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Yao R, Cools A, van Hees HMJ, Chiers K, Mebratu AT, Aluwé M, Maes D, Janssens GPJ. Getting clues from nature: the impact of grass hay on suckling piglets' gastrointestinal growth and colonic microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1341147. [PMID: 38268791 PMCID: PMC10806113 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1341147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of dietary fiber on pig production has been extensively evaluated. Inspired by observations of the diet of wild, young piglets, this study aimed to examine the possibility of feeding grass hay to suckling piglets besides concentrated creep feed. Methods The sow-nursed piglets in this study were divided into two groups based on balanced sow parities. The control group (CON, n = 7 sows) only received a regular, concentrated creep feed, while the treatment piglets (GH, n = 8 sows) were also provided with chopped grass hay from 2 days of age until weaning (28 days). At weaning, one piglet with a median weight was selected from each litter for post-mortem evaluation. Subsequently, six pigs around median weight per sow were grouped into nursery pens and monitored for their feed intake and body weight gain until 9 weeks of age. Results and discussion Piglets in GH consumed, on average, 57 g of grass hay per piglet during the entire lactation period. The emptied weight of the small and large intestine was significantly greater in GH (280 vs. 228 g, 88.8 vs. 79.3 g, respectively, p < 0.05), and the length of the large intestine was stimulated by the grass hay (164 vs. 150 cm, p < 0.05). Morphologically, the villus height in the jejunum was higher in GH (p < 0.05). In the large intestine, the crypt depth of the mid-colon was lower in GH. Moreover, the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the cecum were increased in GH compared to CON (1,179 vs. 948 µmol/g dry matter, p < 0.05), whereas in the colon, SCFA concentrations were lower in CON (341 vs. 278 µmol/g dry matter, p < 0.05). There was no major impact of grass hay inclusion on the colonic microbiota composition. Only a trend was observed for a lower inverse of the classical Simpson (InvSimpon) index and a higher abundance of Lactobacillus genera in GH. After weaning, no significant differences in feed intake and body weight gain were observed. In conclusion, supplementing the grass hay to suckling piglets led to alterations in intestinal morphology, increased SCFA fermentation in proximal sections of large intestine, stimulation of gastrointestinal tract growth, and subtle modifications in colonic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hubèrt M. J. van Hees
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Trouw Nutrition Research & Development, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Awot Teklu Mebratu
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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2
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Guo H, Luo J, Lin H. Exploration of the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome based on gut microbiota: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36075. [PMID: 38115365 PMCID: PMC10727628 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorde7r influenced by genetic, neuroendocrine, metabolic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This paper delves into the increasingly recognized role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and progression of PCOS. Utilizing advances in next-generation sequencing and metabolomics, the research examines the intricate interaction between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis. The paper highlights how disruptions in gut microbiota contribute significantly to PCOS by modulating the release of gut-brain peptides and activating inflammatory pathways. Through such mechanisms, gut microbiota dysbiosis is implicated in hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and metabolic disorders associated with PCOS. While the relationship between gut microbiota and PCOS has begun to be elucidated, this paper underscores the need for further research to identify specific bacterial strains and their metabolic byproducts as potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, comprehensive studies are urgently needed to understand and fundamentally treat the pathophysiological processes of PCOS, offering valuable insights for future treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Graduate School of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Graduate School of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hanmei Lin
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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3
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Teyani R, Moniri NH. Gut feelings in the islets: The role of the gut microbiome and the FFA2 and FFA3 receptors for short chain fatty acids on β-cell function and metabolic regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3113-3129. [PMID: 37620991 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are biosynthesized via fermentation of polysaccharides by gastrointestinal microbiota and have been shown to have wide-reaching effects on almost all tissues, including the pancreatic islets. Historically, the effects of SCFAs have been attributed to their intracellular metabolism and function as energy sources, but the discovery of free fatty acid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the 2000s suggested that many functional outcomes of SCFAs are receptor-mediated. The SCFA receptors FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41 are expressed on β-cells, where they regulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, making them attractive targets for treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Here, we provide an update on the current evidence regarding regulation of FFA2/FFA3 receptors by specific probiotic bacterial species within the gut microbiome that synthesize SCFAs. We also review the body of research regarding the FFA2- and FFA3 receptor-specific function of SCFAs on β-cells and discuss the somewhat controversial and opposing findings within these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Teyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
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4
