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Su L, Wang G, Zhao L, Deng Y, Guo Y, Xiao Y, Wang H, Dong C, Fan L. Ultrasensitive monitoring of PCB77 in environmental samples using a visible-driven photoelectrochemical sensing platform coupling with exonuclease I assisted in target recycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173982. [PMID: 38889816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Due to the urgent need for detecting trace amounts of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77) in the environment, we have developed an efficient and visible-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platform based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified titanium dioxide nanorods (TiO2 NRs), coupling with exonuclease I (Exo I) assisted in target recycling for significant signal amplification. CQDs/TiO2 NRs with high visible-light absorption ability and electron-hole separation efficiency is used as photoactive substrate for anchoring anti-PCB77 aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA). With the addition of PCB77, the specific interaction between PCB77 and its aptamer forces aptamer to separate from the electrode surface, resulting in an increase in photocurrent density. Adding Exo I in the test system, a self-catalytic target cycle was motivated, which significantly increased the PEC signal by more than twice, achieving signal amplification. The relationship between the photocurrent density changes and the concentrations of PCB77 are utilized to achieve quantitative detection of PCB77. The designed PEC sensing platform has good analytical performance with a detection limit as low as 0.33 pg L-1, high selectivity and stability. Moreover, the PEC sensor is successfully used to evaluate the content of PBC77 in the environment samples. The established sensing platform provides a simple and efficient method for detecting trace amounts of PCB77 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Su
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yujing Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
| | - Yong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Low Carbon Utilization of Coal, Institute of Coal Chemistry, CAS, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Huanwen Wang
- Faculty of Material and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Lifang Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Montero L, Meckelmann SW, Uteschil F, Schmitz OJ. Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Lyu B, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Wu Y. Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and Comparison with Gas Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Metcalfe CD, Bayen S, Desrosiers M, Muñoz G, Sauvé S, Yargeau V. Methods for the analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in selected environmental matrixes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112616. [PMID: 34953884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are heterogenous in structure, chemical and physical properties, and their capacity to partition into various environmental matrixes. In many cases, these chemicals can disrupt the endocrine systems of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms when present at very low concentrations. Therefore, sensitive and varied analytical methods are required to detect these compounds in the environment. This review summarizes the analytical methods and instruments that are most used to monitor for EDCs in selected environmental matrixes. Only those matrixes for which there is a clear link between exposures and endocrine effects are included in this review. Also discussed are emerging methods for sample preparation and advanced analytical instruments that provide greater selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bayen
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Desrosiers
- Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte Contre les Changements Climatiques du Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - G Muñoz
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S Sauvé
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - V Yargeau
- McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Nontargeted Screening Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Recent Trends and Emerging Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226911. [PMID: 34834002 PMCID: PMC8624013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS) is a powerful nontargeted screening technique that promises to accelerate the identification of environmental pollutants. Currently, most GC–HRMS instruments are equipped with electron ionization (EI), but atmospheric pressure ionization (API) ion sources have attracted renewed interest because: (i) collisional cooling at atmospheric pressure minimizes fragmentation, resulting in an increased yield of molecular ions for elemental composition determination and improved detection limits; (ii) a wide range of sophisticated tandem (ion mobility) mass spectrometers can be easily adapted for operation with GC–API; and (iii) the conditions of an atmospheric pressure ion source can promote structure diagnostic ion–molecule reactions that are otherwise difficult to perform using conventional GC–MS instrumentation. This literature review addresses the merits of GC–API for nontargeted screening while summarizing recent applications using various GC–API techniques. One perceived drawback of GC–API is the paucity of spectral libraries that can be used to guide structure elucidation. Herein, novel data acquisition, deconvolution and spectral prediction tools will be reviewed. With continued development, it is anticipated that API may eventually supplant EI as the de facto GC–MS ion source used to identify unknowns.
