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Wang K, Wang G, Zhou L, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Fang Z. Rapid removal of decabromodiphenyl ether by mechanochemically prepared submicron zero-valent iron with FeC 2O 4·2 H 2O layers: Kinetics, mechanisms and pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133309. [PMID: 38185080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) in polybrominated diphenyl ethers remediation has been studied extensively. However, challenges in balancing cost and reactivity have been encountered. A submicron zero-valent iron coated with FeC2O4·2 H2O layers (OX-smZVI) was synthesized via a mechanochemical method, aiming to resolve this contradiction. Characterization via SEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed the structure as FeC2O4·2 H2O coated iron lamellate with a surface area 24-fold higher than ball-milled zero-valent iron (smZVI). XRD highlighted an Fe/C eutectic in OX-smZVI, boosting its electron transfer capacity. Decabromodiphenyl ether degradation by OX-smZVI follows a two-stage process, with initial degradation by FeC2O4·2 H2O and a subsequent phase dominated by electron transfer. OX-smZVI exhibits a 4.52-34.40 times faster BDE209 removal rate than nZVI and scaled-up OX-smZVI displayed superior reactivity with preparation costs only 1/680 of nZVI. Given its enhanced reactivity and cost-efficiency, OX-smZVI emerges as a promising replacement for nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Wang
- College of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Province Environmental Remediation Industry Technology Innovation Alliance, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Long Zhou
- College of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Province Environmental Remediation Industry Technology Innovation Alliance, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- College of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- College of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Province Environmental Remediation Industry Technology Innovation Alliance, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Izydorczak AM, Gross MS, Aga DS, Simpson S. Accurate Prediction of Gas Chromatographic Retention Times via Density Functional Theory Calculations: A Case Study Using Brominated Flame Retardants. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Izydorczak
- Department of Chemistry St. Bonaventure University St. Bonaventure New York 14778 United States
| | - Michael S. Gross
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo, the State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo New York 14260 United States
| | - Diana S. Aga
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo, the State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo New York 14260 United States
| | - Scott Simpson
- Department of Chemistry St. Bonaventure University St. Bonaventure New York 14778 United States
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Luo YL, Luo XJ, Ye MX, Zeng YH, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Species-specific and structure-dependent debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ether in fish by in vitro hepatic metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2005-2011. [PMID: 28135018 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore the cause of species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish, a series of in vitro measurements of hepatic metabolism of PBDE were made using crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and catfish (Silurus asotus) and the activity of deiodinase in liver microsomes was measured. Debromination was observed in the crucian carp but not in the catfish. No difference was found in total deiodinase activity despite the activity of type 1 deiodinase in crucian carp being twice that of catfish. It is difficult to determine whether the differences in deiodinase activity were responsible for the species-specific differences observed. In crucian carp, penta-brominated diphenyl ether congeners exhibited the highest debromination rates, and the transformation rate decreased with an increasing number of substituted bromines. Adjacent bromine substitution in the phenyl ring was a necessary, but insufficient, condition for debromination in crucian carp. Doubly flanked bromine was always preferentially removed, while single-flanked bromine, meta-substituted bromine, was debrominated the most, followed by para- and then ortho-bromine. No debromination was observed for single-flanked bromine when there was a symmetrical structure with (2, 4, 6) bromine substitutions in 1 phenyl ring, indicating that this structure can improve resistance to debromination metabolism. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2005-2011. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Lai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Xia Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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4
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Tan L, Liang B, Cheng W, Fang Z, Tsang EP. Effect of solvent on debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by Ni/Fe nanoparticles and nano zero-valent iron particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22172-22182. [PMID: 27544529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and its modified nanomaterials are widely used in the degradation of some halogenated organic pollutants. In this study, we explored the effects of different proportions of tetrahydrofuran (THF) (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 %) on the degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) by Ni/Fe and nZVI nanoparticles with reference to the degradation kinetics, products, and pathway. The results illustrated that the effects of solvent on the degradation of BDE209 were similar when the two kinds of nanomaterials were used, although the Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles exhibited a better catalytic activity compared with the pure nZVI during the degradation of BDE209. The apparent reaction rate constant (k obs) increased with the proportion of the water in the system, enhancing the degradation of BDE209. In terms of degradation products, a high proportion of THF led to an accumulation of higher-brominated BDEs, inhibiting the further debromination of BDE209. The inhibitory effect of the solvent (THF) can be explained that water played a role of hydrogen donor during the reductive degradation of BDE209 in the THF/water system. However, the proportion of THF in the degradation system posed no effect on the BDE209 debromination pathway and debromination location. The difficulty of para-debromination was observed in all of the solvent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
