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Aoyagi C, Tanaka T, Haga N, Yanase T, Kodama S. Differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells into steroidogenic cells by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of NR5A1 and implantation into adrenal insufficient mice. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:866-876. [PMID: 37149799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cell therapy for adrenal insufficiency is a potential method for physiological glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. We have previously shown that mouse mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentiated into steroidogenic cells by the viral vector-mediated overexpression of nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1), an essential regulator of steroidogenesis, and their implantation extended the survival of bilateral adrenalectomized (bADX) mice. METHODS In this study, we examined the capability of NR5A1-induced steroidogenic cells prepared from human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (MSC [AT]) and the therapeutic effect of the implantation of human NR5A1-induced steroidogenic cells into immunodeficient bADX mice. RESULTS Human NR5A1-induced steroidogenic cells secreted adrenal and gonadal steroids and exhibited responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone and angiotensin II in vitro. In vivo, the survival time of bADX mice implanted with NR5A1-induced steroidogenic cells was significantly prolonged compared with that of bADX mice implanted with control MSC (AT). Serum cortisol levels, which indicate hormone secretion from the graft, were detected in bADX mice implanted with steroidogenic cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to demonstrate steroid replacement by the implantation of steroid-producing cells derived from human MSC (AT). These results indicate the potential of human MSC (AT) to be a source of steroid hormone-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikao Aoyagi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Haga
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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2
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Cheng JYK, Wong FCK, Chow EWK, Lau WWH, Cheung KKT, Cheng THT, Tsui TKC, Chan ASL, Lo CWS, Ho CS. Chinese normotensive and essential hypertensive reference intervals for plasma aldosterone and renin activity by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1640-1647. [PMID: 35922153 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure. Plasma renin activities (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) are biomarkers related to RAAS. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based measurements for PRA and PAC have become popular. Method-specific reference intervals (RIs) are required. METHODS Routine PRA and PAC services in a Hong Kong teaching hospital were based on LC-MS/MS methods. PRA and PAC RIs were developed for normotensive subjects and essential hypertensive (EH) patients. Healthy volunteers were recruited to establish normotensive RIs. PRA and PAC results of hypertensive patients with urine aldosterone tests for primary aldosteronism (PA) screening were retrieved from the laboratory information system. Patients without PA were included. Patients with secondary hypertension and patients on medications affecting the RAAS were excluded. The central 95% RIs were established based on the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline C28-A3. RESULTS PRA and PAC of 170 normotensive volunteers and 362 EH patients were analysed. There was no sex-specific difference in PRA and PAC for normotensive and EH reference subjects. Differences for PRA and PAC were noted between normotensive subjects aged below 45 and their older counterparts. However, such a difference was only identified for PRA but not PAC in EH patients. Age-specific RIs were established accordingly. CONCLUSIONS This study presented age-specific LC-MS/MS RIs of PRA and PAC for both normotensive and EH populations for local Chinese in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Yeuk-Ki Cheng
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Felix Chi-Kin Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Edith Wing-Kar Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Wendy Wan-Hang Lau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Kitty Kit-Ting Cheung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Hua-Tse Cheng
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Teresa Kam-Chi Tsui
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Alan Shek-Lun Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Clara Wai-Shan Lo
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Shun Ho
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Statin, NT, Hong Kong
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Quantification of 17 Endogenous and Exogenous Steroidal Hormones in Equine and Bovine Blood for Doping Control with UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050393. [PMID: 33919404 PMCID: PMC8143330 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and fast analytical method able to simultaneously identify and quantify 17 endogenous and exogenous steroidal hormones was developed in bovine and equine blood using UHPLC-MS/MS. A total amount of 500 µL of sample was deproteinized with 500 µL of a mixture of methanol and zinc sulfate and evaporated. The mixture was reconstituted with 50 µL of a solution of 25% methanol and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were in the range of 0.9932–0.9999, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.023–1.833 and 0.069–5.5 ppb, respectively. The developed method showed a high sensitivity and qualitative aspects allowing the detection and quantification of all steroids in equine and bovine blood. Moreover, the detection limit of testosterone (50 ppt) is half of the threshold admitted in plasma (100 ppt). Once validated, the method was used to quantify 17 steroid hormones in both bovine and equine blood samples. The primary endogenous compounds detected were corticosterone (range 0.28–0.60 ppb) and cortisol (range 0.44–10.00 ppb), followed by androstenedione, testosterone and 11-deoxycortisol.
