1
|
Varfaj I, Labikova M, Sardella R, Hettegger H, Lindner W, Kohout M, Carotti A. A journey in unraveling the enantiorecognition mechanism of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-amino acids with two Cinchona alkaloid-based chiral stationary phases: The power of molecular dynamic simulations. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1314:342791. [PMID: 38876520 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovations in computer hardware and software capabilities have paved the way for advances in molecular modelling techniques and methods, leading to an unprecedented expansion of their potential applications. In contrast to the docking technique, which usually identifies the most stable selector-selectand (SO-SA) complex for each enantiomer, the molecular dynamics (MD) technique enables the consideration of a distribution of the SO-SA complexes based on their energy profile. This approach provides a more truthful representation of the processes occurring within the column. However, benchmark procedures and focused guidelines for computational treatment of enantioselectivity at the molecular level are still missing. RESULTS Twenty-eight molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the enantiorecognition mechanisms of seven N-3,5-dinitrobenzoylated α- and β-amino acids (DNB-AAs), occurring with the two quinine- and quinidine-based (QN-AX and QD-AX) chiral stationary phases (CSPs), under polar-ionic conditions. The MD protocol was optimized in terms of box size, simulation run time, and frame recording frequency. Subsequently, all the trajectories were analyzed by calculating both the type and amount of the interactions engaged by the selectands (SAs) with the two chiral selectors (SOs), as well as the conformational and interaction energy profiles of the formed SA-SO associates. All the MDs were in strict agreement with the experimental enantiomeric elution order and allowed to establish (i) that salt-bridge and H-bond interactions play a pivotal role in the enantiorecognition mechanisms, and (ii) that the π-cation and π-π interactions are the discriminant chemical features between the two SOs in ruling the chiral recognition mechanism. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this work clearly demonstrate the high contribution given by MD simulations in the comprehension of the enantiorecognition mechanism with Cinchona alkaloid-based CSPs. However, from this research endeavor it clearly emerged that the MD protocol optimization is crucial for the quality of the produced results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Magdalena Labikova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hubert Hettegger
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cellulose High-Tech Materials, BOKU University, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li T, Li H, Chen J, Yu Y, Chen S, Wang J, Qiu H. Histidine-modified pillar[5]arene-functionalized mesoporous silica materials for highly selective enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1727:465011. [PMID: 38776604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Chiral enantiomers, especially the enantiomers of chiral drugs often exhibit different pharmacological activity, metabolism and toxicity, thus it is of great research significance to scientifically and reasonably develop single chiral drugs with low toxicity and high efficiency. Among them, high performance liquid chromatographic techniques based on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has become one of the most attractive methods used to evaluate the enantiomeric purity of single-enantiomers compound of pharmacological relevance. In this work, pillar[5]arene functionalized with L- and D-histidine, respectively, were modified on the surface of mesoporous silica as novel chiral stationary phases called L/DHis-BP5-Sil. Notably, L/D-histidine had the characteristics of low steric hindrance and easy derivatization. Although the π-π interaction of imidazole group was weaker than that of benzene ring, the benzene ring bonding imidazole-conjugated ring in the structure produced better enantioseparation effect. The results showed that L/DHis-BP5-Sil can separate a variety of complex structural enantiomers with excellent reproducibility, thermal stability and separation performance. Hence, the unique advantage of the highly selective separation of L/DHis-BP5-Sil provides new insights into the enantioseparation field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongliang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malacarne F, Grecchi S, Niamlaem M, Bonczak B, Salinas G, Arnaboldi S. Unconventional approaches for chiral resolution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3677-3685. [PMID: 38755462 PMCID: PMC11180637 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental and ubiquitous property of nature involved in multiple fields of science. In particular, the possible resolution of the enantiomeric forms of a molecule is crucial in the pharmaceutical, food, and agrochemical industries. The search for efficient, broad-spectrum, and yet simple methods for obtaining enantiomerically pure substances is a current challenge. Enantioselective resolution methods rely on an asymmetric environment that allows the two antipodes of a chiral molecule to be distinguished. In addition to enantiomeric separation techniques, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, new promising approaches involving out-of-the-scheme synergistic effects between chiral selectors (CS) and external stimuli are emerging. This Trends article discusses different enantioselective mechanisms triggered by unconventional physicochemical stimuli for the design of avant-garde approaches that could offer novel perspectives in the field of chiral resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Grecchi
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerardo Salinas
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Serena Arnaboldi
- Dip. Di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mu Q, Tian W, Zhang J, Li R, Ji Y. Nanocrystalline Porous Materials for Chiral Separation: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7864-7879. [PMID: 38320090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Mu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanting Tian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kontrec D, Jurin M, Jakas A, Roje M. New Levan-Based Chiral Stationary Phases: Synthesis and Comparative HPLC Enantioseparation of (±)- trans-β-Lactam Ureas in the Polar Organic Mode. Molecules 2024; 29:2213. [PMID: 38792075 PMCID: PMC11124272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the preparation of three new polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on levan carbamates (3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 1-naphthyl) is described. The enantioseparation of (±)-trans-β-lactam ureas 1a-h was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on six different chiral columns (Chiralpak AD-3, Chiralcel OD-3, Chirallica PST-7, Chirallica PST-8, Chirallica PST-9, and Chirallica PST-10) in the polar organic mode, using pure methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and acetonitrile (ACN). Apart from the Chirallica PST-9 column (based on levan tris(1-naphthylcarbamate), the columns exhibited a satisfactory chiral recognition ability for the tested trans-β-lactam ureas 1a-h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mladenka Jurin
- Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (A.J.)