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Sensing Techniques for Organochlorides through Intermolecular Interaction with Bicyclic Amidines. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110413. [PMID: 34821631 PMCID: PMC8615940 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxic organochloride molecules are widely used in industry for various purposes. With their high volatility, the direct detection of organochlorides in environmental samples is challenging. Here, a new organochloride detection mechanism using 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) is introduced to simplify a sensing method with higher detection sensitivity. Three types of organochloride compounds-trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloromethane (DCM), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)—were targeted to understand DCM conjugation chemistry by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS). 13C-NMR spectra and LC-MS data indicated that DBN can be labeled on these organochloride compounds by chlorine–nitrogen interaction. Furthermore, to demonstrate the organochloride sensing capability, the labeling yield and limit of detection were determined by a colorimetric assay as well as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The interaction with DBN was most appreciable for TCE, among other organochlorides. TCE was detected at picomolar levels, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum contaminant level set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. MEKC, in conjunction with this DBN-labeling method, enables us to develop a field-deployable sensing platform for detecting toxic organochlorides with high sensitivity.
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Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and stroke risk among Chinese: a hospital-based case-control study. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1217-1224. [PMID: 32535835 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the serious human health risk effects of organic pollutants-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, the roles of circulating PCBs on stroke risk have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine whether serum PCBs could increase the risk for stroke among Chinese participants. A total of 241 patients with stroke and age- (5-year interval) and gender-matched controls were recruited in Tianjin, China. Concentrations of 17 PCB congeners were measured by using high-resolution gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to assess the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential interval (CI). Significant positive associations were observed between serum total PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs and the risk for stroke (all p trends < 0.05), and the adjusted ORs for the highest tertile (T3) of serum concentration compared with the lowest tertile (T1) were 1.704 (1.073, 2.506) and 1.846 (1.156, 2.949). However, no significant association was found for non-dioxin-like PCBs (OR for T3 vs. T1: 1.388, 95%CIs: 0.850, 2.266; p trend: 0.118). Stratified analysis by stroke subtypes (ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes) showed no significant heterogeneity (OR for T3 vs. T1: 1.644 vs. 1.824; p for interaction: 0.458). The results suggest detrimental roles of PCBs, mainly dioxin-like PCBs, in stroke risk, irrespective of stroke subtypes. Further well-designed prospective studies with larger sample size are invited to confirm these associations.
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Distribution of organochlorine pesticide pollution in water, sediment, mollusk, and fish at Saguling Dam, West Java, Indonesia. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:149-157. [PMID: 35419272 PMCID: PMC8960551 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the distribution of organochlorine pesticide pollution in water, sediments, mollusks, and fish at Saguling Dam as baseline data of organochlorine pollution. Samples were obtained from 12 locations, with 9 and 3 sampling points inside and outside the dam, respectively. Measurement of organochlorine residues was carried out using methods of extraction, purification, evaporation, and gas chromatography. Results showed the presence of several types of organochlorine compounds, namely, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and endosulfan. Aldrin was dominant in water (2-37 μg/L) and sediments (2-1438 μg/L), while DDT and heptachlor were dominant organochlorine compounds in mollusks (13-2758 µg/L) and fish (11-104 μg/L), respectively. Sediments demonstrated higher organochlorine concentrations than water, mollusk, and fish. The distribution of organochlorine was affected by land use around the Citarum watershed and pollutant input from tributaries.
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Hyötyläinen T. Analytical challenges in human exposome analysis with focus on environmental analysis combined with metabolomics. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1769-1787. [PMID: 33650238 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors, such as chemical exposures, are likely to play a crucial role in the development of several human chronic diseases. However, how the specific exposures contribute to the onset and progress of various diseases is still poorly understood. In part, this is because comprehensive characterization of the chemical exposome is a highly challenging task, both due to its complex dynamic nature as well as due to the analytical challenges. Herein, the analytical challenges in the field of exposome research are reviewed, with specific emphasis on the sampling, sample preparation, and analysis, as well as challenges in the compound identification. The primary focus is on the human chemical exposome, that is, exposures to mixtures of environmental chemicals and its impact on human metabolome. In order to highlight the recent progress in the exposome research in relation to human health and disease, selected examples of human exposome studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Pastor Belda M, González-Franco JA, Rubio R, Campillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Torres C, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Viñas P. Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Tissues Assessed Using a Microextraction Procedure and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:84-92. [PMID: 32347927 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the development, validation and application of an analytical method for the determination of twenty organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in human tissues using salting-out liquid-liquid extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for sample preparation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the obtained extracts. Measurement of the concentration levels of these toxics in tissues can be used to assess the risk of the population to exposure. The linearity of the proposed method was verified in the 10-1,000 ng/g range. The sensitivity was evaluated calculating the limits of detection (LODs) for 20 OCPs (α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), α- and β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin ketone, endrin aldehyde, α- and γ-chlordane, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and methoxychlor), most of them being found between 1.0 and 16 ng/g. The intra- and interday precisions were <12% for relative standard deviation values. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery studies, which gave recovery percentages in the 85-109% range. Seven different tissues (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, brain and abdominal fat) from eight autopsies were analyzed, and only three cases were seen to have β-HCH and 4,4'-DDE in abdominal fat, while 4,4'-DDE was also detected in the heart of one case. The rest of the samples were free of the studied OCPs at least above the corresponding LODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pastor Belda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Franco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Li X, Zhen Y, Wang R, Li T, Dong S, Zhang W, Cheng J, Wang P, Su X. Application of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) in determination of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129055. [PMID: 33272672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) are notorious persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which may bioaccumulate through food chain and play detrimental effects to organisms even at trace levels. Quantification of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in biotic samples is a great challenge. In the present study, gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-(APCI)MS/MS) was studied for the isotope-dilution analysis of PCBs (mono-to deca-) and PCDD/Fs in Chinese mitten crab food webs. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for comparison. Light PCBs are compared between the two instruments for the first time. After optimization of instrument parameters, the RSDs of relative response factors of calibration curves were between 3.4% and 15.5% for PCBs and 1.7%-7.9% for PCDD/Fs. The limits of detection were between 0.021 and 0.150 pg/mL for PCBs and 0.051-0.237 pg/mL for PCDD/Fs. PCB concentrations in crab food web samples detected by GC-(APCI)MS/MS were well correlated with those detected by HRGC/HRMS. A DiCB, 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11), was the dominant PCB congener in aquatic food webs. Other MoCB and DiCB congeners were also widely identified; hence, low-weight PCB congeners should arouse more concern in the future. GC-(APCI)MS/MS may become an alternative instrument satisfying the PCB and PCDD/F detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhen
- Waters Corporation, Fourth Jinghai Road, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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Han T, Wang S, Sheng F, Wang S, Dai T, Zhang X, Wang G. Target triggered ultrasensitive electrochemical polychlorinated biphenyl aptasensor based on DNA microcapsules and nonlinear hybridization chain reaction. Analyst 2021; 145:3598-3604. [PMID: 32334417 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrated an ultrasensitive detection platform for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) based on DNA microcapsules and a nonlinear hybridization chain reaction (NHCR). In the process, first, electrochemical signal molecules (Methylene Blue, MB) were sealed in the prepared DNA microcapsules. In the presence of PCB-72, DNA microcapsules could be dissociated with the conjugation of the aptamer and target, and meanwhile, the released DNA strand could initiate the NHCR and trigger the chain branching growth of DNA dendrimers. Because the released MBs were intercalated into the DNA dendrimer, enhanced electrochemical responses could be detected. This method exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity to PCB-72 with a detection limit of 0.001 ng mL-1. Furthermore, the present aptasensor was also capable of discriminating different PCB congeners. Therefore, the devised label-free and enzyme-free amplification electrochemical aptasensor strategy has great potential for the detection of PCB-72 in real samples, and this strategy may also become an attractive alternative for sensitive and selective small molecule, protein, nucleic acid and nuclease activity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Shaozhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Feifan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Tianyue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chem-Biosensing, Anhui Province; Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Anhui Province; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
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Ayala-Cabrera JF, Lipok C, Moyano E, Schmitz OJ, Santos FJ. Atmospheric pressure ionization for gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes in marine sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127963. [PMID: 33297024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the performance of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and photoionization (APPI) was assessed to develop a new selective and sensitive gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) method for the determination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediment samples. The capability of both APCI and APPI sources for the ionization of PCNs was investigated, showing the formation of the molecular ion and the [M‒Cl+O]‒ ion in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Positive ion APCI provided high responses using high corona ion current, while the use of high vapour pressure dopant-solvents, such as toluene in positive mode and diethyl ether in the negative mode, was required to achieve high ionization efficiencies in APPI. The performance of the two API sources in the PCN determination by GC-HRMS were compared