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Zhang Y, Li P, Zhang J, Li C, Sun P, Li F, Jiao Z. Case report: Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with akinetic mutism after ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1184713. [PMID: 37332998 PMCID: PMC10272721 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1184713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinsonism and akinetic mutism (AM) following ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) without underdrainage used to be considered rare, but may be underdiagnosed in daily clinical practice. Although the pathophysiology is still unclear, in several case reports, the parkinsonism and AM after VPS shows responsiveness to dopaminergic treatment. Case presentation We report a 19-year-old male that presented with severe parkinsonism and AM after VPS. Meanwhile, 18F-FDG-PET showed a cortical and subcortical hypometabolism. Fortunately, levodopa dramatically improved patient's symptoms and brain hypometabolism. This report provides support for the possibility that dopamine deficiency inhibits brain metabolism, and further elucidates the pathogenesis of parkinsonism and AM. Conclusion This report highlights the presentation of a treatable parkinsonism and points out that Levodopa and/or dopamine agonist should be the first choice if the patients develop parkinson-like symptoms after VPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fujun Li
- Department of General Surgery, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuomin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Zhang Y, Chen BW, Mao W, Wu FY, Zhang Y. Parkinsonism after ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:38. [PMID: 36694119 PMCID: PMC9872429 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinsonism after ventriculoperitoneal shunt in patients with hydrocephalus is a rare and profound complication that is often misdiagnosed, causing treatment to be delayed. To date, the characteristics of this disease have not been well described and summarized. Here, we report a rare case of parkinsonism after ventriculoperitoneal shunt; symptoms were aggravated by antipsychotic drugs but showed a good response to Madopar. Such cases have rarely been reported previously. CASE PRESENTATION A 44-year-old man presented with parkinsonism, bilateral pyramidal tract signs, and oculomotor impairment four years after a successful ventriculoperitoneal shunt for idiopathic aqueduct stenosis resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography showed fluctuations in the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle without any intervention. The patient's condition was aggravated by antipsychotic drugs but showed a good response to Madopar. CONCLUSION This observation suggests that parkinsonism in this patient was caused by reversible dysfunction of the presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway due to fluctuations in the lateral ventricle, representing the first hit to the dopaminergic signalling pathway, and antipsychotic drugs had an antagonistic effect on dopamine D2 receptors, representing the second hit. In addition, we summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, treatments, and prognoses of this complication in 38 patients who met the inclusion criteria in 24 previous studies to increase neurologists' understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Bi W. Chen
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Wei Mao
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Feng Y. Wu
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- grid.413259.80000 0004 0632 3337Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XInstitute Of Sleep And Consciousness Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
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Surisetti BK, Prasad S, Holla VV, Kamble N, Yadav R, Pal PK. Movement Disorders Associated With Radiotherapy and Surgical Procedures. J Mov Disord 2023; 16:42-51. [PMID: 36628430 PMCID: PMC9978251 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Occasionally, movement disorders can occur following interventional procedures including but not limited to radiotherapy, dental procedures, and cardiac, cerebral and spinal surgeries. The majority of these disorders tend to be unexpected sequelae with variable phenomenology and latency, and they can often be far more disabling than the primary disease for which the procedure was performed. Owing to poor knowledge and awareness of the problem, delays in diagnosing the condition are common, as are misdiagnoses as functional movement disorders. This narrative review discusses the phenomenology, pathophysiology, and potential treatments of various movement disorders caused by interventional procedures such as radiotherapy and neurological and non-neurological surgeries and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kumar Surisetti
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shweta Prasad
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vikram Venkappayya Holla
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Corresponding author: Pramod Kumar Pal, MD, DNB, DM, FRCP Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India / Tel: +91-80-26995147 / Fax: +91-80-26564830 / E-mail:
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Chang SJ, Mitchell R, Hukin J, Singhal A. Treatment-responsive Holmes tremor in a child with low-pressure hydrocephalus: video case report and systematic review of the literature. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 29:520-527. [PMID: 35148507 DOI: 10.3171/2021.12.peds21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Holmes tremor (HT) is a rare and debilitating movement disorder comprising both rest and action tremor, and it is known for its resistance to treatment. Its most common causes include ischemic or hemorrhagic insults and trauma. Mechanistically, the combined rest and action tremor is thought to require a double lesion of both the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system and the dentatorubrothalamic pathways, often near the midbrain where both pathways converge. The aim of this study was to characterize HT as a presenting sign in cases of hydrocephalus and to discuss potential pathomechanisms, clinical presentations, and treatment options. METHODS MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched for cases of HT with hydrocephalus from database inception to August 2021, and these were compiled along with the authors' own unique case of treatment-responsive HT in a child with low-pressure obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a tectal tumor. Patient characteristics, presenting signs/symptoms, potential precipitating factors, interventions, and patient outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Nine patients were identified including the authors' video case report. All patients had a triventriculomegaly pattern with at least a component of obstructive hydrocephalus, and 4 patients were identified as having low-pressure hydrocephalus. Parinaud's syndrome and bradykinesia were the most commonly associated signs. Levodopa and CSF diversion were the most commonly used and effective treatments for HT in this population. This review was not registered and did not receive any funding. CONCLUSIONS HT is a poorly understood and probably underrecognized presentation of hydrocephalus that is difficult to treat, limiting the strength of the evidence in this review. Treatment options include CSF diversion, antiparkinsonian agents, antiepileptic agents, deep brain stimulation, and MR-guided focused ultrasound, and aim toward the nigrostriatal and dentatorubrothalamic pathways hypothesized to be involved in its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano J Chang
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia
| | - Ruth Mitchell
- 2Faculty of Medicine and the Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital; and
| | - Juliette Hukin
- 3Divisions of Neurology and Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ash Singhal
- 2Faculty of Medicine and the Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital; and
