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Jacobsen JM, Petersen N, Torz L, Gerstenberg MK, Pedersen K, Østergaard S, Wulff BS, Andersen B, Raun K, Christoffersen BØ, John LM, Reitman ML, Kuhre RE. Housing mice near vs. below thermoneutrality affects drug-induced weight loss but does not improve prediction of efficacy in humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114501. [PMID: 39067024 PMCID: PMC11380917 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of weight loss drugs is usually performed in diet-induced obese mice housed at ∼22°C. This is a cold stress that increases energy expenditure by ∼35% compared to thermoneutrality (∼30°C), which may overestimate drug-induced weight loss. We investigated five anti-obesity mechanisms that have been in clinical development, comparing weight loss in mice housed at 22°C vs. 30°C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), human fibroblast growth factor 21 (hFGF21), and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist induced similar weight losses. Peptide YY elicited greater vehicle-subtracted weight loss at 30°C (7.2% vs. 1.4%), whereas growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was more effective at 22°C (13% vs. 6%). Independent of ambient temperature, GLP-1 and hFGF21 prevented the reduction in metabolic rate caused by weight loss. There was no simple rule for a better prediction of human drug efficacy based on ambient temperature, but since humans live at thermoneutrality, drug testing using mice should include experiments near thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Jacobsen
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Liver and Gut Biology, Obesity & NASH, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Liver and Gut Biology, Obesity & NASH, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Kent Pedersen
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Diabetes, Obesity and NASH, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Lead Portfolio Projects, Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Linu M John
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Bruce K, Garrido AN, Zhang SY, Lam TKT. Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis by the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and the Area Postrema. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:559-568. [PMID: 39086274 PMCID: PMC11377841 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2024.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates feeding, weight and glucose homeostasis in rodents and humans, but the site-specific mechanisms remain unclear. The dorsal vagal complex in the brainstem that contains the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP) emerges as a regulatory center that impacts energy and glucose balance by monitoring hormonal and nutrient changes. However, the specific mechanistic metabolic roles of the NTS and AP remain elusive. This mini-review highlights methods to study their distinct roles and recent findings on their metabolic differences and similarities of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) action and glucose sensing in the NTS and AP. In summary, future research aims to characterize hormonal and glucose sensing mechanisms in the AP and/or NTS carries potential to unveil novel targets that lower weight and glucose levels in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Bruce
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ameth N Garrido
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Fiorenza M, Checa A, Sandsdal RM, Jensen SBK, Juhl CR, Noer MH, Bogh NP, Lundgren JR, Janus C, Stallknecht BM, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Wheelock CE, Torekov SS. Weight-loss maintenance is accompanied by interconnected alterations in circulating FGF21-adiponectin-leptin and bioactive sphingolipids. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101629. [PMID: 38959886 PMCID: PMC11293340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Weight loss is often followed by weight regain. Characterizing endocrine alterations accompanying weight reduction and regain may disentangle the complex biology of weight-loss maintenance. Here, we profile energy-balance-regulating metabokines and sphingolipids in adults with obesity undergoing an initial low-calorie diet-induced weight loss and a subsequent weight-loss maintenance phase with exercise, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog therapy, both combined, or placebo. We show that circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and C16:0-C18:0 ceramides transiently increase upon initial diet-induced weight loss. Conversely, circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is downregulated following weight-loss maintenance with combined exercise and GLP-1 analog therapy, coinciding with increased adiponectin, decreased leptin, and overall decrements in ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate levels. Subgroup analyses reveal differential alterations in FGF21-adiponectin-leptin-sphingolipids between weight maintainers and regainers. Clinically, cardiometabolic health outcomes associate with selective metabokine-sphingolipid remodeling signatures. Collectively, our findings indicate distinct FGF21, GDF15, and ceramide responses to diverse phases of weight change and suggest that weight-loss maintenance involves alterations within the metabokine-sphingolipid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fiorenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Checa
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus M Sandsdal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon B K Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian R Juhl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Noer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai P Bogh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie R Lundgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Janus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente M Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Unit of Integrative Metabolomics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Li J, Hu X, Xie Z, Li J, Huang C, Huang Y. Overview of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in metabolic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116809. [PMID: 38810400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
