Okara hydrolyzed and functionalized with iron oxide, which showed a 47% (qe = 804.166 cel/g) and 85% (qe = 116.94 µg/L) removal for the cyanobacteria cells and chlorophyll-a, respectively. The kinetics study demonstrated a pseudo-first-order adsorption with maximal adsorption in 480 minutes, removing 761 µg/L of chlorophyll-a. In this trial, a low organic material removal has occurred, with a removal rate of 5% (qe = 0.024 mg/g) in the analysis of compounds in absorbance by ultraviolet light (UV) monitored by optical density determination in 254 nm (OD254). Nevertheless, the reaction system with the presence of organic material removed 53,28% of the MC-LR toxin, with adsorption capacities of 2.84 µg/L in a preliminary trial conducted for two hours, arising as a potential and alternative adsorbent with a capacity of removing cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A V Magalhães-Ghiotto
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Jean P S Natal
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Letícia Nishi
- Department of Health Science, Technology Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel G Gomes
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Bergamasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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Aba RP, Mugani R, Hejjaj A, Brugerolle de Fraissinette N, Oudra B, Ouazzani N, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Carvalho PN, Mandi L. First Report on Cyanotoxin (MC-LR) Removal from Surface Water by Multi-Soil-Layering (MSL) Eco-Technology: Preliminary Results. Water 2021; 13:1403. [DOI: 10.3390/w13101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms occur frequently in freshwaters around the world. Some can produce and release toxic compounds called cyanotoxins, which represent a danger to both the environment and human health. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most toxic variant reported all over the world. Conventional water treatment methods are expensive and require specialized personnel and equipment. Recently, a multi-soil-layering (MSL) system, a natural and low-cost technology, has been introduced as an attractive cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology that is likely to be an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods. This study aims to evaluate, for the first time, the efficiency of MSL eco-technology to remove MC-LR on a laboratory scale using local materials. To this end, an MSL pilot plant was designed to treat distilled water contaminated with MC-LR. The pilot was composed of an alternation of permeable layers (pozzolan) and soil mixture layers (local sandy soil, sawdust, charcoal, and metallic iron on a dry weight ratio of 70, 10, 10, and 10%, respectively) arranged in a brick-layer-like pattern. MSL pilot was continuously fed with synthetic water containing distilled water contaminated with increasing concentrations of MC-LR (0.18–10 µg/L) at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 200 L m−2 day−1. The early results showed MC-LR removal of above 99%. Based on these preliminary results, the multi-soil-layering eco-technology could be considered as a promising solution to treat water contaminated by MC-LR in order to produce quality water for irrigation or recreational activities.
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Puig J, de Castro Alves L, García Acevedo P, Arnosa Prieto A, Yáñez Vilar S, Teijeiro-Valiño C, Piñeiro Y, Hoppe CE, Rivas J. Controlling the structure and photocatalytic properties of three—dimensional aerogels obtained by simultaneous reduction and self-assembly of BiOI/GO aqueous colloidal dispersions. Nano Ex 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abfd8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Water pollution affects all living habitats, since it is the most basic element that sustains all life forms and, as an exceptional solvent, it readily makes any compound available for living cells, either nutrients or noxious substances. Elimination of molecular contaminants from water quality is one of the most challenging technical problems that conventional treatments like flocculation and filtration fail short to defeat. Particulate photocatalysts, used to degrade contaminants, have the main drawback of their recovery from the water matrices. The inclusion of photocatalytic nanoparticles (NPs) into a large supporting framework, is presented as an innovative approach aiming to ensure a facile separation from water. To this end, three-dimensional (3D) aerogels with photocatalytic properties were prepared by a simple and scalable method based on the reduction—induced self-assembly of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of BiOI nanoparticles. With the help of ascorbic acid, as a green reducing agent, partial reduction of GO into reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and self-assembly of both kinds of nanostructures into a porous monolith was achieved. BiOI doped RGO aerogels were further stabilized and morphologically controlled using poly (ethylene glycol) as stabilizer. The photocatalytic performance of these aerogels was evaluated by following the discoloration of methylene blue (MB) solution, under visible light irradiation, showing that structure and dispersion degree of NPs to be fundamental variables. Hence, this methodology is proposed to produce hybrid aerogels with controlled morphology and photocatalytic performance that has the potential to be used in water cleaning procedures.
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Fernandes SPS, Kovář P, Pšenička M, Silva AMS, Salonen LM, Espiña B. Selection of Covalent Organic Framework Pore Functionalities for Differential Adsorption of Microcystin Toxin Analogues. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:15053-15063. [PMID: 33760592 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs), produced by Microcystis sp, are the most commonly detected cyanotoxins in freshwater, and due to their toxicity, worldwide distribution, and persistence in water, an improvement in the monitoring programs for their early detection and removal from water is necessary. To this end, we investigate the performance of three covalent organic frameworks (COFs), TpBD-(CF3)2, TpBD-(NO2)2, and TpBD-(NH2)2, for the adsorption of the most common and/or toxic MC derivatives, MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, and MC-YR, from water. While MC-LR and MC-YR can be efficiently adsorbed using all three COF derivatives, high adsorption efficiencies were found for the most lipophilic toxin, MC-LA, with TpBD-(NH2)2, and the most hydrophilic one, MC-RR, with TpBD-(NO2). Theoretical calculations revealed that MC-LA and MC-RR have a tendency to be located mainly on the COF surface, interacting through hydrogen bonds with the amino and nitro functional groups of TpBD-(NH2)2 and TpBD-(NO2)2, respectively. TpBD-(NO2)2 outperforms the adsorbent materials reported for the capture of MC-RR, resulting in an increase in the maximum adsorption capacity by one order of magnitude. TpBD-(NH2)2 is reported as the first efficient adsorbent material for the capture of MC-LA. Large differences in desorption efficiencies were observed for the MCs with different COFs, highlighting the importance of COF-adsorbate interactions in the material recovery. Herein we show that efficient capture of these toxins from water can be achieved through the proper selection of the COF material. More importantly, this study demonstrates that by careful choice of COF functionalities, specific compounds can be targeted or excluded from a group of analogues, providing insight into the design of more efficient and selective adsorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia P S Fernandes
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Petr Kovář
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pšenička
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Laura M Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Begoña Espiña
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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