1
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Cremer T, Hoelen H, van de Weijer ML, Janssen GM, Costa AI, van Veelen PA, Lebbink RJ, Wiertz EJHJ. Proinsulin degradation and presentation of a proinsulin B-chain autoantigen involves ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD)-enzyme UBE2G2. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287877. [PMID: 38787820 PMCID: PMC11125532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by HLA class I-mediated presentation of autoantigens on the surface of pancreatic β-cells. Recognition of these autoantigens by CD8+ T cells results in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and, consequently, insulin deficiency. Most epitopes presented at the surface of β-cells derive from the insulin precursor molecule proinsulin. The intracellular processing pathway(s) involved in the generation of these peptides are poorly defined. In this study, we show that a proinsulin B-chain antigen (PPIB5-14) originates from proinsulin molecules that are processed by ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and thus originate from ER-resident proteins. Furthermore, screening genes encoding for E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, we identified UBE2G2 to be involved in proinsulin degradation and subsequent presentation of the PPIB10-18 autoantigen. These insights into the pathway involved in the generation of insulin-derived peptides emphasize the importance of proinsulin processing in the ER to T1D pathogenesis and identify novel targets for future T1D therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cremer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Hoelen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - George M. Janssen
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana I. Costa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. van Veelen
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Smith JA, Yuen BTK, Purtha W, Balolong JM, Phipps JD, Crawford F, Bluestone JA, Kappler JW, Anderson MS. Aire mediates tolerance to insulin through thymic trimming of high-affinity T cell clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320268121. [PMID: 38709934 PMCID: PMC11098115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320268121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a central autoantigen in the pathogenesis of T1D, and thymic epithelial cell expression of insulin under the control of the Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) is thought to be a key component of maintaining tolerance to insulin. In spite of this general working model, direct detection of this thymic selection on insulin-specific T cells has been somewhat elusive. Here, we used a combination of highly sensitive T cell receptor transgenic models for detecting thymic selection and sorting and sequencing of Insulin-specific CD4+ T cells from Aire-deficient mice as a strategy to further define their selection. This analysis revealed a number of unique t cell receptor (TCR) clones in Aire-deficient hosts with high affinity for insulin/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands. We then modeled the thymic selection of one of these clones in Aire-deficient versus wild-type hosts and found that this model clone could escape thymic negative selection in the absence of thymic Aire. Together, these results suggest that thymic expression of insulin plays a key role in trimming and removing high-affinity insulin-specific T cells from the repertoire to help promote tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Smith
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Benjamin T. K. Yuen
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Whitney Purtha
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Jared M. Balolong
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Jonah D. Phipps
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Frances Crawford
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - John W. Kappler
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO80206
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO80045
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
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3
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Alleva DG, Delpero AR, Sathiyaseelan T, Murikipudi S, Lancaster TM, Atkinson MA, Wasserfall CH, Yu L, Ragupathy R, Bonami RH, Zion TC. An antigen-specific immunotherapeutic, AKS-107, deletes insulin-specific B cells and prevents murine autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367514. [PMID: 38515750 PMCID: PMC10954819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antigen-presenting cell function of insulin-reactive B cells promotes type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by stimulating pathogenic T cells leading to destruction of insulin-producing β-cells of pancreatic islets. Methods/Results To target insulin-reactive B cells, AKS-107, a human IgG1 Fc molecule fused with human insulin A and B chains, was engineered to retain conformational insulin epitopes that bound mouse and human B cell receptors but prevented binding to the insulin metabolic receptor. AKS-107 Fc-mediated deletion of insulin-reactive B cells was demonstrated via ex vivo and in vivo experiments with insulin-reactive B cell receptor transgenic mouse strains, VH125Tg/NOD and Tg125(H+L)/NOD. As an additional immune tolerance feature, the Y16A mutation of the insulin B(9-23) dominant T cell epitope was engineered into AKS-107 to suppress activation of insulin-specific T cells. In mice and non-human primates, AKS-107 was well-tolerated, non-immunogenic, did not cause hypoglycemia even at high doses, and showed an expectedly protracted pharmacokinetic profile. AKS-107 reproducibly prevented spontaneous diabetes from developing in NOD and VH125Tg/NOD mice that persisted for months after cessation of treatment, demonstrating durable immune tolerance. Discussion These preclinical outcomes position AKS-107 for clinical development in T1D prevention settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Alleva
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Andrea R. Delpero
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | | | - Sylaja Murikipudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clive H. Wasserfall
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ramya Ragupathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
| | - Rachel H. Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Todd C. Zion
- Department of Pharmacology, Akston Biosciences, Inc., Beverly, MA, United States
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Wenzlau JM, Peterson OJ, Vomund AN, DiLisio JE, Hohenstein A, Haskins K, Wan X. Mapping of a hybrid insulin peptide in the inflamed islet β-cells from NOD mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348131. [PMID: 38455055 PMCID: PMC10917911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that pathogenic T cells in T1D recognize epitopes formed by post-translational modifications of β-cell antigens, including hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs). The ligands for several CD4 T-cell clones derived from the NOD mouse are HIPs composed of a fragment of proinsulin joined to peptides from endogenous β-cell granule proteins. The diabetogenic T-cell clone BDC-6.9 reacts to a fragment of C-peptide fused to a cleavage product of pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (6.9HIP). In this study, we used a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the 6.9HIP to determine when and where HIP antigens are present in NOD islets during disease progression and with which immune cells they associate. Immunogold labeling of the 6.9HIP MAb and organelle-specific markers for electron microscopy were employed to map the subcellular compartment(s) in which the HIP is localized within β-cells. While the insulin B9-23 peptide was present in nearly all islets, the 6.9HIP MAb stained infiltrated islets only in NOD mice at advanced stages of T1D development. Islets co-stained with the 6.9HIP MAb and antibodies to mark insulin, macrophages, and dendritic cells indicate that 6.9HIP co-localizes within insulin-positive β-cells as well as intra-islet antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In electron micrographs, the 6.9HIP co-localized with granule structures containing insulin alone or both insulin and LAMP1 within β-cells. Exposing NOD islets to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer tunicamycin significantly increased levels of 6.9HIP in subcellular fractions containing crinosomes and dense-core granules (DCGs). This work demonstrates that the 6.9HIP can be visualized in the infiltrated islets and suggests that intra-islet APCs may acquire and present HIP antigens within islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Wenzlau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Orion J. Peterson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anthony N. Vomund
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James E. DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anita Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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Firdessa Fite R, Bechi Genzano C, Mallone R, Creusot RJ. Epitope-based precision immunotherapy of Type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2154098. [PMID: 36656048 PMCID: PMC9980607 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2154098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASITs) address important clinical needs in treating autoimmune diseases. However, Type 1 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease wherein patient characteristics influence responsiveness to ASITs. Targeting not only disease-relevant T cell populations, but also specific groups of patients using precision medicine is a new goal toward achieving effective treatment. HLA-restricted peptides provide advantages over protein as antigens, however, methods for profiling antigen-specific T cells need to improve in sensitivity, depth, and throughput to facilitate epitope selection. Delivery approaches are highly diverse, illustrating the many ways relevant antigen-presenting cell populations and anatomical locations can be targeted for tolerance induction. The role of persistence of antigen presentation in promoting durable antigen-specific tolerance requires further investigation. Based on the outcome of ASIT trials, the field is moving toward using patient-specific variations to improve efficacy, but challenges still lie on the path to delivering more effective and safer treatment to the T1D patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camillo Bechi Genzano
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Obarorakpor N, Patel D, Boyarov R, Amarsaikhan N, Cepeda JR, Eastes D, Robertson S, Johnson T, Yang K, Tang Q, Zhang L. Regulatory T cells targeting a pathogenic MHC class II: Insulin peptide epitope postpone spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207108. [PMID: 37593744 PMCID: PMC10428008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In spontaneous type 1 diabetes (T1D) non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the insulin B chain peptide 9-23 (B:9-23) can bind to the MHC class II molecule (IAg7) in register 3 (R3), creating a bimolecular IAg7/InsulinB:9-23 register 3 conformational epitope (InsB:R3). Previously, we showed that the InsB:R3-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), constructed using an InsB:R3-monoclonal antibody, could guide CAR-expressing CD8 T cells to migrate to the islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) specific for an islet antigen can broadly suppress various pathogenic immune cells in the islets and effectively halt the progression of islet destruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that InsB:R3 specific Tregs would suppress autoimmune reactivity in islets and efficiently protect against T1D. Methods To test our hypothesis, we produced InsB:R3-Tregs and tested their disease-protective effects in spontaneous T1D NOD.CD28-/- mice. Results InsB:R3-CAR expressing Tregs secrete IL-10 dominated cytokines upon engagement with InsB:R3 antigens. A single infusion of InsB:R3 Tregs delayed the onset of T1D in 95% of treated mice, with 35% maintaining euglycemia for two healthy lifespans, readily home to the relevant target whereas control Tregs did not. Our data demonstrate that Tregs specific for MHC class II: Insulin peptide epitope (MHCII/Insulin) protect mice against T1D more efficiently than polyclonal Tregs lacking islet antigen specificity, suggesting that the MHC II/insulin-specific Treg approach is a promising immune therapy for safely preventing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyerhovwo Obarorakpor