and the best results were achieved using the GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) system. The GC-APPI(+)-HRMS (Orbitrap) method was applied to the characterization of Halowax mixtures and the analysis of marine sediments collected near to the coastal area of Barcelona (NE, Spain), demonstrating a great detection capability with low method limits of detection (0.2-1.6 pg g-1 dry weight), good precision (RSD <15%) and trueness (relative error <13%). Total PCN concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 5.0 ng g-1 dry weight and the presence of related compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), was also detected by combining positive and negative ion modes, providing complementary information to better monitor of all PCN congener groups. The results presented here show the feasibility of the GC-APPI-HRMS method for the suitable determination of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ayala-Cabrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Lipok
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - E Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany; Teaching and Research Center for Separation, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D‒45141, Essen, Germany
| | - F J Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 645, E‒08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Niu Y, Liu J, Yang R, Zhang J, Shao B. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source as an advantageous technique for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Lee JE, Oh HB, Im H, Han SB, Kim KH. Multiresidue analysis of 85 persistent organic pollutants in small human serum samples by modified QuEChERS preparation with different ionization sources in mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461170. [PMID: 32505276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a multiresidue analytical method was developed, validated, and applied for quantifying 85 persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including 38 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 24 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from 200 μL of human serum. A modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method was applied to minimize the required sample amount and optimize various conditions including the extraction solvent and the number of extractions. The extraction efficiency was optimized using double extraction with an ethyl acetate/hexane/acetone mixture. Gas chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for analysis, and two different ionization sources, electron impact ionization (EI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were used to compare their sensitivity. The APCI source employed soft ionization at atmospheric pressure, producing abundant molecular ion formation with minimal fragmentation, in contrast to extensive fragmentation caused by EI. Of the 85 POPs analyzed, 59 target compounds (69.4%) showed lower limits of detection that were two- to fifty-fold lower in APCI than those determined using EI. The developed method was validated for its detection limit (0.5-10 pg/mL for PCBs, 2-20 pg/mL for PBDEs, and 2-40 pg/mL for OCPs), precision (0.8%-34.3% of coefficient of variation), recovery (49.6%-77.1%), matrix effect (46.7%-156.9%), and accuracy (81.2%-113.1% for PCBs, 85.8%-112.2% for PBDEs, and 55.2%-113.9% for OCPs). Its linearity was R2 > 0.99 for 84 compounds, and 96% average accuracy (for APCI) was obtained using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (NIST 1957 and 1958). These ionization methods were compared by analyzing 25 real human serum samples. The observed species were 1.1-24.6 pg/mL of 28 PCBs, 2.5 pg/mL of BDE-47, and 6.5-195.1 pg/mL of 6 organochlorine pesticides (median concentration for each species), and only 11 compounds were detected with APCI owing to its enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Eun Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea; Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Hosub Im
- Institute for Life & Environmental Technology, Smartive Corporation, Dobong-ro 110na-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul, 01454, Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea.
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16
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Chormey DS, Ayyıldız MF, Bakırdere S. Feasibility studies on the uptake and bioaccessibility of pesticides, hormones and endocrine disruptive compounds in plants, and simulation of gastric and intestinal conditions. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Perraud V, Li X, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Novel ionization reagent for the measurement of gas-phase ammonia and amines using a stand-alone atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8561. [PMID: 31429122 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Contaminants present in ambient air or in sampling lines can interfere with the target analysis through overlapping peaks or causing a high background. This study presents a positive outcome from the unexpected presence of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, released from a PALL HEPA filter, in the analysis of atmospherically relevant gas-phase amines using chemical ionization mass spectrometry. METHODS Gas-phase measurements were performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a modified atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) source which allows sampling of the headspace above pure amine standards. Gas-phase N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) emitted from a PALL HEPA filter located in the inlet stream served as the ionizing agent. RESULTS This study demonstrates that some alkylamines efficiently form a [NMP + amine+H]+ cluster with NMP upon chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. The extent of cluster formation depends largely on the proton affinity of the amine compared with that of NMP. Aromatic amines (aniline, pyridine) and diamines (putrescine) were shown not to form cluster ions with NMP. CONCLUSIONS The use of NMP as an ionizing agent with stand-alone APGC provided high sensitivity for ammonia and the smaller amines. The main advantages, in addition to sensitivity, are direct sampling into the APGC source and avoiding uptake on sampling lines which can be a significant problem with ammonia and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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18