| | | | - Marin Roje
- Laboratory for Chiral Technologies, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (A.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen C, Peng Y, Wei Y, Liu M, Wang Y, Xiong S, Li H, He Q. New methods for resolution of hydroxychloroquine by forming diastereomeric salt and adding chiral mobile phase agent on RP-HPLC. Chirality 2024; 36:e23672. [PMID: 38693625 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), 2-([4-([7-Chloro-4-quinolyl]amino)pentyl]ethylamino)ethanol, exhibited significant biological activity, while its side effects cannot be overlooked. The RP-HPLC enantio-separation was investigated for cost-effective and convenient optical purity analysis of HCQ. The thermodynamic resolution of Rac-HCQ, driven by enthalpy and entropy, was achieved on the C18 column using Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as the chiral mobile phase agent (CMPA). The effects of CCM-β-CD, pH, and triethylamine (TEA) V% on the enantio-separation process were explored. Under the optimum conditions at 24°C, the retention times for the two enantiomers weret R 1 = 29.39 min $$ {t}_{R1}=29.39\ \min $$ andt R 2 = 32.42 min $$ {t}_{R2}=32.42\ \min $$ , resulting inR s = 1.87 $$ {R}_s=1.87 $$ . The resolution via diastereomeric salt formation of Rac-HCQ was developed to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredient of single enantiomer S-HCQ. Di-p-Anisoyl-L-Tartaric Acid (L-DATA) was proved effective as the resolution agent for Rac-HCQ. Surprisingly, it was found that refluxing time was a key fact affecting the resolution efficiency, which meant the kinetic dominate during the process of the resolution. Four factors-solvent volume, refluxing time, filtration temperature, and molar ratio-were optimized using the single-factor method and the response surface method. Two cubic models were established, and the reliability was subsequently verified. Under the optimal conditions, the less soluble salt of 2L-DATA:S-HCQ was obtained with a yield of 96.9% and optical purity of 63.0%. The optical purity of this less soluble salt increases to 99.0% with a yield of 74.2% after three rounds recrystallization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongming Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scriba GKE. Update on chiral recognition mechanisms in separation science. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400148. [PMID: 38772711 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The stereospecific analysis of chiral molecules is an important issue in many scientific fields. In separation sciences, this is achieved via the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes between a chiral selector and the selectand enantiomers driven by molecular interactions including electrostatic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals or π-π interactions as well as hydrogen or halogen bonds depending on the nature of selector and selectand. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods are currently the most frequently applied techniques to understand the selector-selectand interactions at a molecular level and to draw conclusions on the chiral separation mechanism. The present short review summarizes some of the recent achievements for the understanding of the chiral recognition of the most important chiral selectors combining separation techniques with molecular modeling and/or spectroscopic techniques dating between 2020 and early 2024. The selectors include polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, donor-acceptor type selectors, ion-exchangers, crown ethers, and molecular micelles. The application of chiral ionic liquids and chiral deep eutectic solvents, as well as further selectors, are also briefly addressed. A compilation of all published literature on chiral selectors has not been attempted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shen X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Yu X, Bai W, Huang X, Lei H. Central Chirality and Axial Chirality Recognition of the Enantioselective Antibodies to Herbicide Metolachlor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10055-10064. [PMID: 38634336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective antibodies have emerged as efficient tools in the field of chiral chemical detection and separation. However, it is complicated to obtain a highly stereoselective antibody due to the unclear recognition mechanism. In this study, the hapten of metolachlor was synthesized and enantio-separated. The absolute configuration of the four haptens obtained was identified by the computed and experimental electronic circular dichroism comparison. Five polyclonal antibodies against the Rac-metolachlor and its enantiomers were generated by immunization. The cross-activity of all the 5 antibodies with 44 structural analogues, including metolachlor enantiomers, was tested. It demonstrated that antibodies have higher specificity to recognize central chirality than axial chirality. Especially, αRR-MET-Ab exhibited excellent specificity and stereoselectivity. Accordingly, 3D-QSAR models were constructed and revealed that paired stereoisomers exhibited opposite interactions with the antibodies. It is the first time that the antibodies against four stereoisomers were prepared and analyzed, which will be conducive to the rational design of the stereoselective antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - JingJing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - XiaoTing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - WenMing Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510400, China
| | - HongTao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Labíková M, Svoboda J, Tůma J, Lindner W, Kohout M. Chiral recognition without π-π-interactions: Highly efficient chiral strong cation exchangers lacking an aromatic unit in the molecular structure. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464729. [PMID: 38387150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art chiral stationary phases (CSPs) enable chiral resolution of almost any racemic mixture of choice. The exceptions represent ionizable and ionized substances that fail at any attempts to resolve on commercially available CSPs. These compounds, however, can be efficiently separated on chiral ion exchangers. Commercially available Cinchona alkaloids-based chiral weak ion-exchangers are typically used for chiral resolution of organic acids, while zwitterion ion-exchangers are efficient in the resolution of acids, bases, and zwitterions. The latter possess in their structure a cation exchange unit, which alone can serve as a cornerstone of chiral strong cation exchangers facilitating chiral separation of various basic racemic mixtures. Although chiral strong cation exchangers (cSCX) are efficient CSPs, their structural variations have not been thoroughly studied so far. It was assumed that the mechanism of chiral recognition of basic compounds by cSCX is based predominantly on π-π-interactions, hydrogen bonding and steric interactions (CSP I). To verify this assumption, we aimed in our study on the design and synthesis of cSCX first lacking lateral polar substituents on the aromatic unit in the selector's structure (CSP II), and second, to replace the aromatic unit by a cyclohexane ring (CSP III and IV), thereby to omit completely the π-π-interactions. We hypothesized that this structural change should lead to a partial or complete loss of enantiorecognition power of the selectors. Surprisingly, the non-aromatic cSCXs have shown chiral recognition capability comparable to that of previously described chiral cation exchange-type CSPs: from 16 analytes screened, 11 analytes were baseline resolved and 5 partially resolved on CSP I, while non-aromatic CSP III resolved 10 analytes baseline and 6 partially. We discuss the structural motifs of the known cSCX and the novel non-aromatic selectors in a relationship with their chromatographic performance using a set of basic analytes. Moreover, we present a theory of an effective chiral recognition mechanism by two novel non-aromatic cSCXs based on the chromatographic results and quantum mechanical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Labíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Svoboda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schräder N, Zhu WX, Jaekel A, Legelli M, Meyer D, Streckel K, Wirtz M, Lamotte S. Application of chiral stationary phases for the separation of vitamin A acetate isomers. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464710. [PMID: 38330727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The separation of vitamin A acetate isomers is essential for quality assurance of e.g. nutrition supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical ingredients. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is currently the most suitable analytical method for tackling this challenging separation task. However, the existing methods based on normal phase chromatography (NPC) are poorly reproducible due to the typical disadvantages of NPC, such as long equilibration times and fluctuation in retention factors. A new reversed phase method developed in our labs allows the separation of the isomers applying a chiral stationary phase (CSP). This phase consists of an immobilized polysaccharide which can be used in every chromatographic mode. However, they are not typically used in reversed phase mode. Through the screening of various stationary phases with different polysaccharide based chiral selectors, the choice of the ideal stationary phase could be confirmed, allowing to draw conclusions about the retention mechanism. The CSP Chiralpak IG-3 was found to be the most suitable among the examined. Regarding the separation mechanism, the spatial helical structure of the polysaccharide derivatives was confirmed to be of particular significance. In addition to the stationary phase, the mobile phase was tested for optimization regarding composition, gradient parameters as well as temperature using chromatographic method optimization software for the sake of method robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schräder