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Deep Patel
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Reni Boyarov
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nansalmaa Amarsaikhan
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph Ray Cepeda
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Doreen Eastes
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sylvia Robertson
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Travis Johnson
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kai Yang
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Gladstone Institute of Genomic Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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7
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Limanaqi F, Vicentini C, Saulle I, Clerici M, Biasin M. The role of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Life Sci 2023; 323:121701. [PMID: 37059356 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Type-I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is generally considered as a chronic, T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. This notwithstanding, both the endogenous characteristics of β-cells, and their response to environmental factors and exogenous inflammatory stimuli are key events in disease progression and exacerbation. As such, T1DM is now recognized as a multifactorial condition, with its onset being influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, among which, viral infections represent major triggers. In this frame, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and 2 (ERAP2) hold center stage. ERAPs represent the main hydrolytic enzymes specialized in trimming of N-terminal antigen peptides to be bound by MHC class I molecules and presented to CD8+ T cells. Thus, abnormalities in ERAPs expression alter the peptide-MHC-I repertoire both quantitatively and qualitatively, fostering both autoimmune and infectious diseases. Although only a few studies succeeded in determining direct associations between ERAPs variants and T1DM susceptibility/outbreak, alterations of ERAPs do impinge on a plethora of biological events which might indeed contribute to the disease development/exacerbation. Beyond abnormal self-antigen peptide trimming, these include preproinsulin processing, nitric oxide (NO) production, ER stress, cytokine responsiveness, and immune cell recruitment/activity. The present review brings together direct and indirect evidence focused on the immunobiological role of ERAPs in T1DM onset and progression, covering both genetic and environmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vicentini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 20122 Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Foundation, Via A. Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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8
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Paldino G, Fierabracci A. Shedding new light on the role of ERAP1 in Type 1 diabetes: A perspective on disease management. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103291. [PMID: 36740089 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a multifactorial organ specific autoimmune disease which originates from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets by autoreactive CD8+ T lymphocytes. The autoimmune responses are raised against autoantigenic peptides presented in the context of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules. Peptides are generated in the cytoplasm of the beta cell by degradation through the proteasome activity and other proteases. Proteolytic intermediate protein fragments are then vehicled into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by transporters associated with antigen processing TAP1 and TAP2. In the ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and 2 (ERAP2) shape the intermediate proteins to produce the optimal peptide size for loading into the MHC class I molecules. Subsequently complexes are shuttled to the cell surface for antigen presentation. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified different SNPs of ERAP1 associated to several autoimmune diseases and in particular the T1D-related ERAP1 SNP rs30187 encoding for K528R ERAP1. An association between the ER stress and the increased exposure of beta cells to the immune system has been hypothesized to further contribute to the etiopathogenesis. In particular in a recent study by Thomaidou et al. 2020 (doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-0984) the posttranscriptional regulation of ERAP1 is shown to shaping the recognition of the preproinsulin (PPI) signal peptide by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In the light of foregoing ERAP1 inhibitors could potentially prevent the activation of epitope-specific autoimmune-promoting T cells and their cytokine production; further regulating ERAP1 expression at posttranscriptional level under stress conditions of the beta cells could help to reverse autoimmune process through limiting epitope-presentation to autoreactive T cells. In this article we provide a perspective on the role of ERAP1 as implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by reviewing studies reported in literature and discussing our own experimental evidence.
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9
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A Distinctive γδ T Cell Repertoire in NOD Mice Weakens Immune Regulation and Favors Diabetic Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101406. [PMID: 36291615 PMCID: PMC9599391 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in mice and humans suggesting that γδ T cells play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes have been inconsistent and contradictory. We attempted to resolve this for the type 1 diabetes-prone NOD mice by characterizing their γδ T cell populations, and by investigating the functional contributions of particular γδ T cells subsets, using Vγ-gene targeted NOD mice. We found evidence that NOD Vγ4+ γδ T cells inhibit the development of diabetes, and that the process by which they do so involves IL-17 production and/or promotion of regulatory CD4+ αβ T cells (Tregs) in the pancreatic lymph nodes. In contrast, the NOD Vγ1+ cells promote diabetes development. Enhanced Vγ1+ cell numbers in NOD mice, in particular those biased to produce IFNγ, appear to favor diabetic disease. Within NOD mice deficient in particular γδ T cell subsets, we noted that changes in the abundance of non-targeted T cell types also occurred, which varied depending upon the γδ T cells that were missing. Our results indicate that while certain γδ T cell subsets inhibit the development of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, others exacerbate it, and they may do so via mechanisms that include altering the levels of other T cells.
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10
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Li W, Zhang Y, Li R, Wang Y, Chen L, Dai S. A Novel Tolerogenic Antibody Targeting Disulfide-Modified Autoantigen Effectively Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877022. [PMID: 36032077 PMCID: PMC9406144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggested that the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is an essential autoantigen in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. A unique disulfide containing IAPP-derived peptide KS20 is one of the highly diabetogenic peptides in NOD mice. The KS20-reactive T cells, including prototypic pathogenic BDC5.2.9, accumulate in the pancreas of prediabetic and diabetic mice and contribute to disease development. We generated a monoclonal antibody (LD96.24) that interacts with IAg7-KS20 complexes with high affinity and specificity. LD96.24 recognized the IAg7-KS20 disulfide loop and blocked the interaction between IAg7-KS20 tetramers and cognate T cells but not other autoantigen-reactive T cells. The in vivo LD96.24 studies, at either early or late stages, drastically induced tolerance and delayed the onset of T1D disease in NOD mice by reducing the infiltration of not only IAPP-specific T cells but also chromogranin A and insulin-specific T cells in the pancreas, together with B cells and dendritic cells. LD96.24 can also significantly increase the ratio of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with Interferon-gamma-secreting effector T cells. Our data suggested the important role of disulfide-modified peptides in the development of T1D. Targeting the complexes of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/disulfide modified antigens would influence the thiol redox balance and could be a novel immunotherapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-Related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ronghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-Related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lan Chen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Shaodong Dai,
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11
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Zhang N, Gao Y, Bian Q, Wang Q, Shi Y, Zhao Z, Yu H. The role of fascin-1 in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of respiratory related cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948110. [PMID: 36033434 PMCID: PMC9404296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancer statistics report that respiratory related cancers such as lung, laryngeal, oral and nasopharyngeal cancers account for a large proportion of tumors, and tumor metastasis remains the major reason for patient death. The metastasis of tumor cells requires actin cytoskeleton remodeling, in which fascin-1 plays an important role. Fascin-1 can cross-link F-actin microfilaments into bundles and form finger-like cell protrusions. Some studies have shown that fascin-1 is overexpressed in human tumors and is associated with tumor growth, migration and invasion. The role of fascin-1 in respiratory related cancers is not very clear. The main purpose of this study was to provide an updated literature review on the role of fascin-1 in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of respiratory related cancers. These studies suggested that fascin-1 can serve as an emerging biomarker and potential therapeutic target, and has attracted widespread attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibin Zhang
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yankun Gao
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhankui Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Honglian Yu
- Department of biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Honglian Yu,
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12
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A gut microbial peptide and molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120028119. [PMID: 35878027 PMCID: PMC9351354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120028119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells. One of the earliest aspects of this process is the development of autoantibodies and T cells directed at an epitope in the B-chain of insulin (insB:9-23). Analysis of microbial protein sequences with homology to the insB:9-23 sequence revealed 17 peptides showing >50% identity to insB:9-23. Of these 17 peptides, the hprt4-18 peptide, found in the normal human gut commensal Parabacteroides distasonis, activated both human T cell clones from T1D patients and T cell hybridomas from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice specific to insB:9-23. Immunization of NOD mice with P. distasonis insB:9-23 peptide mimic or insB:9-23 peptide verified immune cross-reactivity. Colonization of female NOD mice with P. distasonis accelerated the development of T1D, increasing macrophages, dendritic cells, and destructive CD8+ T cells, while decreasing FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Western blot analysis identified P. distasonis-reacting antibodies in sera of NOD mice colonized with P. distasonis and human T1D patients. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from P. distasonis-treated mice to NOD/SCID mice enhanced disease phenotype in the recipients. Finally, analysis of human children gut microbiome data from a longitudinal DIABIMMUNE study revealed that seroconversion rates (i.e., the proportion of individuals developing two or more autoantibodies) were consistently higher in children whose microbiome harbored sequences capable of producing the hprt4-18 peptide compared to individuals who did not harbor it. Taken together, these data demonstrate the potential role of a gut microbiota-derived insB:9-23-mimic peptide as a molecular trigger of T1D pathogenesis.