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Chen YJ, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lu Y, Li R, Dong C, Qi Z, Liu G, Chen ZF, Cai Z. GC-MS/MS analysis for source identification of emerging POPs in PM 2.5. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110368. [PMID: 32114245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging POPs have received increasing attention due to their potential persistence and toxicity, but thus far the report regarding the occurrence and distribution of these POPs in PM2.5 is limited. In this study, an extremely sensitive and reliable method, using ultrasonic solvent extraction and silica gel purification followed by gas chromatography coupled with electron ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, was developed and used for the trace analysis of hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloroanisole (PCA) and its analogs chlorobenzenes (CBs) in PM2.5 from Taiyuan within a whole year. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation of analytes were 1.14 × 10-4‒2.74 × 10-4 pg m-3 and 3.80 × 10-4‒9.14 × 10-4 pg m-3. HCBD and PCA were detected at the mean concentrations of 3.69 and 1.84 pg m-3 in PM2.5, which is reported for the first time. Based on the results of statistical analysis, HCBD may come from the unintentional emission of manufacture or incineration of chlorinate-contained products but not coal combustion, while O3-induced photoreaction was the potential source of PCA in PM2.5. The temporal distributions of CBs in PM2.5 were closely related to coal-driven or agricultural activities. Accordingly, our study reveals the contamination profiles of emerging POPs in PM2.5 from Taiyuan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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19
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Feasibility of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental and feed samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3703-3716. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Saito-Shida S, Nagata M, Nemoto S, Akiyama H. Quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in tea by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1143:122057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Benlaribi R, Schramm S, Vincent B, Djebbar S, Aubriet F. Concentrations, Sources and Human Health Risk Assessment of 12 Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in the Urban Soils of Baraki, Algiers (Algeria) with Determination by Gas Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1743997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Benlaribi
- Laboratoire d’Hydrométallurgie et Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire, USTHB, Bab Ezzouar, Alger, Algeria
- Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie de la Gendarmerie Nationale (INCC/GN), Algeria
| | - Sébastien Schramm
- LCP-A2MC, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
- FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Bryan Vincent
- ELIM, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Safia Djebbar
- Laboratoire d’Hydrométallurgie et Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire, USTHB, Bab Ezzouar, Alger, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
- FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
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22
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Pico Y, Alfarhan AH, Barcelo D. How recent innovations in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have improved pesticide residue determination: An alternative technique to be in your radar. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Cai Y, Rosen Vollmar AK, Johnson CH. Analyzing Metabolomics Data for Environmental Health and Exposome Research. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2104:447-467. [PMID: 31953830 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0239-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The exposome is the cumulative measure of environmental influences and associated biological responses across the life span, with critical relevance for understanding how exposures can impact human health. Metabolomics analysis of biological samples offers unique advantages for examining the exposome. Simultaneous analysis of external exposures, biological responses, and host susceptibility at a systems level can help establish links between external exposures and health outcomes. As metabolomics technologies continue to evolve for the study of the exposome, metabolomics ultimately will help provide valuable insights for exposure risk assessment, and disease prevention and management. Here, we discuss recent advances in metabolomics, and describe data processing protocols that can enable analysis of the exposome. This chapter focuses on using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics for analysis of the exposome, including (1) preprocessing of untargeted metabolomics data, (2) identification of exposure chemicals and their metabolites, and (3) methods to establish associations between exposures and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana K Rosen Vollmar
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Helen Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Guo W, Pan B, Sakkiah S, Yavas G, Ge W, Zou W, Tong W, Hong H. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Food: Contamination Sources, Health Effects and Detection Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4361. [PMID: 31717330 PMCID: PMC6888492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in foods have been a major concern for food safety due to their persistence and toxic effects. To ensure food safety and protect human health from POPs, it is critical to achieve a better understanding of POP pathways into food and develop strategies to reduce human exposure. POPs could present in food in the raw stages, transferred from the environment or artificially introduced during food preparation steps. Exposure to these pollutants may cause various health problems such as endocrine disruption, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, birth defects, and dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems. This review describes potential sources of POP food contamination, analytical approaches to measure POP levels in food and efforts to control food contamination with POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huixiao Hong
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; (W.G.); (B.P.); (S.S.); (G.Y.); (W.G.); (W.Z.); (W.T.)