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Bologna M, Truong D, Jankovic J. The etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological spectrum of parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 2021; 433:120012. [PMID: 34642022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a syndrome characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Parkinsonism is a common manifestation of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases referred to as atypical parkinsonism. However, a growing body of clinical and scientific evidence indicates that parkinsonism may be part of the phenomenological spectrum of various neurological conditions to a greater degree than expected by chance. These include neurodegenerative conditions not traditionally classified as movement disorders, e.g., dementia and motor neuron diseases. In addition, parkinsonism may characterize a wide range of central nervous system diseases, e.g., autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cerebrospinal fluid disorders (e.g., normal pressure hydrocephalus), cerebrovascular diseases, and other conditions. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism. Conversely, it is not entirely clear to what extent the same mechanisms and key brain areas are also involved in parkinsonism due to a broader etiopathogenetic spectrum. We aimed to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the various etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of parkinsonism in a wide spectrum of neurological conditions, with a particular focus on the role of the basal ganglia involvement. The paper also highlights potential implications in the diagnostic approach and therapeutic management of patients. This article is part of the Special Issue "Parkinsonism across the spectrum of movement disorders and beyond" edited by Joseph Jankovic, Daniel D. Truong and Matteo Bologna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Daniel Truong
- Truong Neuroscience Institute, Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center, Fountain Valley, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, UC Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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da Costa AC, Pinheiro Júnior N, Godeiro Junior C, Fernandes ACA, de Queiroz CT, de Moura ACMA, de Aquino CEF, de Araújo Rego M. Parkinsonism secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a patient with hydrocephalus. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:432. [PMID: 34513195 PMCID: PMC8422482 DOI: 10.25259/sni_629_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinsonism secondary to the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus due to stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct, with implantation of a ventricular peritoneal (VP) shunt is a rare complication, still poorly described and disseminated in the literature. Case Description: A 38-year-old male presented a history of moderate-intensity daily headache, which deteriorated 2 months before admission, with no changes in the neurological examination. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hypertensive hydrocephalus associated with cerebral aqueduct stenosis. A VP shunt was performed, an adjustable pressure valve was successfully inserted, and he was discharged asymptomatic. However, months later, he progressed with important symptoms of hypo- and hyper-drainage, which persisted after valve pressure adjustments and even its exchange, culminating into an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). But soon after, severe Parkinsonian syndrome appeared. Therapy with levodopa and bromocriptine was initiated, revealing a slow response initially but good evolution within 6 months. At present, he presents low-intensity residual tremor, which is well controlled with medications, and has regained independence for daily activities, with minimal motor limitation and no cognitive changes. Conclusion: There is still no mechanism that explains the occurrence of Parkinsonian syndrome in these cases. It is suggested that the rostral portion of the midbrain was injured due to abrupt changes in the transtentorial gradient pressure after the ventricular shunt, along with various adjustments in the valve pressure. ETV and early introduction of levodopa therapy in patients who developed postventriculoperitoneal shunt Parkinsonism seems to be the most effective combination, with satisfactory clinical response in the medium/long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Corsino da Costa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Promater, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Nilson Pinheiro Júnior
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Hospital Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Clecio Godeiro Junior
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Hospital Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marianne de Araújo Rego
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Potiguar, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Rissardo JP, Caprara ALF, Durante Í. Neurocysticercosis and movement disorders: A literature review. Brain Circ 2020; 6:225-241. [PMID: 33506145 PMCID: PMC7821807 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_48_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a specific form of cysticercosis that affects the central nervous system. It is caused by the tapeworm Taenia solium, which is often found in pigs. NCC is considered one of the “great simulator/mimickers” of other diseases. In this context, movement disorders (MDs) can occur in a small percentage of individuals with NCC. This review aims to evaluate the clinicoepidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and historical features of NCC-associated MD. Relevant reports in six databases were identified and assessed by two reviewers without language restriction. A total of 71 reports containing 148 individuals who developed an MD related to NCC were identified. NCC-associated MD included parkinsonism (n = 47), ataxia (n = 32), chorea (n = 18), dystonia (n = 13), tremor (n = 8), myokymia (n = 6), myoclonus (n = 4), ballism (n = 1), tics (n = 1), and others (n = 18). The mean and median ages were 36.58 (standard deviation: 20.51) and 35 years (age range: 1–88 years), respectively. There was a slight predominance of female sex (52.17%). On follow-up, 58.90% of the individuals had a full recovery; two deaths were reported. We believe that the majority of cases reported were only diagnosed because patients had classical clinical manifestations generally investigated by neuroimaging, resulting in incidental findings suggestive of NCC, which were later supported by laboratory examinations. Therefore, the association between NCC and MD is probably underreported. Clinicians should be wary of this association, mainly in endemic areas for cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ícaro Durante
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Oliveira SCDS, Monteiro DAM, Silva GF, Santos LTR, Ribeiro EML. Parkinsonism Secondary to Hydrocephalus Caused by Neurocysticercosis. Cureus 2020; 12:e7887. [PMID: 32489741 PMCID: PMC7255557 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of parkinsonism is established by the presence of tremor, stiffness and bradykinesia alongside with neurological examination, requiring the exclusion of secondary causes such as stroke, hydrocephalus and infectious diseases. Included in this last category, neurocysticercosis is a disease caused by Taenia solium, with a variable clinical presentation that can include epileptic seizures, hydrocephalus and rarely parkinsonism. In the reported case, the syndrome is a consequence of lesions in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway caused by the implant and mass effect of the cysticercus. The authors report a case of parkinsonism in a 59-year-old woman with a previous history of neurocysticercosis who presented with hydrocephalus on magnetic resonance imaging exam. The patient was treated with pharmacological therapy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt, progressing with amelioration of the symptoms presented.