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Wan Xia Zhu
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF Advanced Chemicals Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander Jaekel
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Mo Legelli
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany; Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Kevin Streckel
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michaela Wirtz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Lamotte
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kuncová A, Svoboda J, Tůma J, Asnin L, Schug K, Kohout M. Chiral zwitterionic stationary phases based on Cinchona alkaloids and dipeptides - design, synthesis and application in chiral separation. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464664. [PMID: 38271770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chiral resolution of polar organic compounds such as amino acids and peptides represents an important chromatographic task due to increasing significance of natural species, which play important signaling and regulatory roles in the living organisms. Despite the number of available chiral stationary phases, this task remains challenging, since not many of the commercially available systems are capable to resolve non-derivatized zwitterionic species. In this study, we present a target-oriented design of a new class of chiral selectors. Pursuing the goal to separate amino acids, and especially short peptides, we have combined Cinchona alkaloids - quinine and quinidine - with three different biogenic dipeptides. We have synthesized six different chiral stationary phases, with selector loading of ∼200 μmol g-1, and tested their chiral recognition capabilities for acidic, basic and zwitterionic analytes using various mobile phases. We have observed that all chiral stationary phases retain the chiral anion exchange capability known for commercially available Cinchona-based columns leading to baseline or partial resolution of six out of ten analytes. The performance in chiral resolution of basic analytes is not optimum due to the weak cation exchange character of the peptidic residue. However, we report on encouraging results in the chiral resolution of short peptides, for which, depending on their structure, we see the chiral resolution of up to three stereoisomers (from four possible) in a preliminary screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Kuncová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Svoboda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Kevin Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, UT Arlington, 700 Planetarium PI, TX 760 19, Arlington, United States
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kandula JS, Rayala VVSPK, Parmar K, Ponnapalli VS, Gantala M, P R. Enantioselective polar-organic mode high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of lifitegrast on immobilized polysaccharide stationary phase and its application to pH-dependent chiral interconversion studies. Chirality 2024; 36:e23636. [PMID: 38384152 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
(S)-Lifitegrast (LFT) is the novel integrin antagonist, approved by the Food and drug administration, to treat signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. Synthesis of racemic LFT, preparative and analytical enantiomer separation, and chiral interconversion studies are lacking in the literature. Hence, in our study, synthesis of LFT racemate, chiral preparative purification procedure of enantiomer, and comprehensive analytical advancements are focused on rapid enantioselective separation and pH-dependent chiral interconversion studies. The synthesis of LFT racemate employed 2-amino-3-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)propanoic acid hydrochloride and 2-(benzofuran-6-carbonyl)-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carbonyl chloride as starting materials. (R)-LFT was isolated from the racemate by preparative chiral HPLC and characterized using Q-TOF, FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, and chiral HPLC. The purity of (R)-LFT was determined to have an enantiomeric excess of 99.12%. A precise, accurate, rapid HPLC-DAD enantioselective analytical method has been developed on Chiralpak IC [tris(3,5-dichloro phenyl carbamate) immobilized on cellulose] using water and methanol as mobile phase. The chiral interconversion study reveals 0.22% and 0.21% of interconversion of (S)-LFT into (R)-LFT at 80°C in pH 7.4 and 9.5 buffers, respectively, on the 24th day. An alternative route to enantioselective synthesis of LFT enantiomers by chromatographic separation is proposed. The validated enantioselective HPLC method will help to test the regular quality control samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jony Susanna Kandula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Keyur Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Mahendar Gantala
- Daicel Chiral Technologies (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Radhakrishnanand P
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recent developments in molecular modeling tools and applications related to pharmaceutical and biomedical research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115836. [PMID: 37939549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In modern pharmaceutical and biomedical research, molecular modeling represents a useful tool to explore processes and their mechanistic bases at the molecular level. Integrating experimental and virtual analysis is a fruitful approach to study ligand-receptor interaction in chemical, biochemical and biological environments. In these fields, molecular docking and molecular dynamics are considered privileged techniques for modeling (bio)macromolecules and related complexes. This review aims to present the current landscape of molecular modeling in pharmaceutical and biomedical research by examining selected representative applications published in the last years and highlighting current topics and trends of this field. Thus, a systematic compilation of all published literature has not been attempted herein. After a brief overview of the main theoretical and computational tools used to investigate mechanisms at molecular level, recent applications of molecular modeling in drug discovery, ligand binding and for studying protein conformation and function will be discussed. Furthermore, specific sections will be devoted to the application of molecular modeling for unravelling enantioselective mechanisms underlying the enantioseparation of chiral compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical interest as well as for studying new forms of noncovalent interactivity identified in biochemical and biological environments. The general aim of this review is to provide the reader with a modern overview of the topic, highlighting advancements and outlooks as well as drawbacks and pitfalls still affecting the applicability of theoretical and computational methods in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB-CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Upmanis T, Sevostjanovs E, Kažoka H. Chiral recognition mechanism studies of Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 tetrapeptide on crown ether-based chiral stationary phase. Chirality 2024; 36:e23619. [PMID: 37700546 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though chiral recognition for crown-ether CSPs is generally understood, on a molecular level, exact mechanisms for the resolution are still unclear. Furthermore, short peptide analytes often contain multiple amino moieties capable of binding to the crown ether selector. In order to extend the understanding in chiral recognition mechanisms, polar organic mode separation of Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 tetrapeptide llll/dddd enantiomers on S- and R-(3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 stationary phases was studied with 50-mM perchloric acid in methanol as mobile phase. Deviation from the generally acceptable 1:1 stoichiometry was supported by mass spectroscopy analysis of the formed complexes between tetrapeptide enantiomer and crown ether selectors, which revealed adducts possessing 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 stoichiometry. Further investigation of complexation induced shifts by NMR indicated on different binding mechanisms between llll/dddd enantiomers of Tyr-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 and crown ether selectors. Enantioselective proton shifts were observed in studied tetrapeptide tyrosine and phenylalanine residues exclusively for llll enantiomer upon binding with S-(3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 selector (and dddd enantiomer with R-(3,3'-diphenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl)-20-crown-6 selector), indicating that these two amino acid residues contribute to chiral recognition. The obtained results were in agreement with the LC data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toms Upmanis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Helena Kažoka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Woiwode U, Sievers-Engler A, Lämmerhofer M. Cross-linked polysiloxane-coated stable bond O-9-(2,6-diisopropylphenylcarbamoyl)quinine and quinidine chiral stationary phases as well as application in enantioselective cryo-HPLC. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37916661 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, brush-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with O-9-(2,6-diisopropylphenylcarbamoyl)-modified quinidine (DIPPCQD-brush/-SH) and O-9-(2,6-diisopropylphenylcarbamoyl)-modified quinine (DIPPCQN-brush/-SH) were prepared as benchmarks for comparison with new corresponding polymeric CSPs with more stable bonding chemistry. These polymeric CSPs were prepared by coating a thin poly(3-mercaptopropyl)-methylsiloxane film together with the chiral selector onto vinyl-modified silica. In a second step, immobilization of the quinine/quinidine derivatives as well as cross-linking of the polysiloxane film to the vinyl-silica is achieved by a double thiol-ene click reaction. The polymeric CSPs exhibited similar enantioselectivity as the corresponding brush phases, but showed lower chromatographic efficiencies. Chiral acidic substances were separated into enantiomers (e.g., N-protected amino acids, herbicides like dichlorprop) in accordance with an enantioselective anion-exchange process. Oxidation of residual thiol groups of the polymer DIPPCQN-CSP introduced sulfonic acid co-ligands on the silica surface, which resulted in greatly reduced retention times. Acting as immobilized counterions, they allowed to reduce the concentration of counterions in the mobile phase, which is favorable for liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry application. Ibuprofen showed a single peak under ambient column temperature. However, application of cryogenic cooling of the column enabled to achieve baseline separation at -20°C column temperature. It can be explained by an enthalpically dominated separation, which leads to an increase in separation factors when the temperature is reduced. While it is quite uncommon to work at subzero degree column temperature, this work illustrates the potential to exploit such temperature regime for optimization of LC enantiomer separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Woiwode