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25
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Jobst K, Jones GR, Reiner E, Sandau CD, Clarke E, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. Background levels of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs), polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs & PXDD/Fs) in sera of pregnant women in Accra, Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:631-642. [PMID: 30999104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure data on dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in Ghana are limited. Based on health risks associated with dioxins and DLCs, the impact of maternal body burdens on foetal exposure is significant. This is the first study that assesses polychlorinated, polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs) in sera of primiparous Ghanaians. Our sample selection includes 34 participants from two municipalities (Accra and Tema), and explores contributions from environmental and dietary exposures using questionnaire data. Sample preparation involved C18 solid phase extraction, purification with acidified silica and lipid removal cartridges, and detection with gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The calculated average toxic equivalent concentration was 5.3 pg TEQ/g lw, with contributions from dlPCBs (1.25 pg TEQ/g lw), PCDD/Fs (3.10 pg TEQ/g lw), PBDD/Fs (0.49 pg TEQ/g lw) and PXDD/Fs (0.50 pg TEQ/g lw). The calculated total TEQ concentration was lower than background TEQ concentrations reported in sera of pregnant women globally. Positive correlations were obtained for total dioxins and DLC concentrations with age and Body Mass Index (BMI). Dietary intake of seafood and dairy products had a strong influence on PCDD/F and dlPCB concentrations. Statistically significant differences were observed for dioxins and DLCs in participants from Accra (in close proximity to Agbogbloshie e-waste site) and Tema. Given the significant TEQ contribution of PBDD/Fs and PXDD/Fs (~20%), it is essential to explore these classes of dioxins and DLCs in future biomonitoring studies as they may pose health risks, and add extra diagnostic information in source exposure investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; CSIR Water Research Institute, P. O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; Chemistry Matters Inc., Suite 405, 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | | | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Court D Sandau
- Chemistry Matters Inc., Suite 405, 104-1240 Kensington Road NW, Calgary, AB T2N 3P7, Canada; Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Edith Clarke
- Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service, Ghana
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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26
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Fang J, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Wong M, He Y, Sun Q, Xu S, Cai Z. Evaluation of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry as an alternative to gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:288-294. [PMID: 30877923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum was developed using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (GC-APCI-MS/MS). The ionization and fragmentation performance of APCI were evaluated and compared with those of electron ionization (EI). In contrast to extensive fragmentation caused by EI with high energy, soft ionization achieved by APCI produced mass spectra dominated by molecular ions from the first stage of MS analysis. Better sensitivity and selectivity achieved by the GC-APCI-MS/MS method allowed to analyze serum samples with a low volume (100 μL). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.067 to 14 pg/mL for the analysis in serum samples. The developed method was evaluated at three spiking levels (0.05, 0.5 and 5 ng/mL for PCBs), showing good recoveries and repeatability. The recoveries ranged from 74.0% to 130.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 20%, for all analytes. The determination of PCBs and PBDEs in the human serum samples by GC-APCI-MS/MS was compared with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with EI (GC-EI-MS/MS). BDE-99 and BDE-100 were successfully quantified by GC-APCI-MS/MS, while these two PBDE congeners were not detected by GC-EI-MS/MS. The GC-APCI-MS/MS method had a clear advantage when analyzing compounds at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minghung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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27
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Di Lorenzo RA, Lobodin VV, Cochran J, Kolic T, Besevic S, Sled JG, Reiner EJ, Jobst KJ. Fast gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure (photo)ionization mass spectrometry of polybrominated diphenylether flame retardants. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:70-78. [PMID: 30797463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are powerful, complementary techniques for the analysis of environmental toxicants. Currently, most GC-MS instruments employ electron ionization under vacuum, but the concept of coupling GC to atmospheric pressure ionization (API) is attracting revitalized interest. API conditions are inherently compatible with a wide range of ionization techniques as well high carrier gas flows that enable fast GC separations. This study reports on the application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and a custom-built photoionization (APPI) source for the GC-MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a ubiquitous class of flame retardants. Photoionization of PBDEs resulted in the abundant formation of molecular ions M•+ with very little fragmentation. Some photo-oxidation was observed, which differentiated critical BDE isomers. Formation of protonated molecules [M+H]+ did not occur in GC-APPI because the ionization energy of H2O (clusters) exceeds the energy of the ionizing photons. Avoiding mixed-mode ionization is a major advantage of APPI over APCI, which requires careful control of the source conditions. A fast GC-API-MS method was developed using helium and nitrogen carrier gases that provides good separation of critical isomers (BDE-49/71) and elution of BDE 209 in less than 7 min (with He) and 15 min (with N2). It will be shown that the GC-APPI and GC-APCI methods match the sensitivity and improve upon the selectivity and throughput of established methods for the analysis of PBDEs using standard reference materials (NIST SRM 1944 and SRM 2585) and selected environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Vladislav V Lobodin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Jack Cochran