| | - Eric Pokeung Tsang
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou, 51006, China
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, 00852, China
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Structure prediction of methyoxy-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) through GC–MS analysis of their corresponding PBDEs. Talanta 2016; 152:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Li Q, Yang F, Su G, Huang L, Lu H, Zhao Y, Zheng M. Thermal degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers over as-prepared Fe3O4 micro/nano-material and hypothesized mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1540-1551. [PMID: 26377966 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) featuring fully substituted bromines was investigated over an as-prepared Fe3O4 micro/nano-material at 300 °C. Degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with kobs = 0.15 min(-1) higher than that for decachlorobiphenyl (CB-209). Twenty-six newly produced polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were identified using the available PBDE standards, while four PBDE congener products were predicted using third-order polynomial regression equation. Analysis of the products indicated that BDE-209 underwent stepwise hydrodebromination over as-prepared Fe3O4. Similar to the case for CB-209, two initial hydrodebromination steps are favored at the BDE-209 meta-positions, giving the major products BDE-207 and BDE-197. However, the variance about the preferred products began to emerge from the start of heptabromodiphenyl ethers (hepta-BDEs). The majorly produced hepta-BDE isomer with BDE-183 is unbrominated at one ortho-position. However, this is different from the reported degradation of CB-209, which always produced the products chlorinated at all four ortho-positions until the ortho-position had to be removed for the formation of trichlorobiphenyls and dichlorobiphenyl still majorly chlorinated at three or two ortho-positions. The early BDE-209 hydrodebromination steps appear to be strongly influenced by steric effects, whereas subsequent hydrodebromination steps, as more bromine atoms are removed, will be gradually governed more by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Linyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
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7
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Simpson S, Gross MS, Olson JR, Zurek E, Aga DS. Identification of polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites based on calculated boiling points from COSMO-RS, experimental retention times, and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2299-305. [PMID: 25565148 DOI: 10.1021/ac504107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to predict the boiling points of several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methylated derivatives (MeO-BDEs) of monohydroxylated BDE (OH-BDE) metabolites. The linear correlation obtained by plotting theoretical boiling points calculated by COSMO-RS against experimentally determined retention times from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of PBDEs and OH-BDEs. This paper demonstrates the applicability of COSMO-RS in identifying unknown PBDE metabolites of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100). Metabolites of BDE-47 and BDE-100 were formed through individual incubations of each PBDE with recombinant cytochrome P450 2B6. Using calculated boiling points and characteristic mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the MeO-BDE positional isomers, the identities of the unknown monohydroxylated metabolites were proposed to be 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-OH-BDE-66) from BDE-47, and 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (2'-OH-BDE-119) and 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-91) from BDE-100. The collective use of boiling points predicted with COSMO-RS, and characteristic mass spectral fragmentation patterns provided a valuable tool toward the identification of isobaric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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8
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Liang DW, Yang YH, Xu WW, Peng SK, Lu SF, Xiang Y. Nonionic surfactant greatly enhances the reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by nanoscale zero-valent iron: mechanism and kinetics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 278:592-596. [PMID: 25019577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been considered as an effective agent for reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). But the high lipophilicity of PBDEs will hinder their debromination owing to the inefficient contact of PBDEs with nZVI. In this study, different ionic forms of surfactants were investigated aiming to promote PBDE debromination, and the beneficial effects of surfactant were found to be: nonionic polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether (Triton X-100, TX)>cationic cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)>anionic sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDDBS). Except for with SDDBS, the promotion effect for PBDE debromination was positively related to the surfactant concentrations until a critical micelle concentration (CMC). The debromination process of octa-BDE and its intermediates could be described as a consecutive reaction. The corresponding rate constants (k) for the debromination of parent octa-BDE (including nona- to hepta-BDEs), the intermediates hexa-, penta-, and tetra-BDEs are 1.24 × 10(-1) h(-1), 8.97 × 10(-2) h(-1), 6.50 × 10(-2) h(-1) and 2.37 × 10(-3) h(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Liang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu-han Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-wei Xu
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Si-kan Peng
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shan-fu Lu
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Beihang University (BUAA), 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China.