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Alarcón F, Cedeño Y, de Yébenes JG. Parkinsonism and other movement disorders in 23 cases of neurocysticercosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 42:47-53. [PMID: 28673613 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinsonism and other movement disorders have been occasionally described in neurocysticercosis (NCC) but their clinical features and pathogenesis are not well understood. METHODS This is a descriptive study conducted over 20 years. We studied 590 consecutive patients from the NCC Registry at Eugenio Espejo Hospital, Quito, Ecuador, and found 23 subjects who developed movement disorders. We investigated the clinical features, localization of brain lesions, severity of infection and neurological deficit as well as the outcome of the patients. Patients were treated with albendazole, dexamethasone, acetazolamide and surgery. We established the diagnosis of NCC, by absolute, imaging and clinical/exposure criteria. RESULTS Fifteen patients had parkinsonism, 5 tremor, 2 dystonia and 1 chorea. Patients with chorea and dystonia were young females and had cystic lesions in the thalamus and putamen, respectively. Parkinsonism was more frequent in middle aged subjects with subarachnoid and ventricular cysts, hydrocephalus, brain cysts and frequently abnormal cerebrospinal fluid. After anthelmintic treatment no patient died and all patients with chorea, dystonia and tremor fully recovered; 7 of the 15 patients with parkinsonism required treatment with steroids, surgery and long term l-DOPA therapy. CONCLUSIONS Chorea and dystonia in NCC are due to selective lesions of the basal ganglia. Parkinsonism, the most common movement disorder in NCC, is not related to specific localization of the lesions but the patients show widespread and large lesions, associated with inflammation and distortions of brain structures. In patients with NCC, chorea, dystonia, tremor have a better prognosis, Parkinsonism has a worse one.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Cedeño
- Neurology Department, Hospital Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Justo García de Yébenes
- Neurology Department, Hospital Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador; SENESCYT, Ecuador; CIBERNED, Spain; Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Chun MH, Kang CG, Kong EJ, Chang MC. Parkinsonism after external ventricular drainage in a patient with intraventricular hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 24:e75-8. [PMID: 25543190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a patient who presented with Parkinsonism after external ventricular drainage (EVD) for an intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). We also demonstrate dopaminergic system dysfunction using (18)F-florinated-N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β-carboxymethoxy-3-β-(4-lodophenyl) nortropane ((18)F-FP-CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. A 50-year-old woman presented with manifestations of Parkinsonism, including severe rigidity and 3-Hz resting tremor, immediately after EVD for IVH. (18)F-FP-CIT PET images at 6 months after onset showed dysfunction of the bilateral caudate nuclei and putamen after EVD that seemed to have induced Parkinsonism, although no lesion was observed in those areas on either conventional computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. With a dose of 300/1200 mg/day carbidopa/levodopa, the rigidity of both upper and lower extremities was significantly reduced, and the tremor completely disappeared. The decreased rigidity also improved the activities of daily living performance. In summary, a patient developed Parkinsonism after EVD for IVH, and we demonstrated dopaminergic system dysfunction on (18)F-FP-CIT PET images. Clinicians should pay particular attention to the occurrence of Parkinsonism when performing procedures that can reduce intraventricular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Chun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gu Kang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Yeungnam College of Medicine, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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de Gusmäo CM, Berkowitz AL, Hung AY, Westover MB. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt-induced chorea: case report and review of the literature on shunt-related movement disorders. Pract Neurol 2014; 15:42-4. [PMID: 24997172 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2014-000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M de Gusmäo
- Neurology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron L Berkowitz
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Albert Y Hung
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Brandon Westover
- Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Endoscopic management of hydrocephalus due to neurocysticercosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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