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Yin Z, Liu X, Guo L, Ren M, Kang W, Ma C, Waterhouse GIN, Sun-Waterhouse D. The potential of dietary fiber in building immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37837407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2266462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The numerous health benefits of dietary fibers (DFs) justify their inclusion in human diets and biomedical products. Given the short- and long-term human impacts of the COVID-19 virus on human health, the potential of DFs in building immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders is currently receiving high attention. This paper reviews the physicochemical properties of DFs, together with their immune functions and effects on the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system mainly based on research in the last ten years. Possible modes of action of DFs in promoting health, especially building immunity, are explored. We seek to highlight the importance of understanding the exact physical and chemical characteristics and molecular behaviors of DFs in providing specific immune function. This review provides a perspective beyond the existing recognition of DFs' positive effects on human health, and offers a theoretical framework for the development of special DFs components and their application in functional foods and other therapeutic products against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. DFs enhance immunity from gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases to promote host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yin
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Guo
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengjie Ren
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R &D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
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5
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Cutuli D, Decandia D, Giacovazzo G, Coccurello R. Physical Exercise as Disease-Modifying Alternative against Alzheimer's Disease: A Gut-Muscle-Brain Partnership. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14686. [PMID: 37834132 PMCID: PMC10572207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of dementia characterized by neurodegenerative dysregulations, cognitive impairments, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Physical exercise (PE) has emerged as a powerful tool for reducing chronic inflammation, improving overall health, and preventing cognitive decline. The connection between the immune system, gut microbiota (GM), and neuroinflammation highlights the role of the gut-brain axis in maintaining brain health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Neglected so far, PE has beneficial effects on microbial composition and diversity, thus providing the potential to alleviate neurological symptoms. There is bidirectional communication between the gut and muscle, with GM diversity modulation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production affecting muscle metabolism and preservation, and muscle activity/exercise in turn inducing significant changes in GM composition, functionality, diversity, and SCFA production. This gut-muscle and muscle-gut interplay can then modulate cognition. For instance, irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, promotes neuroplasticity and cognitive function through BDNF signaling. Irisin and muscle-generated BDNF may mediate the positive effects of physical activity against some aspects of AD pathophysiology through the interaction of exercise with the gut microbial ecosystem, neural plasticity, anti-inflammatory signaling pathways, and neurogenesis. Understanding gut-muscle-brain interconnections hold promise for developing strategies to promote brain health, fight age-associated cognitive decline, and improve muscle health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Decandia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo (UniTE), 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), National Council of Research (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
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6
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Li S, Liu M, Cao S, Liu B, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37686760 PMCID: PMC10490484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of energy metabolism disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and anorexia, the regulation of feeding has become the focus of global attention. The gastrointestinal tract is not only the site of food digestion and absorption but also contains a variety of appetite-regulating signals such as gut-brain peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), bacterial proteins, and cellular components produced by gut microbes. While the central nervous system (CNS), as the core of appetite regulation, can receive and integrate these appetite signals and send instructions to downstream effector organs to promote or inhibit the body's feeding behaviour. This review will focus on the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding behaviour, discussing how the peripheral appetite signal is sensed by the CNS via the gut-brain axis and the role of the central "first order neural nuclei" in the process of appetite regulation. Here, elucidation of the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding regulation may provide new strategies for future production practises and the treatment of diseases such as anorexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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7
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Karmokar PF, Moniri NH. Free-fatty acid receptor-1 (FFA1/GPR40) promotes papillary RCC proliferation and tumor growth via Src/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB but suppresses migration by inhibition of EGFR, ERK1/2, STAT3 and EMT. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:126. [PMID: 37355607 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is a highly metastatic genitourinary cancer and is generally irresponsive to common treatments used for the more prevalent clear-cell (ccRCC) subtype. The goal of this study was to examine the novel role of the free fatty-acid receptor-1 (FFA1/GPR40), a cell-surface expressed G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by medium-to-long chained dietary fats, in modulation of pRCC cell migration invasion, proliferation and tumor growth. METHODS We assessed the expression of FFA1 in human pRCC and ccRCC tumor tissues compared to patient-matched non-cancerous controls, as well as in RCC cell lines. Using the selective FFA1 agonist AS2034178 and the selective FFA1 antagonist GW1100, we examined the role of FFA1 in modulating cell migration, invasion, proliferation and tumor growth and assessed the FFA1-associated intracellular signaling mechanisms via immunoblotting. RESULTS We reveal for the first time that FFA1 is upregulated in pRCC tissue compared to patient-matched non-cancerous adjacent tissue and that its expression increases with pRCC cancer pathology, while the inverse is seen in ccRCC tissue. We also show that FFA1 is expressed in the pRCC cell line ACHN, but not in ccRCC cell lines, suggesting a unique role in pRCC pathology. Our results demonstrate that FFA1 agonism promotes tumor growth and cell proliferation via c-Src/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and COX-2 signaling. At the same time, agonism of FFA1 strongly inhibits migration and invasion, which are mechanistically mediated via inhibition of EGFR, ERK1/2 and regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that FFA1 plays oppositional growth and migratory roles in pRCC and identifies this receptor as a potential target for modulation of pathogenesis of this aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka F Karmokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, 3001, Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, 3001, Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