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Genangeli M, Caprioli G, Cortese M, Laus F, Petrelli R, Ricciutelli M, Sagratini G, Sartori S, Vittori S. Simultaneous quantitation of 9 anabolic and natural steroidal hormones in equine urine by UHPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1117:36-40. [PMID: 30991204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new fast and easy analytical procedure for the simultaneous detection and quantification of 9 anabolic steroids (deslorelin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, stanozolol, boldenone, nandrolone, dexamethasone isonicotinate and altrenogest) in horse urine for doping control have been developed by using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total amount of 400 μl of sample was evaporated, restored and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS. The proposed method was fully validated showing a recovery higher than 89.12% and a coefficient of variation lower than 6.02%. The correlation coefficients range of the analyzed compound's calibration curves was 0.9955-0.9997, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.1 and 0.25 μg/l, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Cortese
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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5
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Lie M, Thorstensen K. A precise, sensitive and stable LC-MSMS method for detection of picomolar levels of serum aldosterone. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2018; 78:379-385. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1480060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margrete Lie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ketil Thorstensen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Márta Z, Bobály B, Fekete J, Magda B, Imre T, Mészáros KV, Bálint M, Szabó PT. Simultaneous determination of thirteen different steroid hormones using micro UHPLC-MS/MS with on-line SPE system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:258-267. [PMID: 29258045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultratrace analysis of sample components requires excellent analytical performance in terms of limits of quantitation (LOQ). Micro UHPLC coupled to sensitive tandem mass spectrometry provides state of the art solution for such analytical problems. Using on-line SPE with column switching on a micro UHPLC-MS/MS system allowed to decrease LOQ without any complex sample preparation protocol. The presented method is capable of reaching satisfactory low LOQ values for analysis of thirteen different steroid molecules from human plasma without the most commonly used off-line SPE or compound derivatization. Steroids were determined by using two simple sample preparation methods, based on lower and higher plasma steroid concentrations. In the first method, higher analyte concentrations were directly determined after protein precipitation with methanol. The organic phase obtained from the precipitation was diluted with water and directly injected into the LC-MS system. In the second method, low steroid levels were determined by concentrating the organic phase after steroid extraction. In this case, analytes were extracted with ethyl acetate and reconstituted in 90/10 water/acetonitrile following evaporation to dryness. This step provided much lower LOQs, outperforming previously published values. The method has been validated and subsequently applied to clinical laboratory measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Márta
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért Sq 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bobály
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jenő Fekete
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért Sq 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Magda
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Viola Mészáros
- "Momentum" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi St 46, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Bálint
- Bálint Analika Ltd, Fehérvári St 144, H-1116 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Tamás Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Wu VC, Hu YH, Er LK, Yen RF, Chang CH, Chang YL, Lu CC, Chang CC, Lin JH, Lin YH, Wang TD, Wang CY, Tu ST, Jeff Chueh SC, Chang CC, Tseng FY, Wu KD. Case detection and diagnosis of primary aldosteronism - The consensus of Taiwan Society of Aldosteronism. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:993-1005. [PMID: 28735660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Even though the increasing clinical recognition of primary aldosteronism (PA) as a public health issue, its heightened risk profiles and the availability of targeted surgical/medical treatment being more understood, consensus in its diagnosis and management based on medical evidence, while recognizing the constraints of our real-world clinical practice in Taiwan, has not been reached. METHODS The Taiwan Society of Aldosteronism (TSA) Task Force acknowledges the above-mentioned issues and reached this Taiwan PA consensus at its inaugural meeting, in order to provide updated information of internationally acceptable standards, and also to incorporate our local disease characteristics into the management of PA. RESULTS When there is suspicion of PA, a plasma aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) should be obtained initially. Patients with abnormal ARR will undergo confirmatory laboratory and image tests. Subtype classification with adrenal venous sampling (AVS) or NP-59 nuclear imaging, if AVS not available, to lateralize PA is recommended when patients are considered for adrenalectomy. The strengths and weaknesses of the currently available identification methods are discussed, focusing especially on result interpretation. CONCLUSION With this consensus we hope to raise more awareness of PA among medical professionals and hypertensive patients in Taiwan, and to facilitate reconciliation of better detection, identification and treatment of patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Leay Kiaw Er
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Ruoh-Fang Yen
- Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chu Lu
- Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Medical Imagine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiang Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Dau Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih Te Tu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Jeff Chueh
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ching-Chung Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Yu Tseng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Arthur KL, Turner MA, Brailsford AD, Kicman AT, Cowan DA, Reynolds JC, Creaser CS. Rapid Analysis of Anabolic Steroid Metabolites in Urine by Combining Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7431-7437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh L. Arthur
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Turner
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Brailsford
- Drug
Control Centre, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug
Control Centre, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Cowan
- Drug
Control Centre, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S. Creaser
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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9