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Khilji MS, Faridi P, Pinheiro-Machado E, Hoefner C, Dahlby T, Aranha R, Buus S, Nielsen M, Klusek J, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Pandey K, Purcell AW, Marzec MT. Defective Proinsulin Handling Modulates the MHC I Bound Peptidome and Activates the Inflammasome in β-Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040814. [PMID: 35453564 PMCID: PMC9024965 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
How immune tolerance is lost to pancreatic β-cell peptides triggering autoimmune type 1 diabetes is enigmatic. We have shown that loss of the proinsulin chaperone glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to mishandling of proinsulin, ER stress, and activation of the immunoproteasome. We hypothesize that inadequate ER proinsulin folding capacity relative to biosynthetic need may lead to an altered β-cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I bound peptidome and inflammasome activation, sensitizing β-cells to immune attack. We used INS-1E cells with or without GRP94 knockout (KO), or in the presence or absence of GRP94 inhibitor PU-WS13 (GRP94i, 20 µM), or exposed to proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β or interferon gamma (IFNγ) (15 pg/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively) for 24 h. RT1.A (rat MHC I) expression was evaluated using flow cytometry. The total RT1.A-bound peptidome analysis was performed on cell lysates fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing protein (NLRP1), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and (pro) IL-1β expression and secretion were investigated by Western blotting. GRP94 KO increased RT1.A expression in β-cells, as did cytokine exposure compared to relevant controls. Immunopeptidome analysis showed increased RT1.A-bound peptide repertoire in GRP94 KO/i cells as well as in the cells exposed to cytokines. The GRP94 KO/cytokine exposure groups showed partial overlap in their peptide repertoire. Notably, proinsulin-derived peptide diversity increased among the total RT1.A peptidome in GRP94 KO/i along with cytokines exposure. NLRP1 expression was upregulated in GRP94 deficient cells along with decreased IκBα content while proIL-1β cellular levels declined, coupled with increased secretion of mature IL-1β. Our results suggest that limiting β-cell proinsulin chaperoning enhances RT1.A expression alters the MHC-I peptidome including proinsulin peptides and activates inflammatory pathways, suggesting that stress associated with impeding proinsulin handling may sensitize β-cells to immune-attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Khilji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Univesity, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Erika Pinheiro-Machado
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Carolin Hoefner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
| | - Tina Dahlby
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8603 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Ritchlynn Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín CP1650, Argentina
| | - Justyna Klusek
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Surgical Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
| | - Kirti Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.W.P.); (M.T.M.); Tel.: +61-39-902-9265 (A.W.P.); +45-25-520-256 (M.T.M.)
| | - Michal T. Marzec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-002 Kielce, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.W.P.); (M.T.M.); Tel.: +61-39-902-9265 (A.W.P.); +45-25-520-256 (M.T.M.)
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14
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Jamison BL, DiLisio JE, Beard KS, Neef T, Bradley B, Goodman J, Gill RG, Miller SD, Baker RL, Haskins K. Tolerogenic Delivery of a Hybrid Insulin Peptide Markedly Prolongs Islet Graft Survival in the NOD Mouse. Diabetes 2022; 71:483-496. [PMID: 35007324 PMCID: PMC8893950 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance and replacement of islet β-cells are major ongoing goals for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our group previously showed that a hybrid insulin peptide (2.5HIP) is a critical autoantigen for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse model. In this study, we investigated whether induction of Ag-specific tolerance using 2.5HIP-coupled tolerogenic nanoparticles (NPs) could protect diabetic NOD mice from disease recurrence upon syngeneic islet transplantation. Islet graft survival was significantly prolonged in mice treated with 2.5HIP NPs, but not NPs containing the insulin B chain peptide 9-23. Protection in 2.5HIP NP-treated mice was attributed both to the simultaneous induction of anergy in 2.5HIP-specific effector T cells and the expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells specific for the same Ag. Notably, our results indicate that effector function of graft-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for other β-cell epitopes was significantly impaired, suggesting a novel mechanism of therapeutically induced linked suppression. This work establishes that tolerance induction with an HIP can delay recurrent autoimmunity in NOD mice, which could inform the development of an Ag-specific therapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L. Jamison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - James E. DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brenda Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jessica Goodman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ronald G. Gill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Corresponding author: Kathryn Haskins,
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15
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Houeiss P, Boitard C, Luce S. Preclinical Models to Evaluate the Human Response to Autoantigen and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:883000. [PMID: 35498419 PMCID: PMC9044628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.883000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells by auto-reactive T cells. The clinical management of T1D faces the lack of fully predictive biomarkers in its preclinical stage and of antigen-specific therapies to induce or re-induce immune tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and prevent its development. From a therapeutic standpoint, preclinical models of T1D have fallen short of directly translating into humans. To circumvent this limitation, preclinical models are being optimized to allow defining autoantigen epitopes that are presented to T cells and directly apply to the human. In this review, we propose to make a point on the latest available models such as humanized immunodeficient NOD mice models and HLA and autoantigen transgenic mice and their application in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Houeiss
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, Cochin Institute, Department Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetologia (EMD), Institut Nationale de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1016 (INSERMU1016), Paris, France
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
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16
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He L, Wang L, Zhao L, Zhuang Z, Wang X, Huang H, Fu Q, Huang L, Qin Y, Wang P, Yan Q. Integration of RNA-seq and RNAi reveals the contribution of znuA gene to the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and to the immune response of Epinephelus coioides. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1831-1841. [PMID: 34339054 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is an important pathogen in aquaculture and causes serious economic losses. Our previous study indicated that znuA gene might play an important role in the pathogenicity of P. plecoglossicida. Five shRNAs were designed and synthesized to silence the znuA gene of P. plecoglossicida. Two of the five mutants of P. plecoglossicida exhibited significant reduction in the expression level of znuA mRNA with different efficiencies. The mutant with the highest silencing efficiency of 89.2% was chosen for further studies. Intrapleural injection of the znuA-RNAi strain at a dose of 105 cfu/fish did not cause the death of Epinephelus coioides, and no significant signs were observed at the spleen surface of infected E. coioides, while the counterpart E. coioides infected by the same dose of wild-type strain of P. plecoglossicida all died in 5 days post-infection (dpi). The expression of znuA gene of znuA-RNAi strain in E. coioides was always lower than that in wild-type strain of P. plecoglossicida. The pathogen load in the early stage of infection was higher than that in the later stage of infection. Although the infection of the znuA-RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida could induce the production of antibodies in E. coioides, it failed to produce a good immune protection against the infection of wild-type strain of P. plecoglossicida. Compared with the transcriptome data of E. coioides infected by the wild-type strain of P. plecoglossicida, the transcriptome data of E. coioides infected by the znuA-RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida have altered significantly. Among them, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the focal adhesion pathway was significantly enriched and exhibited the largest number of 302 DEMs (differentially expressed mRNAs). These results showed that the immune response of E. coioides to P. plecoglossicida infection was significantly affected by the RNAi of znuA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le He
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Luying Wang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhixia Zhuang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huabin Huang
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qi Fu
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Functional Feed and Environmental Regulation of Fujian Province, Fujian Dabeinong Aquatic Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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17
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Li M, Itoh A, Xi J, Yu C, Wu Y, Ridgway WM, Liu H. Enhancing Antigen Presentation and Inducing Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance with Amphiphilic Peptides. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2051-2059. [PMID: 34526376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific immunotherapy to restore immune tolerance to self-antigens, without global immune suppression, is a long-standing goal in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, vaccination with autoantigens such as insulin or glutamic acid decarboxylase have largely failed in human T1D trials. Induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance by vaccination requires efficient autoantigen presentation by APCs. In this study, we show that a lipophilic modification at the N-terminal end of CD4+ epitopes (lipo-peptides) dramatically improves peptide Ag presentation. We designed amphiphilic lipo-peptides to efficiently target APCs in the lymph nodes by binding and trafficking with endogenous albumin. Additionally, we show that lipophilic modification anchors the peptide into the membranes of APCs, enabling a bivalent cell-surface Ag presentation. The s.c. injected lipo-peptide accumulates in the APCs in the lymph node, enhances the potency and duration of peptide Ag presentation by APCs, and induces Ag-specific immune tolerance that controls both T cell- and B cell-mediated immunity. Immunization with an amphiphilic insulin B chain 9-23 peptide, an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope in NOD mice, significantly suppresses the activation of T cells, increases inhibitory cytokine production, induces regulatory T cells, and delays the onset and lowers the incidence of T1D. Importantly, treatment with a lipophilic β-cell peptide mixture delays progression to end-stage diabetes in acutely diabetic NOD mice, whereas the same doses of standard soluble peptides were not effective. Amphiphilic modification effectively enhances Ag presentation for peptide-based immune regulation of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Arata Itoh
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jingchao Xi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Chunsong Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; and.,Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI
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18
