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Ahmed-Leitao F, Du Plessis S, Konkiewitz EC, Spies G, Seedat S. Altered white matter integrity in the corpus callosum in adults with HIV: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 326:111543. [PMID: 36126346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We systematically reviewed studies comparing differences in the integrity of the corpus callosum in adults with HIV compared to healthy controls, using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), using search engines Science Direct, Web of Science and PubMed. The search terms used were "HIV", "corpus callosum", and a variation of either "DTI" or "Diffusion Tensor Imaging" with or without the term "adults". We specifically examined the corpus callosum as it is the largest white matter tract in the brain, plays a primary role in cognition, and has been shown to be morphologically altered in people living with HIV. Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) was consistently found in the corpus callosum in people with HIV compared to controls. As most studies used only FA as a measure of diffusion, it would be informative for future research if other DTI metrics, such as mean diffusivity (MD), were also investigated as these metrics may be more sensitive markers of HIV-related neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ahmed-Leitao
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Stefan Du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | | | - Georgina Spies
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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2
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Yoshihara Y, Kato T, Watanabe D, Fukumoto M, Wada K, Oishi N, Nakakura T, Kuriyama K, Shirasaka T, Murai T. Altered white matter microstructure and neurocognitive function of HIV-infected patients with low nadir CD4. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:355-366. [PMID: 35776340 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered white matter microstructure has been reported repeatedly using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. However, the associations between neurocognitive deficits and impaired white matter remains obscure due to frequent physical and psychiatric comorbidities in the patients. Severe immune suppression, reflected by low nadir CD4 T-cell counts, is reported to be associated with the neurocognitive deficits in the patients. In the present study, we examined white matter integrity using DTI and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and neurocognitive functions using a battery of tests, in 15 HIV-infected patients with low nadir CD4, 16 HIV-infected patients with high nadir CD4, and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. As DTI measures, we analyzed fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). In addition, we investigated the correlation between white matter impairments and neurocognitive deficits. Among the three participant groups, the patients with low nadir CD4 showed significantly lower performance in processing speed and motor skills, and had significantly increased MD in widespread regions of white matter in both hemispheres. In the patients with low nadir CD4, there was a significant negative correlation between motor skills and MD in the right motor tracts, as well as in the corpus callosum. In summary, this study may provide white matter correlates of neurocognitive deficits in HIV-infected patients with past severe immune suppression as legacy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yoshihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Tadatsugu Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- AIDS Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaji Fukumoto
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Higashi-Ohmi General Medical Center, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Oishi
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakakura
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuriyama
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Shirasaka
- AIDS Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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3
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Roth LM, Zidane B, Festa L, Putatunda R, Romer M, Monnerie H, Jordan-Sciutto KL, Grinspan JB. Differential effects of integrase strand transfer inhibitors, elvitegravir and raltegravir, on oligodendrocyte maturation: A role for the integrated stress response. Glia 2020; 69:362-376. [PMID: 32894619 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy, white matter and myelin pathologies persist in patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, a spectrum of cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments. We hypothesized that antiretroviral therapy alters the maturation of oligodendrocytes which synthesize myelin. We tested whether specific frontline integrase strand transfer inhibitors would alter oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. To model the effect of antiretrovirals on oligodendrocytes, we stimulated primary rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes in vitro in the presence of therapeutically relevant concentrations of elvitegravir or raltegravir and then assessed differentiation with lineage specific markers. To examine the effect of antiretrovirals on myelination, we treated mice with the demyelinating compound cuprizone, for 5 weeks. This was followed by 3 weeks of recovery in absence of cuprizone, during which time some mice received a daily intrajugular injection of elvitegravir. Brains