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8
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Valentini A, Schultz-Knudsen K, Højgaard Hansen A, Tsakoumagkou A, Jenkins L, Christensen HB, Manandhar A, Milligan G, Ulven T, Rexen Ulven E. Discovery of Potent Tetrazole Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6105-6121. [PMID: 37129317 PMCID: PMC10547238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2), also known as GPR43, mediates effects of short-chain fatty acids and has attracted interest as a potential target for treatment of various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the results from bioisosteric replacement of the carboxylic acid group of the established FFA2 antagonist CATPB and SAR investigations around these compounds, leading to the discovery of the first high-potency FFA2 antagonists, with the preferred compound TUG-2304 (16l) featuring IC50 values of 3-4 nM in both cAMP and GTPγS assays, favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, and the ability to completely inhibit propionate-induced neutrophil migration and respiratory burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Valentini
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Schultz-Knudsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Højgaard Hansen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Argyro Tsakoumagkou
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College
of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Henriette B. Christensen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Asmita Manandhar
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre
for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College
of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University
of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Rexen Ulven
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Wang H, Zhou C, Gu S, Sun Y. Surrogate fostering of mice prevents prenatal estradiol-induced insulin resistance via modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1050352. [PMID: 36699605 PMCID: PMC9868306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prenatal and early postnatal development are known to influence future health. We previously reported that prenatal high estradiol (HE) exposure induces insulin resistance in male mice by disrupting hypothalamus development. Because a foster dam can modify a pup's gut microbiota and affect its health later in life, we explored whether surrogate fostering could also influence glucose metabolism in HE offspring and examined mechanisms that might be involved. Methods We performed a surrogate fostering experiment in mice and examined the relationship between the metabolic markers associated to insulin resistance and the composition of the gut microbiota. Results HE pups raised by HE foster dams (HE-HE) developed insulin resistance, but HE pups fostered by negative control dams (NC-HE) did not. The gut microbiota composition of HE-HE mice differed from that of NC mice raised by NC foster dams (NC-NC), whereas the composition in NC-HE mice was similar to that of NC-NC mice. Compared with NC-NC mice, HE-HE mice had decreased levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids and serum intestinal hormones, increased food intake, and increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression. In contrast, none of these indices differed between NC-HE and NC-NC mice. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between the altered gut microbiota composition and the insulin resistance-related metabolic indicators, indicating involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Discussion Our findings suggest that alterations in the early growth environment may prevent fetal-programmed glucose metabolic disorder via modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These findings offer direction for development of translational solutions for adult diseases associated with aberrant microbial communities in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China,Animal Laboratory, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengliang Zhou
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuping Gu
- Department of Science and Technology Research, Shanghai Model Organisms, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China,Animal Laboratory, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yun Sun, ✉
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10
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Forde B, Yao L, Shaha R, Murphy S, Lunjani N, O'Mahony L. Immunomodulation by foods and microbes: Unravelling the molecular tango. Allergy 2022; 77:3513-3526. [PMID: 35892227 PMCID: PMC10087875 DOI: 10.1111/all.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic health and immune function are intimately connected via diet and the microbiota. Nearly 90% of all immune cells in the body are associated with the gastrointestinal tract and these immune cells are continuously exposed to a wide range of microbes and microbial-derived compounds, with important systemic ramifications. Microbial dysbiosis has consistently been observed in patients with atopic dermatitis, food allergy and asthma and the molecular mechanisms linking changes in microbial populations with disease risk and disease endotypes are being intensively investigated. The discovery of novel bacterial metabolites that impact immune function is at the forefront of host-microbe research. Co-evolution of microbial communities within their hosts has resulted in intertwined metabolic pathways that affect physiological and pathological processes. However, recent dietary and lifestyle changes are thought to negatively influence interactions between microbes and their host. This review provides an overview of some of the critical metabolite-receptor interactions that have been recently described, which may underpin the immunomodulatory effects of the microbiota, and are of relevance for allergy, asthma and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Forde