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Musthaffa Y, Hamilton-Williams EE, Nel HJ, Bergot AS, Mehdi AM, Harris M, Thomas R. Proinsulin-specific T-cell responses correlate with estimated c-peptide and predict partial remission duration in type 1 diabetes. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1315. [PMID: 34336205 PMCID: PMC8312239 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which autoreactive T cells destroy insulin-producing β-cells. Interventions that preserve β-cell function represent a fundamental therapeutic goal in T1D and biomarkers that predict and monitor β-cell function, and changes in islet autoantigenic signatures are needed. As proinsulin and neoantigens derived from proinsulin peptides (hybrid insulin peptides, HIPs) are important T1D autoantigens, we analysed peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell autoantigen-specific proliferative responses and their relationship to estimated β-cell function. Methods We recruited 72 people with and 42 without T1D, including 17 pre-diabetic islet antibody-positive and 9 antibody-negative first-degree relatives and 16 unrelated healthy controls with T1D-risk HLA types. We estimated C-peptide level at 3-month intervals for 2 years post-diagnosis and measured CD4+ T-cell proliferation to proinsulin epitopes and HIPs using an optimised bioassay. Results We show that CD4+ T-cell proliferation to any islet peptide and to multiple epitopes were significantly more frequent in pre-diabetic islet antibody-positive siblings and participants with T1D ≤ 3 months of duration, than in participants with T1D > 3 months or healthy controls. Among participants with T1D and first-degree relatives, CD4+ T-cell proliferation occurred most frequently in response to proinsulin33-63 (full-length C-peptide). Proinsulin33-63-specific responses were associated with HLA-DR3-DQ2 and/or HLA-DR4/DQ8. In children with T1D, proinsulin33-63-specific T-cell proliferation positively associated with concurrent estimated C-peptide and predicted survival in honeymoon. Conclusion CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to proinsulin-containing autoantigens are common before and immediately after diagnosis of T1D but decline thereafter. Proinsulin33-63-specific CD4+ T-cell response is a novel marker of estimated residual endogenous β-cell function and predicts a better 2-year disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin Musthaffa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Queensland Children's Hospital South Brisbane QLD Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ahmed M Mehdi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Queensland Children's Hospital South Brisbane QLD Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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19
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The dark side of insulin: A primary autoantigen and instrument of self-destruction in type 1 diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101288. [PMID: 34242821 PMCID: PMC8513143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since its discovery 100 years ago, insulin, as the ‘cure’ for type 1 diabetes, has rescued the lives of countless individuals. As the century unfolded and the autoimmune nature of type 1 diabetes was recognised, a darker side of insulin emerged. Autoimmunity to insulin was found to be an early marker of risk for type 1 diabetes in young children. In humans, it remains unclear if autoimmunity to insulin is primarily due to a defect in the beta cell itself or to dysregulated immune activation. Conversely, it may be secondary to beta-cell damage from an environmental agent (e.g., virus). Nevertheless, direct, interventional studies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse models of type 1 diabetes point to a critical role for (pro)insulin as a primary autoantigen that drives beta cell pathology. Scope of review Modelled on Koch's postulates for the pathogenicity of an infectious agent, evidence for a pathogenic role of (pro)insulin as an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, particularly applicable to the NOD mouse model, is reviewed. Evidence in humans remains circumstantial. Additionally, as (pro)insulin is a target of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes, its application as a therapeutic tool to elicit antigen-specific immune tolerance is assessed. Major conclusions Paradoxically, insulin is both a ‘cure’ and a potential ‘cause’ of type 1 diabetes, actively participating as an autoantigen to drive autoimmune destruction of beta cells - the instrument of its own destruction.
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20
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Reed BK, Kappler JW. Hidden in Plain View: Discovery of Chimeric Diabetogenic CD4 T Cell Neo-Epitopes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669986. [PMID: 33986758 PMCID: PMC8111216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell antigens driving autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) have been pursued for more than three decades. When diabetogenic CD4 T cell clones and their relevant MHCII antigen presenting alleles were first identified in rodents and humans, the path to discovering the peptide epitopes within pancreatic beta cell proteins seemed straightforward. However, as experimental results accumulated, definitive data were often absent or controversial. Work within the last decade has helped to clear up some of the controversy by demonstrating that a number of the important MHCII presented epitopes are not encoded in the natural beta cell proteins, but in fact are fusions between peptide fragments derived from the same or different proteins. Recently, the mechanism for generating these MHCII diabetogenic chimeric epitopes has been attributed to a form of reverse proteolysis, called transpeptidation, a process that has been well-documented in the production of MHCI presented epitopes. In this mini-review we summarize these data and their implications for T1D and other autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Reed
- Research Division, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John W Kappler
- Research Division, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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21
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Bretscher PA. The historical postulate: Is it the basis, at the level of the system, for self-nonself discrimination? Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13033. [PMID: 33624328 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Burnet envisaged the early presence of self-antigens in development, or 'the history' of an animal, ablates the animal's ability to immunologically respond against them. Lederberg added the idea that the continuous presence of self-antigens is required to maintain tolerance throughout life. We refer to Lederberg's proposal as 'The Historical Postulate'. The mechanism of central tolerance, as now understood, is consistent with The Historical Postulate. Some observations, reflecting peripheral tolerance, appear inconsistent with this postulate. For example, some foreign peripheral tissues, grafted onto an animal before the immune system develops, can be rejected as the immune system matures. The original two-signal model of lymphocyte activation was proposed in part because it accounted for peripheral tolerance in a manner consistent with The Historical Postulate. We proposed that lymphocyte activation required antigen-mediated lymphocyte cooperation, whereas antigen would inactivate lymphocytes when insufficient in number to achieve activation. We argue here that the exceptions to The Historical Postulate can be explained by the two-signal model of lymphocyte activation: they reflect the existence of greater numbers of lymphocytes specific for these antigens than for natural peripheral antigens, and so are outside the physiological limits important in selecting through evolution this mechanism of peripheral tolerance. We argue that a consideration of whether The Historical Postulate is valid is important, even if only valid within certain understandable limits. The currently popular DAMP model of CD4 T cell activation is, strictly speaking and in a manner we discuss, in violation of this postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bretscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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22
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Nandedkar-Kulkarni N, Esakov E, Gregg B, Atkinson MA, Rogers DG, Horner JD, Singer K, Lundy SK, Felton JL, Al-Huniti T, Kalinoski AN, Morran MP, Gupta NK, Bretz JD, Balaji S, Chen T, McInerney MF. Insulin Receptor-Expressing T Cells Appear in Individuals at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes and Can Move into the Pancreas in C57BL/6 Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1443-1453. [PMID: 33658296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) expression on the T cell surface can indicate an activated state; however, the IR is also chemotactic, enabling T cells with high IR expression to physically move toward insulin. In humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the NOD mouse model, a T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells occurs. In previous work, when purified IR+ and IR- T cells were sorted from diabetic NOD mice and transferred into irradiated nondiabetic NOD mice, only those that received IR+ T cells developed insulitis and diabetes. In this study, peripheral blood samples from individuals with T1D (new onset to 14 y of duration), relatives at high-risk for T1D, defined by positivity for islet autoantibodies, and healthy controls were examined for frequency of IR+ T cells. High-risk individuals had significantly higher numbers of IR+ T cells as compared with those with T1D (p < 0.01) and controls (p < 0.001); however, the percentage of IR+ T cells in circulation did not differ significantly between T1D and control subjects. With the hypothesis that IR+ T cells traffic to the pancreas in T1D, we developed a (to our knowledge) novel mouse model exhibiting a FLAG-tagged mouse IR on T cells on the C57BL/6 background, which is not susceptible to developing T1D. Interestingly, these C57BL/6-CD3FLAGmIR/mfm mice showed evidence of increased IR+ T cell trafficking into the islets compared with C57BL/6 controls (p < 0.001). This transgenic animal model provides a (to our knowledge) novel platform for investigating the influence of IR expression on T cell trafficking and the development of insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Nandedkar-Kulkarni
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Emily Esakov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.,University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Douglas G Rogers
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44053
| | - James D Horner
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jamie L Felton
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Tasneem Al-Huniti
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Andrea Nestor Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Michael P Morran
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Nirdesh K Gupta
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - James D Bretz
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Swapnaa Balaji
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606; and
| | - Marcia F McInerney
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614; .,Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614
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23
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Mannering SI, Bhattacharjee P. Insulin's other life: an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:448-460. [PMID: 33524197 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Frederick Banting, John Macleod, Charles Best and James Collip, and their collaborators, discovered insulin. This discovery paved the way to saving countless lives and ushered in the "Insulin Era." Since the discovery of insulin, we have made enormous strides in understanding its role in metabolism and diabetes. Insulin has played a dramatic role in the treatment of people with diabetes; particularly type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin replacement is a life-saving therapy for people with T1D and some with type 2 diabetes. T1D is an autoimmune disease caused by the T-cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells that leads to a primary insulin deficiency. It has become increasingly clear that insulin, and its precursors preproinsulin (PPI) and proinsulin (PI), can play another role-not as a hormone but as an autoantigen in T1D. Here we review the role played by the products of the INS gene as autoantigens in people with T1D. From many elegant animal studies, it is clear that T-cell responses to insulin, PPI and PI are essential for T1D to develop. Here we review the evidence that autoimmune responses to insulin and PPI arise in people with T1D and discuss the recently described neoepitopes derived from the products of the insulin gene. Finally, we look forward to new approaches to deliver epitopes derived from PPI, PI and insulin that may allow immune tolerance to pancreatic beta cells to be restored in people with, or at risk of, T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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24
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Zakharov PN, Hu H, Wan X, Unanue ER. Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine islets shows high cellular complexity at all stages of autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151619. [PMID: 32251514 PMCID: PMC7971127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are driven by activation of diverse immune cells in the target organs. However, the molecular signatures of immune cell populations over time in an autoimmune process remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we performed an unbiased examination of diverse islet-infiltrating cells during autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. The data revealed a landscape of transcriptional heterogeneity across the lymphoid and myeloid compartments. Memory CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells appeared early in islets, accompanied by regulatory cells with distinct phenotypes. Surprisingly, we observed a dramatic remodeling in the islet microenvironment, in which the resident macrophages underwent a stepwise activation program. This process resulted in polarization of the macrophage subpopulations into a terminal proinflammatory state. This study provides a single-cell atlas defining the staging of autoimmune diabetes and reveals that diabetic autoimmunity is driven by transcriptionally distinct cell populations specialized in divergent biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Zakharov