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Sievers-Engler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Deshmukh BR, Akshinthala P, Katari NK, Kowtharapu LP, Deshpande GK, Battula SR, Gundla R. Valbenazine isomers and enantiomer determination by chiral normal phase liquid chromatography. Chirality 2023; 35:889-898. [PMID: 37345319 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple, specific, rapid, enantioselective normal phase chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic method with amylose-based Chiral Pak IG-3(250 × 4.6 mM) 3.0 μM column was developed and validated for separation and quantification of isomers and enantiomer of Valbenazine. The mobile phase composed of n-Heptane, isopropyl alcohol, dichloromethane, ethanol, and diethylamine in the ratio of 70:10:15:5:0.1 (V/V/V/VV) with a gradient flow rate was applied. The injection volume was 10 μl, and detection was carried out using a photodiode array detector at 282 nM. The column compartment was set at 35°C. The resolution between the enantiomer and isomers was found to be more than 2.0. The method was linear over the concentration range of limit of quantitation to 250% for isomers and enantiomers. The method was found to be robust with column temperature. The proposed chiral method is applicable for the determination of isomers and enantiomer of Valibenazine and was successfully used in the quality control of bulk drug manufacturing and pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb R Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Girish K Deshpande
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sreenivas Rao Battula
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Szerencsés D, Sepsey A, Felinger A. Correctness of the van 't Hoff analysis for homogeneous or heterogeneous retention. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464380. [PMID: 37742457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
It is already known that the physical meaning of the numerical values of the calculated enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) change in chromatography via the van 't Hoff plot analysis is rather questionable. In the former work of these authors, it has been demonstrated that by serially coupling two reversed-phase columns of the same inner diameter but of different retention mechanism, the obtained thermodynamic values are not related to the numerical results obtained on the individual columns respectively. Since surface heterogeneity of the stationary phase is intrinsically present in chiral chromatography (enantioselective and non-selective sites), the calculation of ΔH and ΔS should be revisited in that field. In this study, more details of the pressure dependence were investigated. Using special POPLC columns, the effect of the column length on the calculated thermodynamic values was investigated. The calculated values differ by 30-400% when the column length is increased from 4 cm to 12 cm. The dependence of the calculated results on the applied flow rate was already highlighted earlier, and here the emphasis was put on the instrument on which the separation was performed. It turns out that there is a difference when using a Shimadzu HPLC system compared to using a Waters Acquity UPLC system. Because the Eyring method serves as an alternative route to calculate the thermodynamic values from chromatographic data, the differences obtained by the two methods were also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Szerencsés
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Annamária Sepsey
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; ELKH-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Attila Felinger
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; ELKH-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Seog DJH, van Kien N, Ryoo JJ. Amino alcohol-derived chiral stationary phases. Chirality 2023; 35:739-752. [PMID: 37144722 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An updated minireview of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on amino alcohols is presented. In this minireview, we focused on amino alcohols as starting materials in preparation of chiral catalysts for asymmetric organic synthesis and CSPs for chiral separations. Among the various CSPs, we summarized the important developments and applications of the amino alcohol-based Pirkle-type CSPs, ligand exchange CSPs, α-amino acid-derived amino alcohol CSPs, and symmetric CSPs from their first appearance to the present day to propose ideas for the development of new CSPs with improved performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Jin Han Seog
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Nguyen van Kien
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Jeong Ryoo
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Antonelli L, Lucci E, Fanali S, Fanali C, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B. An enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to study the fate of quizalofop-P-ethyl in soil and selected agricultural products. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464289. [PMID: 37573727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the attention was focused on quizalofop-ethyl, a chiral herbicide whose formulation has recently been marketed as quizalofop-P-ethyl, i.e. the (+)-enantiomer exhibiting herbicidal activity. To verify the real enantiomeric purity of this product as well as to study its environmental fate, the enantioselective separation of the P- and M- enantiomers of quizalofop-ethyl was achieved on Lux Cellulose-2 column (3‑chloro,4-methylphenilcarbamate cellulose) under isocratic conditions in polar organic mode. Once established that the commercial formulation contains ˜ 0.6% (enantiomeric fraction) of M as an impurity, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed, validated and applied to the analysis of soil, carrots and turnips treated with the herbicide. A simple solid-liquid extraction allowed recoveries greater than 70%; limits of detections of P and M enantiomers were below 5 ng g-1. The analyses of the real samples showed a modification of the enantiomeric fraction of quizalofop-M-ethyl between the commercial formulation (EFM = 0.63 ± 0.03%) and the analysed matrices (EFM = 7.6 ± 0.1% for carrots; EFM = 0% for the other matrices). This outcome highlighted the occurrence of an enantioselective biotic dissipation, responsible for a greater persistency of the distomer in carrots. On the other hand, since screening analyses revealed the occurrence of residues of the metabolite quizalofop-acid with the same EFs as the ester precursor, it was concluded that the hydrolytic conversion was an abiotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Antonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Elena Lucci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of PhD. School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu L, Wang Q, Liu Y, Fu S, Zhao Y, Huang S, Huang B. 19F NMR enantiodiscrimination and diastereomeric purity determination of amino acids, dipeptides, and amines. Analyst 2023; 148:4548-4556. [PMID: 37594386 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00761h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Chiral amino-group compounds are of significance for human health, such as biogenic amino acids (AAs), dipeptides, and even various drugs. Enantiospecific discrimination of these chiral compounds is vital in diagnosing diseases, identifying pathological biomarkers and enhancing pharmaceutical chemistry research. Here, we report a simple and rapid 19F NMR-based strategy to differentiate chiral AAs, dipeptides, and amines, that were derivatized with (R)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxyacetic acid ((R)-2FHA). As a result, 19 proteinogenic AAs (37 isomers) as well as Gly could be concurrently resolved. Moreover, various mirror-image dipeptides, such as Ser-His, Leu-Leu, and Ala-Ala, were commendably recognized. Intriguingly, we found that the absolute configuration of AAs in the N-terminus of dipeptides decided the relative 19F chemical shifts between two enantiomers. Besides, the ability of this method for enantiodiscrimination was further demonstrated by non-AA amines, including aromatic and aliphatic amines, and even amines having chiral centers several carbons away from the amino-group. The structurally similar antibiotics, amoxicillin and ampicillin, were well discriminated. Furthermore, this method accurately determines the de or dr values of non-racemic mixtures. Therefore, our strategy provides an effective approach for 19F NMR-based enantiodiscrimination and diastereomeric purity determination of amino-group compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Songsen Fu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China.
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China.