GDF15 is a stress response cytokine and a distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, its levels increase in response to cell stress and certain diseases in the serum. To exert its effects, GDF15 binds to glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL), which was firstly identified in 2017 and highly expressed in the brain stem. Many studies have demonstrated that elevated serum GDF15 is associated with anorexia and weight loss. Herein, we focus on the biology of GDF15, specifically how this circulating protein regulates appetite and metabolism in influencing energy homeostasis through its actions on hindbrain neurons to shed light on its impact on diseases such as obesity and anorexia/cachexia syndromes. It works as an endocrine factor and transmits metabolic signals leading to weight reduction effects by directly reducing appetite and indirectly affecting food intake through complex mechanisms, which could be a promising target for the treatment of energy-intake disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zichuan Xie
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajin Li
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Boutari C, Stefanakis K, Simati S, Guatibonza-García V, Valenzuela-Vallejo L, Anastasiou IA, Connelly MA, Kokkinos A, Mantzoros CS. Circulating total and H-specific GDF15 levels are elevated in subjects with MASLD but not in hyperlipidemic but otherwise metabolically healthy subjects with obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:174. [PMID: 38762719 PMCID: PMC11102634 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a mitokine, the role of which, total or H-specific, in modulating energy metabolism and homeostasis in obesity-related diseases, such as metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), has not been fully elucidated in adult humans. We aimed to investigate the fasting and stimulated levels of GDF15, total and H-specific, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and C-peptide, in two physiology interventional studies: one focusing on obesity, and the other on MASLD. METHODS Study 1 investigated individuals with normal weight or with obesity, undergoing a 3-h mixed meal test (MMT); and study 2, examined adults with MASLD and controls undergoing a 120-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Exploratory correlations of total and H-specific GDF15 with clinical, hormonal and metabolomic/lipidomic parameters were also performed. RESULTS In study 1, 15 individuals were included per weight group. Fasting and postprandial total and H-specific GDF15 were similar between groups, whereas GIP was markedly higher in leaner individuals and was upregulated following a MMT. Baseline and postprandial C-peptide were markedly elevated in people with obesity compared with lean subjects. GIP was higher in leaner individuals and was upregulated after a MMT, while C-peptide and its overall AUC after a MMT was markedly elevated in people with obesity compared with lean subjects. In study 2, 27 individuals were evaluated. Fasting total GDF15 was similar, but postprandial total GDF15 levels were significantly higher in MASLD patients compared to controls. GIP and C-peptide remained unaffected. The postprandial course of GDF15 was clustered among those of triglycerides and molecules of the alanine cycle, was robustly elevated under MASLD, and constituted the most notable differentiating molecule between healthy and MASLD status. We also present robust positive correlations of the incremental area under the curve of total and H-specific GDF15 with a plethora of lipid subspecies, which remained significant after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION Serum GDF15 levels do not differ in relation to weight status in hyperlipidemic but otherwise metabolically healthy individuals. In contrast, GDF15 levels are significantly increased in MASLD patients at baseline and they remain significantly higher compared to healthy participants during OGTT, pointing to a role for GDF15 as a mitokine with important roles in the pathophysiology and possibly therapeutics of MASLD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03986684, NCT04430946.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Boutari
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Konstantinos Stefanakis
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Guatibonza-García
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura Valenzuela-Vallejo
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ioanna A Anastasiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, SL418, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02218, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
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6
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Haber R, Zarzour F, Ghezzawi M, Saadeh N, Bacha DS, Al Jebbawi L, Chakhtoura M, Mantzoros CS. The impact of metformin on weight and metabolic parameters in patients with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1850-1867. [PMID: 38468148 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
There are conflicting data on the weight-reducing potential of metformin (MTF) in nondiabetic patients with obesity. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of MTF on weight and cardiometabolic parameters in adults with overweight/obesity with or without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (CRD42018085512). We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults without diabetes mellitus, with mean body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, with or without NAFLD, comparing MTF to placebo/control, lifestyle modification (LSM) or a US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-obesity drug, reporting on weight or metabolic parameters, and extending over at least 3 months. We conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and the Cochrane Library without time limitation (until March 2022). We screened and selected eligible articles, abstracted relevant data, and assessed the risk of bias. All steps were in duplicate and independently. We conducted a random-effects model meta-analysis using Review Manager version 5.3, with prespecified subgroup analyses in case of heterogeneity. We identified 2650 citations and included 49 trials (55 publications). Compared to placebo, MTF was associated with a significant reduction in BMI (mean difference [MD] -0.56 [-0.74, -0.37] kg/m2; p < 0.0001), at doses ranging from 500 to 2550 mg/day, and with a significant percentage change in BMI of -2.53% (-2.90, -2.17) at the dose 1700 mg/day. There was no interaction by baseline BMI, MTF dose or duration, nor presence or absence of NAFLD. There was no significant difference between MTF and LSM. Orlistat was more effective than MTF (at doses of 1000-1700 mg/day) in terms of weight loss, with an MD in BMI of -3.17 (-5.88; -0.47) kg/m2, favouring the former. Compared to placebo/control, MTF improved insulin parameters, while no effect was detected when compared to LSM. A few small trials showed heterogenous effects on liver parameters in patients with NAFLD treated with MTF compared to placebo/control. There was a large variability in the expression of outcome measures and RCTs were of low quality. In conclusion, MTF was associated with a modest weight reduction in obese nondiabetic patients. Further high-quality and better powered studies are needed to examine the impact of MTF in patients with insulin resistance and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Haber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Zarzour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malak Ghezzawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Natalie Saadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dania S Bacha