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hao Hu
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Persistence of self-reactive CD8+ T cells in the CNS requires TOX-dependent chromatin remodeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1009. [PMID: 33579927 PMCID: PMC7881115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive CD8+ T cells are important mediators of progressive tissue damage in autoimmune diseases, but the molecular program underlying these cells' functional adaptation is unclear. Here we characterize the transcriptional and epigenetic landscape of self-reactive CD8+ T cells in a mouse model of protracted central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity and compare it to populations of CNS-resident memory CD8+ T cells emerging from acute viral infection. We find that autoimmune CD8+ T cells persisting at sites of self-antigen exhibit characteristic transcriptional regulation together with distinct epigenetic remodeling. This self-reactive CD8+ T cell fate depends on the transcriptional regulation by the DNA-binding HMG-box protein TOX which remodels more than 400 genomic regions including loci such as Tcf7, which is central to stemness of CD8+ T cells. Continuous exposure to CNS self-antigen sustains TOX levels in self-reactive CD8+ T cells, whereas genetic ablation of TOX in CD8+ T cells results in shortened persistence of self-reactive CD8+ T cells in the inflamed CNS. Our study establishes and characterizes the genetic differentiation program enabling chronic T cell-driven immunopathology in CNS autoimmunity.
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26
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Kohil A, Al-Asmakh M, Al-Shafai M, Terranegra A. The Interplay Between Diet and the Epigenome in the Pathogenesis of Type-1 Diabetes. Front Nutr 2021; 7:612115. [PMID: 33585535 PMCID: PMC7876257 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.612115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), results in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, and the International Diabetes Federation reports that its incidence is increasing worldwide. T1DM is a complex disease due to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Certain dietary patterns and nutrients are known to cause epigenetic modifications in physiological conditions and diseases. However, the interplay between diet and epigenetics is not yet well-understood in the context of T1DM. Several studies have described epigenetic mechanisms involved in the autoimmune reactions that destroy the β-cells, but few explored diet components as potential triggers for epigenetic modifications. Clarifying the link between diet and epigenome can provide new insights into the pathogenesis of T1DM, potentially leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this mini review, we shed light on the influence of the diet-epigenome axis on the pathophysiology of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Kohil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mashael Al-Shafai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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27
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Wen X, Yang J, James E, Chow IT, Reijonen H, Kwok WW. Increased islet antigen-specific regulatory and effector CD4 + T cells in healthy individuals with the type 1 diabetes-protective haplotype. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/44/eaax8767. [PMID: 32060144 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax8767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:02 (DR1501-DQ6) haplotype is linked to dominant protection from type 1 diabetes, but the cellular mechanism for this association is unclear. To address this question, we identified multiple DR1501- and DQ6-restricted glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)-specific T cell epitopes. Three of the DR1501/DQ6-restricted epitopes identified were previously reported to be restricted by DRB1*04:01/DRB1*03:01/DQB1*03:02. We also used specific class II tetramer reagents to assess T cell frequencies. Our results indicated that GAD65- and IGRP-specific effector and CD25+CD127-FOXP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells were present at higher frequencies in individuals with the protective haplotype than those with susceptible or neutral haplotypes. We further confirmed higher frequencies of islet antigen-specific effector and regulatory CD4+ T cells in DR1501-DQ6 individuals through a CD154/CD137 up-regulation assay. DR1501-restricted effector T cells were capable of producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) but were more likely to produce IL-10 compared with effectors from individuals with susceptible haplotypes. To evaluate their capacity for antigen-specific regulatory activity, we cloned GAD65 and IGRP epitope-specific regulatory T cells. We showed that these regulatory T cells suppressed DR1501-restricted GAD65- and IGRP-specific effectors and DQB1*03:02-restricted GAD65-specific effectors in an antigen-specific fashion. In total, these results suggest that the protective DR1501-DQ6 haplotype confers protection through increased frequencies of islet-specific IL-10-producing T effectors and CD25+CD127-FOXP3+ regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wen
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie James
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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28
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Matsumoto Y, Kishida K, Matsumoto M, Matsuoka S, Kohyama M, Suenaga T, Arase H. A TCR-like antibody against a proinsulin-containing fusion peptide ameliorates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:680-686. [PMID: 33208230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The response of autoreactive T cells to β cell antigens plays a central role in the development of T1D. Recently, fusion peptides composed by insulin C-peptide fragments and other proteins were reported as β cell target antigens for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. In this study, we generated a T cell-receptor (TCR)-like monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a fusion peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II component to elucidate the function of the fusion peptides in T1D. In addition, we developed a novel NFAT-GFP TCR reporter system to evaluate the TCR-like mAb. The NFAT-GFP reporter T cells expressing the diabetogenic TCR were specifically activated by the fusion peptide presented on the MHC class II molecules. By using the NFAT-GFP reporter T cells, we showed that the TCR-like mAb blocks the diabetogenic T cell response against the fusion peptide presented on the MHC class II molecules. Furthermore, the development of T1D was ameliorated when pre-diabetic NOD mice were treated with this mAb. These findings suggest that NFAT-GFP reporter T cells are useful to assess the function of specific TCR and the recognition of fusion peptides by T cells is crucial for the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Matsumoto
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kishida
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maki Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sumiko Matsuoka
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masako Kohyama
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Suenaga
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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29
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Cepeda JR, Sekhar NS, Han J, Xiong W, Zhang N, Yu L, Dai S, Davidson HW, Kappler JW, An Z, Zhang L. A monoclonal antibody with broad specificity for the ligands of insulin B:9-23 reactive T cells prevents spontaneous type 1 diabetes in mice. MAbs 2020; 12:1836714. [PMID: 33151102 PMCID: PMC7668530 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1836714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cells specific for insulin B chain amino acids 9 to 23 (B:9–23) is essential for the initiation of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic mice. We previously reported that peptide/MHC complexes containing optimized B:9–23 mimotopes can activate most insulin-reactive pathogenic T cells. A monoclonal antibody (mAb287) targeting these complexes prevented disease in 30–50% of treated animals (compared to 10% of animals given an isotype control). The incomplete protection is likely due to the relatively low affinity of the antibody for its ligand and limited specificity. Here, we report an enhanced reagent, mAb757, with improved specificity, affinity, and efficacy in modulating T1D. Importantly, mAb757 bound with nanomolar affinity to agonists of both “type A” and “type B” cells and suppressed “type B” cells more efficiently than mAb287. When given weekly starting at 4 weeks of age, mAb757 protected ~70% of treated mice from developing T1D for at least 35 weeks, while mAb287 only delayed disease in 25% of animals under the same conditions. Consistent with its higher affinity, mAb757 was also able to stain antigen-presenting cells loaded with B:9–23 mimotopes in vivo. We conclude that monoclonal antibodies that can block the presentation of pathogenic T cell receptor epitopes are viable candidates for antigen-specific immunotherapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ray Cepeda
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitin S Sekhar
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junying Han
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John W Kappler
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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A novel intratumoral pH/redox-dual-responsive nanoplatform for cancer MR imaging and therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 573:263-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Thomaidou S, Kracht MJL, van der Slik A, Laban S, de Koning EJ, Carlotti F, Hoeben RC, Roep BO, Zaldumbide A. β-Cell Stress Shapes CTL Immune Recognition of Preproinsulin Signal Peptide by Posttranscriptional Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1. Diabetes 2020; 69:670-680. [PMID: 31896552 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The signal peptide of preproinsulin is a major source for HLA class I autoantigen epitopes implicated in CD8 T cell (CTL)-mediated β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Among them, the 10-mer epitope located at the C-terminal end of the signal peptide was found to be the most prevalent in patients with recent-onset T1D. While the combined action of signal peptide peptidase and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is required for processing of the signal peptide, the mechanisms controlling signal peptide trimming and the contribution of the T1D inflammatory milieu on these mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show in human β-cells that ER stress regulates ERAP1 gene expression at posttranscriptional level via the IRE1α/miR-17-5p axis and demonstrate that inhibition of the IRE1α activity impairs processing of preproinsulin signal peptide antigen and its recognition by specific autoreactive CTLs during inflammation. These results underscore the impact of ER stress in the increased visibility of β-cells to the immune system and position the IRE1α/miR-17 pathway as a central component in β-cell destruction processes and as a potential target for the treatment of autoimmune T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Thomaidou
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Slik
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Laban
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Francoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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32
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Falcone M, Fousteri G. Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Dyad in the Maintenance of Pancreatic Immune Tolerance for Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:569. [PMID: 32973682 PMCID: PMC7466754 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pancreas, like almost all organs in the human body, is immunologically tolerated despite the presence of innate and adaptive immune cells that promptly mediate protective immune responses against pathogens in situ. The PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway seems to play a key role in the maintenance of immune tolerance systemically and within the pancreatic tissue. Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM), T regulatory cells (Treg), macrophages and even β cells exhibit PD-1 or PD-L1 expression that contributes in controlling pancreatic immune homeostasis and tolerance. Dysregulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis as shown by animal studies and our recent experience with checkpoint inhibitory blockade in humans can lead to immune dysfunctions leading to chronic inflammatory disease and to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in genetically susceptible individuals. In this review, we discuss the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pancreatic tissue homeostasis and tolerance, speculate how genetic and environmental factors can regulate the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, and discuss PD-1/PD-L1-based therapeutic approaches for pancreatic islet transplantation and T1D treatment.