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Travers S, Martinerie L, Bouvattier C, Boileau P, Lombès M, Pussard E. Multiplexed steroid profiling of gluco- and mineralocorticoids pathways using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:202-211. [PMID: 27339652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serum steroid assays are major tools in the clinical evaluation of adrenal disorders. The main adrenal steroids are routinely measured with immunoassays. However, chromatographic methods are known to offer better specificity. We report a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for simultaneous quantification of 15 adrenal steroids targeting the mineralo- and gluco-corticosteroid pathways. Serum steroids combined with deuterated internal standards were extracted using successive protein precipitation and solid phase extraction steps. Cortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-deoxycortisol, progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone and androstenedione were resolved in fourteen minutes using a BEH C18 column coupled to a methanol-ammonium formate gradient. Detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring quantitation. Routinely determined steroid levels by immunoassays were compared to those measured by LC-MS/MS. This method was applied to assess steroid profiles in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Low quantification limits depending on each steroid (ranging from 0.015ng/mL for aldosterone to 20ng/mL for DHEAS) are adapted to the clinical use. Recoveries of steroids range from 64% for 21-deoxycortisol to 101% for cortisol and are fully corrected by internal standards. A good linearity with R>0.989 is obtained for each compound. The inter-day variation coefficients ranged from 4.7% for cortisol to 16.3% for 11-deoxycorticosterone. The immunoassay for cortisol (Immulite 2000, Siemens) showed acceptable agreement with LC-MS/MS (bias +7.2%). However, Bland-Altman plots revealed large negative bias for aldosterone (-33.4%, AldoCT, CisBio international), for 17-hydroxyprogesterone at concentrations below 2ng/mL (-74.1%, OHP-CT MP Biomedical), for androstenedione (-80.3%, RIA D4, Beckman Coulter) and for 11-deoxycortisol (-125.3%, Diasource Immunoassays). Finally, the analysis of samples from 21-hydroxylase defective patients demonstrated the potential usefulness of multiplexed steroid profiling for the diagnosis and/or monitoring of different forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This LC-MS/MS method provides highly sensitive and specific assessments of mineralo- and glucocorticoids pathways from a small volume sample and is therefore a promising potent tool for clinical and experimental endocrine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Travers
- Inserm, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Fac Med Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Inserm, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Service d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75019, France; PremUp Foundation, Paris, F-75005, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75019, France
| | - Claire Bouvattier
- Fac Med Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Département d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France; Centre de référence des maladies rares du développement sexuel, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- PremUp Foundation, Paris, F-75005, France; Service de Réanimation Néonatale, CH Poissy St-Germain en-Laye, Poissy, F-78303, France; EA 7285, UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Simone Veil. Université Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, Montigny le Bretonneux F-78180, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Inserm, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Fac Med Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; PremUp Foundation, Paris, F-75005, France; Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France; UMS 32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- Inserm, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Fac Med Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France; UMS 32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
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10
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Nishikawa T, Omura M, Kawaguchi M, Takatsu A, Satoh F, Ito S, Kurihara I, Itoh H, Yanase T, Shibata H, Oki Y, Naruse M, Sakurai K, Sasamoto H, Kuwa K. Calibration and evaluation of routine methods by serum certified reference material for aldosterone measurement in blood. Endocr J 2016; 63:1065-1080. [PMID: 27593175 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to study the standardization of aldosterone measurement in blood. The serum certified reference material (serum CRM) was established by spiking healthy human serum with pure aldosterone. ID-LC/MS/MS as a reference measurement procedure was performed by using the serum CRM. LC-MS/MS as a comparison method (CM) was routinely used for clinical samples, and the values with and without calibration by the serum CRM were compared. The serum CRM demonstrated similar reactivity with peripheral blood plasma as clinical samples in routine methods (RM) of RIA, ELISA, and CLEIA. In comparison between RM and CM, the results in regression analysis indicated that the range of the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.913 - 0.991, the range of y intercept was 0.9 - 67.3 pg/mL and the range of slope was 0.869 - 1.174. The values by RM in 100 - 150 pg/mL for the diagnostic level, had a significant calibration effect, and the relative difference between calibrated value in RM and result by CM was within ±20%. Furthermore, the calibrated value using the serum CRM was 10,187 pg/mL, which corresponds to measured value of 14,000 pg/mL using RIA for the adrenal venous sampling. Measured values between plasma and serum as a sample for the aldosterone measurement from clinical samples showed no significant differences. In conclusion, we succeeded to prepare the certified reference material of aldosterone for RM. Then, we can accurately calculate corrected values by using our equation for four RMs of determination of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Determination of urinary aldosterone using a plasma aldosterone 2D ID LC–MS/MS method. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1765-75. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In the diagnosis for primary aldosteronism, the measurement of urinary aldosterone is part of the confirmation test but diagnostic accuracy may be blunted due to poor immunoassay performance for urinary aldosterone. Nowadays, plasma aldosterone concentrations are measured preferably by LC–MS/MS yet such methods for urinary aldosterone are lacking. Methods & results: We show that plasma and urinary aldosterone can be measured with the same 2D isotope dilution LC–MS/MS method. The accuracy of the method was tested against a certified reference material. The reference values for plasma and urinary aldosterone were established. Discussion & conclusion: With this method, urinary aldosterone concentrations can be measured precisely, simply and accurately together with plasma samples with one set of calibration standards.
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12
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Higashi T, Ogawa S. Chemical derivatization for enhancing sensitivity during LC/ESI-MS/MS quantification of steroids in biological samples: a review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:57-69. [PMID: 26454158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific methods for the detection, characterization and quantification of endogenous steroids in body fluids or tissues are necessary for the diagnosis, pathological analysis and treatment of many diseases. Recently, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) has been widely used for these purposes due to its specificity and versatility. However, the ESI efficiency and fragmentation behavior of some steroids are poor, which lead to a low sensitivity. Chemical derivatization is one of the most effective methods to improve the detection characteristics of steroids in ESI-MS/MS. Based on this background, this article reviews the recent advances in chemical derivatization for the trace quantification of steroids in biological samples by LC/ESI-MS/MS. The derivatization in ESI-MS/MS is based on tagging a proton-affinitive or permanently charged moiety on the target steroid. Introduction/formation of a fragmentable moiety suitable for the selected reaction monitoring by the derivatization also enhances the sensitivity. The stable isotope-coded derivatization procedures for the steroid analysis are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Steroid hormones are measured clinically to determine if a patient has a pathological process occurring in the adrenal gland, or other hormone responsive organs. They are very similar in structure making them analytically challenging to measure. Additionally, these hormones have vast concentration differences in human serum adding to the measurement complexity. GC–MS was the gold standard methodology used to measure steroid hormones clinically, followed by radioimmunoassay, but that was replaced by immunoassay due to ease of use. LC–MS/MS has now become a popular alternative owing to simplified sample preparation than for GC–MS and increased specificity and sensitivity over immunoassay. This review will discuss these methodologies and some new developments that could simplify and improve steroid hormone analysis in serum.