- VUV Analytics, 715 Discovery Blvd. Suite 502, Cedar Park, TX, 78613, USA
| | - Terry Kolic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sladjana Besevic
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
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28
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Zuber J, Rathsack P, Otto M. Structural Characterization of Acidic Compounds in Pyrolysis Liquids Using Collision-Induced Dissociation and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12655-12662. [PMID: 30280888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel approach to characterize and identify acidic oil compounds utilizing the fragmentational behavior of their corresponding precursor ions is presented. Precursor ions of seven analyzed pyrolysis oils that were generated from pyrolysis educts of different origins and degrees of coalification were produced by electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode (ESI(-)). Following a fragmentation of all ions in the ion cloud by collision-induced dissociation (CID), the precursor and product ions were subsequently detected by ultrahigh resolving Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). The ESI(-)-CID data sets were evaluated by applying either a targeted classification or untargeted clustering approach. In the case of the targeted classification, 10% of the ionized precursor ions of the analyzed pyrolysis liquid samples could be classified into one of 11 compound classes utilizing theoretical fragmentation pathways of these classes. In contrast, theoretical fragmentation pathways were not necessary for the untargeted clustering approach, making it the more transmittable method. Results from both approaches were verified by analyzing standard compounds of known structure. The analysis and data evaluation methods presented in this work can be used to characterize complex organic mixtures, such as pyrolysis oils, and their compounds in-depth on a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zuber
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry , TU Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - Philipp Rathsack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry , TU Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany.,German Centre for Energy Resources , Reiche Zeche , Fuchsmuehlenweg 9 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
| | - Matthias Otto
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry , TU Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29 , 09599 Freiberg , Germany
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Bjurlid F, Roos A, Ericson Jogsten I, Hagberg J. Temporal trends of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs, PBDEs and PCBs in ringed seals from the Baltic Sea (Pusa hispida botnica) between 1974 and 2015. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1374-1383. [PMID: 29066193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends in exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were assessed in 22 pooled samples gathered from 69 individuals of Baltic ringed seal (Pusa hispida botnica) from 1974 to 2015. Samples were analysed for polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). No previous study has reported on the occurrence of PBDD/Fs in marine mammals in the Baltic Sea. Concentrations of pollutants in Baltic ringed seal, a marine mammal and top predator, can be used as an indicator of pollutants concentrations in the Baltic region. Visual inspection of data did not show any temporal trends for PBDD/Fs, while the PCDD/Fs and PCBs showed decreasing concentrations between 1974 and 2015. PBDEs increased until the end of the 1990s and then decreased until the end of the period. ∑PBDD/Fs ranged from 0.5-52.3pg/g lipid weight (l.w.) (0.08-4.8pgTEQ/g l.w.), with 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF contributing on average 61% to ∑PBDD/Fs. ∑PCDD/Fs ranged from 103 to 1480pg/g l.w. (39-784pgTEQ/g l.w.), with 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF showing the highest average concentrations. PBDD/F toxic equivalents (TEQ) contributed on average 1.1% to the total (PBDD/F+PCDD/F) TEQ. The ∑PBDEs concentration range was 18.7-503ng/g l.w., with BDE #47 the predominant congener. The concentration range for ∑PCBs was 2.8-40.1μg/g l.w., with #138 and #153 the most abundant congeners. Visual inspection of the data showed decreasing concentrations for all compound groups except PBDD/Fs. A slight increase in the PBDD/Fs concentrations was observed from 2004 onwards. This observation needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bjurlid
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - A Roos
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Ericson Jogsten
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - J Hagberg
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
