Effect of Ficus carica L. leaves extract loaded gold nanoparticles against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury

Nanotherapeutics in Kidney Disease: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions

The treatment and management of kidney diseases present a significant global challenge, affecting over 800 million individuals and necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies that transcend symptomatic relief. The application of nanotechnology to therapies for kidney diseases, while still in its early stages, holds transformative potential for improving treatment outcomes. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-based drug delivery leverage the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles for targeted and controlled therapeutic delivery to the kidneys. Current research is focused on understanding the functional and phenotypic changes in kidney cells during both acute and chronic conditions, allowing for the identification of optimal target cells. In addition, the development of tailored nanomedicines enhances their retention and binding to key renal membranes and cell populations, ultimately improving localization, tolerability, and efficacy. However, significant barriers remain, including inconsistent nanoparticle synthesis and the complexity of kidney-specific targeting. To overcome these challenges, the field requires advanced synthesis techniques, refined targeting strategies, and the establishment of animal models that accurately reflect human kidney diseases. These efforts are critical for the clinical application of nanotherapeutics, which promise novel solutions for kidney disease management. This review evaluates a substantial body of in vivo research, highlighting the prospects, challenges, and opportunities presented by nanotechnology-mediated therapies and their potential to transform kidney disease treatment.

Protective effect of Panax ginseng extract on cisplatin-induced AKI via downregulating cell death associated genes

This study is designed to assess the effect of root extract of P. ginseng on kidney tissue injury attributed to cisplatin and its molecular mechanism involved in this process in the AKI rat model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups including: the control group, the cisplatin group, the extract 100 mg/kg group, and the extract 200 mg/kg group. The duration of the investigation was 7 days, and all rats except the control group received a single dose of 10 mg/kg cisplatin on the 4th day. Our findings exhibited a significant reduction in blood concentration of creatinine in extract groups compared to the cisplatin group. In the cisplatin group, severe renal histopathological alterations were observed compared to the control group. In extract groups, significantly less tissue damage was observed than in the cisplatin group. Ginseng extract 200 showed minimal tissue damage as compared to extract 100. The expression of p21, p27, p53, TIMP2, IGFBP7, and NF-κB decreased significantly in extract groups compared to the cisplatin group. Our findings displayed amelioration of cisplatin-induced AKI and dose-dependent decrease of the NF-κB gene expression and cell death-inducing genes by administration of P. ginseng extract.

Investigating the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Quinoline Derivative: N1-(5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinolin-11-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine Hydrochloride Loaded Soluble Starch Nanoparticles Against Methotrexate-induced Inflammation in Experimental Model

BACKGROUND

It is necessary to develop advanced therapies utilizing natural ingredients with anti-inflammatory qualities in order to lessen the negative effects of chemotherapeutics.

RESULTS

The bioactive N1-(5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinolin-11-yl)benzene-1,4-diamine hydrochloride (NIQBD) was synthesized. After that, soluble starch nanoparticles (StNPs) was used as a carrier for the synthesized NIQBD with different concentrations (50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg). The obtained StNPs loaded with different concentrations of NIQBD were coded as StNPs-1, StNPs-2, and StNPs-3. It was observed that, StNPs-1, StNPs-2, and StNPs-3 exhibited an average size of 246, 300, and 328 nm, respectively. Additionally, they also formed with homogeneity particles as depicted from polydispersity index values (PDI). The PDI values of StNPs-1, StNPs-2, and StNPs-3 are 0.298, 0.177, and 0.262, respectively. In vivo investigation of the potential properties of the different concentrations of StNPs loaded with NIQBD against MTX-induced inflammation in the lung and liver showed a statistically substantial increase in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) accompanied by a significant decrease in levels of oxidants such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), matrix metalloproteinase 9/Gelatinase B (MMP-9), and levels of inflammatory mediators including interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in both lung and liver tissues, and a significant decrease in levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) compared to the MTX-induced inflammation group. The highly significant results were obtained by treatment with a concentration of 200 mg/mL. Histopathological examination supported these results, where treatment showed minimal inflammatory infiltration and congestion in lung tissue, a mildly congested central vein, and mild activation of Kupffer cells in liver tissues.