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China.
| | - Biling Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sadutto D, Guglielmi P, Carradori S, Secci D, Cirilli R. Kinetic Study on the Base-Catalyzed Imine-Enamine Tautomerism of a Chiral Biologically Active Isoxazoline Derivative by HPLC on Amylose Tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) Chiral Stationary Phase. Molecules 2023; 28:6518. [PMID: 37764294 PMCID: PMC10538074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazoline is a nitrogen- and oxygen-containing five-membered heterocyclic scaffold with diverse biological profiles such as antimicrobial, fungicidal, anticancer, antiviral, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, the use of this peculiar structural framework in drug discovery is a successful strategy for the development of new drug candidates. Here, a chiral saccharin/isoxazoline hybrid was considered to investigate the tendency of the imine moiety of the heterocyclic ring to tautomerize to the enamine form in the presence of a basic catalyst. The pseudo-first-order rate constants for the base-catalyzed tautomerization process were measured in different solvents and at different temperatures by off-column kinetic experiments based on the amylose (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-type chiral stationary phase. The kinetic results obtained in this study may be a useful aid in the perspective of designing experimental conditions to control the stereointegrity of these types of pharmacologically active compounds and drive their synthesis toward the preferred, imine or enamine, tautomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sadutto
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (P.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Daniela Secci
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (P.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dobó M, Ádám M, Fiser B, Papp LA, Dombi G, Sekkoum K, Szabó ZI, Tóth G. Enantioseparation and molecular docking study of selected chiral pharmaceuticals on a commercialized phenylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin column using polar organic mode. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14778. [PMID: 37679395 PMCID: PMC10485059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The chiral separation capability of Chiral-CD-Ph column, containing phenylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector in polar organic mode was investigated. A total of twenty-five compounds with different structures and acid-base properties were evaluated, and twenty of them were separated using acetonitrile or methanol as eluent. The effects of various chromatographic parameters, such as the type and proportion of organic modifier, flow rate, and column temperature were analyzed in detail in relation to chromatographic performance. A U-shape retention curve was observed when a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol was used as the eluent, indicating different types of interactions in different solvent mixtures. Van 't Hoff analysis was used for calculation of thermodynamic parameters which revealed that the enantioseparation is mainly enthalpy controlled; however, entropic control was also observed. The enantiomer recognition ability at the atomic level was also investigated through a molecular docking study, which revealed surface binding in polar organic mode instead of inclusion complexation. Our work proves that the phenylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin-based chiral stationary phase can be effectively used in polar organic mode for the chiral separation of structurally diverse compounds. Furthermore, it is important to note that our study demonstrated that surface binding is responsible for the formation of supramolecular complexes in certain cyclodextrin derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Máté Dobó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márk Ádám
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, 3515, Miskolc, Hungary
- Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, Beregszász, Transcarpathia, Ukraine
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 90-149, Łódź, Poland
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Gergely Dombi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Khaled Sekkoum
- Bioactive Molecules and Chiral Separation Laboratory, Faculty of Exacte Sciences, University Tahri Mohamed of Bechar, PO Box 417, 08000, Bechar, Algeria
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Sz-Imfidum Ltd., 525401, Lunga, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. u. 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Karongo R, Horak J, Lämmerhofer M. Comprehensive reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with post-first dimension flow splitting for untargeted enantioselective amino acid analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300351. [PMID: 37464972 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a comprehensive achiral × chiral two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation for enantioselective amino acid analysis coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry detection using data-independent acquisition. Flow splitting after the first and second dimension separation was utilized for volumetric flow reduction and for enabling a multi-detector approach (with ultraviolet, fluorescence, charged aerosol, and MS detection), respectively. Derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate provided a chromophore, a fluorophore, and an efficient mass tag for efficient ionization in positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Chiral columns often have limitations in terms of their chemoselectivity, which may be a problem when complex sample mixtures with structurally related compounds need to be separated. It can be alleviated by a reversed-phase×chiral two-dimensional-liquid chromatography setup, in which the first dimension provides the chemoselectivity and a chiral tandem column constituted of quinine-carbamate derived weak anion-exchanger and zwitterionic ion-exchanger in the second dimension separation of D- and L-amino acid enantiomers. The method was used to control the stereointegrity of the therapeutic peptide octreotide. After hydrolysis, all amino acid constituents were detected with the correct configuration and composition. Some options for flow splitting and integration of destructive detectors in the first dimension separation are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Karongo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Manetto S, Mazzoccanti G, Mileo V, Moretti E, Villani C, Gasparrini F. A comprehensive study to reveal the potential of a more sustainable ultra-high performance enantioselective reversed-phase chromatography on Pirkle-type stationary phase, with Whelk-O1 as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464177. [PMID: 37419020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to make enantioselective chromatography more sustainable, more sensitive, and compatible with aqueous formulations analysis and ESI-MS. To achieve this, we examined the effects of transitioning from normal-phase chromatography (which uses hydrocarbon-based solvents) to reversed-phase chromatography (using mobile phases based on water) using broad-spectrum Whelk-O1 columns as a critical study. For the first time, we holistically compared the thermodynamics and kinetics of the two elution modes in order to answer the question of whether same-column chemistry can effectively separate the compounds even in reversed-phase mode and found, unexpectedly, that reversed-phase chromatography using acetonitrile as the organic modifier was competitive from a kinetic standpoint. We also evaluated the effectiveness of three organic modifiers simultaneously on a sample of 11 molecules already resolved in NP conditions with different resolutions and achieved a resolution value of 1.5 for 91% and a resolution value of 2 for 82% of cases. Finally, we separated three racemates (within a k factor of 9) using only 480 µL of solvent per chromatographic run on a millibore column of 1 mm I.D., demonstrating that our approach allows for greener chromatographic separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Manetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma (Italy).
| | - G Mazzoccanti
- Preclinical Analytics and Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Largo Belloli, 43123 Parma (Italy)
| | - V Mileo
- Preclinical Analytics and Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Largo Belloli, 43123 Parma (Italy)
| | - E Moretti
- Preclinical Analytics and Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici Spa, Largo Belloli, 43123 Parma (Italy)
| | - C Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma (Italy)
| | - F Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma (Italy).
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Horváth S, Nguyen Thuy HH, Eke Z, Németh G. Exploitation of the enantioselectivity space of coated amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) in mixtures of 2-propanol and acetonitrile. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464161. [PMID: 37352691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with coated amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ADMPC) selector have long been recognized for their excellent chiral recognition ability in liquid chromatography. The conformational versatility behind this feature is the source of their known hysteretic behavior, which has been previously observed in polar organic (PO) mode eluents containing 2-propanol (IPA). Mixtures of IPA and acetonitrile (MeCN), a typical PO mode eluent system, have not been examined in this aspect yet, even though hysteresis is promising for finding unique unexplored enantioselectivities. Not only was the hysteresis detectable on ADMPC using mixtures of IPA and MeCN, but it was the typical behavior in a diverse set of test compounds. The difference in the retention time of the same analyte under conditions which only differed in the eluent history on the column can go up to 20-fold. The assumed hindered conformational changes of the selector were reflected in retention drift at certain eluent compositions. On the two sides of the transitions, distinct, useful states of the selector were detected. A series of IPA - MeCN compositions with defined pretreatment was selected and recommended as an extension of the preliminary, first choice method screening set that used only alcohols. The incorporation of a solvent possessing substantially different characteristics enhances the potential in practical applications, while keeping the technical simplicity. Stability and robustness of the additional states of the CSP were characterized. The examined columns of different brands shared the observed behavior. Kinetic stability of a column state is adequate for successful application. The evaluated states of ADMPC provide multiple enantiorecognition potential by using mixtures of IPA and MeCN also considering the pretreatment of the column. Unprecedented double and triple elution order reversals along the composition range supported the versatility of the available states. Our findings further enhance the usefulness of ADMPC-containing CSPs. We provide instructions for the application of the widespread chiral selector in common eluent mixtures to avoid pitfalls regarding reproducibility and robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Horváth
- Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P.O. Box 100, Budapest H-1475, Hungary.