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9
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Li Q, Sun Z, Song L, Sun T. Support Vector Machine Applied to Study on Quantitative Structure–Retention Relationships of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congeners. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Jiang Z, Linghu W, Li Y, Sun C. Photoreductive debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by pyruvate. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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D’Archivio AA, Giannitto A, Maggi MA. Cross-column prediction of gas-chromatographic retention of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:118-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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13
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Yi Z, Li L, Zhang A, Wang L. New Modes for the Prediction of Gas Chromatographic Relative Retention Times of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Fang Z, Qiu X, Chen J, Qiu X. Debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: influencing factors, kinetics, and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:958-969. [PMID: 21035251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers have been identified as a new class of organic pollutants with ecological risk due to their toxicity, bioaccumulation, and global distribution. Proper remediation technologies are needed to remove them from the environment. In this paper, Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical deposition and used to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). The characteristics of Ni/Fe nanoparticles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunnaer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis. Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles with diameters in the order of 20-50 nm could effectively degrade BDE209 in the solvent (tetrahydrofuran/water). Influence factors, such as Ni/Fe nanoparticle dosage, initial BDE209 concentration, and Ni loading, on the removal of BDE209 were studied. The results indicated that the degradation of BDE209 followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the degradation rate of BDE209 increased with increasing the amount of nano Ni/Fe particles, Ni/Fe ratio, and decreasing the initial concentration of BDE209. Through analyzed the mass balance of the BDE209 removal, degradation was the main process of BDE209 removal. The mechanism of debromination was deduced by analyzing the reaction products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the bromide ion in the solution and varying the solvent conditions. Stepwise hydrogen reduction is the main process of debromination, and the hydrion play an important role in the reaction. Moreover, the experiment of long term performance and leaching of Ni were also carried out to test the stability and durability of Ni/Fe nanoparticles in BDE209 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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15
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Wang D, Li QX. Application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:737-775. [PMID: 19722247 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review summarized the applications of mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of the important flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to understand the environmental sources, fate and toxicity of PBDEs that were briefly discussed to give a general idea for the need of analytical methodologies. Specific performance of various mass spectrometers hyphenated with, for example, gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, and inductively coupled plasma (GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP/MS, respectively) for the analysis of PBDEs was compared with an objective to present the information on the evolution of MS techniques for determining PBDEs in environmental and human samples. GC/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole MS (GC/NCI qMS), GC/high resolution MS (GC/HRMS) and GC ion trap MS (GC/ITMS) are most commonly used MS techniques for the determination of PBDEs. New analytical technologies such as fast tandem GC/MS and LC/MS become available to improve analyses of higher PBDEs. The development and application of the tandem MS techniques have helped to understand environmental fate and transformations of PBDEs of which abiotic and biotic degradation of decaBDE is thought to be one major source of Br(1-9)BDEs present in the environment in addition to direct loading from commercial mixtures. MS-based proteomics will offer an insight into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential developmental and neurotoxicity of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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16