were harvested, sectioned and processed by immunohistochemistry to examine oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Elvitegravir inhibited oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, while raltegravir had no effect. Following cuprizone demyelination, administration of elvitegravir to adult mice reduced remyelination compared with control animals. Elvitegravir treatment activated the integrated stress response in oligodendrocytes in vitro, an effect which was completely blocked by pretreatment with the integrated stress response inhibitor Trans-ISRIB, preventing elvitegravir-mediated inhibition of oligodendrocyte maturation. These studies demonstrate that elvitegravir impairs oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination and that the integrated stress response mediates this effect and may be a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Roth
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bassam Zidane
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lindsay Festa
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Micah Romer
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hubert Monnerie
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:584-627. [PMID: 32876803 PMCID: PMC7463108 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent advances in experimental models, methodology, and our understanding of disease processes at the molecular and cellular levels reveal opioid-HIV interactions with increasing clarity. However, despite the substantial new insight, the unique impact of opioids on the severity, progression, and prognosis of neuroHIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are not fully understood. In this review, we explore, in detail, what is currently known about mechanisms underlying opioid interactions with HIV, with emphasis on individual HIV-1-expressed gene products at the molecular, cellular and systems levels. Furthermore, we review preclinical and clinical studies with a focus on key considerations when addressing questions of whether opioid-HIV interactive pathogenesis results in unique structural or functional deficits not seen with either disease alone. These considerations include, understanding the combined consequences of HIV-1 genetic variants, host variants, and μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and HIV chemokine co-receptor interactions on the comorbidity. Lastly, we present topics that need to be considered in the future to better understand the unique contributions of opioids to the pathophysiology of neuroHIV. Blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit. With HIV and opiate co-exposure (represented below the dotted line), there is breakdown of tight junction proteins and increased leakage of paracellular compounds into the brain. Despite this, opiate exposure selectively increases the expression of some efflux transporters, thereby restricting brain penetration of specific drugs. ![]()
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Cotto B, Natarajanseenivasan K, Langford D. HIV-1 infection alters energy metabolism in the brain: Contributions to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101616. [PMID: 31108127 PMCID: PMC6742565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain is particularly sensitive to changes in energy supply. Defects in glucose utilization and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of nearly all neurodegenerative diseases and are also associated with the cognitive decline that occurs as the brain ages. Chronic neuroinflammation driven by glial activation is commonly implicated as a contributing factor to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) disrupts normal brain homeostasis and leads to a spectrum of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HIV-1 activates stress responses in the brain and triggers a state of chronic neuroinflammation. Growing evidence suggests that inflammatory processes and bioenergetics are interconnected in the propagation of neuronal dysfunction. Clinical studies of people living with HIV and basic research support the notion that HIV-1 creates an environment in the CNS that interrupts normal metabolic processes at the cellular level to collectively alter whole brain metabolism. In this review, we highlight reports of abnormal brain metabolism from clinical studies and animal models of HIV-1. We also describe diverse CNS cell-specific changes in bioenergetics associated with HIV-1. Moreover, we propose that attention should be given to adjunctive therapies that combat sources of metabolic dysfunction as a mean to improve and/or prevent neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cotto
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajanseenivasan
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Dianne Langford
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Jensen BK, Roth LM, Grinspan JB, Jordan-Sciutto KL. White matter loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in HIV: A consequence of the infection, the antiretroviral therapy or both? Brain Res 2019; 1724:146397. [PMID: 31442414 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