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lama Al Jebbawi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marlene Chakhtoura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Pena-Leon V, Perez-Lois R, Villalon M, Folgueira C, Barja-Fernández S, Prida E, Baltar J, Santos F, Fernø J, García-Caballero T, Nogueiras R, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O, Seoane LM. Gastric GDF15 levels are regulated by age, sex, and nutritional status in rodents and humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1139-1154. [PMID: 37955834 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress response cytokine that has been proposed as a relevant metabolic hormone. Descriptive studies have shown that plasma GDF15 levels are regulated by short term changes in nutritional status, such as fasting, or in obesity. However, few data exist regarding how GDF15 levels are regulated in peripheral tissues. The aim of the present work was to study the variations on gastric levels of GDF15 and its precursor under different physiological conditions, such as short-term changes in nutritional status or overfeeding achieved by HFD. Moreover, we also address the sex- and age-dependent alterations in GDF15 physiology. METHODS The levels of gastric and plasma GDF15 and its precursor were measured in lean and obese mice, rats and humans by western blot, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and by an in vitro organ culture system. RESULTS Our results show a robust regulation of gastric GDF15 production by fasting in rodents. In obesity an increase in GDF15 secretion from the stomach is reflected with an increase in circulating levels of GDF15 in rats and humans. Moreover, gastric GDF15 levels increase with age in both rats and humans. Finally, gastric GDF15 levels display sexual dimorphism, which could explain the difference in circulating GFD15 levels between males and females, observed in both humans and rodents. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide clear evidence that gastric GDF15 is a critical contributor of circulating GDF15 levels and can explain some of the metabolic effects induced by GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pena-Leon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Perez-Lois
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Villalon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Folgueira
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Barja-Fernández
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Prida
- Translational Endocrinology Group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Baltar
- Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, CHUS7SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Rua R Baltar s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Santos
- Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, CHUS7SERGAS Santiago de Compostela, Rua R Baltar s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201, Bergen, Norway
| | - T García-Caballero
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfologicas, Facultad de Medicina, USC, Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Quiñones
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - O Al-Massadi
- Translational Endocrinology Group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - L M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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8
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Allard C, Miralpeix C, López-Gambero AJ, Cota D. mTORC1 in energy expenditure: consequences for obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:239-251. [PMID: 38225400 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (sometimes referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; mTORC1) orchestrates cellular metabolism in response to environmental energy availability. As a result, at the organismal level, mTORC1 signalling regulates the intake, storage and use of energy by acting as a hub for the actions of nutrients and hormones, such as leptin and insulin, in different cell types. It is therefore unsurprising that deregulated mTORC1 signalling is associated with obesity. Strategies that increase energy expenditure offer therapeutic promise for the treatment of obesity. Here we review current evidence illustrating the critical role of mTORC1 signalling in the regulation of energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis through its various effects in neuronal circuits, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Understanding how mTORC1 signalling in one organ and cell type affects responses in other organs and cell types could be key to developing better, safer treatments targeting this pathway in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Allard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
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9
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Jena J, García-Peña LM, Pereira RO. The roles of FGF21 and GDF15 in mediating the mitochondrial integrated stress response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1264530. [PMID: 37818094 PMCID: PMC10561105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1264530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an adaptive mechanism downstream of the mitochondrial integrated stress response frequently associated with improvements in systemic metabolic health. Both FGF21 and GDF15 have been shown to modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis, and their pharmacological administration leads to promising beneficial effects against obesity and associated metabolic diseases in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, endogenous upregulation of FGF21 and GDF15 is associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO), improved glucose homeostasis and increased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we highlight several studies on transgenic mouse models of mitochondrial stress and will compare the specific roles played by FGF21 and GDF15 on the systemic metabolic adaptations reported in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata O. Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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