| | - Hong Ha Nguyen Thuy
- Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P.O. Box 100, Budapest H-1475, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Eke
- Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Németh
- Drug Substance Development Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, P.O. Box 100, Budapest H-1475, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yuan C, Wang Z, Xiong W, Huang Z, Lai Y, Fu S, Dong J, Duan A, Hou X, Yuan LM, Cui Y. Cyclodextrin Incorporation into Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Extensive Liquid and Gas Chromatographic Enantioseparations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18956-18967. [PMID: 37596711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The separation of enantiomers using high-performance chromatography technologies represents great importance and interest. In this aspect, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivatives have been extensively studied as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). Nevertheless, β-CD that was immobilized on a traditional matrix often exhibited low stabilities and limited operating ranges. Recently, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with highly ordered nanopores are emerging as promising CSPs for enantioseparations, but their practical applications are still hampered by the difficulty of monomer and COF synthesis. Herein, two β-CD-driven COFs are synthesized via a fast and facile plasma-induced polymerization combined postsynthesis modification strategy. The precisely defined COF channels enhanced the accessibility of the accommodated β-CD to the analytes and acted as robust protective barriers to safeguard the β-CD from harsh environments. Therefore, the β-CD-modified COFs can be potentially general CSPs for extensive enantioseparation in both gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, and a wide range of racemates were separated. Compared to the commonly employed commercial chiral columns, these COF-based columns exhibited comparable resolution capability and superior application versatility. This work integrates the advantages and overcomes the defects of COFs and β-CD, thus advancing COFs as platforms for chiral selector modification and giving great promise for practical chromatographic enantioseparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wanqi Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yalin Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shiguo Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Aihong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang F, Li X, Jiang S, Han J, Wu J, Yan M, Yao Z. Enantioselective Behaviors of Chiral Pesticides and Enantiomeric Signatures in Foods and the Environment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12372-12389. [PMID: 37565661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Unreasonable application of pesticides may result in residues in the environment and foods. Chiral pesticides consist of two or more enantiomers, which may exhibit different behaviors. This Review intends to provide progress on the enantioselective residues of chiral pesticides in foods. Among the main chiral analytical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most frequently utilized. Most chiral pesticides are utilized as racemates; however, due to enantioselective dissipation, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, and chiral conversion, enantiospecific residues have been found in the environment and foods. Some chiral pesticides exhibit strong enantioselectivity, highlighting the importance of evaluation on an enantiomeric level. However, the occurrence characteristics of chiral pesticides in foods and specific enzymes or transport proteins involved in enantioselectivity needs to be further investigated. This Review could help the production of some chiral pesticides to single-enantiomer formulations, thereby reducing pesticide consumption as well as increasing food production and finally reducing human health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shanxue Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junxue Wu
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Meilin Yan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tsui HW, Huang SX, Tseng TH. Heterogenous adsorption mechanisms for describing enantioselective retention in normal-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464140. [PMID: 37315447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the enantioselective retention behaviors of methyl mandelate (MM) and benzoin (B) were investigated using Chiralpak IB as a sorbent and ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol as solvent modifiers in the normal-phase mode. For both MM and B, similar chiral recognition mechanisms were observed, potentially involving at least two types of chiral adsorption sites. With a retention model describing local retention behaviors, an enantioselectivity model based on a three-site model was proposed to describe the data. Fitted parameters were also used to analyze the contributions of each type of adsorption site to the apparent retention behavior. Combining the local retention model with the three-site model provided a qualitative and quantitative explanation for the correlation between modifier concentration and enantioselectivity. Overall, our results indicated that heterogeneous adsorption mechanisms are a key aspect in understanding enantioselective retention behaviors. Distinct local adsorption sites contribute differently to apparent retention behaviors, with these contributions being influenced by the mobile phase composition to varying degrees. Hence, enantioselectivity changes with variations in modifier concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608 Taiwan.
| | - Si-Xian Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsien Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gong YN, Ma QY, Wang Y, Zhang JH, Zhang YP, Liang RX, Wang BJ, Xie SM, Yuan LM. Preparation of Chiral Porous Organic Cage Clicked Chiral Stationary Phase for HPLC Enantioseparation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073235. [PMID: 37049997 PMCID: PMC10096354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a new subclass of porous materials, which are constructed from discrete cage molecules with permanent cavities via weak intermolecular forces. In this study, a novel chiral stationary phase (CSP) has been prepared by chemically binding a [4 + 6]-type chiral POC (C120H96N12O4) with thiol-functionalized silica gel using a thiol-ene click reaction and applied to HPLC separations. The column packed with this CSP presented good separation capability for chiral compounds and positional isomers. Thirteen racemates have been enantioseparated on this column, including alcohols, diols, ketones, amines, epoxides, and organic acids. Upon comparison with a previously reported chiral POC NC1-R-based column, commercial Chiralpak AD-H, and Chiralcel OD-H columns, this column is complementary to these three columns in terms of its enantiomeric separation; and can also separate some racemic compounds that cannot be separated by the three columns. In addition, eight positional isomers (iodoaniline, bromoaniline, chloroaniline, dibromobenzene, dichlorobenzene, toluidine, nitrobromobenzene, and nitroaniline) have also been separated. The influences of the injection weight and column temperature on separation have been explored. After the column has undergone multiple injections, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the retention time and selectivity were below 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively, indicating the good reproducibility and stability of the column for separation. This work demonstrates that POCs are promising materials for HPLC separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qi-Yu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - You-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rui-Xue Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bang-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
De Gauquier P, Peeters J, Vanommeslaeghe K, Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D. Modelling the enantiorecognition of structurally diverse pharmaceuticals on O-substituted polysaccharide-based stationary phases. Talanta 2023; 259:124497. [PMID: 37030098 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop models to predict the retention, separation and elution sequence of the enantiomers of structurally diverse pharmaceuticals. More specifically, Quantitative Structure Retention Relationships (QSRR) models are built that describe the relationship between molecular descriptors and retention. Eighteen structurally diverse chiral mixtures, each consisting of a pair of enantiomers, were analyzed on two polysaccharide chiral stationary phases, Chiralcel OD-RH (cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)) and Lux amylose-2 (amylose tris(5-chloro-2-methylphenylcarbamate)), applying either a basic or an acidic mobile phase, and their retention factor and elution sequence were determined. Both achiral and, in-house defined, chiral descriptors were used as descriptive variables to build the models. Linear regression techniques, i.e. stepwise multiple linear regression (sMLR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression, were applied to model the retention or separation as a function of the descriptors. In a first step, models were built with only achiral descriptors to model the global retention of both enantiomers of a chiral molecule. Subsequently, models were built with only chiral descriptors to predict the enantioseparation and elution sequence, and finally, models were considered with both descriptor types to predict the retention, the separation and the elution sequence of the enantiomers. The global retention was predicted well by the sMLR models with only achiral descriptors. The models with only chiral descriptors were not found suitable to predict the enantioseparation and elution sequence. Finally, the models containing both chiral and achiral descriptors allowed predicting the retention well, but their ability to predict the elution sequence and separation of the enantiomers differed widely for the chromatographic systems considered.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mammone FR, Rotundo P, Ferretti R, Puxeddu M, Silvestri R, Cirilli R. Chemo- and enantio-selective reversed-phase HPLC analysis of rosuvastatin using a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase in gradient elution mode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115239. [PMID: 36638567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A direct reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for determining the content of the enantiomeric impurity of the chiral statin rosuvastatin calcium salt (RSV) in commercial tablets. The baseline enantioseparation was achieved using the Lux Cellulose-2 column and a binary linear gradient of acetonitrile and trifluoroacetic acid 0.05% in an aqueous solution. The flow rate of the mobile phases and column temperature were set at 1.0 mL min- 1 and 40 °C, respectively. In comparison with the isocratic HPLC method reported in the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) monograph for RSV, the gradient elution method offered improved chemo-and enantio-selectivity and reduced analysis times. The limits of quantitation and detection of the enantiomeric impurity were found to be 0.15 and 0.05 µg mL-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Mammone