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14
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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15
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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16
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Satoh F, Morimoto R, Seiji K, Satani N, Ota H, Iwakura Y, Ono Y, Kudo M, Nezu M, Omata K, Tezuka Y, Kawasaki Y, Ishidoya S, Arai Y, Takase K, Nakamura Y, McNamara K, Sasano H, Ito S. Is there a role for segmental adrenal venous sampling and adrenal sparing surgery in patients with primary aldosteronism? Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:465-77. [PMID: 26194502 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is critical to determine the subtype of primary aldosteronism (PA). Central AVS (C-AVS)--that is, the collection of effluents from bilateral adrenal central veins (CV)--sometimes does not allow differentiation between bilateral aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. To establish the best treatment course, we have developed segmental AVS (S-AVS); that is, we collect effluents from the tributaries of CV to determine the intra-adrenal sources of aldosterone overproduction. We then evaluated the clinical utility of this novel approach in the diagnosis and treatment of PA. METHODS We performed C-AVS and/or S-AVS in 297 PA patients and assessed the accuracy of diagnosis based on the results of C-AVS (n=138, 46.5%) and S-AVS (n=159, 53.5%) by comparison with those of clinicopathological evaluation of resected specimens. RESULTS S-AVS demonstrated both elevated and attenuated secretion of aldosterone from APA and non-tumorous segments, respectively, in patients with bilateral APA and recurrent APA. These findings were completely confirmed by detailed histopathological examination after surgery. S-AVS, but not C-AVS, also served to identify APA located distal from the CV. CONCLUSIONS Compared to C-AVS, S-AVS served to identify APA in some patients, and its use should expand the pool of patients eligible for adrenal sparing surgery through the identification of unaffected segments, despite the fact that S-AVS requires more expertise and time. Especially, this new technique could enormously benefit patients with bilateral or recurrent APA because of the preservation of non-tumorous glandular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Seiji
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nozomi Satani
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideki Ota
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Iwakura
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masataka Kudo
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nezu
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kei Omata
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Kawasaki
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shigeto Ishidoya
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoichi Arai
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kei Takase
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Keely McNamara
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Clinical HypertensionEndocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, JapanDivision of NephrologyEndocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of MedicineDepartment of Diagnostic RadiologyDepartment of UrologyDepartment of PathologyTohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Jeanneret F, Tonoli D, Rossier MF, Saugy M, Boccard J, Rudaz S. Evaluation of steroidomics by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry as a powerful analytical strategy for measuring human steroid perturbations. J Chromatogr A 2015. [PMID: 26195035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the evolution of steroid analytical techniques, including gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), immunoassay (IA) and targeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and it evaluates the potential of extended steroid profiles by a metabolomics-based approach, namely steroidomics. Steroids regulate essential biological functions including growth and reproduction, and perturbations of the steroid homeostasis can generate serious physiological issues; therefore, specific and sensitive methods have been developed to measure steroid concentrations. GC-MS measuring several steroids simultaneously was considered the first historical standard method for analysis. Steroids were then quantified by immunoassay, allowing a higher throughput; however, major drawbacks included the measurement of a single compound instead of a panel and cross-reactivity reactions. Targeted LC-MS methods with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were then introduced for quantifying a small steroid subset without the problems of cross-reactivity. The next step was the integration of metabolomic approaches in the context of steroid analyses. As metabolomics tends to identify and quantify all the metabolites (i.e., the metabolome) in a specific system, appropriate strategies were proposed for discovering new biomarkers. Steroidomics, defined as the untargeted analysis of the steroid content in a sample, was implemented in several fields, including doping analysis, clinical studies, in vivo or in vitro toxicology assays, and more. This review discusses the current analytical methods for assessing steroid changes and compares them to steroidomics. Steroids, their pathways, their implications in diseases and the biological matrices in which they are analysed will first be described. Then, the different analytical strategies will be presented with a focus on their ability to obtain relevant information on the steroid pattern. The future technical requirements for improving steroid analysis will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Jeanneret
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Human Protein Sciences Department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel F Rossier
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland; Institut Central (ICHV), Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Satoh F, Morimoto R, Ono Y, Iwakura Y, Omata K, Kudo M, Takase K, Seiji K, Sasamoto H, Honma S, Okuyama M, Yamashita K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rainey WE, Arai Y, Sasano H, Nakamura Y, Ito S. Measurement of peripheral plasma 18-oxocortisol can discriminate unilateral adenoma from bilateral diseases in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2015; 65:1096-102. [PMID: 25776074 PMCID: PMC4642692 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal venous sampling is currently the only reliable method to distinguish unilateral from bilateral diseases in primary aldosteronism. In this study, we attempted to determine whether peripheral plasma levels of 18-oxocortisol (18oxoF) and 18-hydroxycortisol could contribute to the clinical differentiation between aldosteronoma and bilateral hyperaldosteronism in 234 patients with primary aldosteronism, including computed tomography (CT)-detectable aldosteronoma (n=113) and bilateral hyperaldosteronism (n=121), all of whom underwent CT and adrenal venous sampling. All aldosteronomas were surgically resected and the accuracy of diagnosis was clinically and histopathologically confirmed. 18oxoF and 18-hydroxycortisol were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of 18oxoF discrimination of adenoma from hyperplasia demonstrated sensitivity/specificity of 0.83/0.99 at a cut-off value of 4.7 ng/dL, compared with that based on 18-hydroxycortisol (sensitivity/specificity: 0.62/0.96). 18oxoF levels above 6.1 ng/dL or of aldosterone >32.7 ng/dL were found in 95 of 113 patients with aldosteronoma (84%) but in none of 121 bilateral hyperaldosteronism, 30 of whom harbored CT-detectable unilateral nonfunctioning nodules in their adrenals. In addition, 18oxoF levels below 1.2 ng/dL, the lowest in aldosteronoma, were found 52 of the 121 (43%) patients with bilateral hyperaldosteronism. Further analysis of 27 patients with CT-undetectable micro aldosteronomas revealed that 8 of these 27 patients had CT-detectable contralateral adrenal nodules, the highest values of 18oxoF and aldosterone were 4.8 and 24.5 ng/dL, respectively, both below their cut-off levels indicated above. The peripheral plasma 18oxoF concentrations served not only to differentiate aldosteronoma but also could serve to avoid unnecessary surgery for nonfunctioning adrenocortical nodules concurrent with hyperplasia or microadenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Satoh
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.).
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Yoshitsugu Iwakura
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Kei Omata
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Masataka Kudo
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Kei Takase
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Kazumasa Seiji
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Hidehiko Sasamoto
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Seijiro Honma
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Mitsunobu Okuyama
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Kouwa Yamashita
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - William E Rainey
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Yoichi Arai
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Departments of Medicine (F.S., R.M., Y.O., Y.I., K.O., M.K., S.I.), Radiology (K.T., K.S.), Urology (Y.A.), and Pathology (H.S., Y.N.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Aska Pharma Medical Co Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan (H.S., S.H., M.O.); Division of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan (K.Y.); Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.); and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.E.R.)
