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Moore KH, Boitet LM, Chandrashekar DS, Traylor AM, Esman SK, Erman EN, Srivastava RK, Khan J, Athar M, Agarwal A, George JF. Cutaneous Arsenical Exposure Induces Distinct Metabolic Transcriptional Alterations of Kidney Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:605-612. [PMID: 37699712 PMCID: PMC10801764 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenicals are deadly chemical warfare agents that primarily cause death through systemic capillary fluid leakage and hypovolemic shock. Arsenical exposure is also known to cause acute kidney injury, a condition that contributes to arsenical-associated death due to the necessity of the kidney in maintaining whole-body fluid homeostasis. Because of the global health risk that arsenicals pose, a nuanced understanding of how arsenical exposure can lead to kidney injury is needed. We used a nontargeted transcriptional approach to evaluate the effects of cutaneous exposure to phenylarsine oxide, a common arsenical, in a murine model. Here we identified an upregulation of metabolic pathways such as fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α signaling in proximal tubule epithelial cell and endothelial cell clusters. We also revealed highly upregulated genes such as Zbtb16, Cyp4a14, and Pdk4, which are involved in metabolism and metabolic switching and may serve as future therapeutic targets. The ability of arsenicals to inhibit enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase has been previously described in vitro. This, along with our own data, led us to conclude that arsenical-induced acute kidney injury may be due to a metabolic impairment in proximal tubule and endothelial cells and that ameliorating these metabolic effects may lead to the development of life-saving therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we demonstrate that cutaneous arsenical exposure leads to a transcriptional shift enhancing fatty acid metabolism in kidney cells, indicating that metabolic alterations might mechanistically link topical arsenical exposure to acute kidney injury. Targeting metabolic pathways may generate promising novel therapeutic approaches in combating arsenical-induced acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Laurence M Boitet
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Darshan S Chandrashekar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amie M Traylor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephanie K Esman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Elise N Erman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jasim Khan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James F George
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (K.H.M., A.M.T., S.K.E., E.N.E., A.A.), Nephrology Research and Training Center (K.H.M., L.M.B., A.A., J.F.G.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.H.M., E.N.E., J.F.G.), Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), Genomic Diagnostics and Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology (D.S.C.), and Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (R.K.S., J.K., M.A.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Wu H, Zhang Y, Xu H, Xu B, Chen J, Guo L, Liu Q, Xie J. Urinary Profile of Alkylated DNA Adducts and DNA Oxidative Damage in Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Rats Revealed by Mass Spectrometry Quantification. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1495-1502. [PMID: 37625021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation reagents, represented by sulfur mustard (SM), can damage DNA molecules directly as well as lead to oxidative stress, causing DNA lesions indirectly. Correspondingly, two types of biomarkers including alkylated DNA adducts and oxidative DNA adducts are commonly involved in the research of DNA damage evaluation caused by these agents. However, the correlations and differences of the occurrence, duration, severity, and traceability between alkylation and oxidation lesions on the DNA molecular level reflected by these two types of biomarkers have not been systematically studied. A simultaneous determination method for four alkylated DNA adducts, i.e., N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)2'-guanine (N7-HETEG), O6-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-guanine (O6-HETEG), N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'-adenine (N3-HETEA), and bis(2-ethyl-N7-guanine)thioether (Bis-G), and the oxidative adduct 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in urine samples by isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-MS/MS) was built with a lower limit of detection of 0.02 ng/mL (except Bis-G, 0.05 ng/mL) and a recovery of 79-111%. The profile of these adducts was simultaneously monitored in urine samples after SD rats' dermal exposure to SM in three dose levels (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg). The time-effect and dose-effect experiments revealed that when exposed to SM, DNA alkylation lesions would happen earlier than those of oxidation. For the two types of biomarkers, alkylated DNA adducts showed an obvious dose-effect relationship and could be used as internal exposure dose and effect biomarkers, while 8-OH-dG did not show a correlation with exposure dose, demonstrating that it was more suitable as a biomarker for DNA oxidative lesions but not an indicator for the extent of cytotoxicity and internal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Jiang N, Zhang P, Shen W, Zhang Y, Zhou W. Clinical and experimental research progress on neurotoxicity of sulfur mustard and its possible mechanisms. Toxicology 2023; 483:153372. [PMID: 36356660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), an extremely reactive alkylating toxicant, which poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. SM targets three major organs including skin, eyes and lungs. In recent years, more and more clinical findings have shown that cognitive and emotional disorders in veterans intoxicated with SM, such as anxiety, depression, apathy, cognitive decline and so on, which indicated the long time toxic effects on mental and neurological health of SM. The experimental studies in animal and cell models have also found neurotoxicity which are similar to clinical results. However, these neuropsychological problems are not studied well in victims of SM and the mental and neurological complications are often not subjected to treatment or undertreated. Until now, the exact mechanism of the action of SM toxicity has not been elucidated and no specific therapy for its poisoning exists. Therefore, the studies on neurotoxicity of SM should be strengthened. This review summarizes the main progress of clinical and experimental researches on neurotoxicity of SM for the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - WenXia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Shandong 264005, China.