CONCLUSION

Combining the treatment of MTX with natural antioxidant supplements may help reducing the associated oxidation and inflammation.

Exploring the Role of Phenolic Compounds in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a formidable global health concern, affecting one in six adults over 25. This review explores the potential of phenolic compounds in managing CKD and its complications. By examining the existing research, we highlight their diverse biological activities and potential to combat CKD-related issues. We analyze the nutritional benefits, bioavailability, and safety profile of these compounds. While the clinical evidence is promising, preclinical studies offer valuable insights into underlying mechanisms, optimal dosages, and potential side effects. Further research is crucial to validate the therapeutic efficacy of phenolic compounds for CKD. We advocate for continued exploration of their innovative applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. This review aims to catalyze the scientific community's efforts to leverage phenolic compounds against CKD-related challenges.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious clinical syndrome with high morbidity, elevated mortality, and poor prognosis, commonly considered a "sword of Damocles" for hospitalized patients, especially those in intensive care units. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, caused by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), play a key role in AKI progression. Hence, the investigation of effective and safe antioxidants and inflammatory regulators to scavenge overexpressed ROS and regulate excessive inflammation has become a promising therapeutic option. However, the unique physiological structure and complex pathological alterations in the kidneys render traditional therapies ineffective, impeding the residence and efficacy of most antioxidant and anti-inflammatory small molecule drugs within the renal milieu. Recently, nanotherapeutic interventions have emerged as a promising and prospective strategy for AKI, overcoming traditional treatment dilemmas through alterations in size, shape, charge, and surface modifications. This Review succinctly summarizes the latest advancements in nanotherapeutic approaches for AKI, encompassing nanozymes, ROS scavenger nanomaterials, MSC-EVs, and nanomaterials loaded with antioxidants and inflammatory regulator. Following this, strategies aimed at enhancing biocompatibility and kidney targeting are introduced. Furthermore, a brief discussion on the current challenges and future prospects in this research field is presented, providing a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of nanotherapeutic interventions for AKI.

Natural Extracts for Antibacterial Applications

Bacteria-induced epidemics and infectious diseases are seriously threatening the health of people around the world. In addition, antibiotic therapy has been inducing increasingly more serious bacterial resistance, which makes it urgent to develop new treatment strategies to combat bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Natural extracts displaying antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility have attracted much attention due to greater concerns about the safety of synthetic chemicals and emerging drug resistance. These antibacterial components can be isolated and utilized as antimicrobials, as well as transformed, combined, or wrapped with other substances by using modern assistive technologies to fight bacteria synergistically. This review summarizes recent advances in natural extracts from three kinds of sources-plants, animals, and microorganisms-for antibacterial applications. This work discusses the corresponding antibacterial mechanisms and the future development of natural extracts in antibacterial fields.

Moringa oleifera leaves extract loaded gold nanoparticles offers a promising approach in protecting against experimental nephrotoxicity

Cisplatin is one of the most important antitumor drugs, however; it has numerous adverse effects like nephrotoxicity which is considered one of cisplatin uses . The study was planned to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of M. oleifera leaves extract loaded gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Initially, total phenolic contents (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of the M. oleifera leaves extract were evaluated and recorded 8.50 mg/g and 39.89 % respectively. After that, the dry leaves of M. oleifera were grinded into fine powder and extracted using water extraction system. Then, different volumes (0.5, 1 and 2 mL) of M. Oleifera were blended with constant volume of Au-NPs (1 mL). Both Au-NPs and M. oleifera extract loaded Au-NPs were investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) that illustrated the deposition of M. Oleifera onto Au-NPs. The experimental study was performed on seventy male albino rats alienated into seven groups. Group I healthy rats, group II injected with one dose of cisplatin (CisPt), groups from III to VII treated groups received CisPt then received M. Oleifera leaves extract alone and /or Au-NPs with different ratios and concentrations. After the experiment' time, serum urea and creatinine, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were evaluated as markers of renal nephrotoxicity. The kidneys of rats were excised for malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assessments. Induction of CisPt showed a highly significant disturbance in oxidant/anti-oxidant balance and inducing inflammatory cascades supporting nephrotoxicity, while treatment with M. Oleifera leaves extract, Au-NPs, and the different concentrations of the extract loaded on Au-NPs had a crucial role in attenuating oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant systems, and reducing inflammatory biomarkers, although the most significant results showed a powerful scavenging activity against nephrotoxicity induced by CisPt was obtained with M. Oleifera leaves extract loaded on Au-NPs with a concentration of 2:1 respectively.