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A four dimensional separation method based on continuous heart-cutting gas chromatography with ion mobility and high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cheng R, Liu S, Shi H, Zhao G. A highly sensitive and selective aptamer-based colorimetric sensor for the rapid detection of PCB 77. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:373-380. [PMID: 28806557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, specific and simple colorimetric sensor based on aptamer was established for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 77). The use of unmodified gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe for aptamer sensors enabled the highly sensitive and selective detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 77). A linear range of 0.5nM to 900nM was obtained for the colorimetric assay with a minimum detection limit of 0.05nM. In addition, by the methods of circular dichroism, UV and naked eyes, we found that the 35 base fragments retained after cutting 5 bases from the 5 'end of aptamer plays the most significant role in the PCB 77 specific recognition process. We found a novel way to truncated nucleotides to optimize the detection of PCB 77, and the selected nucleotides also could achieve high affinity with PCB 77. At the same time, the efficient detection of the PCB 77 by our colorimetric sensor in the complex environmental water samples was realized, which shows a good application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojie Cheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyao Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Electrochemical acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes/dicyclohexyl phthalate modified screen-printed electrode for detection of chlorpyrifos. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Persistent Halogenated Compounds in Human Breast Milk. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Analysis of brominated flame retardants and their derivatives by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization using gas chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 162:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Ten Dam G, Pussente IC, Scholl G, Eppe G, Schaechtele A, van Leeuwen S. The performance of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry compared to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:76-90. [PMID: 27894695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been added in European Union (EU) legislation as an alternative to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of dioxins and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in food and feed. In this study the performance of APGC-MS/MS compared to GC-HRMS is investigated and compared with EU legislation. The study includes the legislative parameters, relative intermediate precision standard deviation (SRw,rel), trueness, sensitivity, linear range and ion ratio tolerance. In addition, over 200 real samples of large variety and spanning several orders of magnitude in concentration were analyzed by both techniques and the selectivity was evaluated by comparing chromatograms. The SRw,rel and trueness were evaluated using (in-house) reference samples and fulfill to EU legislation, though the SRw,rel was better with GC-HRMS. The sensitivity was considerably better than of GC-HRMS while the linear range was similar. Ion ratios were mostly within the tolerable range of ±15%. A (temporary unresolved) systematic deviation in ion ratio was observed for several congeners, yet this did not lead to exceeding of the maximum ion ratio limits. The APGC-MS/MS results for the non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs) were negatively biased, particularly for PCB138 and 153 in contaminated samples. The selectivity of APGC-MS/MS was lower for several matrices. Particularly for contaminated samples, interfering peaks were observed in the APGC chromatograms of the native compounds (dioxins) and labeled internal standards (PCBs). These can lead to biased results and ultimately to false positive samples. It was concluded that the determination of dioxins and PCBs using APGC-MS/MS meets the requirements set by the European Commission. However, due to generally better selectivity and SRw,rel, GC-HRMS is the preferred method for monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ten Dam
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Georges Scholl
- Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium
| | - Alexander Schaechtele
- EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, Bissierstrasse 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan van Leeuwen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Menezes HC, Paulo BP, Paiva MJN, Cardeal ZL. A Simple and Quick Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental Water by HF-LPME-GC/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:7058709. [PMID: 27774336 PMCID: PMC5059603 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7058709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple and quick method for sampling and also for carrying out the preconcentration of pesticides in environmental water matrices using two-phased hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME). Factors such as extraction mode, time, solvents, agitation, and salt addition were investigated in order to validate the LPME method. The following conditions were selected: 6 cm of polypropylene hollow fiber, ethyl octanoate as an acceptor phase, and extraction during 30 min under stirring at 200 rpm. The optimized method showed good linearity in the range of 0.14 to 200.00 μg L-1; the determination coefficient (R2) was in the range of 0.9807-0.9990. The LOD ranged from 0.04 μg L-1 to 0.44 μg L-1, and LOQ ranged from 0.14 μg L-1 to 1.69 μg L-1. The recovery ranged from 85.17% to 114.73%. The method was applied to the analyses of pesticides in three environmental water samples (a spring and few streams) collected in a rural area from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helvécio C. Menezes
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Breno P. Paulo
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria José N. Paiva
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Avenida Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L. Cardeal
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- *Zenilda L. Cardeal:
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