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Ray JA, Kushnir MM, Palmer J, Sadjadi S, Rockwood AL, Meikle AW. Enhancement of specificity of aldosterone measurement in human serum and plasma using 2D-LC–MS/MS and comparison with commercial immunoassays. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 970:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Thieme D, Sachs U, Sachs H, Moore C. Significant enhancement of 11-Hydroxy-THC detection by formation of picolinic acid esters and application of liquid chromatography/multi stage mass spectrometry (LC-MS3): Application to hair and oral fluid analysis. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:577-85. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresdner str. 12 01731 Kreischa Germany
| | - Ulf Sachs
- Albert-Ludwigs-University; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Hans Sachs
- Forensic Toxicological Center; Bayerstr. 53 80335 Munich Germany
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21
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Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease is ameliorated by spironolactone in rats and humans. Kidney Int 2014; 87:749-60. [PMID: 25337775 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and insulin resistance. In a patient cohort with nondiabetic stages 2-5 CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was negatively correlated and the plasma aldosterone concentration was independently associated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Treatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker spironolactone ameliorated insulin resistance in patients, and impaired glucose tolerance was partially reversed in fifth/sixth nephrectomized rats. In these rats, insulin-induced signal transduction was attenuated, especially in the adipose tissue. In the adipose tissue of nephrectomized rats, nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor expression, expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor target molecule SGK-1, tissue aldosterone content, and expression of the aldosterone-producing enzyme CYP11B2 increased. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in the adipose tissue was reversed by spironolactone. In the adipose tissue of nephrectomized rats, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA; an uremic substance linking uremia and insulin resistance) increased, the expression of the ADMA-degrading enzymes DDAH1 and DDAH2 decreased, and the oxidative stress increased. All of these changes were reversed by spironolactone. In mature adipocytes, aldosterone downregulated both DDAH1 and DDAH2 expression, and ADMA inhibited the insulin-induced cellular signaling. Thus, activation of mineralocorticoid receptor and resultant ADMA accumulation in adipose tissue has, in part, a relevant role in the development of insulin resistance in CKD.
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22
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Qi BL, Liu P, Wang QY, Cai WJ, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Derivatization for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Significance of AT1 receptor independent activation of mineralocorticoid receptor in murine diabetic cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93145. [PMID: 24664319 PMCID: PMC3963989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) has deleterious influence on cardiac performance independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, especially angiotensin II type 1a receptor (AT1aR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling, in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods and Results DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg BW) in wild-type (WT) or AT1aR knockout (KO) male mice, and they were bred during 6 or 12 weeks. Some KO mice were administered the MR antagonist eplerenone (100 mg/kg body weight). At 6 weeks, LV diastolic function was impaired in WT-DM, but preserved in KO-DM. At that time point MR mRNA expression was upregulated, NADPH oxidase subunit (p47phox) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) mRNA expression were upregulated, the staining intensities of LV tissue for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal was stronger in immunohistochemistry, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells was increased, Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly downregulated, and the expression of SERCA2a and phosphorylated phospholamban was depressed in WT-DM, while these changes were not seen in KO-DM. At 12 weeks, however, these changes were also noted in KO-DM. Eplerenone arrested those changes. The plasma aldosterone concentration was elevated in WT-DM but not in KO-DM at 6 weeks. It showed 3.7-fold elevation at 12 weeks even in KO-DM, which suggests “aldosterone breakthrough” phenomenon. However, the aldosterone content in LV tissue was unchanged in KO-DM. Conclusions DM induced diastolic dysfunction was observed even in KO at 12 weeks, which was ameliorated by minelarocorticoid receptor antagonist, eplerenone. AT1-independent MR activation in the LV might be responsible for the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Abstract
Currently, chromatography (GC but more commonly HPLC) is the analytical method of choice for several hormones, either because the immunoassays suffer from extensive crossreactivity or because chromatography permits simultaneous measurements of hormones. However, sometimes the conventional detection systems with HPLC methods do not meet desired specificity. With the increase of robust and affordable LC–MS/MS systems, the next step forward in specificity was taken. LC–MS/MS is rapidly being incorporated in the endocrine laboratories. To be useful in the clinical diagnostic practice, it is of utmost importance that methods are both analytically and clinically vaidated, as until now, the majority of applications of LC–MS/MS in the clinical laboratories are ‘home-made’ methods, therefore special case must be taken. This review aims to focus on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute or comparable validated LC–MS/MS methods for targeted hormone analysis used for diagnostic purposes in human samples, published in the last 5 years.
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Chao CT, Wu VC, Kuo CC, Lin YH, Chang CC, Chueh SJ, Wu KD, Pimenta E, Stowasser M. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism: an updated review. Ann Med 2013; 45:375-83. [PMID: 23701121 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.785234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common secondary form of arterial hypertension, with a particularly high prevalence among patients with resistant hypertension. Aldosterone has been found to be associated with cardiovascular toxicity. Prolonged aldosteronism leads to higher incidence of cardiac events, glomerular hyperfiltration, and potentially bone/metabolic sequels. The wider application of aldosterone/renin ratio as screening test has substantially contributed to increasing diagnosis of PA. Diagnosis of PA consists of two phases: screening and confirmatory testing. Adrenal imaging is often inaccurate for differentiation between an adenoma and hyperplasia, and adrenal venous sampling is essential for selecting the appropriate treatment modality. The etiologies of PA have two main subtypes: unilateral (aldosterone-producing adenoma) and bilateral (micro- or macronodular hyperplasia). Aldosterone-producing adenoma is typically managed with unilateral adrenalectomy, while bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is amenable to pharmacological approaches using mineralocorticoid antagonists. Short-term treatment outcome following surgery is determined by factors such as preoperative blood pressure level and hypertension duration, but evidence regarding long-term treatment outcome is still lacking. However, directed treatments comprising of unilateral adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists still potentially reduce the toxicities of aldosterone. Utilizing a physician-centered approach, we intend to provide up-dated information on the etiology, diagnosis, and the management of PA.