While the severe cognitive effects of HIV-associated dementia have been reduced by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), nearly half of HIV-positive (HIV+) patients still suffer from some form of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND). While frank neuronal loss has been dramatically reduced in HAND patients, white matter loss, including dramatic thinning of the corpus callosum, and loss of volume and structural integrity of myelin persists despite viral control by cART. It remains unclear whether changes in white matter underlie the clinical manifestation seen in patients or whether they are the result of persistent viral reservoirs, remnant damage from the acute infection, the antiretroviral compounds used to treat HIV, secondary effects due to peripheral toxicities or other associated comorbid conditions. Both HIV infection itself and its treatment with antiretroviral drugs can induce metabolic syndrome, lipodystrophy, atherosclerosis and peripheral neuropathies by increased oxidative stress, induction of the unfolded protein response and dysregulation of lipid metabolism. These virally and/or cART-induced processes can also cause myelin loss in the CNS. This review aims to highlight existing data on the contribution of white matter damage to HAND and explore the mechanisms by which HIV infection and its treatment contribute to persistence of white matter changes in people living with HIV currently on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid K Jensen
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Thomas Jefferson University, United States; Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States; Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lindsay M Roth
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States; Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
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7
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Infections: Viruses. IMAGING BRAIN DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120597 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1544-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Hainsworth AH, Lee S, Foot P, Patel A, Poon WW, Knight AE. Super-resolution imaging of subcortical white matter using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 44:417-426. [PMID: 28696566 PMCID: PMC5835206 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The spatial resolution of light microscopy is limited by the wavelength of visible light (the 'diffraction limit', approximately 250 nm). Resolution of sub-cellular structures, smaller than this limit, is possible with super resolution methods such as stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). We aimed to resolve subcellular structures (axons, myelin sheaths and astrocytic processes) within intact white matter, using STORM and SOFI. METHODS Standard cryostat-cut sections of subcortical white matter from donated human brain tissue and from adult rat and mouse brain were labelled, using standard immunohistochemical markers (neurofilament-H, myelin-associated glycoprotein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP). Image sequences were processed for STORM (effective pixel size 8-32 nm) and for SOFI (effective pixel size 80 nm). RESULTS In human, rat and mouse, subcortical white matter high-quality images for axonal neurofilaments, myelin sheaths and filamentous astrocytic processes were obtained. In quantitative measurements, STORM consistently underestimated width of axons and astrocyte processes (compared with electron microscopy measurements). SOFI provided more accurate width measurements, though with somewhat lower spatial resolution than STORM. CONCLUSIONS Super resolution imaging of intact cryo-cut human brain tissue is feasible. For quantitation, STORM can under-estimate diameters of thin fluorescent objects. SOFI is more robust. The greatest limitation for super-resolution imaging in brain sections is imposed by sample preparation. We anticipate that improved strategies to reduce autofluorescence and to enhance fluorophore performance will enable rapid expansion of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Hainsworth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
- Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Lee
- Cellular Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Foot
- Cellular Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Patel
- Cellular Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - W W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A E Knight
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
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9
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In vivo characterization of macrophage-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus molecular clones in rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:411-419. [PMID: 29594984 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major target of HIV/SIV infection and play an important role in pathogenesis by serving as viral reservoirs in the central nervous system. Previously, a unique early SIVmac251 envelope (Env) variant, deSIV147 was cloned from blood of a rhesus macaque with rapid disease progression and SIV-associated encephalitis. Here, we show that infectious molecular clone deSIV147 caused systemic infection in rhesus macaques following intravenous or intrarectal exposure. Next, we inoculated deSIV147 into macaques depleted of CD4+ T cells and found that animals were SIV-positive, with high plasma and CSF viral loads. These macaques also showed SIVp17-positive macrophages in brain, lymph nodes, colon, lung, and liver. Furthermore, accumulation of perivascular macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and microgliosis was detected. These findings suggest that the neurotropic deSIV147 clone will be useful to study macrophage infection in HIV/SIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, gain insights into myeloid cell reservoirs in brain and other anatomical sites, as well as test strategies for eradication.