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lu Yao
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rupin Shaha
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Costabile A, Corona G, Sarnsamak K, Atar-Zwillenberg D, Yit C, King AJ, Vauzour D, Barone M, Turroni S, Brigidi P, Hauge-Evans AC. Wholegrain fermentation affects gut microbiota composition, phenolic acid metabolism and pancreatic beta cell function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004679. [PMID: 36386661 PMCID: PMC9643864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism via production of dietary metabolites. Microbiota imbalances are linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), but dietary modification of the microbiota may promote glycemic control. Using a rodent model of T2D and an in vitro gut model system, this study investigated whether differences in gut microbiota between control mice and mice fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet influenced the production of phenolic acid metabolites following fermentation of wholegrain (WW) and control wheat (CW). In addition, the study assessed whether changes in metabolite profiles affected pancreatic beta cell function. Fecal samples from control or HFHFr-fed mice were fermented in vitro with 0.1% (w/v) WW or CW for 0, 6, and 24 h. Microbiota composition was determined by bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing and phenolic acid (PA) profiles by UPLC-MS/MS. Cell viability, apoptosis and insulin release from pancreatic MIN6 beta cells and primary mouse islets were assessed in response to fermentation supernatants and selected PAs. HFHFr mice exhibited an overall dysbiotic microbiota with an increase in abundance of proteobacterial taxa (particularly Oxalobacteraceae) and Lachnospiraceae, and a decrease in Lactobacillus. A trend toward restoration of diversity and compositional reorganization was observed following WW fermentation at 6 h, although after 24 h, the HFHFr microbiota was monodominated by Cupriavidus. In parallel, the PA profile was significantly altered in the HFHFr group compared to controls with decreased levels of 3-OH-benzoic acid, 4-OH-benzoic acid, isoferulic acid and ferulic acid at 6 h of WW fermentation. In pancreatic beta cells, exposure to pre-fermentation supernatants led to inhibition of insulin release, which was reversed over fermentation time. We conclude that HFHFr mice as a model of T2D are characterized by a dysbiotic microbiota, which is modulated by the in vitro fermentation of WW. The differences in microbiota composition have implications for PA profile dynamics and for the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Costabile
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Corona
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kittiwadee Sarnsamak
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chesda Yit
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen J. King
- Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Barone
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Astrid C. Hauge-Evans
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Astrid C. Hauge-Evans,
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12
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Jordan A, Carding SR, Hall LJ. The early-life gut microbiome and vaccine efficacy. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e787-e794. [PMID: 36088916 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest successes of public health, preventing millions of cases of disease and death in children each year. However, the efficacy of many vaccines can vary greatly between infants from geographically and socioeconomically distinct locations. Differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiome have emerged as one of the main factors that can account for variations in immunisation outcomes. In this Review, we assess the influence of the gut microbiota upon early life immunity, focusing on two important members of the microbiota with health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties: Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides. Additionally, we discuss their immune stimulatory microbial properties, interactions with the host, and their effect on vaccine responses and efficacy in infants. We also provide an overview of current microbiota-based approaches to enhance vaccine outcomes, and describe novel microbe-derived components that could lead to safer, more effective vaccines and vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jordan
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Derivatization-Based Methods for the Determination of Fatty Acids in Biological Samples. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175717. [PMID: 36080484 PMCID: PMC9458108 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) play pleiotropic roles in living organisms, acting as signaling molecules and gene regulators. They are present in plants and foods and may affect human health by food ingestion. As a consequence, analytical methods for their determination in biological fluids, plants and foods have attracted high interest. Undoubtedly, mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable technique for the analysis of FAs. Due to the inherent poor ionization efficiency of FAs, their chemical derivatization prior to analysis is often employed. Usually, the derivatization of the FA carboxyl group aims to charge reversal, allowing detection and quantification in positive ion mode, thus, resulting in an increase in sensitivity in determination. Another approach is the derivatization of the double bond of unsaturated FAs, which aims to identify the double bond location. The present review summarizes the various classes of reagents developed for FA derivatization and discusses their applications in the liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) analysis of FAs in various matrices, including plasma and feces. In addition, applications for the determination of eicosanoids and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are discussed.
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14