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Srivastava RK, Wang Y, Khan J, Muzaffar S, Lee MB, Weng Z, Croutch C, Agarwal A, Deshane J, Athar M. Role of hair follicles in the pathogenesis of arsenical-induced cutaneous damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:168-183. [PMID: 35678766 PMCID: PMC9531897 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arsenical vesicants cause skin inflammation, blistering, and pain. The lack of appropriate animal models causes difficulty in defining their molecular pathogenesis. Here, Ptch1+/- /C57BL/6 mice were employed to investigate the pathobiology of the arsenicals lewisite and phenylarsine oxide (PAO). Following lewisite or PAO challenge (24 h), the skin of animals becomes grayish-white, thick, leathery, and wrinkled with increased bi-fold thickness, Draize score, and necrotic patches. In histopathology, infiltrating leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), epidermal-dermal separation, edema, apoptotic cells, and disruption of tight and adherens junction proteins can be visualized. PCR arrays and nanoString analyses showed significant increases in cytokines/chemokines and other proinflammatory mediators. As hair follicles (HFs), which provide an immune-privileged environment, may affect immune cell trafficking and consequent inflammatory responses, we compared the pathogenesis of these chemicals in this model to that in Ptch1+/- /SKH-1 hairless mice. Ptch1+/- /SKH-1 mice have rudimentary, whereas Ptch1+/- /C57BL/6 mice have well-developed HFs. Although no significant differences were observed in qualitative inflammatory responses between the two strains, levels of cytokines/chemokines differed. Importantly, the mechanism of inflammation was identical; both reactive oxygen species induction and consequent activation of unfolded protein response signaling were similar. These data reveal that the acute molecular pathogenesis of arsenicals in these two murine models is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Srivastava
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jasim Khan
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Suhail Muzaffar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Madison B Lee
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Claire Croutch
- MRIGlobal Medical Countermeasures Division, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Li S, Fan W, Zhu B, Ma C, Tan X, Gu Y. Effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence of frailty in Chinese older adults from 2002 to 2014. Front Public Health 2022; 10:935163. [PMID: 36033734 PMCID: PMC9412743 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.935163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, longitudinal studies on frailty are in an early stage, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Only one study was conducted in Hong Kong to examine age-period-cohort effects on the prevalence of frailty among Chinese older adults. Objectives This study aims to shed light on the prevalence trajectory of frailty among older adults in mainland China through the APC model and to analyze the effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence trajectory. Methods The sample for this study was older adults aged 65-109 years old from the 2002 to 2014 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Frailty status was measured by Rockwood FI. An age-period-cohort model was used to describe the effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence trajectory of frailty. Results The prevalence of frailty among Chinese older adults changed significantly with age, period, and cohort. Furthermore, the effect of age was much stronger than the effect of period and cohort. The prevalence of frailty in the 101-103 and 104-106 age groups was 8.998 (95% CI 13.667-5.924) and 8.699 (95% CI 13.037-5.805) times higher than the in the 65-67 age group, respectively. The sensitivity analysis based on Fried's frailty phenotype showed similar results, confirming the robustness of our findings. Conclusion All of the age effect reflecting the individual aging process, period effect reflecting change in the social environment, and birth cohort effect reflecting different generations could influence the prevalence of frailty at the population level. In contrast, the age effect was the main effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenye Fan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Boya Zhu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaodong Tan
| | - Yaohua Gu
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Yaohua Gu
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Pfohl M, Silvestri E, Lipscomb JC, Snyder E, Willison S. Evaluating risk, exposure, and detection capabilities for chemical threats in water. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:622-647. [PMID: 35499183 PMCID: PMC9593169 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2064949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unexpected release of chemicals into the environment requires estimation of human health risks, followed by risk management decisions. When environmental concentrations of toxicants are associated with adverse health risks, the limit for analytical measurement needs to be at or below the risk threshold. The aim of this study was to assess chemical contaminants that have the potential to produce acute adverse human health impacts following oral consumption of contaminated drinking water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Candidate Contaminant List, version 4 (CCL4) and EPA's Selected Analytical Methods (SAM) document were screened to identify 24 chemicals that exist as a solid or liquid at room temperature, with acute oral LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of the test population) values < 500 mg/kg-d and water solubility > 500 mg/L at ambient temperature. While these screening criteria were used to identify prioritized needs for targeted research, it does not imply that other chemicals on the CCL4 and SAM lists are not issues in acute and chronic exposures. Of these 24 most toxic and most soluble chemicals, this evaluation identified 6 chemicals (2-chlorovinylarsonous acid, lewisite, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, and triethylamine) lacking either sufficient toxicity value information or analytical sensitivity required to detect at levels protective against adverse effects in adults for acute exposures. This assessment provides an approach for gap identification and highlights research needs related to water contamination incident involving these six priority chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Pfohl