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Buyukturkoglu K, Fleyser L, Byrd D, Morgello S, Inglese M. Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Shows Similar Cerebral Axonal Damage in Patients with HIV Infection and Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:320-327. [PMID: 29380545 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In this pilot study, we sought to investigate the pathological changes in the white matter (WM) of medically complex, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), comparing them to patients with long-standing, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). METHODS Using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)-derived WM tract integrity (WMTI) metrics, 15 HIV and 15 age- and sex-matched SPMS patients with similar disease duration underwent magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Maps of WMTI metrics were created. Tract-based spatial statistics analysis of the whole brain and regions of interest analysis of the corpus callosum (CC) and the anterior thalamic radiations (ATRs) were performed and the derived WMTI metrics were compared between the groups of patients. RESULTS Axonal water fraction, an index of chronic axonal loss, showed similarities between HIV and the chronic MS patients in all regions; in contrast, tortuosity, a measure more sensitive to myelin loss, was regionally variable. In addition, in HIV patients, WMTI metrics of the CC and left ATR were associated with cognitive test scores, suggesting clinical relevance for these measures of WM damage. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DKI-derived WMTI metrics may be a valuable tool in assessing the WM changes of medically complex HIV-infected individuals. While not powered to examine potential etiologies of WM changes in this pilot sample, regional variations in WMTI metrics were seen. When contrasted with changes consequent to chronic MS of similar duration, HIV and its comorbidities appear to result in similar degrees of axonal damage, but regionally variable amounts of myelin loss and extraxonal abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lazar Fleyser
- Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Desiree Byrd
- Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Liu H, Liu J, Xu E, Tu G, Guo M, Liang S, Xiong H. Human immunodeficiency virus protein Tat induces oligodendrocyte injury by enhancing outward K + current conducted by K V1.3. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 97:1-10. [PMID: 27816768 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain white matter damage is frequently detected in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). White matter is composed of neuronal axons sheathed by oligodendrocytes (Ols), the myelin-forming cells in central nervous system. Ols are susceptible to HIV-1 viral trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and injury of Ols results in myelin sheath damage. It has been demonstrated that activation of voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels induces cell apoptosis and Ols predominantly express K+ channel KV1.3. It is our hypothesis that Tat injures Ols via activation of KV1.3. To test this hypothesis, we studied the involvement of KV1.3 in Tat-induced Ol/myelin injury both in vitro and ex vivo. Application of Tat to primary rat Ol cultures enhanced whole-cell KV1.3 current recorded under voltage clamp configuration and confirmed by specific KV1.3 antagonists Margatoxin (MgTx) and 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy) psoralen (PAP). The Tat enhancement of KV1.3 current was associated with Tat-induced Ol apoptosis, which was blocked by MgTx and PAP or by siRNA knockdown of KV1.3 gene. The Tat-induced Ol injury was validated in cultured rat brain slices, particularly in corpus callosum and striatum, that incubation of the slices with Tat resulted in myelin damage and reduction of myelin basic protein which were also blocked by aforementioned KV1.3 antagonists. Further studies revealed that Tat interacts with KV1.3 as determined by protein pull-down of recombinant GST-Tat with KV1.3 expressed in rat brains and HEK293 cells. Such protein-protein interaction may alter channel protein phosphorylation, resultant channel activity and consequent Ol/myelin injury. Taken together, these results demonstrate an involvement of KV1.3 in Tat- induced Ol/myelin injury, a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated white matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Enquan Xu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Guihua Tu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Minglei Guo
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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12
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Liu H, Xu E, Liu J, Xiong H. Oligodendrocyte Injury and Pathogenesis of HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6030023. [PMID: 27455335 PMCID: PMC5039452 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes wrap neuronal axons to form myelin, an insulating sheath which is essential for nervous impulse conduction along axons. Axonal myelination is highly regulated by neuronal and astrocytic signals and the maintenance of myelin sheaths is a very complex process. Oligodendrocyte damage can cause axonal demyelination and neuronal injury, leading to neurological disorders. Demyelination in the cerebrum may produce cognitive impairment in a variety of neurological disorders, including human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although the combined antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of HIV-1-associated dementia, a severe form of HAND, milder forms of HAND remain prevalent even when the peripheral viral load is well controlled. HAND manifests as a subcortical dementia with damage in the brain white matter (e.g., corpus callosum), which consists of myelinated axonal fibers. How HIV-1 brain infection causes myelin injury and resultant white matter damage is an interesting area of current HIV research. In this review, we tentatively address recent progress on oligodendrocyte dysregulation and HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Enquan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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13