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Lednovich KR, Nnyamah C, Gough S, Priyadarshini M, Xu K, Wicksteed B, Mishra S, Jain S, Zapater JL, Yadav H, Layden BT. Intestinal FFA3 mediates obesogenic effects in mice on a Western diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E290-E306. [PMID: 35858247 PMCID: PMC9448285 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00016.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3) is a recently-deorphanized G-protein-coupled receptor. Its ligands are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are key nutrients derived from the gut microbiome fermentation process that play diverse roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and glycemic control. FFA3 is highly expressed within the intestine, where its role and its effects on physiology and metabolism are unclear. Previous in vivo studies involving this receptor have relied on global knockout mouse models, making it difficult to isolate intestine-specific roles of FFA3. To overcome this challenge, we generated an intestine-specific knockout mouse model for FFA3, Villin-Cre-FFA3 (Vil-FFA3). Model validation and general metabolic assessment of male mice fed a standard chow diet revealed no major congenital defects. Because dietary changes are known to alter gut microbial composition, and thereby SCFA production, an obesogenic challenge was performed on male Vil-FFA3 mice and their littermate controls to probe for a phenotype on a high-fat, high-sugar "Western diet" (WD) compared with a low-fat control diet (CD). Vil-FFA3 mice versus FFA3fl/fl controls on WD, but not CD, were protected from the development of diet-induced obesity and exhibited significantly less fat mass as well as smaller adipose depositions and adipocytes. Although overall glycemic control was unchanged in the WD-fed Vil-FFA3 group, fasted glucose levels trended lower. Intestinal inflammation was significantly reduced in the WD-fed Vil-FFA3 mice, supporting protection from obesogenic effects. Furthermore, we observed lower levels of gastric inhibitory protein (GIP) in the WD-fed Vil-FFA3 mice, which may contribute to phenotypic changes. Our findings suggest a novel role of intestinal FFA3 in promoting the metabolic consequences of a WD, including the development of obesity and inflammation. Moreover, these data support an intestine-specific role of FFA3 in whole body metabolic homeostasis and in the development of adiposity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we generated a novel intestine-specific knockout mouse model for FFA3 (Vil-FFA3) and performed a comprehensive metabolic characterization of mice in response to an obesogenic challenge. We found that Vil-FFA3 mice fed with a Western diet were largely protected from obesity, exhibiting significantly lower levels of fat mass, lower intestinal inflammation, and altered expression of intestinal incretin hormones. Results support an important role of intestinal FFA3 in contributing to metabolism and in the development of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Lednovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chioma Nnyamah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sophie Gough
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kai Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sidharth Mishra
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shalini Jain
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Joseph L Zapater
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hariom Yadav
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Acetate, a gut bacterial product, ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion induced acute lung injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109136. [PMID: 35964409 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the major fermentation product from gut microbial degradation of dietary fiber, have protective effects against renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, colitis, and allergic asthma. However, the effect of SCFAs on acute lung injury (ALI) caused by IR is still unclear. In this study, we examine whether SCFAs have protective effects against IR-induced ALI and explore possible protective mechanisms. IR-induced ALI was established by 40 min ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion in isolated perfused rat lungs. Rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups: control, control + acetate (400 mg/kg), IR, and IR + acetate at one of three dosages (100, 200, 400 mg/kg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and lung tissues were obtained and analyzed at the end of the experiment. In vitro, mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE-12) subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) were pretreated with acetate (25 mmol/L) and GPR41 or GPR43 siRNA. Acetate decreased lung weight gain, lung weight/body weight ratios, wet/dry weight ratios, pulmonary artery pressure, and protein concentration of the BALF in a dose-dependent manner for IR-induced ALI. Acetate also significantly inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and CINC-1 in the BALF. Moreover, acetate treatment restored suppressed IκB-α levels and reduced nuclear NF-κB p65 levels in lung tissues. In addition, acetate mitigated IR-induced apoptosis and tight junction disruption in injured lung tissue. In vitro analyses showed that acetate attenuated NF-κB activation and KC/CXCL-1 levels in MLE-12 cells exposed to HR. The protective effects of acetate in vitro were significantly abrogated by GPR41 or GPR43 siRNA. Acetate ameliorates IR-induced acute lung inflammation and its protective mechanism appears to be via the GPR41/43 signaling pathway. Based on our findings, acetate may provide a novel adjuvant therapeutic approach for IR-induced lung injury.
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16
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Kokotou MG, Mantzourani C, Batsika CS, Mountanea OG, Eleftheriadou I, Kosta O, Tentolouris N, Kokotos G. Lipidomics Analysis of Free Fatty Acids in Human Plasma of Healthy and Diabetic Subjects by Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051189. [PMID: 35625925 PMCID: PMC9138513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted analytical methods for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in human plasma are of high interest because they may help in identifying biomarkers for diseases and in monitoring the progress of a disease. The determination of FFAs is of particular importance in the case of metabolic disorders because FFAs have been associated with diabetes. We present a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method, which allows the simultaneous determination of 74 FFAs in human plasma. The method is fast (10-min run) and straightforward, avoiding any derivatization step and tedious sample preparation. A total of 35 standard saturated and unsaturated FFAs, as well as 39 oxygenated (either hydroxy or oxo) saturated FFAs, were simultaneously detected and quantified in plasma samples from 29 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), 14 with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), and 28 healthy subjects. Alterations in the levels of medium-chain FFAs (C6:0 to C10:0) were observed between the control group and T2D and T1D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.G.K.); (C.M.); (C.S.B.); (O.G.M.)