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Verhagen J, Yusuf N, Smith EL, Whettlock EM, Naran K, Arif S, Peakman M. Proinsulin peptide promotes autoimmune diabetes in a novel HLA-DR3-DQ2-transgenic murine model of spontaneous disease. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2252-2261. [PMID: 31612266 PMCID: PMC6861537 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The molecular basis for the pathological impact of specific HLA molecules on autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes remains unclear. Recent natural history studies in children have indicated a link between specific HLA genotypes and the first antigenic target against which immune responses develop. We set out to examine this link in vivo by exploring the diabetogenicity of islet antigens on the background of a common diabetes-associated HLA haplotype. METHODS We generated a novel HLA-transgenic mouse model that expresses high-risk genes for type 1 diabetes (DRB1*03:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01) as well as human CD80 under the rat insulin promoter and human CD4, on a C57BL/6 background. Adjuvanted antigen priming was used to reveal the diabetogenicity of candidate antigens and peptides. RESULTS HLA-DR3-DQ2+huCD4+IA/IE-/-RIP.B7.1+ mice spontaneously developed autoimmune diabetes (incidence 46% by 35 weeks of age), accompanied by numerous hallmarks of human type 1 diabetes (autoantibodies against GAD65 and proinsulin; pancreatic islet infiltration by CD4+, CD8+ B220+, CD11b+ and CD11c+ immune cells). Disease was markedly accelerated and had deeper penetrance after adjuvanted antigen priming with proinsulin (mean onset 11 weeks and incidence 100% by 20 weeks post challenge). Moreover, the diabetogenic effect of proinsulin located to the 15-residue B29-C11 region. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study identifies a proinsulin-derived peptide region that is highly diabetogenic on the HLA-DR3-DQ2 background using an in vivo model. This approach and the peptide region identified may have wider implications for future studies of human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Verhagen
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Norkhairin Yusuf
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Emily M Whettlock
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kerina Naran
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sefina Arif
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
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Huang Q, Kahn CR, Altindis E. Viral Hormones: Expanding Dimensions in Endocrinology. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2165-2179. [PMID: 31310273 PMCID: PMC6736053 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have developed different mechanisms to manipulate their hosts, including the process of viral mimicry in which viruses express important host proteins. Until recently, examples of viral mimicry were limited to mimics of growth factors and immunomodulatory proteins. Using a comprehensive bioinformatics approach, we have shown that viruses possess the DNA/RNA with potential to encode 16 different peptides with high sequence similarity to human peptide hormones and metabolically important regulatory proteins. We have characterized one of these families, the viral insulin/IGF-1-like peptides (VILPs), which we identified in four members of the Iridoviridae family. VILPs can bind to human insulin and IGF-1 receptors and stimulate classic postreceptor signaling pathways. Moreover, VILPs can stimulate glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo and stimulate DNA synthesis. DNA sequences of some VILP-carrying viruses have been identified in the human enteric virome. In addition to VILPs, sequences with homology to 15 other peptide hormones or cytokines can be identified in viral DNA/RNA sequences, some with a very high identity to hormones. Recent data by others has identified a peptide that resembles and mimics α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone's anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, these studies reveal novel mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogenesis in which the microbe can directly target or mimic the host endocrine system. These findings also introduce the concept of a system of microbial hormones that provides new insights into the evolution of peptide hormones, as well as potential new roles of microbial hormones in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Emrah Altindis, PhD, Boston College Biology Department, Higgins Hall 515, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467. E-mail:
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Unanue ER, Wan X. The Immunoreactive Platform of the Pancreatic Islets Influences the Development of Autoreactivity. Diabetes 2019; 68:1544-1551. [PMID: 31331989 PMCID: PMC6692819 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is maintained through a finely tuned balance between the immune system and the organ-resident cells. Disruption of this process not only results in organ dysfunction but also may trigger detrimental autoimmune responses. The islet of Langerhans consists of the insulin-producing β-cells essential for proper control of body metabolism, but less appreciated is that these cells naturally interact with the immune system, forming a platform by which the β-cell products are sensed, processed, and responded to by the local immune cells, particularly the islet-resident macrophages. Although its physiological outcomes are not completely understood, this immunoreactive platform is crucial for precipitating islet autoreactivity in individuals carrying genetic risks, leading to the development of type 1 diabetes. In this Perspective, we summarize recent studies that examine the cross talk between the β-cells and various immune components, with a primary focus on discussing how antigenic information generated during normal β-cell catabolism can be delivered to the resident macrophage and further recognized by the adaptive CD4 T-cell system, a critical step to initiate autoimmune diabetes. The core nature of the islet immune platform can be extrapolated to other endocrine tissues and may represent a common mechanism underlying the development of autoimmune syndromes influencing multiple endocrine organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Guo SS, Wang Y, Fan QX. Raddeanin A promotes apoptosis and ameliorates 5-fluorouracil resistance in cholangiocarcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3380-3391. [PMID: 31341363 PMCID: PMC6639556 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i26.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct cancer is characterized by fast metastasis and invasion and has been regarded as one of the most aggressive tumors due to the absence of effective diagnosis at an early stage. Therefore, it is in the urgent demand to explore novel diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for bile duct cancer to improve patient survival. Raddeanin A (RA) is extracted from the anemone raddeana regel and has been demonstrated to play antitumor roles in various cancers.
AIM To investigate the effects of RA treatment on bile duct cancer cells.
METHODS In this study, four cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (RBE, LIPF155C, LIPF178C, and LICCF) treated with RA were used to test the cell viability. The RA-associated cell functional analysis, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) effectiveness as well as cell cycle- and apoptosis-related protein expression were investigated.
RESULTS RA reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent pattern in four cell lines, and the migration and colony formation abilities were also impaired by RA in RBE and LIPF155C cell lines. RA sensitized cell lines to 5-Fu treatment and enhanced the effects of 5-Fu in cholangiocarcinoma. Also, RA decreased protein expression of Wee1, while the combinational effect of RA and 5-Fu decreased protein expressions of cyclooxygenase-2, B cell lymphoma 2, and Wee1 but increased protein levels of Bax, cyclin D1, and cyclin E.