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Cao B, Kong X, Kettering C, Yu P, Ragin A. Determinants of HIV-induced brain changes in three different periods of the early clinical course: A data mining analysis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 9:75-82. [PMID: 26413474 PMCID: PMC4543221 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To inform an understanding of brain status in HIV infection, quantitative imaging measurements were derived at structural, microstructural and macromolecular levels in three different periods of early infection and then analyzed simultaneously at each stage using data mining. Support vector machine recursive feature elimination was then used for simultaneous analysis of subject characteristics, clinical and behavioral variables, and immunologic measures in plasma and CSF to rank features associated with the most discriminating brain alterations in each period. The results indicate alterations beginning in initial infection and in all periods studied. The severity of immunosuppression in the initial virus host interaction was the most highly ranked determinant of earliest brain alterations. These results shed light on the initial brain changes induced by a neurotropic virus and their subsequent evolution. The pattern of ongoing alterations occurring during and beyond the period in which virus is suppressed in the systemic circulation supports the brain as a viral reservoir that may preclude eradication in the host. Data mining capabilities that can address high dimensionality and simultaneous analysis of disparate information sources have considerable utility for identifying mechanisms underlying onset of neurological injury and for informing new therapeutic targets. The brain was examined in initial stages of HIV using imaging and data mining. Brain alterations were identified in all studied periods of the early course. Severity of immunosuppression was the highest ranked determinant of onset. MMP-1 and CD33+CD36+ monocytes were identified as determinants in every period. The brain may represent an early reservoir that precludes viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Cao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xiangnan Kong
- Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Casey Kettering
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Suite 1600, 737 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Philip Yu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ann Ragin
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Suite 1600, 737 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Ragin AB, Wu Y, Gao Y, Keating S, Du H, Sammet C, Kettering CS, Epstein LG. Brain alterations within the first 100 days of HIV infection. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 2:12-21. [PMID: 25642430 PMCID: PMC4301670 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain involvement is a serious complication of HIV infection. The earliest changes in the brain, which represents an anatomic site for viral persistence, are largely unknown. Methods This investigation used quantitative Magnetic Resonance methodologies, including high resolution and diffusion tensor (DTI) imaging, to evaluate the brain in 15 HIV and 20 seronegative subjects. All HIV subjects were antibody nonreactive with assay-estimated infection duration of less than 100 days. Results Brain volumetric analysis revealed reduced parenchyma with enlargement of the third ventricle and brainstem. DTI quantified loss of white matter integrity in the corpus callosum and diffusion alterations in caudate. Cognitive differences were indicated in psychomotor speed and visual recall. There were no differences between antiretroviral-initiated and naïve HIV subgroups. Interpretation These findings, quantified within 100 days of infection, shed light on the earliest brain changes in HIV infection. Onset of neural injury may date to initial viral invasion and the transient early period of unchecked viremia and marked immunosuppression of the seroconversion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Ragin
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ying Wu
- Center for Advanced Imaging, NorthShore University Hospital Evanston, Illinois
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Statistics, Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois
| | - Sheila Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco, California
| | - Hongyan Du
- Clinical & Research Informatics, NorthShore University Hospital Evanston, Illinois
| | - Christina Sammet
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois ; Department of Medical Imaging, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Casey S Kettering
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leon G Epstein