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erin Silvestri
- Center of Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John C. Lipscomb
- Center of Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily Snyder
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stuart Willison
- Center of Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Yatchang MF, Mathew B, Srivastava RK, Khan J, Muzaffar S, Zhang S, Wu M, Zhai L, Ruiz P, Agarwal A, Bostwick JR, Suto MJ, Athar M, Augelli-Szafran CE. Development of BRD4 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents and antidotes for arsenicals. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 64:128696. [PMID: 35318165 PMCID: PMC9017782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenicals belong to the class of chemical warfare agents known as vesicants, which are highly reactive, toxic and cause robust inflammatory response. Cutaneous exposure to arsenicals causes a wide range of systemic organ damage, beginning with cutaneous injuries, and later manifest multi-organ damage and death. Thus, the development of suitable antidotes that can effectively block injury following exposure to these agents is of great importance. Bromodomain 4 (BRD4), a member of the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family, plays crucial role in regulating transcription of inflammatory, proliferation and cell cycle genes. In this context, the development of potent small molecule inhibitors of BRD4 could serve as potential antidotes for arsenicals. Herein, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fosso Yatchang
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Bini Mathew
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jasim Khan
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Suhail Muzaffar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sixue Zhang
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Mousheng Wu
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Ling Zhai
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Pedro Ruiz
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James R Bostwick
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Mark J Suto
- Scientific Platforms, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Srivastava RK, Mishra B, Muzaffar S, Gorbatyuk MS, Agarwal A, Mukhtar MS, Athar M. Dynamic Regulation of the Nexus Between Stress Granules, Roquin, and Regnase-1 Underlies the Molecular Pathogenesis of Warfare Vesicants. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809365. [PMID: 35082795 PMCID: PMC8784689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chemical warfare agents is prohibited but they have been used in recent Middle Eastern conflicts. Their accidental exposure (e.g. arsenical lewisite) is also known and causes extensive painful cutaneous injury. However, their molecular pathogenesis is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that a nexus of stress granules (SGs), integrated stress, and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) Roquin and Reganse-1 play a key role. Lewisite and its prototype phenylarsine oxide (PAO) induce SG assembly in skin keratinocytes soon after exposure, which associate with various RBPs and translation-related proteins. SG disassembly was detected several hours after exposure. The dynamics of SG assembly-disassembly associates with the chemical insult and cell damage. Enhanced Roquin and Regnase-1 expression occurs when Roquin was recruited to SGs and Regnase-1 to the ribosome while in the disassembling SGs their expression is decreased with consequent induction of inflammatory mediators. SG-targeted protein translational control is regulated by the phosphorylation-dependent activation of eukaryotic initiation factors 2α (eIF2α). Treatment with integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB), which blocks eIF2α phosphorylation, impacted SG assembly dynamics. Topical application of ISRIB attenuated the inflammation and tissue disruption in PAO-challenged mice. Thus, the dynamic regulation of these pathways provides underpinning to cutaneous injury and identify translational therapeutic approach for these and similar debilitating chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar Srivastava
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Suhail Muzaffar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Marina S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohammad Athar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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9
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Feng W, Li H, Xue MJ, Zhang QL, Liu SL, Song QH. Quinoline-2-thione-based fluorescent probes for selective and sensitive detections of mustard gas and its analogues. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338440. [PMID: 33867036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, also called as mustard gas (HD)) is a persistent and highly toxic gas used as chemical weapon in wars and military conflicts. Moreover, owing to its simple structure and easy synthesis, it is the most likely chemical agent used by terrorists. For this reason, it is vital important to develop a facile, rapid and reliable detection system for SM. In this paper, we have developed four quinoline-2-thiones as fluorescent probes, 2a-2d, for the detection of SM and its analogues, half sulfur mustard (CEES) and a nitrogen mustard NH1. In the presence of KOH, these quinoline-2-thiones deprotonated to quinoline-2-thiophenol anions, which react with SM and its analogues rapidly to form quinoline-2-thiethers with highly efficient fluorescence, giving turn-on fluorescence response. The sensing products with CEES were isolated and fully characterized, thereby, the sensing mechanism was firmly established. The fluorescent probes with 4-trifluoromethyl group, 2b and 2d, exhibit rapid response to SM, CEES and NH1 (within 1 min at 60 °C for CEES and NH1), high sensitivity (limit of detection, 50 nM for SM and 20 nM for NH1) and high selectivity. Furthermore, polymer film test strips were fabricated with probe-embedded poly(ethylene oxide) for the detection of CEES vapor. These test strips displayed a rapid response (<4 min) to gaseous CEES with high sensitivity (0.2 ppm) and high selectivity. These results show that fluorescent probes 2b and 2d have a good application prospect in the field detection of mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Min-Jie Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Qiao-Li Zhang
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shi-Lei Liu
- The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
| | - Qin-Hua Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China.