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.G.K.); (C.M.); (C.S.B.); (O.G.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
| | - Charikleia S. Batsika
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.G.K.); (C.M.); (C.S.B.); (O.G.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
| | - Olga G. Mountanea
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.G.K.); (C.M.); (C.S.B.); (O.G.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
| | - Ioanna Eleftheriadou
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ourania Kosta
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.G.K.); (C.M.); (C.S.B.); (O.G.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (I.E.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-7274462
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17
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Feng Y, Juliet IC, Qin W, Duan Y, Gao X, Liu Q, Zhang H, Ma H. Rheology, In Vitro Digestion and Functional Properties of
Sagittaria sagittifolia
L. Resistant Starch as Affected by Different Preparation Methods. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Igbokwe Chidimma Juliet
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu state Nigeria
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Xingxing Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Haihui Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
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18
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Liu L, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Zhu M, Xiao Z, Ruan G, Wei Y. Gut microbiota: A new target for T2DM prevention and treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:958218. [PMID: 36034447 PMCID: PMC9402911 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.958218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the fastest growing metabolic diseases, has been characterized by metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance (IR). In recent years, T2DM has become the fastest growing metabolic disease in the world. Studies have indicated that patients with T2DM are often associated with intestinal flora disorders and dysfunction involving multiple organs. Metabolites of the intestinal flora, such as bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amino acids (AAs)may influence to some extent the decreased insulin sensitivity associated with T2DM dysfunction and regulate metabolic as well as immune homeostasis. In this paper, we review the changes in the gut flora in T2DM and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates metabolites affecting T2DM, which may provide a basis for the early identification of T2DM-susceptible individuals and guide targeted interventions. Finally, we also highlight gut microecological therapeutic strategies focused on shaping the gut flora to inform the improvement of T2DM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiheng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcong Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanling Wei, ; Guangcong Ruan,
| | - Yanling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanling Wei, ; Guangcong Ruan,
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19
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Song W, Song C, Li L, Wang T, Hu J, Zhu L, Yue T. Lactobacillus alleviated obesity induced by high-fat diet in mice. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5439-5451. [PMID: 34859434 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is closely related to dyslipidaemia, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. Long-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is an important risk factor that can lead to obesity. In the current research, three Lactobacillus strains, namely, Loigolactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens T3 (T3), Lacticasebacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei M5 (M5), and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei X12 (X12), were tested to determine their inhibitory effects on HFD-induced obesity. The results showed that M5, T3, and X12 significantly decreased the body weight gain, Lee's index and adipose index. T3 showed significant effects on reducing serum TG levels to 0.92 mmol/ml and increasing HDL-C levels to 2.18 mmol/ml. The M5 treatment significantly reduced the serum TG level and leptin content to 1.11 mmol/ml and 3.7 ng/ml, respectively, and it increased the HDL-C level and adiponectin content to 2.35 mmol/ml and 7 ng/ml, respectively. M5 and T3 dramatically ameliorated hepatic steatosis in HFD-treated mice by reducing the liver index, lipid droplet number in the liver and TC levels in the liver. Gene expression of PPAR-γ and TNF-α was notably downregulated and FAS was upregulated by T3 and M5 treatment. Additionally, administration of M5 and T3 modified the diversity of the gut microbiota with increased OTU number, ACE index, and Chao1, and decreased the Shannon index and the Bacteroidetes /Firmicutes ratio. Overall, our results indicate that Lactobacillus may be used to prevent obesity and gut dysbiosis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Lactobacillus from traditional Chinese foods showed strong anti-obesity effects on high-fat diet-fed mice through the regulation of adipocytokines. Additionally, administration of certain Lactobacilli modified the diversity of the gut microbiota. The results indicate that Lactobacillus may be promising functional materials in healthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chen Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China.,National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China.,National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China.,National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jinhong Hu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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20
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Zhai L, Wu J, Lam YY, Kwan HY, Bian ZX, Wong HLX. Gut-Microbial Metabolites, Probiotics and Their Roles in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312846. [PMID: 34884651 PMCID: PMC8658018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a worldwide prevalent metabolic disorder defined by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance (IR) and impaired insulin secretion. Understanding the mechanism of insulin action is of great importance to the continuing development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of T2D. Disturbances of gut microbiota have been widely found in T2D patients and contribute to the development of IR. In the present article, we reviewed the pathological role of gut microbial metabolites including gaseous products, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) products, aromatic amino acids (AAAs) products, bile acids (BA) products, choline products and bacterial toxins in regulating insulin sensitivity in T2D. Following that, we summarized probiotics-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T2D with a focus on modulating gut microbiota in both animal and human studies. These results indicate that gut-microbial metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of T2D and supplementation of probiotics could be beneficial to alleviate IR in T2D via modulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Y.K.)
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, New Territories, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Jiayan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Y.K.)
| | - Yan Y. Lam
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, New Territories, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Y.K.)
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Y.K.)
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, New Territories, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.-X.B.); (H.L.X.W.)
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (L.Z.); (J.W.); (H.Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-X.B.); (H.L.X.W.)