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Wei H, Yang R, Li A, Christensen ER, Rockne KJ. Gas chromatographic retention of 180 polybrominated diphenyl ethers and prediction of relative retention under various operational conditions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2964-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Li X, Huang J, Yu G, Deng S. Photodestruction of BDE-99 in micellar solutions of nonionic surfactants of Brij 35 and Brij 58. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:752-759. [PMID: 20006893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at e-waste recycling sites in China is of significant environmental concern and requires the identification of appropriate remediation technologies. In this paper, photodestruction of a model PBDE congener (BDE-99) in selected UV/surfactant systems was investigated, using a RPR-200 Rayonet photochemical reactor equipped with two low-pressure mercury lamps. BDE-99 photodegradation in the micellar solutions of nonionic surfactants of Brij 35 and Brij 58 all followed pseudo first-order kinetics and the photodegradation quantum yields were 1.8-2.4 times as high as that in water alone. The photodegradation was comparably enhanced by Brij 35 and Brij 58, and the quenching effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) was eliminated in their presence. Mono- to tetra-BDEs were identified as one group of BDE-99 photoproducts, indicating that one of BDE-99 photodegradation pathways was through a sequential loss of Br. The pattern of PBDE photoproducts showed the photodebromination of BDE-99 readily occurred on the more heavily substituted phenyl ring. Mono- to tetra-polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) were identified as another group of photoproducts, indicating BDE-99 can also photodegrade through a dibenzofuran-type ring closure process via an intramolecular elimination of HBr. In addition, the formation of these more toxic photoproducts (PBDFs) was not related to the presence of DO. Finally, the later disappearance of mono-BDEs and mono-BDFs suggested the UV exposure time would be an important technical parameter if the technology of UV photodestruction of PBDEs in surfactant micellar solutions is applied to PBDE-contaminated soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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18
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Wyrzykowska B, Tabor D, Gullett BK. Same-sample determination of ultratrace levels of polybromodiphenylethers, polybromodibenzo-p-dioxins/furans, and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins/furans from combustion flue gas. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4334-42. [PMID: 19422255 DOI: 10.1021/ac900105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The analytical method used for determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/Fs) emissions from municipal waste combustors (MWCs) and other stationary sources was modified and validated to additionally allow for analysis of ultratrace levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PBDDs/Fs) from a common flue gas sample. Potential methodological problems related to physicochemical properties of brominated compounds, including UV- and temperature-induced debromination and degradation, were addressed. The selection of solvents, optimization of extraction time, and adaptation of the cleanup and fractionation steps increased mean recoveries of (13)C(12)-labeled PBDE and PBDD/F isotope dilution surrogates about 18% and 25%, respectively. The customary liquid chromatography isolation of PBDEs and PBDDs/Fs was replaced by optimization of high-resolution gas chromatography to separate target PBDFs (2,3,7,8-Br-substituted) from potentially interfering PBDEs before mass spectroscopic identification. The optimized method allowed quantitative determination of 56 mono- through decabromodiphenylether congeners, 15 congeners of 2,3,7- and 2,3,7,8-Br-substituted tri- to octabromodibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans, and all 210 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans present in the flue gas at levels of picogram to microgram per normalized cubic meter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wyrzykowska
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, E305-01, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Souza ÉS, Kuhnen CA, Junkes BDS, Yunes RA, Heinzen VEF. Quantitative structure–retention relationship modelling of esters on stationary phases of different polarity. J Mol Graph Model 2009; 28:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Theoretical characterization of gas–liquid chromatographic stationary phases with quantum chemical descriptors. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2540-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Sun C, Zhao D, Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J. TiO2-mediated photocatalytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether: kinetics and intermediates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:157-162. [PMID: 19209600 DOI: 10.1021/es801929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the rapid photoreductive debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) byTiO2. The degradation of BDE209 is a stepwise process, and the bromines at the ortho positions are much more susceptible than those at the para positions. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of BDE209 was further investigated under different reaction conditions (various solvents, in the presence of H2O, acids, or bases). A possible photoreductive debromination pathway was proposed on the basis of the identified reaction intermediates and density functional theory (DFT). This study provides a potential application of photocatalysis in removal of PBDE contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Zeng X, Massey Simonich SL, Robrock KR, KorytáR P, Alvarez-Cohen L, Barofsky DF. Development and validation of a congener-specific photodegradation model for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2008; 27:2427-35. [PMID: 18613751 PMCID: PMC3056650 DOI: 10.1897/07-570.