Exploring the pharmacological versatility of ficus carica: Modulating classical immunometabolism and beyond

The burden of metabolic disorders is alarmingly increasing globally. On the other hand, sustainability is the key project of the 21st century. Natural products offer a coherent option for the complementary management of both these challenges. Ficus carica (FC), commonly known as the fig fruit, has an experimentally proven potency for the modulation of cell cycle, immunity, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. Here, we review the potential of FC-derived products (FCDP) in slowing down the progression of cancers, acute/chronic inflammation-related conditions, infections, metabolic disorders, toxicities, neurological and neuromuscular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, vascular diseases, and skin-stressing conditions, as well as, in boosting normal healthy functions of the endocrine, immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. It reveals a variety of cellular and molecular targets for FCDP: cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ), chemokines (CCL2), other inflammatory mediators (CRP, PGE2), immune receptors (TLR-2, TLR-4, FcεRI), oxidative stress-related markers (SOD, GSH, MDA, GPx, catalase, ROS, NO, protein carbonyls), kinases (MAPKs, hexokinase, G6Pase, FBPase, PEPCK, Akt, AMPK, GSK3, CDKs), other enzymes (COX-2, iNOS, MMPs, caspases), growth factors/receptors (VEGF, EGFR), hormones (DHEAS, prolactin, GnRH, FSH, LH, estradiol, DHT, insulin), cell death-related markers (Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, FasL, gasdermins, cytochrome C), glucose transporter protein (Glut4), and transcription factors (NF-κB, HNF-4α, Foxo, PGC-1α, PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, CREB, NFATC1, STAT3). FCDP cause both activation and inhibition of AMPK, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling to confer condition-specific advantages. Such a broad-range activity might be attributed to different mechanisms of action of FCDP in modulating functions within the classical immunometabolic system, but also beyond.

Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging

A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or "good stress" and is characterized by low to mild levels of oxidants involved in the regulation of various biochemical transformations such as carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, or modulation of signal transduction pathways such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other processes. Increased levels of ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result in a harmful condition termed oxidative stress ("bad stress"). Although it is widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin, they share oxidative stress as a common denominator. Here we review the importance of oxidative stress and the mechanisms through which oxidative stress contributes to the pathological states of an organism. Attention is focused on the chemistry of ROS and RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), and their role in oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers is also discussed. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, Down syndrome), psychiatric diseases (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, lung cancer), and aging. The concerted action of antioxidants to ameliorate the harmful effect of oxidative stress is achieved by antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), and small molecular weight antioxidants (vitamins C and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, and others). Perhaps one of the most effective low molecular weight antioxidants is vitamin E, the first line of defense against the peroxidation of lipids. A promising approach appears to be the use of certain antioxidants (e.g. flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties that may boost cellular antioxidant systems and thus act as preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds as potential pharmaceutical interventions and sirtuins as promising therapeutic targets for age-related diseases and anti-aging strategies are discussed.

Antioxidant nanozymes in kidney injury: mechanism and application

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidneys is involved in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and is the main reason for the progression of kidney injury. ROS can easily lead to lipid peroxidation and damage the tubular epithelial cell membrane, proteins and DNA, and other molecules, which can trigger cellular oxidative stress. Effective scavenging of ROS can delay or halt the progression of kidney injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. With the development of nanotechnology and an improved understanding of nanomaterials, more researchers are applying nanomaterials with antioxidant activity to treat kidney injury. This article reviews the detailed mechanism between ROS and kidney injury, as well as the applications of nanozymes with antioxidant effects based on different materials for various kidney injuries. To better guide the applications of antioxidant nanozymes in kidney injury and other inflammatory diseases, at the end of this review we also summarize the aspects of nanozymes that need to be improved. An in-depth understanding of the role played by ROS in the occurrence and progression of kidney injury and the mechanism by which antioxidant nanozymes reduce oxidative stress is conducive to improving the therapeutic effect in kidney injury and inflammation-related diseases.