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10
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Mutharani B, Ranganathan P, Chen SM, Tsai HC. Temperature‐responsive voltammetric sensor based on stimuli-sensitive semi-interpenetrating polymer network conductive microgels for reversible switch detection of nitrogen mustard analog chlorambucil (Leukeran™). Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Srivastava RK, Muzaffar S, Khan J, Traylor AM, Zmijewski JW, Curtis LM, George JF, Ahmad A, Antony VB, Agarwal A, Athar M. Protective role of HO-1 against acute kidney injury caused by cutaneous exposure to arsenicals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:155-169. [PMID: 32885420 PMCID: PMC9109234 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lewisite and many other similar arsenicals are warfare vesicants developed and weaponized for use in World Wars I and II. These chemicals, when exposed to the skin and other epithelial tissues, cause rapid severe inflammation and systemic damage. Here, we show that topically applied arsenicals in a murine model produce significant acute kidney injury (AKI), as determined by an increase in the AKI biomarkers NGAL and KIM-1. An increase in reactive oxygen species and ER stress proteins, such as ATF4 and CHOP, correlated with the induction of these AKI biomarkers. Also, TUNEL staining of CHOP-positive renal tubular cells suggests CHOP mediates apoptosis in these cells. A systemic inflammatory response characterized by a significant elevation in inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IFN-α, and COX-2, in the kidney could be the underlying cause of AKI. The mechanism of arsenical-mediated inflammation involves activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways, which regulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Indeed, HO-1 induction with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) treatment in arsenical-treated HEK293 cells afforded cytoprotection by attenuating CHOP-associated apoptosis and cytokine mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that topical exposure to arsenicals causes AKI and that HO-1 activation may serve a protective role in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K. Srivastava
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suhail Muzaffar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jasim Khan
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amie M. Traylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Lisa M. Curtis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James F. George
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B. Antony
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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12
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Otsuka M, Miyaguchi H, Uchiyama M. Analysis of degradation products of nitrogen mustards via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:199-205. [PMID: 31109745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanolamines (EAs), which are nitrogen mustard degradation products. With this method, the retention times of the highly hydrophilic EAs on the HILIC column were sufficient (retention times: methyl diethanolamine, 12.2 min; ethyl diethanolamine, 11.2 min; and triethanolamine, 9.5 min) and the EAs were analyzed more efficiently than with reported HILIC-MS/MS methods. The detection limits of methyl diethanolamine and ethyl diethanolamine in serum and urine using this approach were 15-20 ng/mL. The suitability of the method for real samples was evaluated via recovery tests involving urine and serum, and the method was validated. The MS/MS fragmentation of EAs was discussed based on density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Otsuka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR), Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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13
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Zhao S, Xi H, Zuo Y, Han S, Zhu Y, Li Z, Yuan L, Wang Z, Liu C. Rapid activation of basic hydrogen peroxide by borate and efficient destruction of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:91-98. [PMID: 30594727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The activation process of the B(OH)3-activated H2O2 solution and its performance toward toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs) were investigated to find an efficient way to destroy TICs and CWAs. 11B NMR analysis proved that B(OH)3 reacted rapidly with basic H2O2 to produce peroxoborates ([B(OH)(4-x)(OOH)x]-), and the proportional contents were closely related to the pH and temperature. 1O2 and ·O2- were generated, and their production increased exponentially with pH. TICs thioanisole and paraoxon were used as simulants of CWAs to investigate the decontamination performance and nucleophilic/oxidizing reactivity of the B(OH)3-activated H2O2. Batch experiments proved that peroxoborates acted as the oxidants for the primary oxidation of the sulfide at a pH range of 8-12 and that ·O2- was responsible for the further oxidation of sulfoxide. Paraoxon degraded through OOH--mediated SN2 displacement with high stereo-selectivity, and the degradation rate increased exponentially with pH. Mustard gas, soman, and VX degraded effectively into nontoxic products in the B(OH)3-activated H2O2 solution. A pH of 9-11 was recommended as the suitable acidity for developing the B(OH)3-activated H2O2 solution to be a candidate for nucleophilic/oxidizing decontaminant, with advantages in rapid activation and low loss rate of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Hailing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Yanjun Zuo
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shitong Han
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Changcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
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14
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Long-term neurological and neuropsychological complications of sulfur mustard and Lewisite mixture poisoning in Chinese victims exposed to chemical warfare agents abandoned at the end of WWII. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Srivastava RK, Traylor AM, Li C, Feng W, Guo L, Antony VB, Schoeb TR, Agarwal A, Athar M. Cutaneous exposure to lewisite causes acute kidney injury by invoking DNA damage and autophagic response. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1166-F1176. [PMID: 29361668 PMCID: PMC6032074 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00277.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewisite (2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine) is an organic arsenical chemical warfare agent that was developed and weaponized during World Wars I/II. Stockpiles of lewisite still exist in many parts of the world and pose potential environmental and human health threat. Exposure to lewisite and similar chemicals causes intense cutaneous inflammatory response. However, morbidity and mortality in the exposed population is not only the result of cutaneous damage but is also a result of systemic injury. Here, we provide data delineating the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cutaneous exposure to lewisite and its analog phenylarsine oxide (PAO) in a murine model. Both agents caused renal tubular injury, characterized by loss of brush border in proximal tubules and tubular cell apoptosis accompanied by increases in serum creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and kidney injury molecule-1. Interestingly, lewisite exposure enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidney and resulted in the activation of autophagic and DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathways with increased expression of beclin-1, autophagy-related gene 7, and LC-3A/B-II and increased phosphorylation of γ-H2A.X and checkpoint kinase 1/2, respectively. Terminal deoxyribonucleotide-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells were detected in renal tubules along with enhanced proapoptotic BAX/cleaved caspase-3 and reduced antiapoptotic BCL2. Scavenging ROS by cutaneous postexposure application of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine reduced lewisite-induced autophagy and DNA damage. In summary, we provide evidence that topical exposure to lewisite causes AKI. The molecular mechanism underlying these changes involves ROS-dependent activation of autophagy and DDR pathway associated with the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amie M Traylor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wenguang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lingling Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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16
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Synthesis route attribution of sulfur mustard by multivariate data analysis of chemical signatures. Talanta 2018; 186:615-621. [PMID: 29784411 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multivariate model was developed to attribute samples to a synthetic method used in the production of sulfur mustard (HD). Eleven synthetic methods were used to produce 66 samples for model construction. Three chemists working in both participating laboratories took part in the production, with the aim to introduce variability while reducing the influence of laboratory or chemist specific impurities in multivariate analysis. A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data set of peak areas for 103 compounds was subjected to orthogonal partial least squares - discriminant analysis to extract chemical attribution signature profiles and to construct multivariate models for classification of samples. For one- and two-step routes, model quality allowed the classification of an external test set (16/16 samples) according to synthesis conditions in the reaction yielding sulfur mustard. Classification of samples according to first-step methodology was considerably more difficult, given the high purity and uniform quality of the intermediate thiodiglycol produced in the study. Model performance in classification of aged samples was also investigated.