CONCLUSION Taken together, the results suggest that RA acts as an anti-cancer agent and enhancer of 5-Fu in bile duct cancer cells via regulating multiple cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins. This finding provides novel clues to exploring a novel antitumor drug for bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Guo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan Province, China
| | - Qing-Xia Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
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Lages A, Proud CG, Holloway JW, Vorechovsky I. Thioflavin T Monitoring of Guanine Quadruplex Formation in the rs689-Dependent INS Intron 1. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:770-777. [PMID: 31150930 PMCID: PMC6539410 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human proinsulin gene (INS) contains a thymine-to-adenine variant (rs689) located in the 3′ splice site (3′ ss) recognition motif of the first intron. The adenine at rs689 is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes. By weakening the polypyrimidine tract, the adenine allele reduces the efficiency of intron 1 splicing, which can be ameliorated by antisense oligonucleotides blocking a splicing silencer located upstream of the 3′ ss. The silencer is surrounded by guanine-rich tracts that may form guanine quadruplexes (G4s) and modulate the accessibility of the silencer. Here, we employed thioflavin T (ThT) to monitor G4 formation in synthetic DNAs and RNAs derived from INS intron 1. We show that the antisense target is surrounded by ThT-positive segments in each direction, with oligoribonucleotides exhibiting consistently higher fluorescence than their DNA counterparts. The signal was reduced for ThT-positive oligonucleotides that were extended into the silencer, indicating that flanking G4s have a potential to mask target accessibility. Real-time monitoring of ThT fluorescence during INS transcription in vitro revealed a negative correlation with ex vivo splicing activities of corresponding INS constructs. Together, these results provide a better characterization of antisense targets in INS primary transcripts for restorative strategies designed to improve the INS splicing defect associated with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lages
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christopher G Proud
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Lifelong Health and Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - John W Holloway
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Igor Vorechovsky
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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38
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Jamison BL, Neef T, Goodspeed A, Bradley B, Baker RL, Miller SD, Haskins K. Nanoparticles Containing an Insulin-ChgA Hybrid Peptide Protect from Transfer of Autoimmune Diabetes by Shifting the Balance between Effector T Cells and Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:48-57. [PMID: 31109955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a critical role in promoting the development of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. The diabetogenic CD4 T cell clone BDC-2.5, originally isolated from a NOD mouse, has been widely used to study the contribution of autoreactive CD4 T cells and relevant Ags to autoimmune diabetes. Recent work from our laboratory has shown that the Ag for BDC-2.5 T cells is a hybrid insulin peptide (2.5HIP) consisting of an insulin C-peptide fragment fused to a peptide from chromogranin A (ChgA) and that endogenous 2.5HIP-reactive T cells are major contributors to autoimmune pathology in NOD mice. The objective of this study was to determine if poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the 2.5HIP Ag (2.5HIP-coupled PLG NPs) can tolerize BDC-2.5 T cells. Infusion of 2.5HIP-coupled PLG NPs was found to prevent diabetes in an adoptive transfer model by impairing the ability of BDC-2.5 T cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines through induction of anergy, leading to an increase in the ratio of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to IFN-γ+ effector T cells. To our knowledge, this work is the first to use a hybrid insulin peptide, or any neoepitope, to re-educate diabetogenic T cells and may have significant implications for the development of an Ag-specific therapy for type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L Jamison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Brenda Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
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39
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Esposito S, Toni G, Tascini G, Santi E, Berioli MG, Principi N. Environmental Factors Associated With Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:592. [PMID: 31555211 PMCID: PMC6722188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive pancreatic ß-cell destruction and culminates in absolute insulin deficiency and stable hyperglycaemia. It is very likely that environmental factors play a role in triggering islet autoimmunity. Knowing whether they have true relevance in favoring T1D development is essential for the effective prevention of the disease. Moreover, prevention could be obtained directly interfering with the development of autoimmunity through autoantigen-based immunotherapy. In this narrative review, the present possibilities for the prevention of T1D are discussed. Presently, interventions to prevent T1D are generally made in subjects in whom autoimmunity is already activated and autoantibodies against pancreatic cell components have been detected. Practically, the goal is to slow down the immune process by preserving the normal structure of the pancreatic islets for as long as possible. Unfortunately, presently methods able to avoid the risk of autoimmune activation are not available. Elimination of environmental factors associated with T1D development, reverse of epigenetic modifications that favor initiation of autoimmunity in subjects exposed to environmental factors and use of autoantigen-based immunotherapy are possible approaches, although for all these measures definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. However, the road is traced and it is possible that in a not so distant future an effective prevention of the disease to all the subjects at risk can be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Susanna Esposito
| | - Giada Toni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tascini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Santi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Berioli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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40
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Wan X, Unanue ER. Antigen recognition in autoimmune diabetes: a novel pathway underlying disease initiation. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2018; 1:102-110. [PMID: 30687564 PMCID: PMC6333048 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pby015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of human autoimmune disorders results from complex interplay among genetic, environmental, and immunological risk factors. Despite much heterogeneity in environmental triggers, the leading genes that give the propensity for tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are those associated with particular class II major histocompatibility complex alleles. Such genetic predisposition precipitates presentation of tissue antigens to MHC-II-restricted CD4 T cells. When properly activated, these self-reactive CD4 T cells migrate to the target tissue and trigger the initial immune attack. Using the non-obese diabetic mouse model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, much insight has been gained in understanding how presentation of physiological levels of self-antigens translates into pathological outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent advances illustrating the features of the antigen presenting cells, the sites of the antigen recognition, and the nature of the consequent T cell responses. We emphasize emerging evidence that highlights the importance of systemic presentation of catabolized tissue antigens in mobilization of pathogenic T cells. The implication of these studies in therapeutic perspectives is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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41
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Proinsulin-mediated induction of type 1 diabetes in HLA-DR4-transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14106. [PMID: 30237494 PMCID: PMC6148278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy of autoimmune disease currently remains the only potentially curative approach. However, translation of promising pre-clinical results into successful clinical application has proven challenging. In part, this is because pre-clinical findings in mouse models have to be redesigned for human application due to differences in MHC II. To reduce the gap between pre-clinical and clinical studies, we have created a novel mouse model that expresses human HLA-DR4, but no endogenous MHC on antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, human B7.1 (CD80) is expressed in the pancreatic islets under the control of the rat insulin promoter. Although this model does not develop diabetes spontaneously, it is susceptible to the induction of type 1 diabetes by challenging mice with overlapping peptides derived from murine proinsulin-2 in adjuvant. Unlike the NOD model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, but akin to the human condition, this model does not have a gender bias. Furthermore, similar to the human condition, the disease is characterised by a diverse leucocyte infiltration of the pancreatic islets and the formation of anti-proinsulin auto-antibodies. The model that we report here offers detailed insights into type-1 diabetes and is expected to prove instrumental when studying the mechanism of action in translational, antigen-specific immunotherapy.
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42
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Pearson JA, Agriantonis A, Wong FS, Wen L. Modulation of the immune system by the gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2580-2596. [PMID: 30156993 PMCID: PMC6314421 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1514354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T1D is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, resulting in hyperglycemia, with patients requiring lifelong insulin treatment. Many studies have shown that genetics alone are not sufficient for the increase in T1D incidence and thus other factors have been suggested to modify the disease risk. T1D incidence has sharply increased in the developed world, especially amongst youth. In Europe, T1D incidence is increasing at an annual rate of 3-4%. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota, as one of the environmental factors influencing diabetes development, play an important role in development of T1D. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the relationship between the microbiota and T1D. We also discuss the possibility of T1D prevention by changing the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Agriantonis
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Felton JL, Maseda D, Bonami RH, Hulbert C, Thomas JW. Anti-Insulin B Cells Are Poised for Antigen Presentation in Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:861-873. [PMID: 29950508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early breaches in B cell tolerance are central to type 1 diabetes progression in mouse and man. Conventional BCR transgenic mouse models (VH125.Tg NOD) reveal the power of B cell specificity to drive disease as APCs. However, in conventional fixed IgM models, comprehensive assessment of B cell development is limited. To provide more accurate insight into the developmental and functional fates of anti-insulin B cells, we generated a new NOD model (VH125SDNOD) in which anti-insulin VDJH125 is targeted to the IgH chain locus to generate a small (1-2%) population of class switch-competent insulin-binding B cells. Tracking of this rare population in a polyclonal repertoire reveals that anti-insulin B cells are preferentially skewed into marginal zone and late transitional subsets known to have increased sensitivity to proinflammatory signals. Additionally, IL-10 production, characteristic of regulatory B cell subsets, is increased. In contrast to conventional models, class switch-competent anti-insulin B cells proliferate normally in response to mitogenic stimuli but remain functionally silent for insulin autoantibody production. Diabetes development is accelerated, which demonstrates the power of anti-insulin B cells to exacerbate disease without differentiation into Ab-forming or plasma cells. Autoreactive T cell responses in VH125SDNOD mice are not restricted to insulin autoantigens, as evidenced by increased IFN-γ production to a broad array of diabetes-associated epitopes. Together, these results independently validate the pathogenic role of anti-insulin B cells in type 1 diabetes, underscore their diverse developmental fates, and demonstrate the pathologic potential of coupling a critical β cell specificity to predominantly proinflammatory Ag-presenting B cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Felton
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Damian Maseda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Chrys Hulbert
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James W Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and .,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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Revealing the specificity of regulatory T cells in murine autoimmune diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5265-5270. [PMID: 29712852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715590115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control organ-specific autoimmunity in a tissue antigen-specific manner, yet little is known about their specificity in a natural repertoire. In this study, we used the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes to investigate the antigen specificity of Tregs present in the inflamed tissue, the islets of Langerhans. Compared with Tregs present in spleen and lymph node, Tregs in the islets showed evidence of antigen stimulation that correlated with higher proliferation and expression of activation markers CD103, ICOS, and TIGIT. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire profiling demonstrated that islet Treg clonotypes are expanded in the islets, suggesting localized antigen-driven expansion in inflamed islets. To determine their specificity, we captured TCRαβ pairs from islet Tregs using single-cell TCR sequencing and found direct evidence that some of these TCRs were specific for islet-derived antigens including insulin B:9-23 and proinsulin. Consistently, insulin B:9-23 tetramers readily detected insulin-specific Tregs in the islets of NOD mice. Lastly, islet Tregs from prediabetic NOD mice were effective at preventing diabetes in Treg-deficient NOD.CD28-/- recipients. These results provide a glimpse into the specificities of Tregs in a natural repertoire that are crucial for opposing the progression of autoimmune diabetes.