Industrial Application and Health Prospective of Fig (Ficus carica) By-Products

The current review was carried out on the industrial application of fig by-products and their role against chronic disorders. Fig is basically belonging to fruit and is botanically called Ficus carica. There are different parts of fig, including the leaves, fruits, seeds and latex. The fig parts are a rich source of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals including antioxidants, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols and vitamins. These different parts of fig are used in different food industries such as the bakery, dairy and beverage industries. Fig by-products are used in extract or powder form to value the addition of different food products for the purpose of improving the nutritional value and enhancing the stability. Fig by-products are additive-based products which contain high phytochemicals fatty acids, polyphenols and antioxidants. Due to the high bioactive compounds, these products performed a vital role against various diseases including cancer, diabetes, constipation, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Concussively, fig-based food products may be important for human beings and produce healthy food.

Low dimensional nanomaterials for treating acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common severe complications among hospitalized patients. In the absence of specific drugs to treat AKI, hemodialysis remains the primary clinical treatment for AKI patients. AKI treatment has received significant attention recently due to the excellent drug delivery capabilities of low-dimensional nanomaterials (LDNs) and their unique therapeutic effects. Diverse LDNs have been proposed to treat AKI, with promising results and the potential for future clinical application. This article aims to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of AKI and the recent advances in the treatment of AKI using different types of LDNs. In addition, it is intended to provide theoretical support for the design of LDNs and implications for AKI treatment.

Ameliorative impacts of polymeric and metallic nanoparticles on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: a 2011-2022 review

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a well-known platinum-based drug used in the treatment of various malignancies. However, the widespread side effects that this drug leaves on normal tissues make its use limited. Since cisplatin is mainly eliminated from the kidneys, CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity is the most significant dose-limiting complication attributed to cisplatin, which often leads to dose withdrawal. Considering the high efficiency of cisplatin in chemotherapy, finding renoprotective drug delivery systems for this drug is a necessity. In this regard, we can take advantages of different nanoparticle-based approaches to deliver cisplatin into tumors either using passive targeting or using specific receptors. In an effort to find more effective cisplatin-based nano-drugs with less nephrotoxic effect, the current 2011-2022 review study was conducted to investigate some of the nanotechnology-based methods that have successfully been able to mitigate CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Accordingly, although cisplatin can cause renal failures through inducing mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, some CDDP-based nano-carriers have been able to reverse a wide range of these advert effects. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the use of different metallic and polymeric nanoparticles can help renal cells to strengthen their antioxidant systems and stay alive through reducing CDDP-induced ROS generation, inhibiting apoptosis-related pathways and maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. For example, nanocurcumin could inhibit oxidative stress and acting as a ROS scavenger. CONPs could reduce lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. CDDP-loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could inhibit mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In addition, tea polyphenol-functionalized SeNPs (Se@TE) NPs could mitigate the increased level of dephosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) induced by cisplatin. Moreover, exosomes mitigated cisplatin-induced renal damage through inhibiting Bcl2 and increasing Bim, Bid, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3. Hence, nanoparticle-based techniques are promising drug delivery systems for cisplatin so that some of them, such as lipoplatins and nanocurcumins, have even reached phases 1-3 trials.

Designated functional microcapsules loaded with green synthesis selenium nanorods and probiotics for enhancing stirred yogurt

Green synthesis selenium nanorods (Se-NRs) were produced based on Aloe vera leaf extract. The size, morphology, antimicrobial, and activation of Se-NRs for probiotics were analyzed. The Se-NRS was stable with a diameter of 12 and 40 nm, had an antimicrobial effect, and improved probiotics counts. The microcapsules loaded with Green Se-NRS (0, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/100 ml) and probiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were designated with efficiency between 95.25 and 97.27% and irregular shapes. Microcapsules were saved probiotics against gastrointestinal juices. The microcapsules were showed a minor inhibition effect against the cell line. Also, microcapsules integrated into stirred yogurt and exanimated for microbiology, chemically, and sensory for 30 days. The probiotics counts, acidity, total solids, and ash values of samples were increased during storage periods without affecting fat and protein contents. The overall acceptability of yogurt with microcapsules containing probiotics and Se-NRs was high without change in body, odor, color, and appearance.

Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Toxicity: Potential Roles of Major NAD+-Dependent Enzymes and Plant-Derived Natural Products

Cisplatin is an FDA approved anti-cancer drug that is widely used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. However, the severe adverse effects of cisplatin, particularly kidney toxicity, restrict its clinical and medication applications. The major mechanisms of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are covered in this short review. In particular, we review the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin kidney injury in the context of NAD+-dependent redox enzymes including mitochondrial complex I, NAD kinase, CD38, sirtuins, poly-ADP ribosylase polymerase, and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and their potential contributing roles in the amelioration of cisplatin-induced kidney injury conferred by natural products derived from plants. We also cover general procedures used to create animal models of cisplatin-induced kidney injury involving mice and rats. We highlight the fact that more studies will be needed to dissect the role of each NAD+-dependent redox enzyme and its involvement in modulating cisplatin-induced kidney injury, in conjunction with intensive research in NAD+ redox biology and the protective effects of natural products against cisplatin-induced kidney injury.

Metronidazole-loaded gold nanoparticles in natural rubber latex as a potential wound dressing

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown interesting properties and specific biofunctions, providing benefits and new opportunities for controlled release systems. In this research, we demonstrated the use of natural rubber latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis as a carrier of AuNPs and the antibiotic metronidazole (MET). We prepared AuNP-MET-NRL and characterized by physicochemical, biological and in vitro release assays. The effect of AuNPs on MET release was evaluated using UV-Vis and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques. AuNPs synthesized by Turkevich and Frens method resulted in a spherical shape with diameters of 34.8 ± 5.5 nm. We verified that there was no emergence or disappearance of new vibrational bands. Qualitatively and quantitatively, we showed that the MET crystals dispersed throughout the NRL. The Young's modulus and elongation values at dressing rupture were in the range appropriate for human skin application. 64.70% of the AuNP-MET complex was released within 100 h, exhibiting a second-order exponential release profile. The LIBS technique allowed monitoring of the AuNP release, indicating the Au emission peak reduction at 267.57 nm over time. Moreover, the dressing displayed an excellent hemocompatibility and fibroblast cell viability. These results demonstrated that the AuNP-MET-NRL wound dressing is a promising approach for dermal applications.

Ethnobotanical, pharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical investigations on Moroccan medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of renal dysfunctions

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Renal disease is a significant public health concern that affects people all over the world. The main limitations of conventional therapy are the adverse reaction on human health and the expensive cost of drugs. Indeed, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies that are less expensive and have fewer side effects. As a consequence of their natural compounds, medicinal plants can be used as an alternative therapy to cure various ailments including kidney diseases.

OBJECTIVE

of the study: This review paper has two principal goals: (1) to inventory and describe the plants and their ancestral use by Moroccan society to cure renal problems, (2) to link traditional use with scientific confirmations (preclinical and clinical).

METHODS

To analyze pharmacological effects, phytochemical, and clinical trials of plants, selected for renal therapy, a bibliographical search was undertaken by examining ethnobotanical investigations conducted in Morocco between 1991 and 2019 and consulting peer-reviewed papers from all over the world.

RESULTS

Approximately 290 plant species, spanning 81 families and 218 genera have been reported as being utilized by Moroccans to manage renal illness. The most frequently mentioned species in Morocco were Herniaria hirsuta subsp. cinerea (DC.), Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss and Rosmarinus officinalis L. The leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, followed by the whole plant. Decoction and infusion were the most popular methods of preparation. A record of 71 plant species was studied in vitro and/or in vivo for their therapeutic efficacy against kidney disorders, including 10 plants attempting to make it to the clinical stage. Twenty compounds obtained from 15 plants have been studied for the treatment of kidney diseases.

CONCLUSION

Medicinal herbs could be a credible alternative therapy for renal illness. However, additional controlled trials are required to confirm their efficiency in patients with kidney failure. Overall, this work could be used as a database for future exploration.