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17
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Chemical Analysis of Dumped Chemical Warfare Agents During the MODUM Project. NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES C: ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1153-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Liu CC, Liu SL, Xi HL, Yu HL, Zhou SK, Huang GL, Liang LH, Liu JQ. Simultaneous quantification of four metabolites of sulfur mustard in urine samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Srivastava RK, Li C, Weng Z, Agarwal A, Elmets CA, Afaq F, Athar M. Defining cutaneous molecular pathobiology of arsenicals using phenylarsine oxide as a prototype. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34865. [PMID: 27725709 PMCID: PMC5057142 DOI: 10.1038/srep34865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenicals are painful, inflammatory and blistering causing agents developed as chemical weapons in World War I/II. However, their large stockpiles still exist posing threat to public health. Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a strong oxidant and a prototype arsenical is tested for its suitability to defining molecular mechanisms underlying arsenicals-mediated tissue injury. Topically applied PAO induces cutaneous erythema, edema and micro-blisters. These gross inflammatory responses were accompanied by the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling activation. To demonstrate the involvement of UPR in the pathobiology of these lesions, we employed chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) which attenuates UPR. 4-PBA significantly reduced PAO-induced inflammation and blistering. Similar to its effects in murine epidermis, a dose- and time-dependent upregulation of ROS, cytokines, UPR proteins (GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) and apoptosis were observed in PAO-treated human skin keratinocytes NHEK and HaCaT. In addition, 4-PBA significantly restored these molecular alterations in these cells. Employing RNA interference (RNAi)-based approaches, CHOP was found to be a key regulator of these responses. These effects are similar to those manifested by lewisite suggesting that PAO could be used as a prototype of arsenicals to define the molecular pathogenesis of chemical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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20
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Li C, Srivastava RK, Athar M. Biological and environmental hazards associated with exposure to chemical warfare agents: arsenicals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:143-157. [PMID: 27636894 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arsenicals are highly reactive inorganic and organic derivatives of arsenic. These chemicals are very toxic and produce both acute and chronic tissue damage. On the basis of these observations, and considering the low cost and simple methods of their bulk syntheses, these agents were thought to be appropriate for chemical warfare. Among these, the best-known agent that was synthesized and weaponized during World War I (WWI) is Lewisite. Exposure to Lewisite causes painful inflammatory and blistering responses in the skin, lung, and eye. These chemicals also manifest systemic tissue injury following their cutaneous exposure. Although largely discontinued after WWI, stockpiles are still known to exist in the former Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, the United States, and Asia. Thus, access by terrorists or accidental exposure could be highly dangerous for humans and the environment. This review summarizes studies that describe the biological, pathophysiological, toxicological, and environmental effects of exposure to arsenicals, with a major focus on cutaneous injury. Studies related to the development of novel molecular pathobiology-based antidotes against these agents are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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21
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Stone H, See D, Smiley A, Ellingson A, Schimmoeller J, Oudejans L. Surface decontamination for blister agents Lewisite, sulfur mustard and agent yellow, a Lewisite and sulfur mustard mixture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 314:59-66. [PMID: 27107236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (HD) and Lewisite (L) are blister agents that have a high potential for terrorist use; Agent Yellow (HL) is the eutectic mixture of HD and L. Bench-scale testing was used to determine the residual amount of these chemical warfare agents remaining on three building materials (wood, metal and glass) after application of various decontaminants (household bleach, full strength and dilute; hydrogen peroxide 3% solution; and EasyDECON(®) DF200). All decontaminants reduced the amount of L recovered from coupons. Application of dilute bleach showed little or no difference compared to natural attenuation in the amount of HD recovered from coupons. Full-strength bleach was the most effective of four decontaminants at reducing the amount of HD from coupons. Hydrogen peroxide (3% solution) and DF200 did decrease the amount of HD recovered from coupons more than natural attenuation (except DF200 against HD on metal), but substantial amounts of HD remained on some materials. Toxic HD by-products were generated by hydrogen peroxide treatment. The effectiveness of decontaminants was found to depend on agent, material, and decontaminant. Increased decontaminant reaction time (60min rather than 30min) did not significantly increase effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Stone
- Battelle, 10300 Alliance Rd. Suite 155, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA
| | - David See
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Autumn Smiley
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | - Anthony Ellingson
- Battelle, 1425 Plain City-Georgesville, West Jefferson, OH 43162, USA
| | | | - Lukas Oudejans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code: E343-06, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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22
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Zhang W, Sun H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Wang F, Tang S, Zhang J, Wang H, Wang R. Mechanistic and kinetic study on the reaction of ozone and trans-2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:329-340. [PMID: 26921586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces for the atmospheric ozonation of trans-2-chlorovnyldichloroarsine (lewisite) are investigated theoretically. Optimizations of the reactants, products, intermediates and transition states are carried out at the BHandHLYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. Single point energy calculations are performed at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) level based on the optimized structures. The detailed mechanism is presented and discussed. Various possible H (or Cl)-abstraction and C (or As)-addition/elimination pathways are considered. The results show that the As-addition/elimination is more energetically favorable than the other mechanisms. Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory is used to compute the rate constants over the possible atmospheric temperature range of 200-3000 K and the pressure range of 10(-8)-10(9) Torr. The calculated rate constant is in good agreement with the available experimental data. The total rate coefficient shows positive temperature dependence and pressure independence. The modified three-parameter Arrhenius expressions for the total rate coefficient and individual rate coefficients are represented. Calculation results show that major product is CHClCHAs(OOO)Cl2 (s-IM3) at the temperature below 600 K and O2 + CHClCHAsOCl2 (s-P9) play an important role at the temperature between 600 and 3000 K. Time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations indicate that CHCl(OOO)CHAsCl2 (s-IM3) and CHOAsCl2 (s-P5) can take photolysis easily in the sunlight. Due to the absence of spectral information for arsenide, computational vibrational spectra of the important intermediates and products are also analyzed to provide valuable evidence for subsequent experimental identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Yunju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photoinduced Functional Materials, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, PR China
| | - Fengdi Wang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Shuwei Tang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Chemical Defense Research Institute of Beijing, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
| | - Rongshun Wang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Road 5268, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, PR China.