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rotundo
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Ferretti
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Puxeddu
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Geibel C, Olfert M, Knappe C, Serafimov K, Lämmerhofer M. Branched medium-chain fatty acid profiling and enantiomer separation of anteiso-forms of teicoplanin fatty acyl side chain RS3 using UHPLC-MS/MS with polysaccharide columns. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115162. [PMID: 36423498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on targeted UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the chiral separation of anteiso-methyl branched fatty acids (aiFAs). The methods involve precolumn derivatization with 1-naphthylamine and chiral separation on Chiralpak IG-U. anteiso-Methyl branched fatty acids with up to eight carbons can be separated. A method was used for the assignment of the absolute configuration of an aiFA present as fatty acyl residue of the teicoplanin mixture, namely teicoplanin RS3. Furthermore, the excellent methylene selectivity and improved selectivity for constitutional isomers of the polysaccharide columns was exploited for the elucidation and structural confirmation of previously unknown fatty acyl residues in teicoplanin. This shows the versatility and practical applicability of polysaccharide columns as orthogonal stationary phases to reversed-phase for structural elucidation of natural compounds. The developed methods are useful tools for related subdisciplines such as targeted metabolomics and lipidomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Geibel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Olfert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knappe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristian Serafimov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Application of a New Type of 3-Chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin-bonded Silica Particles as Chiral Stationary Phase for Multi-mode HPLC. Chromatographia 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
35
|
Dombi G, Horváth P, Fiser B, Mirzahosseini A, Dobó M, Szabó ZI, Tóth G. Enantioselective Human Serum Albumin Binding of Apremilast: Liquid Chromatographic, Fluorescence and Molecular Docking Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032168. [PMID: 36768492 PMCID: PMC9916978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and apremilast (APR), a novel antipsoriatic drug, was characterized by multimodal analytical techniques including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking for the first time. Using an HSA chiral stationary phase, the APR enantiomers were well separated, indicating enantioselective binding between the protein and the analytes. The influence of chromatographic parameters-type and concentration of the organic modifier, buffer type, pH, ionic strength of the mobile phase, flow rate and column temperature-on the chromatographic responses (retention factor and selectivity) was analyzed in detail. The results revealed that the eutomer S-APR bound to the protein to a greater extent than the antipode. The classical van 't Hoff method was applied for thermodynamic analysis, which indicated that the enantioseparation was enthalpy-controlled. The stability constants of the protein-enantiomer complexes, determined by fluorescence spectroscopy, were in accordance with the elution order observed in HPLC (KR-APR-HSA = 6.45 × 103 M-1, KS-APR-HSA = 1.04 × 104 M-1), showing that, indeed, the later-eluting S-APR displayed a stronger binding with HSA. Molecular docking was applied to study and analyze the interactions between HSA and the APR enantiomers at the atomic level. It was revealed that the most favored APR binding occurred at the border between domains I and II of HSA, and secondary interactions were responsible for the different binding strengths of the enantiomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Dombi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, Transcarpathia, 90200 Beregszasz, Ukraine
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 90-149 Łódź, Poland
| | - Arash Mirzahosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Dobó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Sz-imfidum Ltd., 525401 Lunga, Romania
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kaya C, Birgül K, Bülbül B. Fundamentals of chirality, resolution, and enantiopure molecule synthesis methods. Chirality 2023; 35:4-28. [PMID: 36366874 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The chirality of molecules is a concept that explains the interactions in nature. We may observe the same formula but different organizations revolving around the chiral center. Since Pasteur's meticulous observation of sodium ammonium tartrate crystals' structure, scientists have discovered many features of chiral molecules. The number of newly approved single enantiomeric drugs increases every year and takes place in the market. Thus, separation or resolution methods of racemic mixtures are of continued importance in the efficacy of drugs, installation of affordable production processes, and convenient synthetic chemistry practice. This article presents the asymmetric synthesis approaches and the classification of direct resolution methods of chiral molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Altınbaş University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Birgül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Bülbül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Silica Immobilised Chloro- and Amido-Derivatives of Eremomycine as Chiral Stationary Phases for the Enantioseparation of Amino Acids by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010085. [PMID: 36615283 PMCID: PMC9822235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics immobilized on silica are one of the effective classes of stationary phases for chiral recognition and HPLC separation of a wide range of optically active compounds. Enantioselectivity primarily depends on the chemical structure of the chiral ligand, immobilization chemistry, and separation conditions. In the present work, three new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on macrocyclic antibiotic eremomycin were prepared and investigated for enantioseparation of amino acids. Two eremomycin derivatives, including simple non-substituted amide and bulky adamantyl amide, provided important information on the role of the carboxylic group in the eremomycin structure in the chiral recognition mechanism concerning amino acid optical isomers. One more CSP having a chlorine atom in the same position elucidates the role of the first aromatic ring in the eremomycin structure as a crucial point for chiral recognition. CSP with immobilized chloreremomycin was the most successful among the phases prepared in this work. It was additionally investigated under various separation conditions, including the type and content of the organic solvent in the eluent, the effects of different additives, and the concentration and pH of the buffer. Importantly, an efficient enantioselective separation of amino acids was achieved with pure water as the eluent.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lucci E, Dal Bosco C, Antonelli L, Fanali C, Fanali S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B. Enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic separations to study occurrence and fate of chiral pesticides in soil, water, and agricultural products. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
39
|
Sepsey A. An Adventurous Journey Around the Thermodynamics of Liquid Chromatography. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.qk2090y9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the thermodynamics of separations, especially the calculation of the standard molar enthalpy and entropy through the van ’t Hoff plot, is a popular approach among chiral chromatographers, although it is already known that this representation was adopted into chromatography without real critical consideration. In our work, chiral chromatography is modeled with the column-coupling method to obtain the contribution of each adsorption site. Besides the original problems of the van ’t Hoff plot, it was found that the respective change in entropy (ΔS) and change in enthalpy (ΔH) values of each adsorption site differs significantly from the values obtained when both adsorption sites are present. The circumstances of the chromatographic adsorption were also examined to see whether the calculated values are important, or unique values are obtained for each system. Pressure especially affects the determined values, thus the chromatographic system used—high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)—has to be distinguished. We also have to ask: Is there any suitable equation that is less problematic to calculate thermodynamic quantities?