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Escrig-Doménech A, Simó-Alfonso E, Herrero-Martínez J, Ramis-Ramos G. Derivatization of hydroxyl functional groups for liquid chromatography and capillary electroseparation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry methods have the potential to measure different hormones during the same analysis and have improved specificity and a wide analytical range compared with many immunoassay methods. Increasingly in clinical laboratories liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays are replacing immunoassays for the routine measurement of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and other steroid hormones. Reference LC-MS/MS methods for steroid, thyroid, and peptide hormones are being used for assessment of the performance and calibration of commercial immunoassays. In this chapter, the general principles of tandem mass spectrometry and examples of hormone assays are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Field
- Department of Specialist Laboratory Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Athanasiadou I, Angelis YS, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Georgakopoulos C. Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nakamura Y, Rege J, Satoh F, Morimoto R, Kennedy MR, Ahlem CN, Honma S, Sasano H, Rainey WE. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of human adrenal vein corticosteroids before and after adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:778-84. [PMID: 22150161 PMCID: PMC4266525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although steroid hormones produced by the adrenal gland play critical roles in human physiology, a detailed quantitative analysis of the steroid products has not been reported. The current study uses a single methodology (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) to quantify ten corticosteroids in adrenal vein (AV) samples pre- and post-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. DESIGN/METHODS Three men and six women with a diagnosis of an adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) were included in the study. Serum was collected from the iliac vein (IV) and the AV contralateral to the diseased adrenal. Samples were collected, before and after administration of ACTH. LC-MS/MS was then used to quantify serum concentrations of unconjugated corticosteroids and their precursors. RESULTS Prior to ACTH stimulation, the four most abundant steroids in AV were cortisol (90%), cortisone (4%), corticosterone (3%) and 11-deoxycortisol (0.8%). Post-ACTH administration, cortisol remained the major adrenal product (79%); however, corticosterone became the second most abundantly produced adrenal steroid (11%) followed by pregnenolone (2.5%) and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (2%). ACTH significantly increased the absolute adrenal output of all ten corticosteroids measured (P < 0.05). The four largest post-ACTH increases were pregnenolone (300-fold), progesterone (199-fold), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (187-fold) and deoxycorticosterone (82-fold). CONCLUSION Using LC-MS/MS, we successfully measured 10 corticosteroids in peripheral and AV serum samples under pre- and post-ACTH stimulation. This study demonstrates the primary adrenal steroid products and their response to ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
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Morizane S, Mitani F, Ozawa K, Ito K, Matsuhashi T, Katsumata Y, Ito H, Yan X, Shinmura K, Nishiyama A, Honma S, Suzuki T, Funder JW, Fukuda K, Sano M. Biphasic time course of the changes in aldosterone biosynthesis under high-salt conditions in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1194-203. [PMID: 22383697 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.242719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The comorbidity of excess salt and elevated plasma aldosterone has deleterious effects in cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the mechanisms behind the paradoxical increase in aldosterone biosynthesis in relation to dietary intake of salt. METHODS AND RESULTS Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) and salt-resistant (Dahl-R) rats were fed a high-salt diet, and plasma and tissue levels of aldosterone in the adrenal gland and heart were quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. In Dahl-S rats, we found that the delayed and paradoxical increase in aldosterone biosynthesis after the initial and appropriate response to high salt. The late rise in aldosterone biosynthesis was accompanied by upregulation of CYP11B2 expression in the zona glomerulosa and increased adrenal angiotensin II levels and renin-angiotensin system components. It preceded the appearance of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and renal insufficiency. Blockade of angiotensin AT(1) receptors reversed the paradoxical increase in aldosterone biosynthesis. In contrast, Dahl-R rats maintained the initial suppression of aldosterone biosynthesis. Aldosterone levels in the heart closely paralleled those in the plasma and adrenal gland and disappeared after bilateral adrenalectomy. CONCLUSIONS Chronic salt overload in Dahl-S rats stimulates aberrant aldosterone production via activation of the local renin-angiotensin system in the adrenal gland, thereby creating the comorbidity of excess salt and elevated plasma aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Morizane
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
LC with atmospheric pressure ionization MS is essential to a large number of quantitative bioanalyses for a variety of compounds, especially nonvolatile or highly polar compounds. However, in many instances, weak ionization, poor LC retention and instability of certain analytes hinder the development of the LC–MS/MS method. Chemical derivatization has been used for different classes of analytes to improve their ionization efficiency, chromatographic separation and chemical stability. This work presents an overview of chemical derivatization methods that have been applied to the quantitative LC–MS/MS analyses of nine classes of molecules, including aldehydes, amino acids, bisphosphonate drugs, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nucleosides and their associated analogs, steroids, thiol-containing compounds and vitamin D metabolites, in biological matrices.