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Liu F, Jiang N, Xiao ZY, Cheng JP, Mei YZ, Zheng P, Wang L, Zhang XR, Zhou XB, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. Effects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibition on sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injuries in vitro and in vivo. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1890. [PMID: 27077006 PMCID: PMC4830333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early studies with first-generation poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have already indicated some therapeutic potential for sulfur mustard (SM) injuries. The available novel and more potential PARP inhibitors, which are undergoing clinical trials as drugs for cancer treatment, bring it back to the centre of interest. However, the role of PARP-1 in SM-induced injury is not fully understood. In this study, we selected a high potent specific PARP inhibitor ABT-888 as an example to investigate the effect of PARP inhibitor in SM injury. The results showed that in both the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) and HaCaT cell model, PARP inhibitor ABT-888 can reduce cell damage induced by severe SM injury. ABT-888 significantly reduced SM induced edema and epidermal necrosis in MEVM. In the HaCaT cell model, ABT-888 can reduce SM-induced NAD(+)/ATP depletion and apoptosis/necrosis. Then, we studied the mechanism of PARP-1 in SM injury by knockdown of PARP-1 in HaCaT cells. Knockdown of PARP-1 protected cell viability and downregulated the apoptosis checkpoints, including p-JNK, p-p53, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, c-PARP and Caspase 3 following SM-induced injury. Furthermore, the activation of AKT can inhibit autophagy via the regulation of mTOR. Our results showed that SM exposure could significantly inhibit the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway. Knockdown of PARP-1 reversed the SM-induced suppression of the Akt/mTOR pathway. In summary, the results of our study indicated that the protective effects of downregulation of PARP-1 in SM injury may be due to the regulation of apoptosis, necrosis, energy crisis and autophagy. However, it should be noticed that PARP inhibitor ABT-888 further enhanced the phosphorylation of H2AX (S139) after SM exposure, which indicated that we should be very careful in the application of PARP inhibitors in SM injury treatment because of the enhancement of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Jun-Ping Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Yi-Zhou Mei
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Pan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Xin-Bo Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Wen-Xia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
| | - Yong-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo X, Shao Y, Gao R, Liang D, Sun H. Kinetic and products study of the gas-phase reaction of Lewisite with ozone under atmospheric conditions. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:3-9. [PMID: 26969539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O3 and Lewisite was studied in air using the smog chamber technique. The experiments were carried out under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions with [O3]≪[Lewisite]. The observed rate constant of O3 with Lewisite was (7.83 ± 0.38) × 10(-19)cm(3)/(molecule·sec) at 298 ± 2K. Lewisite was discussed in terms of reactivity with O3 and its relationship with the ionization potential. Our results show that the rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O3 with Lewisite is in line with the trend of the rate constants of O3 with haloalkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaodi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yusheng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Runli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Dejian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Biological and Chemical Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Jilin 130024, China
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Wang AN, Teng Y, Hu XF, Wu LH, Huang YJ, Luo YM, Christie P. Diphenylarsinic acid contaminated soil remediation by titanium dioxide (P25) photocatalysis: Degradation pathway, optimization of operating parameters and effects of soil properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:348-355. [PMID: 26410709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is formed during the leakage of arsenic chemical weapons in sites and poses a high risk to biota. However, remediation methods for DPAA contaminated soils are rare. Here, the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) process by nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) was applied to degrade DPAA in soil. The degradation pathway was firstly studied, and arsenate was identified as the final product. Then, an orthogonal array experimental design of L9(3)(4), only 9 experiments were needed, instead of 81 experiments in a conventional one-factor-at-a-time, was used to optimize the operational parameters soil:water ratio, TiO2 dosage, irradiation time and light intensity to increase DPAA removal efficiency. Soil:water ratio was found to have a more significant effect on DPAA removal efficiency than other properties. The optimum conditions to treat 4 g soil with a DPAA concentration of 20 mg kg(-1) were found to be a 1:10 soil: water ratio, 40 mW cm(-2) light intensity, 5% TiO2 in soil, and a 3-hour irradiation time, with a removal efficiency of up to 82.7%. Furthermore, this method (except for a change in irradiation time from 3 to 1.5h) was validated in nine different soils and the removal efficiencies ranged from 57.0 to 78.6%. Removal efficiencies were found to be negatively correlated with soil electrical conductivity, organic matter content, pH and total phosphorus content. Finally, coupled with electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement, these soil properties affected the generation of OH• by TiO2 in soil slurry. This study suggests that TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation is a promising treatment for removing DPAA from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xue-Feng Hu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Long-Hua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yu-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yong-Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Okumura A. In-Line Ozonation for Sensitive Air-Monitoring of a Mustard-Gas Simulant by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1532-1537. [PMID: 26091887 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for real-time air-monitoring of mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD), which is a lethal blister agent, is proposed. Humidified air containing a HD simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2CEES), was