Hydrogel and nanoparticle carriers for kidney disease therapy: trends and recent advancements

Achieving local therapeutic agent concentration in the kidneys through traditional systemic administration routes have associated concerns with off-target drug effects and toxicity. Additionally, kidney diseases are often accompanied by co-morbidities in other major organs, which negatively impacts drug metabolism and clearance. To circumvent these issues, kidney-specific targeting of therapeutics aims to achieve the delivery of controlled doses of therapeutic agents, such as drugs, nucleic acids, peptides, or proteins, to kidney tissues in a safe and efficient manner. Current carrier material approaches implement macromolecular and polyplex hydrogel constructs, prodrug strategies, and nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery technologies. In the context of multidisciplinary and cross-discipline innovations, the medical and bioengineering research fields have facilitated the rapid development of kidney-targeted therapies and carrier materials. In this review, we summarize the current trends and recent advancements made in the development of carrier materials for kidney disease targeted therapies, specifically hydrogel and NP-based strategies for acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Additionally, we discuss the current limitations in carrier materials and their delivery mechanisms.

Formulation of wheat germ oil based on nanoemulsions to mitigate cisplatin's nephrotoxic effects

The present study was designed to fabricate wheat germ oil nanoemulsions (WGO-NEs) by using two different emulsifiers in their physical properties and their chemical structures which were Triton X-100 and Lecithin to form Triton X-100 coated WGO nanoemulsion (WGOT-NE) and Lecithin coated WGO nanoemulsion (WGOL-NE) then characterized them using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and study their biological effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The experimental study was performed on fifty male albino rats divided into 5 groups. healthy group, group injected with a single dose of cisplatin (CP), group injected with a single dose of CP then received WGO orally, group injected with a single dose of CP then received WGOL-NE and group injected a single dose of CP then received WGOT-NE. The results showed that the shape of the particles of WGOL-NE is spherical with poorly aggregation and average particle size is 161.2 nm while WGOT-NE is nearly spherical but with noticeable agglomeration and an average particle size of 194.6 nm. In the experimental study, the results showed involvement of cisplatin in nephrotoxicity through disturbance kidney function and histological examination of the cortical tissue of the kidney and increased biochemical markers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic pathway. Otherwise, treatment with WGO, WGOT-NE, and WGOL-NE increased a significant amelioration in all the biochemical markers. In conclusion, WGOT-NE and WGOL-NE were more efficient than the native WGO in attenuating the kidney damage induced by CP although WGOL-NE showed the nearest results to the control group.

Prophylactic effect of probiotics fortified with Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer

The purpose of this study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of probiotics fortified with Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer (GU). Freshly harvested Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion was prepared and subsequently inoculated with 2% of the activated yogurt starter culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbreukii subsp. bulgaricus (1:1). Chemical composition and physicochemical characterization of yogurt and the Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion were assessed. GU was induced by ethanol. Rats were randomly assigned into control, GU, and four prophylactic groups including probiotics fortified with Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion in the percentage of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% respectively. Serum levels of paraoxynase (POX) and tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and catalase (CAT) activity were assessed. Serum levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), ceramide, and homocysteine (Hcy) were evaluated. Results indicated that the Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion was appeared in spherical nano form with droplets diameter around 330 nm. Ethanol induces GU to cause a significant increase in the levels of MDA, NO, NF-κB, IL-1β, MMP-9, Hcy, and ceramide along with a significant decrease in POX and CAT activities compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with different concentrations of probiotics fortified with Aloe vera pulp nanoemulsion with, especially the 30% concentration, significantly reduce the oxidative stress and ameliorate the release of different inflammatory mediators suggesting it as a promising approach in the protection against GU via scavenging superoxide radicals and inhibiting the activation of the inflammatory signaling cascades.

Application of nanotechnology in acute kidney injury: From diagnosis to therapeutic implications

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a major health issue concerning ~50% of patients treated in intensive care units, generally leads to severe renal damage associated with high mortality rate. The application of nanotechnology for the management of AKI has profound potential of further development, providing innovative strategies for predicting the early onset and progression of renal disease and improving the treatment efficacy of the life-threating AKI. This review has comprehensively summarized the nanomedicines in the application of AKI diagnosis and emphatically discussed the unique potential of various nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (e.g., polymeric nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, hydrogels etc.) in the treatment of AKI, allowing for improved therapeutic index by enhancing both efficacy and safety concurrently. These approaches may mechanically mitigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial and other organellar damage, etc. In addition, the combination of nanotechnology with stem cells-based therapy or gene therapy has been explored for reducing renal tissues damage and promoting kidney repair or recovery from AKI. The review provides insights into the synthesis, advantages, and limitations of innovative nanomedicine application in the early detection and effective treatment of AKI.