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Tokuyama H, Wakino S, Hara Y, Washida N, Fujimura K, Hosoya K, Yoshioka K, Hasegawa K, Minakuchi H, Homma K, Hayashi K, Itoh H. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor/Rho/Rho-kinase pathway in obesity-related renal injury. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:1062-71. [PMID: 22184057 PMCID: PMC3419977 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We examined whether aldosterone/Rho/Rho-kinase pathway contributed to obesity-associated nephropathy. SUBJECTS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat or low fat diet, and mice on a high fat diet were treated with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, eplerenone. RESULTS: The mice on a high fat diet not only developed obesity, but also manifested renal histological changes, including glomerular hypercellularity and increased mesangial matrix, which paralleled the increase in albuminuria. Furthermore, enhanced Rho-kinase activity was noted in kidneys from high fat diet-fed mice, as well as increased expressions of inflammatory chemokines. All of these changes were attenuated by eplerenone. In high fat diet-fed mice, mineralocorticoid receptor protein levels in the nuclear fraction and SGK1, an effector of aldosterone, were upregulated in kidneys, although serum aldosterone levels were unaltered. Furthermore, aldosterone and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in renal tissues were upregulated in high fat diet-fed mice. Finally, in cultured mesangial cells, stimulation with aldosterone enhanced Rho-kinase activity, and pre-incubation with eplerenone prevented the aldosterone-induced activation of Rho kinase. CONCLUSION: Excess fat intake causes obesity and renal injury in C57BL/6J mice, and these changes are mediated by an enhanced mineralocorticoid receptor/Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and inflammatory process. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in the kidney tissue and the subsequent Rho-kinase stimulation are likely to participate in the development of obesity-associated nephropathy without elevation in serum aldosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tokuyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Quantification of endogenous hormonal steroids and their precursors is essential for diagnosing a wide range of endocrine disorders. Historically, these analyses have been carried out using immunoassay, but such methods are problematic, especially for low-concentration analytes, due to assay interference by other endogenous steroids. MS offers improved specificity over immunoassay and can be highly sensitive. GC–MS, with use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards, is considered the ‘gold standard’ method for serum steroid analysis. GC–MS is the method of choice for profiling steroid metabolites in urine, but these techniques are not appropriate for routine use in clinical laboratories owing to a need for extensive sample preparation, as well as analytical expertise. LC–MS/MS compares well to GC–MS in terms of accuracy, precision and sensitivity, but allows simplified sample preparation. While most publications have featured only one or a limited number of steroids, we consider that steroid paneling (which we propose as the preferred term for multitargeted steroid analysis) has great potential to enable clinicians to make a definitive diagnosis. It is adaptable for use in a number of matrices, including serum, saliva and dried blood spots. However, LC–MS/MS-based steroid analysis is not straightforward, and understanding the chemical and analytical processes involved is essential for implementation of a robust clinical service. This article discusses specific challenges in the measurement of endogenous steroids using LC–MS/MS, and provides examples of the benefits it offers.
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Renne A, Luo L, Jarow J, Wright WW, Brown TR, Chen H, Zirkin BR, Friesen MD. Simultaneous quantification of steroids in rat intratesticular fluid by HPLC-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 33:691-8. [PMID: 22016356 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.014977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An isotope dilution mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous measurement of picolinoyl derivatives of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-estradiol (E(2)), and 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) in rat intratesticular fluid. The method uses reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Following derivatization of 10-μL samples of testicular fluid with picolinoyl chloride hydrochloride, the samples were purified by solid phase extraction before analysis. The accuracy of the method was satisfactory for the 4 analytes at 3 concentrations, and both inter- and intraday reproducibility were satisfactory for T, DHT, and E(2). Measurements of intratesticular T concentrations in a group of 8 untreated adult rats by this method correlated well with measurements of the same samples by radioimmunoassay. As in men, there was considerable rat-to-rat variability in T concentration, despite the fact that the rats were inbred. Although its levels were more than an order of magnitude lower than those of T, DHT was measured reliably in all 8 intratesticular fluid samples. DHT concentration also varied from rat to rat and was highly correlated with T levels. The levels of E(2) and 3α-diol also were measurable. The availability of a sensitive method by which to measure steroids accurately and rapidly in the small volumes of intratesticular fluid obtainable from individual rats will make it possible to examine the effects, over time, of such perturbations as hormone and drug administration and environmental toxicant exposures on the intratesticular hormonal environment of exposed individual males and thereby to begin to understand differences in response between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Renne
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2179, USA
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Kulle AE, Welzel M, Holterhus PM, Riepe FG. Principles and clinical applications of liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:702-8. [PMID: 21738000 DOI: 10.3275/7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is becoming the method of choice for clinical steroid analysis. In most instances, it has the advantage of higher sensitivity, better reproducibility and greater specificity than commercial immunoassay techniques. The method requires only minimal sample preparation and a small sample volume. Furthermore, it has the potential to analyze multiple steroids simultaneously. Modern instruments guarantee high throughput, allowing an affordable price for the individual assay. All this makes LC-MS/MS an attractive method for use in a clinical setting. Reliable reference ranges for the detected analytes are the pre-requisite for their clinical use. If these are available, LC-MS/MS can find application in congenital disorders of steroid metabolism, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, disorders of sex development and disorders of salt homeostasis, as well as in acquired disorders of steroid metabolism, such as primary aldosteronism, Cushing's disease, Addison's disease, and hyperandrogenemia, as well as in psychiatric disease states such as depression or anxiety disorders. The principles of LC-MS/MS for steroid measurement, the pros and cons of LC-MS/MS compared with conventional immunoassays and the possible applications in clinical routine, with a special focus on pediatric endocrinology needs, are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kulle
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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36