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45
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Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Pujol-Autonell I, Brianso F, Perna-Barrull D, Cano-Sarabia M, Garcia-Jimeno S, Villalba A, Sanchez A, Aguilera E, Vazquez F, Verdaguer J, Maspoch D, Vives-Pi M. Phosphatidylserine-Liposomes Promote Tolerogenic Features on Dendritic Cells in Human Type 1 Diabetes by Apoptotic Mimicry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29491866 PMCID: PMC5817077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a metabolic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. With its incidence increasing worldwide, to find a safe approach to permanently cease autoimmunity and allow β-cell recovery has become vital. Relying on the inherent ability of apoptotic cells to induce immunological tolerance, we demonstrated that liposomes mimicking apoptotic β-cells arrested autoimmunity to β-cells and prevented experimental T1D through tolerogenic dendritic cell (DC) generation. These liposomes contained phosphatidylserine (PS)—the main signal of the apoptotic cell membrane—and β-cell autoantigens. To move toward a clinical application, PS-liposomes with optimum size and composition for phagocytosis were loaded with human insulin peptides and tested on DCs from patients with T1D and control age-related subjects. PS accelerated phagocytosis of liposomes with a dynamic typical of apoptotic cell clearance, preserving DCs viability. After PS-liposomes phagocytosis, the expression pattern of molecules involved in efferocytosis, antigen presentation, immunoregulation, and activation in DCs concurred with a tolerogenic functionality, both in patients and control subjects. Furthermore, DCs exposed to PS-liposomes displayed decreased ability to stimulate autologous T cell proliferation. Moreover, transcriptional changes in DCs from patients with T1D after PS-liposomes phagocytosis pointed to an immunoregulatory prolife. Bioinformatics analysis showed 233 differentially expressed genes. Genes involved in antigen presentation were downregulated, whereas genes pertaining to tolerogenic/anti-inflammatory pathways were mostly upregulated. In conclusion, PS-liposomes phagocytosis mimics efferocytosis and leads to phenotypic and functional changes in human DCs, which are accountable for tolerance induction. The herein reported results reinforce the potential of this novel immunotherapy to re-establish immunological tolerance, opening the door to new therapeutic approaches in the field of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ferran Brianso
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sonia Garcia-Jimeno
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Adrian Villalba
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alex Sanchez
- Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Aguilera
- Endocrinology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Federico Vazquez
- Endocrinology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.,CIBERDEM, ISCiii, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,CIBERDEM, ISCiii, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Rojas J, Bermudez V, Palmar J, Martínez MS, Olivar LC, Nava M, Tomey D, Rojas M, Salazar J, Garicano C, Velasco M. Pancreatic Beta Cell Death: Novel Potential Mechanisms in Diabetes Therapy. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9601801. [PMID: 29670917 PMCID: PMC5836465 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9601801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Describing the diverse molecular mechanisms (particularly immunological) involved in the death of the pancreatic beta cell in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RECENT FINDINGS Beta cell death is the final event in a series of mechanisms that, up to date, have not been entirely clarified; it represents the pathophysiological mechanism in the natural history of diabetes mellitus. These mechanisms are not limited to an apoptotic process only, which is characteristic of the immune-mediated insulitis in type 1 diabetes mellitus. They also include the action of proinflammatory cytokines, the production of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation (typical of necroptosis in type 1 diabetic patients), excessive production of islet amyloid polypeptide with the consequent endoplasmic reticulum stress, disruption in autophagy mechanisms, and protein complex formation, such as the inflammasome, capable of increasing oxidative stress produced by mitochondrial damage. SUMMARY Necroptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are molecular mechanisms that modulate the survival of the pancreatic beta cell, demonstrating the importance of the immune system in glucolipotoxicity processes and the potential role for immunometabolism as another component of what once known as the "ominous octet."
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermudez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Luis Carlos Olivar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Daniel Tomey
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Garicano
- Grupo de Investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Manuel Velasco
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit. School of Medicine José María Vargas, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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47
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Clark M, Kroger CJ, Tisch RM. Type 1 Diabetes: A Chronic Anti-Self-Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1898. [PMID: 29312356 PMCID: PMC5743904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is typically induced in response to a microbial infection. The release of proinflammatory cytokines enhances the stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells, as well as recruits adaptive and innate immune effectors to the site of infection. Once the microbe is cleared, inflammation is resolved by various mechanisms to avoid unnecessary tissue damage. Autoimmunity arises when aberrant immune responses target self-tissues causing inflammation. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), T cells attack the insulin producing β cells in the pancreatic islets. Genetic and environmental factors increase T1D risk by in part altering central and peripheral tolerance inducing events. This results in the development and expansion of β cell-specific effector T cells (Teff) which mediate islet inflammation. Unlike protective immunity where inflammation is terminated, autoimmunity is sustained by chronic inflammation. In this review, we will highlight the key events which initiate and sustain T cell-driven pancreatic islet inflammation in nonobese diabetic mice and in human T1D. Specifically, we will discuss: (i) dysregulation of thymic selection events, (ii) the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that enhance the expansion and pathogenicity of Teff, (iii) defects which impair homeostasis and suppressor activity of FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells, and (iv) properties of β cells which contribute to islet inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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48
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Kent SC, Mannering SI, Michels AW, Babon JAB. Deciphering the Pathogenesis of Human Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) by Interrogating T Cells from the "Scene of the Crime". Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:95. [PMID: 28864875 PMCID: PMC5600889 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells within the pancreas results in type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is not yet preventable or curable. Previously, our understanding of the β-cell specific T cell repertoire was based on studies of autoreactive T cell responses in the peripheral blood of patients at risk for, or with, T1D; more recently, investigations have included immunohistochemical analysis of some T cell specificities in the pancreas from organ donors with T1D. Now, we are able to examine live, islet-infiltrating T cells from donors with T1D. RECENT FINDINGS Analysis of the T cell repertoire isolated directly from the pancreatic islets of donors with T1D revealed pro-inflammatory T cells with targets of known autoantigens, including proinsulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase, as well as modified autoantigens. We have assayed the islet-infiltrating T cell repertoire for autoreactivity and function directly from the inflamed islets of T1D organ donors. Design of durable treatments for prevention of or therapy for T1D requires understanding this repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, ASC7-2041, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenny Aurielle B Babon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, ASC7-2041, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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49
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Abstract
We review here the macrophages found in endocrine tissues, placing emphasis on those residing in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The islets represent the endocrine organ where macrophages have been examined in great detail and where our own studies and experience have been directed.
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50
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Bergman ML, Lopes-Carvalho T, Martins AC, Grieco FA, Eizirik DL, Demengeot J. Tolerogenic insulin peptide therapy precipitates type 1 diabetes. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2153-2156. [PMID: 28536239 PMCID: PMC5502418 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Daniel et al. have previously published in JEM a study on the preventive effect of tolerogenic vaccination with a strong agonist insulin mimetope in type 1 diabetes. Bergman et al. now challenge these results. Daniel et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20110574) have previously published in JEM a study on the preventive effect of tolerogenic vaccination with a strong agonist insulin mimetope in type 1 diabetes. Our study now challenges these results and shows that osmotic pump delivery of the modified insulin peptide R22E did not prevent hyperglycemia, accelerated disease onset, increased its incidence, and worsened insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio A Grieco
- Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Décio L Eizirik
- Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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