- Department of Neurology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago, Illinois ; Department of Pediatrics & Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Li S, Wu Y, Keating SM, Du H, Sammet CL, Zadikoff C, Mahadevia R, Epstein LG, Ragin AB. Matrix metalloproteinase levels in early HIV infection and relation to in vivo brain status. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:452-60. [PMID: 23979706 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological injury; however, this relationship has not been studied early in infection. Plasma levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, and MMP-10 measured using Luminex technology (Austin, TX, USA) were compared in 52 HIV and 21 seronegative participants of the Chicago Early HIV Infection study. MMP levels were also examined in HIV subgroups defined by antibody reactivity, viremia, and antiretroviral status, as well as in available cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (n = 9). MMPs were evaluated for patterns of relationship to cognitive function and to quantitative magnetic resonance measurements of the brain derived in vivo. Plasma MMP-2 levels were significantly reduced in early HIV infection and correlated with altered white matter integrity and atrophic brain changes. MMP-9 levels were higher in the treated subgroup than in the naïve HIV subgroup. Only MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected in the CSF; CSF MMP-2 correlated with white matter integrity and with volumetric changes in basal ganglia. Relationships with cognitive function were also identified. MMP-2 levels in plasma and in CSF correspond to early changes in brain structure and function. These findings establish a link between MMPs and neurological status previously unidentified in early HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Li
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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16
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Zhu T, Zhong J, Hu R, Tivarus M, Ekholm S, Harezlak J, Ombao H, Navia B, Cohen R, Schifitto G. Patterns of white matter injury in HIV infection after partial immune reconstitution: a DTI tract-based spatial statistics study. J Neurovirol 2012. [PMID: 23179680 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals with severe immune suppression are more likely to develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders than those with preserved immune function. While partial immune reconstitution occurs in those with severe immune suppression after starting combined antiretroviral therapy, it is not established whether improvement in immune function reverses or prevents injury to the central nervous system (CNS). To address this question, 50 participants (nadir CD4 counts ≤ 200 cells/mm(3), on a stable antiretroviral regimen for at least 12 consecutive weeks prior to study) and 13 HIV negative participants underwent a comprehensive neurological evaluation followed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Eighty-four percent of the 50 HIV participants were neurologically asymptomatic (HIVNA) and 16 % had mild cognitive impairment (HIVCI). Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) on DTI data revealed that mean diffusivity (MD) increased significantly in the posterior aspect of both hemispheres in HIVNA compared to controls. In HIVCI, compared to controls and HIVNA, increased MD extended to prefrontal areas. Fractional anisotropy decreased only in HIVCI, compared to either controls or HIVNA. Furthermore, DTI showed significant correlations to duration of HIV infection and significant associations with multiple cognitive domains. This study highlights that in partial immune reconstitution, injury to the CNS is present even in those that are neurologically asymptomatic and there are discrete spatial patterns of white matter injury in HIVNA subjects compared to HIVCI subjects. Our results also show that quantitative analysis of DTI using TBSS is a sensitive approach to evaluate HIV-associated white matter disease and thus valuable in monitoring central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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17
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Zhang J, Liu J, Fox HS, Xiong H. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated axonal injury in adult rat corpus callosum. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:240-8. [PMID: 23161705 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Damage to white matter such as corpus callosum (CC) is a pathological characteristic in many brain disorders. Glutamate (Glut) excitotoxicity through AMPA receptors on oligodendrocyte (OL) was previously considered as a mechanism for white matter damage. Recent studies have shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are expressed on myelin sheath of neonatal rat OL processes and that activation of these receptors mediated demyelization. Whether NMDARs are expressed in the adult CC and are involved in excitotoxic axonal injury remains to be determined. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of NMDARs in the adult rat CC and their distributions in myelinated nerve fibers and OL somata by means of immunocytochemical staining and Western blot. Incubation of the CC slices with Glut or NMDA induced axonal injury as revealed by analyzing amplitude of CC fiber compound action potentials (CAPs) and input-output response. Both Glut and NMDA decreased the CAP amplitude and input-output responses, suggesting an involvement of NMDARs in Glut- and NMDA-induced axonal injury. The involvement of NMDAR in Glut-induced axonal injury was further assayed by detection of β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) in the CC axonal fibers. Treatment of the CC slices with Glut resulted in β-APP accumulation in the CC fibers as detected by Western blot, reflecting an impairment of axonal transport function. This injurious effect of Glut on CC axonal transport was significantly blocked by MK801. Taken together, these results show that NMDARs are expressed in the adult CC and are involved in excitotoxic activity in adult CC slices in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA
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Borjabad A, Morgello S, Chao W, Kim SY, Brooks AI, Murray J, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ. Significant effects of antiretroviral therapy on global gene expression in brain tissues of patients with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002213. [PMID: 21909266 PMCID: PMC3164642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-1 infection; however HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite treatment. The reasons for the limited efficacy of ART in the brain are unknown. Here we used functional genomics to determine ART effectiveness in the brain and to identify molecular signatures of HAND under ART. We performed genome-wide microarray analysis using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry in brain tissues from seven treated and eight untreated HAND patients and six uninfected controls. We also determined brain virus burdens by real-time PCR. Treated and untreated HAND brains had distinct gene expression profiles with ART transcriptomes clustering with HIV-1-negative controls. The molecular disease profile of untreated HAND showed dysregulated expression of 1470 genes at p<0.05, with activation of antiviral and immune responses and suppression of synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. The overall brain transcriptome changes in these patients were independent of histological manifestation of HIV-1 encephalitis and brain virus burdens. Depending on treatment compliance, brain transcriptomes from patients on ART had 83% to 93% fewer dysregulated genes and significantly lower dysregulation of biological pathways compared to untreated patients, with particular improvement indicated for nervous system functions. However a core of about 100 genes remained similarly dysregulated in both treated and untreated patient brain tissues. These genes participate in adaptive immune responses, and in interferon, cell cycle, and myelin pathways. Fluctuations of cellular gene expression in the brain correlated in Pearson's formula analysis with plasma but not brain virus burden. Our results define for the first time an aberrant genome-wide brain transcriptome of untreated HAND and they suggest that antiretroviral treatment can be broadly effective in reducing pathophysiological changes in the brain associated with HAND. Aberrantly expressed transcripts common to untreated and treated HAND may contribute to neurocognitive changes defying ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Borjabad
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Chao
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Andrew I. Brooks
- Department of Genetics, Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jacinta Murray
- Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Regional areas and widths of the midsagittal corpus callosum among HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapies. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:368-79. [PMID: 21556960 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that a growing number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons show signs of persistent cognitive impairment even in the context of combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). The basis for this finding remains poorly understood as there are only a limited number of studies examining the relationship between CNS injury, measures of disease severity, and cognitive function in the setting of stable disease. This study examined the effects of HIV infection on cerebral white matter using quantitative morphometry of the midsagittal corpus callosum (CC) in 216 chronically infected participants from the multisite HIV Neuroimaging Consortium study currently receiving cART and 139 controls. All participants underwent MRI assessment, and HIV-infected subjects also underwent measures of cognitive function and disease severity. The midsagittal slice of the CC was quantified using two semi-automated procedures. Group comparisons were accomplished using ANOVA, and the relationship between CC morphometry and clinical covariates (current CD4, nadir CD4, plasma and CSF HIV RNA, duration of HIV infection, age, and ADC stage) was assessed using linear regression models. HIV-infected patients showed significant reductions in both the area and linear widths for several regions of the CC. Significant relationships were found with ADC stage and nadir CD4 cell count, but no other clinical variables. Despite effective treatment, significant and possibly irreversible structural loss of the white matter persists in the setting of chronic HIV disease. A history of advanced immune suppression is a strong predictor of this complication and suggests that antiretroviral intervention at earlier stages of infection may be warranted.
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HIV-1 gp120-induced axonal injury detected by accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein in adult rat corpus callosum. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:650-7. [PMID: 21286834 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 brain infection induces neurodegeneration. While most studies focus on HIV-1-mediated neuronal injury, relatively few have investigated HIV-1-associated white matter damage. Corpus callosum (CC) is one of frequently involved white matter structures in HIV-1-associated white matter damage. Utilizing a model of ex vivo treatment of brain slice containing CC with HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120), we examined axonal injury by analyzing β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) accumulation in the axon. Incubation of CC slice with gp120 produced a significant higher density of β-APP in the CC tissue compared with non-gp120-treated controls, suggesting the presence of axonal damage in the CC. The gp120-induced CC axonal damage was blocked by a chemokine CXCR4 receptor antagonist T140 but not by an NMDA receptor blocker MK801 as demonstrated by Western blot analysis of β-APP, indicating that gp120 evokes the CC axonal injury through CXCR4 receptor. Immunocytochemical studies revealed a surprisingly high density of CXCR4-positive immunoreactivity in the CC. The CXCR4-positive labeling was distributed along the nerve fibers. Moreover, double labeling of anti-CXCR4 with either anti-neuronal nuclei or anti-myelin/oligodendrocyte-specific protein antibody revealed co-localization of CXCR4 and myelin/oligodendrocytes in some fiber-like structures, inferring that some neurons and oligodendrocytes in the CC express CXCR4. Taken together, these results indicate that gp120 induced axonal damage via CXCR4 in the CC.