mixed with ozone and then analyzed by using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometer. Mass-spectral ion peaks attributable to protonated molecules of intact, monooxygenated, and dioxygenated 2CEES (MH(+), MOH(+), and MO(2)H(+), respectively) were observed. As ozone concentration was increased from zero to 30 ppm, the signal intensity of MH(+) sharply decreased, that of MOH(+) increased once and then decreased, and that of MO(2)H(+) sharply increased until reaching a plateau. The signal intensity of MO(2)H(+) at the plateau was 40 times higher than that of MH(+) and 100 times higher than that of MOH(+) in the case without in-line ozonation. Twenty-ppm ozone gas was adequate to give a linear calibration curve for 2CEES obtained by detecting the MO(2)H(+) signal in the concentration range up to 60 μg/m(3), which is high enough for hygiene management. In the low concentration range lower than 3 μg/m(3), which is equal to the short-term exposure limit for HD, calibration plots unexpectedly fell off the linear calibration curve, but 0.6-μg/m(3) vapor was actually detected with the signal-to-noise ratio of nine. Ozone was generated from instrumentation air by using a simple and inexpensive home-made generator. 2CEES was ozonated in 1-m extended sampling tube in only 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan,
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27
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Okumura A, Takada Y, Watanabe S, Hashimoto H, Ezawa N, Seto Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Yamaguchi S, Kishi S, Satoh T, Kondo T, Nagashima H, Nagoya T. Real-Time Air Monitoring of Mustard Gas and Lewisite 1 by Detecting Their In-Line Reaction Products by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Ion Introduction. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1314-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Susumu Watanabe
- Hitachi
High-Tech
Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashimoto
- Hitachi
High-Tech
Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense
Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8608, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kishi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takafumi Satoh
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomohide Kondo
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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28
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Monitoring urinary metabolites resulting from sulfur mustard exposure in rabbits, using highly sensitive isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5203-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Determination of Lewisites and their hydrolysis products in aqueous and multiphase samples by in-sorbent tube butyl thiolation followed by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–full scan mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1304:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Topical efficacy of dimercapto-chelating agents against lewisite-induced skin lesions in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:291-8. [PMID: 23806213 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lewisite is a potent chemical warfare arsenical vesicant that can cause severe skin lesions. Today, lewisite exposure remains possible during demilitarization of old ammunitions and as a result of deliberate use. Although its cutaneous toxicity is not fully elucidated, a specific antidote exists, the British anti-lewisite (BAL, dimercaprol) but it is not without untoward effects. Analogs of BAL, less toxic, have been developed such as meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and have been employed for the treatment of heavy metal poisoning. However, efficacy of DMSA against lewisite-induced skin lesions remains to be determined in comparison with BAL. We have thus evaluated in this study the therapeutic efficacy of BAL and DMSA in two administration modes against skin lesions induced by lewisite vapor on SKH-1 hairless mice. Our data demonstrate a strong protective efficacy of topical application of dimercapto-chelating agents in contrast to a subcutaneous administration 1h after lewisite exposure, with attenuation of wound size, necrosis and impairment of skin barrier function. The histological evaluation also confirms the efficacy of topical application by showing that treatments were effective in reversing lewisite-induced neutrophil infiltration. This protective effect was associated with an epidermal hyperplasia. However, for all the parameters studied, BAL was more effective than DMSA in reducing lewisite-induced skin injury. Together, these findings support the use of a topical form of dimercaprol-chelating agent against lewisite-induced skin lesion within the first hour after exposure to increase the therapeutic management and that BAL, despite its side-effects, should not be abandoned.
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Büch T, Schäfer E, Steinritz D, Dietrich A, Gudermann T. Chemosensory TRP Channels in the Respiratory Tract: Role in Toxic Lung Injury and Potential as “Sweet Spots” for Targeted Therapies. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 165:31-65. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2012_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Simultaneous quantification of seven plasma metabolites of sulfur mustard by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 917-918:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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VanderNoot V, Ferko S, Van De Vreugde J, Patel K, Volponi J, Morrissey K, Forrest L, Horton J, Haroldsen B. On-line monitoring system for chemical warfare agents using automated capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Haapaniemi E, Mesilaakso M. 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectral parameters of sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, and lewisites: computing and predicting of reference spectra for chemical identification. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2012; 50:196-207. [PMID: 22374852 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} chemical shifts and (1)H spin-spin couplings of sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, and lewisites scheduled in the Chemical Weapons Convention, and those of bis(2-chloromethyl)disulfide, were determined in CDCl(3), CD(2)Cl(2), and (CD(3))(2)CO. Accurate parameters of this kind of series can be used for evaluating the current molecular modeling programs and the chemical shift and coupling constant prediction possibilities of the programs. Several prediction tests were made with commercial programs, and the results are reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Haapaniemi
- University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry, Oulu, Finland.