In situ decorated Au NPs on chitosan-encapsulated Fe3O4-NH2 NPs as magnetic nanocomposite: Investigation of its anti-colon carcinoma, anti-gastric cancer and anti-pancreatic cancer

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide and non-toxic bioactive polymer with a wide variety of applications due to its functional properties such as ease of modification, and biodegradability. In this investigation, magnetic cores (Fe₃O₄) were synthesized using a fabrication method involving coprecipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺. Then the magnetic nanoparticles were encapsulated by chitosan layers. In the next step, magnetite-gold composite nanoparticles were synthesized with spherical shapes and sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm, using sodium citrate as a natural reducing agent. The morphological and physicochemical features of the material were determined using several advanced techniques like FT-IR, ICP analysis, FESEM, EDS, XRD, TEM, XPS and VSM. In the biological part of the present study, the cell viability of Fe₃O₄, HAuCl₄, and Fe₃O₄@CS/AuNPs was very low against human colorectal carcinoma cell lines i.e. Ramos.2G6.4C10, HCT-8 [HRT-18], HCT 116, and HT-29, human gastric cancer cell lines i.e. MKN45, AGS, and KATO III, and human pancreatic cancer cell lines i.e. PANC-1, AsPC-1, and MIA PaCa-2. The IC50 of Fe₃O₄@CS/AuNPs against Ramos.2G6.4C10, HCT-8 [HRT-18], HCT 116, HT-29, MKN45, AGS, KATO III, PANC-1, AsPC-1, and MIA PaCa-2 cell lines were 385, 429, 264, 286, 442, 498, 561, 513, 528, and 425 μg/mL, respectively. Thereby, the best cytotoxicity results of our Fe₃O₄@CS/AuNPs were observed in the case of the HCT 116 cell line. Seemingly, the present nanoparticles may be used for the treatment of several types of gastro-duodenal cancers especially colon, gastric, and pancreatic cancers in near future.

Curcumin nanoparticles have potential antioxidant effect and restore tetrahydrobiopterin levels in experimental diabetes

Diabetes is associated with an increase in the production of free radicals, reduction of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, THB) levels and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) in the vascular walls. In this contribution, we probed the effective role of curcumin nanoparticles (CUR-NPs) that prepared via solvent evaporation nanoprecipitation technique as potential system to attenuate endothelial dysfunction. In this technique, Tween 60 (polysorbate) was used as stabilizing agent for the prepared CUR-NPs and protect such nanoparticles from further agglomeration. BH4 levels and other parameters were estimated in diabetic rats. To this end, we dedicated 48 male albino rats, categorized into six groups; control (healthy rats), diabetic rats, along with four treated groups via oral administration of 0.2 mL/kg body weight/day of solutions of Tween 60 (60 mg/mL), free CUR (60 mg/mL), CUR-NPs1 (30 mg/mL), and CUR-NPs2 (60 mg/mL) for 30 days. Results showed that the mean level of malondialdehyde (MDA) has been significantly increased in diabetic group associated with a reduction of total antioxidant capacity, NO, and BH4 compared to control. These parameters were restored by the delivery of CUR-NPs - both doses in rats, compared with the two control groups that treated with Tween 60 and free CUR.

Copolymer Composition and Nanoparticle Configuration Enhance in vitro Drug Release Behavior of Poorly Water-soluble Progesterone for Oral Formulations

HYPOTHESIS

Developing oral formulations to enable effective release of poorly water-soluble drugs like progesterone is a major challenge in pharmaceutics. Coaxial electrospray can generate drug-loaded nanoparticles of strategic compositions and configurations to enhance physiological dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug progesterone.