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21
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Abstract
Research characterising the gut microbiota in different populations and diseases has mushroomed since the advent of next-generation sequencing techniques. However, there has been less emphasis on the impact of dietary fibres and other dietary components that influence gut microbial metabolic activities. Dietary fibres are the main energy source for gut bacteria. However, fibres differ in their physicochemical properties, their effects on the gut and their fermentation characteristics. The diversity of carbohydrates and associated molecules in fibre-rich foods can have a major influence on microbiota composition and production of bioactive molecules, for example SCFAs and phenolic acids. Several of these microbial metabolites may influence the functions of body systems including the gut, liver, adipose tissues and brain. Dietary fibre intake recommendations have recently been increased (to 30 g daily) in response to growing obesity and other health concerns. Increasing intakes of specific fibre and plant food sources may differentially influence the bacteria and their metabolism. However, in vitro studies show great individual variability in the response of the gut microbiota to different fibres and fibre combinations, making it difficult to predict which foods or food components will have the greatest impact on levels of bioactive molecules produced in the colon of individuals. Greater understanding of individual responses to manipulation of the diet, in relation to microbiome composition and production of metabolites with proven beneficial impact on body systems, would allow the personalised approach needed to best promote good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Thomson
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ada L Garcia
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christine A Edwards
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Henquin JC. Non-glucose modulators of insulin secretion in healthy humans: (dis)similarities between islet and in vivo studies. Metabolism 2021; 122:154821. [PMID: 34174327 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimal metabolic homeostasis requires precise temporal and quantitative control of insulin secretion. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have often focused on the regulation by glucose although many additional factors including other nutrients, neurotransmitters, hormones and drugs, modulate the secretory function of pancreatic β-cells. This review is based on the analysis of clinical investigations characterizing the effects of non-glucose modulators of insulin secretion in healthy subjects, and of experimental studies testing the same modulators in islets isolated from normal human donors. The aim was to determine whether the information gathered in vitro can reliably be translated to the in vivo situation. The comparison evidenced both convincing similarities and areas of discordance. The lack of coherence generally stems from the use of exceedingly high concentrations of test agents at too high or too low glucose concentrations in vitro, which casts doubts on the physiological relevance of a number of observations made in isolated islets. Future projects resorting to human islets should avoid extreme experimental conditions, such as oversized stimulations or inhibitions of β-cells, which are unlikely to throw light on normal insulin secretion and contribute to the elucidation of its defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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23
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Carretta MD, Quiroga J, López R, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Participation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Gut Inflammation and Colon Cancer. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662739. [PMID: 33897470 PMCID: PMC8060628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, and they play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal health. SCFAs are also essential for modulating different processes, and they have anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory effects. As the inflammatory process predisposes the development of cancer and promotes all stages of tumorigenesis, an antitumor effect has also been associated with SCFAs. This is strongly supported by epidemiological studies showing that a diet rich in fiber is linked to a reduced risk of colon cancer and has significant clinical benefits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SCFAs may signal through the metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors free fatty acid receptor 3 [FFAR3 or G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)], FFAR2 (GPR43), and GPR109A (also known as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 or HCAR2) expressed in the gut epithelium and immune cells. This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the SCFA-mediated suppression of inflammation and carcinogenesis in IBD and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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24
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Ma G, Du H, Hu Q, Yang W, Pei F, Xiao H. Health benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides and associated gut microbiota regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6646-6663. [PMID: 33792430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1903385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have been an important part of the human diet for thousands of years, and over 100 varieties have been cultivated for their potential human health benefits. In recent years, edible mushroom polysaccharides (EMPs) have been studied for their activities against obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer. Particularly, accumulating evidence on the exact causality between these health risks and specific gut microbiota species has been revealed and characterized, and most of the beneficial health effects of EMPs have been associated with its reversal impacts on gut microbiota dysbiosis. This demonstrates the key role of EMPs in decreasing health risks through gut microbiota modulation effects. This review article compiles and summarizes the latest studies that focus on the health benefits and underlying functional mechanisms of gut microbiota regulation via EMPs. We conclude that EMPs can be considered a dietary source for the improvement and prevention of several health risks, and this review provides the theoretical basis and technical guidance for the development of novel functional foods with the utilization of edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxing Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Bai X, Fu R, Duan Z, Liu Y, Zhu C, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 alleviates antibiotic-induced intestinal inflammation by regulating the TLR4-MyD88-MAPK pathway and gut microbiota composition. Food Funct 2021; 12:2874-2885. [PMID: 33877243 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh4, as a bioactive component obtained from Panax notoginseng, has excellent pharmacological properties. However, its role in regulating gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation is still poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Rh4 on gut microbiota, especially antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation, and the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were given different doses of Rh4 after the establishment of a gut microbiota disturbance model with antibiotics. Our data revealed that Rh4 administration could greatly improve the pathological phenotype, gut barrier disruption, and intestinal inflammation in mice that had been antibiotic-induced. Notably, it was found that Rh4 significantly inhibited the TLR4-MyD88-MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, Rh4 treatment could significantly increase the number of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). These changes were accompanied with beneficial alterations in gut microbiota diversity and composition. In conclusion, Rh4 improves intestinal inflammation and induces potentially beneficial changes in the gut microbiota, which are conducive to revealing host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials and Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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26