Collapse
|
40
|
Handlovic TT, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW. Symmetrization of Peaks in Chiral Chromatography with an Area-Invariant Resolution Enhancement Method. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16638-16646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Troy T. Handlovic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas76019, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang Y, Xiao J, Cao H, Xing J, Cong H, Shen Y, Yu B. Preparation and modification of PS-PMMA microspheres and their application in high performance liquid chromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3999-4007. [PMID: 36193655 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01425d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymer microspheres have been widely used as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography. In this work, we prepared and synthesized polystyrene-methyl methacrylate (PS-PMMA) microspheres, modified them, characterized the microspheres to have good chromatographic properties, and then used them as a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stationary phase to explore their applications. First, the PS-PMMA microspheres were hydrolyzed, and the separation of benzene homologues/alkaloids was explored. Then, on the basis of hydrolysis, diazo resin (DR) was used as a coupling agent to further modify the surface of the microspheres with amphoteric glycopeptide vancomycin. The modified microspheres were used as a HPLC stationary phase to explore the application of the stationary phase in the separation of chiral drugs. This work is important to broaden the application of functional chiral columns for antibiotics and to expand the application of PS-PMMA microspheres in HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jingyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Hongtao Cao
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Jie Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ianni F, Cerra B, Moroni G, Varfaj I, Michele AD, Gioiello A, Carotti A, Sardella R. Combining molecular modeling approaches to establish the chromatographic enantiomer elution order in the absence of pure enantiomeric standards: A study case with two tetracyclic quinolines. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Giada Moroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | | | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dhurjad P, Dhalaram CS, Ali N, Kumari N, Sonti R. Metal-organic frameworks in chiral separation of pharmaceuticals. Chirality 2022; 34:1419-1436. [PMID: 35924487 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective chiral molecules are responsible for specific biological functions in nature. At present, more than half of the prescribed drugs are chiral. Living organisms display divergent pharmacological responses to the enantiomers, leading to altered toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Thus, chiral analysis, separation, and extraction are crucial for ensuring enantiomeric purity to develop safe and effective medication. In recent times, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with appealing structures are gaining importance because of their fascinating properties as a sorbent and stationary phase. MOFs are crystalline porous solid materials built by interconnecting metal ions or clusters and organic linkers. This review explores the advancements in MOFs for the isolation and separation of chiral active pharmaceutical drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Choudhary Sampat Dhalaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nazish Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nikita Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Maia PP, Nascimento CA, Silva CF, Nascimento Jr. CS. Chiral separation study of atenolol and carvedilol β-blocker drugs by DFT calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
46
|
Cantatore C, Korb M, Lang H, Cirilli R. ON/OFF receptor-like enantioseparation of planar chiral 1,2-ferrocenes on an amylose-based chiral stationary phase: The role played by 2-propanol. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1211:339880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
47
|
Pérez-Baeza M, Martín-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Medina-Hernández MJ, Sagrado S. Artificial neural networks to model the enantioresolution of structurally unrelated neutral and basic compounds with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase and aqueous-acetonitrile mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1672:463048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
48
|
Geibel C, Kramer M, Lämmerhofer M. Study of microheterogeneity of silatrane-based silica surface bonding chemistry and its optimization for the synthesis of chiral stationary phases for enantioselective liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463138. [PMID: 35617910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work systematically investigates the chemical microheterogeneity as part of the optimization of a single-step surface bonding chemistry of 3-mercaptopropylsilatrane (MPS) on mesoporous silica gel in comparison to the state-of-the-art silane chemistry with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS). MPS functionalization turns out to be a favourable chemistry for the further use in thiol-ene click reactions such as the immobilization of chiral selectors, herein tert-butylcarbamoylquinine (tBuCQN), for the synthesis of chiral stationary phases (CSPs). MPS has higher reactivity than MPTMS and prefers the formation of trifunctional siloxane bondings unlike MPTMS which favours difunctional siloxane bonds to silica, as investigated by solid-state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR (29Si and 13C nuclei). Reaction conditions (ternary mixtures of methanol, water and toluene; with and without acid; prewetting of silica; HCl pretreatment of silica) were evaluated with the aim to find conditions which promote the formation of a horizontal siloxane polymer layer on top of the silica surface. Silanization reaction times could be reduced to 2 h. The 29Si NMR signal corresponding to trifunctional siloxane bonding could be increased to 60% with no T1 signal that refers to monofunctional siloxane bonding in spite of water in the ternary reaction mixture. Furthermore, no significant disulfide bridges were formed in this approach, leading to high selector loadings. The thiol and selector coverage reached up to 4.6 and 1.4 µmol/m2, respectively. With the preferred CSP, the enantioselectivity could be increased for a chiral probe (FMOC-Phe) and the mass transfer resistance (C-term) bisected compared to the corresponding CSP prepared from benchmark MPTMS-modified silica (2.54 vs 5.72 ms). It is demonstrated that the fine-tuning of the microstructure on the silica surface can have a significant influence on enantioselectivity and mass transfer kinetics of the resultant CSPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Geibel
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Markus Kramer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Determination of Chiral Impurity of Naproxen in Different Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Polysaccharide-Based Stationary Phases in Reversed-Phased Mode. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092986. [PMID: 35566336 PMCID: PMC9101765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, validated, reversed-phase (RP), chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the enantiopurity control analysis of naproxen, a frequently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent using polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phase (CSP). In the screening phase of method development, seven columns were tested in polar organic (PO) mode using mobile phases consisting of 0.1% acetic acid in methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and acetonitrile. Enantiorecognition was observed only in five cases. The best enantioseparation was observed on a Lux Amylose-1 column with 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid in ethanol with a resolution (Rs) of 1.24. The enantiomer elution order was unfavorable, as the distomer eluted after the eutomer. When the ethanolic mobile phase was supplemented with water, enantiomer elution order reversal was observed, indicating a difference in the enantiorecognition mechanism upon switching from PO to RP mode. Furthermore, by changing ethanol to methanol, not only lower backpressure, but also higher resolution was obtained. Subsequent method optimization was performed using a face-centered central composite design (FCCD) to achieve higher chiral resolution in a shorter analysis time. Optimized parameters offering baseline separation were as follows: Lux Amylose-1 stationary phase, thermostated at 40 °C, and a mobile phase consisting of methanol:water:acetic acid 85:15:0.1 (v/v/v), delivered with 0.65 mL/min flow rate. Using these optimized parameters, a Rs = 3.21 ± 0.03 was achieved within seven minutes. The optimized method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and successfully applied for the analysis of different pharmaceutical preparations, such as film-coated tablets and gel, as well as fixed-dose combination tablets, containing both naproxen and esomeprazole.
Collapse
|
50
|
Gao YY, Chen W, Bai ZW. Influence of microstructure at 2-position of chitosan derivatives on enantioseparation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|