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the phaseout of the manufacture of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, namely penta-brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) and octa-BDE, and the continued use of the deca-BDE formulation, it is important to be able to predict the photodegradation of the more highly brominated congeners. A model was developed and validated to predict the products and their relative concentrations from the photodegradation of PBDEs. The enthalpies of formation of the 209 PBDE congeners were calculated, and the relative reaction rate constants were obtained. The predicted reaction rate constants for PBDEs show linear correlation with previous experimental results. Because of their large volume use, their presence in the environment, and/or importance in the photodegradation of the deca-BDE formulation, BDE-209, BDE-184, BDE-100, and BDE-99 were chosen for further ultraviolet photodegradation experiments in isooctane. The photodegradation model successfully predicted the products of the photochemical reactions of PBDEs in experimental studies. A gas chromatography retention time model for PBDEs was developed using a multiple linear regression analysis and, together with the photodegradation model and additional PBDE standards, provided a way to identify unknown products from PBDE photodegradation experiments. Based on the results of the photodegradation experiments, as well as the model predictions, it appears that the photodegradation of PBDEs is a first-order reaction and, further, that the rate-determining step is the stepwise loss of bromine. Our results suggest that, based on photodegradation, over time, BDE-99 will remain the most abundant penta-BDE, while BDE-49 and BDE-66 will increase greatly and will be comparable in abundance to BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- To whom correspondence may be addressed ()
| | - Kristin R. Robrock
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peter KorytáR
- Wageningen Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Alvarez-Cohen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Douglas F. Barofsky
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Pöhlein M, Bertran RU, Wolf M, van Eldik R. Versatile and fast gas chromatographic determination of frequently used brominated flame retardants in styrenic polymers. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:217-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dorman FL, Overton EB, Whiting JJ, Cochran JW, Gardea-Torresdey J. Gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4487-97. [PMID: 18484737 DOI: 10.1021/ac800714x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank L Dorman
- Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, and Chemistry Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania 16652, USA.
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Robrock KR, Korytár P, Alvarez-Cohen L. Pathways for the anaerobic microbial debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2845-2852. [PMID: 18497133 DOI: 10.1021/es0720917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The debromination pathways of seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by three different cultures of anaerobic dehalogenating bacteria were investigated using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). The congeners analyzed were the five major components of the industrially used octa-BDE mixture (octa-BDEs 196, 203, and 197, hepta-BDE 183, and hexa-BDE 153) as well as the two most commonly detected PBDEs in the environment, penta-BDE 99 and tetra-BDE 47. Among the dehalogenating cultures evaluated in this study were a trichloroethene-enriched consortium containing multiple Dehalococcoides species, and two pure cultures, Dehalobacter restrictus PER-K23 and Desulfitobacterium hafniense PCP-1. PBDE samples were analyzed by GC x GC coupled to an electron capture detector to maximize separation and identification of the product congeners. All studied congeners were debrominated to some extent by the three cultures and all exhibited similar debromination pathways with preferential removal of para and meta bromines. Debromination of the highly brominated congeners was extremely slow, with usually less than 10% of nM concentrations of PBDEs transformed after three months. In contrast, debromination of the lesser brominated congeners, such as penta 99 and tetra 47, was faster, with some cultures completely debrominating nM levels of tetra 47 within weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Robrock
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kaliszan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:145-71. [PMID: 17156788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent literature on the analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and brominated natural compounds (BNCs). The main literature sources are reviews from the last five years and research articles reporting new analytical developments published between 2003 and 2006. Sample pretreatment, extraction, clean-up and fractionation, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, detection methods, quality control and method validation are discussed. Only few new techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), have been investigated for their ability of combining the extraction and clean-up steps. With respect to the separation of BFRs, the most important developments were the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the growing tendency for liquid-chromatographic techniques for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers and of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). At the detection stage, mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed as well-established and reliable technology in the identification and quantification of BFRs. A growing attention has been paid to quality assurance. Interlaboratory exercises directed towards BFRs have grown in popularity and have enabled laboratories to validate analytical methods and to guarantee the quality of their results. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of several classes of BNCs, such as methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) (also metabolites of PBDEs), halogenated methyl or dimethyl bipyrroles (DBPs), are reviewed here for the first time. These compounds were generally identified during the routine analysis of BFRs and have received little attention until recently. For each topic, an overview is presented of its current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Héberger K. Quantitative structure-(chromatographic) retention relationships. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:273-305. [PMID: 17499256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering works of Kaliszan (R. Kaliszan, Quantitative Structure-Chromatographic Retention Relationships, Wiley, New York, 1987; and R. Kaliszan, Structure and Retention in Chromatography. A Chemometric Approach, Harwood Academic, Amsterdam, 1997) no comprehensive summary is available in the field. Present review covers the period of 1996-August 2006. The sources are grouped according to the special properties of kinds of chromatography: Quantitative structure-retention relationship in gas chromatography, in planar chromatography, in column liquid chromatography, in micellar liquid chromatography, affinity chromatography and quantitative structure enantioselective retention relationships. General tendencies, misleading practice and conclusions, validation of the models, suggestions for future works are summarized for each sub-field. Some straightforward applications are emphasized but standard ones. The sources and the model compounds, descriptors, predicted retention data, modeling methods and indicators of their performance, validation of models, and stationary phases are collected in the tables. Some important conclusions are: Not all physicochemical descriptors correlate with the retention data strongly; the heat of formation is not related to the chromatographic retention. It is not appropriate to give the errors of Kovats indices in percentages. The apparently low values (1-3%) can disorient the reviewers and readers. Contemporary mean interlaboratory reproducibility of Kovats indices are about 5-10 i.u. for standard non polar phases and 10-25 i.u. for standard polar phases. The predictive performance of QSRR models deteriorates as the polarity of GC stationary phase increases. The correlation coefficient alone is not a particularly good indicator for the model performance. Residuals are more useful than plots of measured and calculated values. There is no need to give the retention data in a form of an equation if the numbers of compounds are small. The domain of model applicability of models should be given in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Héberger
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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Liu HY, Liu SS, Qin LT. Semi-empirical topological method for prediction of the gas chromatographic relative retention times of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs). J Mol Model 2007; 13:611-27. [PMID: 17390156 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-007-0195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) studies have proved to be a valuable approach in the prediction of the gas chromatographic relative retention time (GC-RRT) of organic chemicals. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Of the 209 possible PBDE congeners, 126 have been synthesized and their retention-time data on seven different stationary phases has been determined [Korytár et al.:J Chromatography A 1065:239-249, (2005)]. To estimate and predict the GC-RRT values of all 209 PBDEs on different stationary phases, 17 molecular descriptors from the semi-experience algorithm in MOPAC program and the topological structures of PBDE molecules were calculated. By means of the VSMP (variable selection and modeling based on prediction) program [Liu et al.:J Chem Inf Comput Sci 43:964-969, (2003)], six optimal descriptors were selected to develop a QSRR model for the prediction of GC-RRT of PBDE. The descriptors contain some energy information (such as the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and highest occupied molecular orbital) and topological information (the number of ortho-, meta-, and para- substituted bromine atoms) as well as the molecular weight (lnM (W)). All the models developed were cross-validated using leave-one-out (LOO). For seven GC stationary phases, the estimated correlation coefficients (r(2)) are all more than 0.985 but for the column CP-Sil 19 (r(2) = 0.9392) and LOO-validated correlation coefficients (q(2)) all more than 0.985 but for the column CP-Sil 19 (q(2) = 0.9345).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Liu
- Department of Material and Chemistry Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
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Zhang YH, Liu SS, Liu HY. Predicting the Gas Chromatographic Relative Retention Time of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by MEDV-13 Descriptors. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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