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Grundmann M, Bender E, Schamberger J, Eitner F. Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041763. [PMID: 33578942 PMCID: PMC7916689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia have identified several ligands targeting allosteric sites of FFARs with the aim of developing drugs to treat various diseases such as metabolic, (auto)inflammatory, infectious, endocrinological, cardiovascular, and renal disorders. GPCRs are the largest group of transmembrane proteins and constitute the most successful drug targets in medical history. To leverage the rich biology of this target class, the drug industry seeks alternative approaches to address GPCR signaling. Allosteric GPCR ligands are recognized as attractive modalities because of their auspicious pharmacological profiles compared to orthosteric ligands. While the majority of marketed GPCR drugs interact exclusively with the orthosteric binding site, allosteric mechanisms in GPCR biology stay medically underexploited, with only several allosteric ligands currently approved. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), FFAR4 (GPR120), and GPR84, including structural aspects of FFAR1, and discusses the molecular pharmacology of FFAR allosteric ligands as well as the opportunities and challenges in research from the perspective of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jens Schamberger
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Frank Eitner
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
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27
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Shaidullov IF, Sorokina DM, Sitdikov FG, Hermann A, Abdulkhakov SR, Sitdikova GF. Short chain fatty acids and colon motility in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:37. [PMID: 33499840 PMCID: PMC7836204 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is defined as a multifactorial disorder associated with visceral hypersensitivity, altered gut motility and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induce both inhibitory and stimulatory action on colon motility, however, their effects on the IBS model were not investigated. The aim of our study was to investigate the level of SFCAs in feces and their effects on colon motility in a mouse model of IBS. Methods IBS model was induced in mice by intracolonic infusion of 1% acetic acid during the early postnatal period. Mice colon hypersensitivity was assessed by the threshold of the abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distention. Colon contractility was studied using proximal colon specimens in isometric conditions. Transit rates were assessed by the pellet propulsion in the isolated colon. Concentrations of SCFAs in feces were measured using gas–liquid chromatography. Results The concentration of SCFAs in feces of IBS model mice was higher compared to the control group. Visceral sensitivity to colorectal distension and colonic transit rate were increased indicating IBS with predominant diarrhea. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions of proximal colon segments from IBS mice were higher, but carbachol induced contractions were lower compared to control. During acute application of SCFAs (sodium propionate, sodium acetate or butyric acid) dose-dependently (0.5–30 mM) decreased tonic tension, frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and carbachol-evoked contractions. In the mouse IBS group the inhibitory effects SCFAs on spontaneous and carbachol-evoked contractions were less pronounced. At the same time intraluminal administration of butyrate (5 mM) increased the transit rate in the colon of both groups, but its stimulatory effect was more pronounced in mouse IBS model group. Conclusion Our data indicate that the increased transit rate in the mouse IBS model group is associated with a disbalance of activating and inhibiting action of SCFAs due to chronically elevated SCFA levels, which may impact the pathogenesis of IBS with predominant diarrhea syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnar F Shaidullov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dina M Sorokina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Farit G Sitdikov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anton Hermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr.34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sayar R Abdulkhakov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Guzel F Sitdikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18, Kremlevskaya str., 420008, Kazan, Russia.
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28
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Marco ML. Defining how microorganisms benefit human health. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:35-40. [PMID: 33099885 PMCID: PMC7888441 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An appreciation for how microorganisms can benefit human health has grown over the past century. The future of this research will be to identify the specific microbial enzymatic pathways and molecules necessary for health promotion. Some of these 'beneficial factors' are already known for probiotics and species in the human microbiome, however, precise descriptions of the mechanistic details for their effects remain to be discovered. The need for this research is elevated by the potential use of microorganisms for preventing and treating the non-communicable diseases which are now the leading causes of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
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29
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Eshraghi RS, Davies C, Iyengar R, Perez L, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Gut-Induced Inflammation during Development May Compromise the Blood-Brain Barrier and Predispose to Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010027. [PMID: 33374296 PMCID: PMC7794774 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the gut microbiome has gained considerable interest as one of the major contributors to the pathogenesis of multi-system inflammatory disorders. Several studies have suggested that the gut microbiota plays a role in modulating complex signaling pathways, predominantly via the bidirectional gut-brain-axis (GBA). Subsequent in vivo studies have demonstrated the direct role of altered gut microbes and metabolites in the progression of neurodevelopmental diseases. This review will discuss the most recent advancements in our understanding of the gut microbiome’s clinical significance in regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, immunological function, and neurobiological development. In particular, we address the potentially causal role of GBA dysregulation in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through compromising the BBB and immunological abnormalities. A thorough understanding of the complex signaling interactions between gut microbes, metabolites, neural development, immune mediators, and neurobiological functionality will facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic modalities to better understand, prevent, and treat ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Eshraghi
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.D.); (R.I.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (A.A.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Camron Davies
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.D.); (R.I.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Rahul Iyengar
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.D.); (R.I.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Linda Perez
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.D.); (R.I.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.D.); (R.I.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (C.D.); (R.I.); (L.P.); (R.M.); (A.A.E.)
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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