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Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Roberts WL, Yue B, Bergquist J, Meikle AW. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of steroids in clinical laboratories. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Santa T. Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shackleton C. Clinical steroid mass spectrometry: a 45-year history culminating in HPLC-MS/MS becoming an essential tool for patient diagnosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:481-90. [PMID: 20188832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Automated rapid HPLC tandem mass spectrometry has become the method of choice for clinical steroid analysis. It is replacing immunoassay techniques in most instances because it has high sensitivity, better reproducibility, greater specificity and can be used to analyze multiple steroids simultaneously. Modern multiplex instruments can analyze thousands of samples per month so even with high instrument costs the price of individual assays can be affordable. The mass spectrometry of steroids goes back decades; the first on-line chromatography/mass spectrometry methods for hormone analysis date to the 1960s. This paper reviews the evolution of mass spectrometric techniques applied to sterol and steroid measurement There have been three eras: (1) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), (2) Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) and (3) HPLC/MS. The first technique is only suitable for unconjugated steroids, the second for conjugated, and the third equally useful for free or conjugated. FAB transformed biological mass spectrometry in the 1980s but in the end was an interim technique; GC/MS retains unique qualities but is unsuited to commercial routine analysis, while LC-MS/MS is rightly stealing the show and has become the dominant method for steroid analysis in endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Shackleton
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Honda A, Miyazaki T, Ikegami T, Iwamoto J, Yamashita K, Numazawa M, Matsuzaki Y. Highly sensitive and specific analysis of sterol profiles in biological samples by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:556-64. [PMID: 20302936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) is a powerful method for the microanalysis of compounds in biological samples. Compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), this method is more broadly applicable to various compounds and usually does not require a derivatization step before analysis. However, when neutral sterols are analyzed, the sensitivities of usual HPLC-MS/MS method are not superior to those of GC-MS because the sterols are relatively resistant to ionization. In this review, we introduce the recent development of HPLC-MS/MS analysis for the quantification of non-cholesterol sterols. By adding an effective derivatization step to the conventional procedure, sterol analysis by HPLC-MS/MS surpassed that obtained by GC-MS in sensitivity. In addition, sufficient specificity of this method was achieved by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and thorough chromatographic separation of each sterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Honda
- Center for Collaborative Research, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
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40
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Selective stimulation by cinnamaldehyde of progesterone secretion in human adrenal cells. Life Sci 2010; 86:894-8. [PMID: 20423713 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cinnamon bark has been used to treat menstrual pain and infertility. While several pharmacological studies have suggested anti-inflammatory properties, the mechanisms by which the herb exerts its various activities have not been well understood. Recent reports suggest menstrual distress is related to higher estradiol levels, higher estradiol/progesterone ratios. Cinnamaldehyde, a major active constituent of Cinnamomum cassia has been shown to stimulate cathecholamine release from adrenal glands. The objective of the present study is to examine whether cinnamaldehyde stimulates secretion of progesterone and other steroid hormones in human adrenal cells. MAIN METHODS Human adrenal cells, H295R were exposed for 24h in a serum-free medium to various concentrations of cinnamaldehyde. Steroid hormones in the cultured medium were measured by a highly sensitive LC-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. KEY FINDINGS Exposure to cinnamaldehyde increased progesterone release in a dose-dependent manner. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations decreased in the presence of cinnamaldehyde. The release of cortisol or estradiol was not affected by treatment with cinnamaldehyde. cAMP in the cultured medium was increased from 0.06+/-0.0007pmol/ml to 0.12+/-0.0028pmol/ml by exposure to cinnamaldehyde. The addition of isobutylmehtylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, caused a doubling of the amount of cAMP up to 0.397+/-0.036pmol/ml in the presence of cinnamaldehyde. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that cinnamaldehyde selectively induced progesterone production and inhibited production of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in human adrenal cells.
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Yamashita K, Yamazaki K, Komatsu S, Numazawa M. Fusaric acid as a novel proton-affinitive derivatizing reagent for highly sensitive quantification of hydroxysteroids by LC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:249-253. [PMID: 19914845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive derivatization method for liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone (T), pregnenolone (P5), and 17alpha-OH-pregnenolone (17-OHP5) was developed based on the use of fusaric acid as a reagent. DHEA, P5, and 17-OHP5 were rapidly and quantitatively converted to the 3-fusarate esters by treatment with fusaric acid and 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride. The positive ESI-mass spectra of the fusarate esters of each steroid were dominated by the appearance of [M + H](+) as base peaks. The fusarate derivatization of these steroids showed 17.6-fold (DHEA), 11.9-fold (P5), 3.3-fold (17-OHP5), and 1.8-fold (T) higher sensitivity to those of the corresponding picolinate derivatives in LC-selected reaction monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouwa Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
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Gondo S, Okabe T, Tanaka T, Morinaga H, Nomura M, Takayanagi R, Nawata H, Yanase T. Adipose tissue-derived and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells develop into different lineage of steroidogenic cells by forced expression of steroidogenic factor 1. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4717-25. [PMID: 18566117 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1)/adrenal 4 binding protein is an essential nuclear receptor for steroidogenesis, as well as for adrenal and gonadal gland development. We have previously clarified that adenovirus-mediated forced expression of SF-1 can transform long-term cultured mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMCs) into ACTH-responsive steroidogenic cells. In the present study, we extended this work to adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal cells (AMCs) and compared its steroidogenic capacity with those of BMCs prepared from the identical mouse. Several cell surface markers, including potential mesenchymal cell markers, were identical in both cell types, and, as expected, forced expression of SF-1 caused AMCs to be transformed into ACTH-responsive steroidogenic cells. However, more elaborate studies revealed that the steroidogenic property of AMCs was rather different from that of BMCs, especially in steroidogenic lineage. In response to increased SF-1 expression and/or treatment with retinoic acid, AMCs were much more prone to produce adrenal steroid, corticosterone rather than gonadal steroid, testosterone, whereas the contrary was evident in BMCs. Such marked differences in steroidogenic profiles between AMCs and BMCs were also evident by the changes of steroidogenic enzymes. These novel results suggest a promising utility of AMCs for autologous cell regeneration therapy for patients with steroid insufficiency and also a necessity for appropriate tissue selection in preparing mesenchymal stem cells according to the aim. The different steroidogenic potency of AMCs or BMCs might provide a good model for the clarification of the mechanism of tissue- or cell-specific adrenal and gonadal steroidogenic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Gondo
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka-pref 812-8582, Japan
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