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Nie Z, Liu Q, Xie J. Improvements in monitoring the N-terminal valine adduct in human globin after exposure to sulfur mustard and synthesis of reference chemicals. Talanta 2011; 85:1154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Pita R, Vidal-Asensi S. [Cutaneous and systemic toxicology of vesicants used in warfare]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2010; 101:7-18. [PMID: 20109388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicants are a group of chemicals used in warfare. The most representative agent is yperite, also known as mustard gas. The blisters that appeared on those exposed to yperite during combat in the First World War are responsible for the current name--vesicants--for this group of chemicals. Their affects are produced mainly through localized action of liquid or vapor forms on the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. However, the high absorption of the liquid form through the skin or the vapor form on inhalation may cause substantial systemic effects. Here we analyze these effects, treatment of intoxication, and long-term sequelae, drawing on our experience and a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pita
- Departamento de Defensa Química, Escuela Militar de Defensa NBQ, Madrid, España.
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38
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Fallahi F, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Hassan ZM, Foroutan A, Soroush MR, Mahdavi MRV, Moaiedmohseni S, Ghasemi H, Shams J, Pourfarzam S, Nadoushan MRJ, Ghaderi S, Naghizadeh MM, Faghihzadeh S. Long-term cardiovascular symptoms and signs in mustard gas victims. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540802689402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Shariat-Panahi S, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Hassan ZM, Soroush MR, Mahdavi MRV, Foroutan A, Ghasemi H, Shams J, Pourfarzam S, Nadoushan MRJ, Fallahi F, Faghihzadeh S. Long-term rheumatologic complications of sulfur mustard in victims of Sardasht, Iran. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540802689451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Objective: To increase awareness of the widespread environmental prevalence of the chemical warfare agent mustard gas, examine the acute and chronic toxic effects to exposed humans, and discuss medical treatment guidelines for mustard gas exposures. Data Sources: Literature retrieval of medical case reports and clinical studies was accomplished using PubMed and the Cochrane Database (1919–March 2007). Search terms included mustard, mustard gas, sulfur mustard, chemical warfare, blister agents, vesicants, and war gas. Historical information and current events were accessed through military field manuals and Internet searches. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. Adult and pediatric populations were included in the review. Data Synthesis: Mustard gas and other chemical weapons are feared for their use as weapons of terror; however, the major threat of mustard gas lies elsewhere. Tons of this chemical agent were produced for war, then subsequently buried in landfills, disposed of at sea, or teft to decay in storage lacrlities. There are documented and anecdotal reports of chemical weapon buriat sites and ocean dumps across the globe spanning from the Arctic Circle to Australia. Numerous accidental exposures have occurred over the past decade. Mustard gas is corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Extensive exposures can also affect other organ systems. Its ability to cause harm to multiple organ systems at extremely low doses in virtually any environmental condition makes it an extremely dangerous agent. Immediate decontamination of people exposed to mustard gas liquids and vapors is paramount. Supportive care and long-term followup is necessary for exposed persons. Research is under way to find antidotes or treatment methods for mustard gas exposure, but currently there are no definitive treatment guidelines. Conclusions: Mustard gas is a weapon, but also a prevalent environmental threat. Recognizing the immense environmental presence of mustard gas disposal sites and the signs and symptoms of exposure will help speed treatment to those accidentally or purposefully exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Geraci
- Emergency Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Baptist Medical Center Downtown, 800 Prudential Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32207
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41
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SETO Y, KANAMORI-KATAOKA M, TSUGE K. Mass Spectrometric Technologies for Countering Chemical and Biological Terrorism Incidents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.5702/massspec.56.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are fast acting and sometimes lethal, even at low levels, and can be classified into nerve gases, blister agents, choking agents, blood agents, vomit agents, tear gases, and incapacitating agents. As countermeasures against CWA terrorism, detection and identification are important. In crisis management, monitoring of CWAs in public places and security checks at territorial borders, big event venues, and executive facilities are performed for protection against terrorism. In consequence management, on-site detection by first responders and laboratory analysis after on-site sampling and transfer are performed for minimization of terrorism damage, leading to personal protection, initial investigation, and emergency lifesaving. In incident management, laboratory analysis is performed to provide evidence at court trials for the prevention of future crimes. Laboratory analysis consists of pretreatment of on-site and casualty samples and instrumental analysis using GC-MS. However, CWAs are easily degraded, and thus are difficult to detect. Instead, it is useful to detect their metabolites and degradation products using tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatization GC-MS or direct LC-MS. Commercially available chemical detection equipment such as gas detection tubes and ion mobility spectrometers are used for on-site detection. We have evaluated the detection performance of such equipment and found that no equipment fulfills the required perfect performance of CWA detection sensitivity, accuracy, response time, return time, and operation. To overcome the drawbacks, we have adopted the monitoring tape method and counterflow introduction atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and recommend the combination of commercial detection equipment and these new technologies for simultaneous, rapid detection of all CWAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa City, Japan.
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