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Lin K, Taylor MJ, Heaton R, Franklin D, Jernigan T, Fennema-Notestine C, McCutchan A, Atkinson JH, Ellis RJ, McArthur J, Morgello S, Simpson D, Collier AC, Marra C, Gelman B, Clifford D, Grant I. Effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning and cerebral metabolites in HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 33:326-34. [PMID: 21229435 PMCID: PMC3062232 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2010.518140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We explored the possible augmenting effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) history on HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) associated neurocognitive complications. HIV-infected participants with self-reported history of definite TBI were compared to HIV patients without TBI history. Groups were equated for relevant demographic and HIV-associated characteristics. The TBI group evidenced significantly greater deficits in executive functioning and working memory. N-acetylaspartate, a putative marker of neuronal integrity, was significantly lower in the frontal gray matter and basal ganglia brain regions of the TBI group. Together, these results suggest an additional brain impact of TBI over that from HIV alone. One clinical implication is that HIV patients with TBI history may need to be monitored more closely for increased risk of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder signs or symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Lin
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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22
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Tate DF, Khedraki R, McCaffrey D, Branson D, Dewey J. The role of medical imaging in defining CNS abnormalities associated with HIV-infection and opportunistic infections. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:103-16. [PMID: 21274690 PMCID: PMC3075743 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-010-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review of the current literature, we examine the role of medical imaging in providing new and relevant information on central nervous system (CNS) injury associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and various clinical manifestations of this injury. Common imaging modalities used to examine CNS injury in HIV infection include structural magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, and positron emissions tomography. Clinical implications for the findings are discussed for each of these modalities individually and collectively. In addition, the direction for future studies is suggested in an attempt to provide possible methods that might answer the many questions that remain to be answered on the evolution and progression of CNS injury in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Tate
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Kiebala M, Polesskaya O, Yao Z, Perry SW, Maggirwar SB. Nuclear factor-kappa B family member RelB inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11875. [PMID: 20686703 PMCID: PMC2912378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is likely neuroinflammatory in origin, believed to be triggered by inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to cytokines and HIV protein gene products such as the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat). Here we demonstrate increased messenger RNA for nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family member, transcription factor RelB, in the brain of doxycycline-induced Tat transgenic mice, and increased RelB synthesis in Tat-exposed microglial cells. Since genetic ablation of RelB in mice leads to multi-organ inflammation, we hypothesized that Tat-induced, newly synthesized RelB inhibits cytokine production by microglial cells, possibly through the formation of transcriptionally inactive RelB/RelA complexes. Indeed, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production in monocytes isolated from RelB deficient mice was significantly higher than in monocytes isolated from RelB expressing controls. Moreover, RelB overexpression in microglial cells inhibited Tat-induced TNFα synthesis in a manner that involved transcriptional repression of the TNFα promoter, and increased phosphorylation of RelA at serine 276, a prerequisite for increased RelB/RelA protein interactions. The Rel-homology-domain within RelB was necessary for this interaction. Overexpression of RelA itself, in turn, significantly increased TNFα promoter activity, an effect that was completely blocked by RelB overexpression. We conclude that RelB regulates TNFα cytokine synthesis by competitive interference binding with RelA, which leads to downregulation of TNFα production. Moreover, because Tat activates both RelB and TNFα in microglia, and because Tat induces inflammatory TNFα synthesis via NF-κB, we posit that RelB serves as a cryoprotective, anti-inflammatory, counter-regulatory mechanism for pathogenic NF-κB activation. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway for controlling HIV-induced microglial activation and cytokine production that may have important therapeutic implications for the management of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kiebala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Seth W. Perry
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, Department of Neurology, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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