EXPERIMENTS

Six formulations comprising nanoparticles encapsulating progesterone in different poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) matrix configurations and compositions were fabricated and characterized in terms of morphology, molecular crystallinity, drug encapsulation efficiency and release behavior.

FINDINGS

A protocol of fabrication conditions to achieve 100% drug encapsulation efficiency in nanoparticles was developed. Scanning electron microscopy shows smooth and spherical morphology of 472.1±54.8 to 588.0±92.1 nm in diameter. Multiphoton Airyscan super-resolution confocal microscopy revealed core-shell nanoparticle configuration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed presence of PLGA and progesterone in all formulations. Diffractometry indicated amorphous state of the encapsulated drug. UV-vis spectroscopy showed drug release increased with hydrophilic copolymer glycolide ratio while core-shell formulations with progesterone co-dissolved in PLGA core exhibited enhanced release over five hours at 79.9±1.4% and 70.7±3.5% for LA:GA 50:50 and 75:25 in comparison with pure progesterone without polymer matrix in the core at 67.0±1.7% and 57.5±2.8%, respectively. Computational modeling showed good agreement with the experimental drug release behavior in vitro.

Microbial Natural Products in Drug Discovery

Over a long period of time, humans have explored many natural resources looking for remedies of various ailments. Traditional medicines have played an intrinsic role in human life for thousands of years, with people depending on medicinal plants and their products as dietary supplements as well as using them therapeutically for treatment of chronic disorders, such as cancer, malaria, diabetes, arthritis, inflammation, and liver and cardiac disorders. However, plant resources are not sufficient for treatment of recently emerging diseases. In addition, the seasonal availability and other political factors put constrains on some rare plant species. The actual breakthrough in drug discovery came concurrently with the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium notatum in 1929. This discovery dramatically changed the research of natural products and positioned microbial natural products as one of the most important clues in drug discovery due to availability, variability, great biodiversity, unique structures, and the bioactivities produced. The number of commercially available therapeutically active compounds from microbial sources to date exceeds those discovered from other sources. In this review, we introduce a short history of microbial drug discovery as well as certain features and recent research approaches, specifying the microbial origin, their featured molecules, and the diversity of the producing species. Moreover, we discuss some bioactivities as well as new approaches and trends in research in this field.

Use of spinach powder as functional ingredient in the manufacture of UF-Soft cheese

Spinach fine powder is a good source of protein, fiber, antioxidant, and minerals, making it a suitable ingredient to be used in the formulation of foods with high nutritional or biological values. In the current study, spinach nano-powder (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2%) was used in the manufacturing of ultra-filtered soft chesses (UF-soft chesses). The quality of the cheeses was assessed by measuring their chemical compositions, colors, sensory, and antioxidant properties. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that particles of spinach powder followed a normal distribution pattern with an average diameter of about 328 nm. By increasing the addition of spinach nano-powder with retentate its content of fiber, minerals, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity was improved. Moreover, the total solid, protein and acidity contents increased significantly with the increased percentage of added spinach nano-powder reaching maximum values after four weeks of cold storage. Cheese containing 0.5% and 1% spinach powder demonstrated higher values for sensory parameters than other treatments. UF-cheese prepared in this work represents a novel functional dairy product that can potentially provide the human body with better nutrients.

Utilization of High throughput microcrystalline cellulose decorated silver nanoparticles as an eco-nematicide on root-knot nematodes

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of high throughput microcrystalline cellulose embedded silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), as an alternative eco-nematicide on Root-knot nematode (Meliodogyne incognita), which deem the main reason toward the loss of more than 20% in crops worldwide. In this work, Ag-NPs was prepared in very high concentration. Ag-NPs prepared using such technique has many advantages such as: absence of organic or solvents, scaling up thru using high concentration of silver precursor and utilization of environmentally benign polymer; Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC). At the beginning, the bulk Ag-NPs colloidal solution is diluted to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80 and 100 ppm. Then, heavily galled roots of annual seed-propagated weed, Solanum nigrum L. family Solanaceae were selected to identify the Meloidogyne species and followed by treatment with the previously Ag-NPs concentrations. Results obtained after 24 h incubation, showed the highest mortality (M%) (40.36 ± 1.15%) which was achieved by means of 20 ppm of Ag-NPs compared with the highest concentration of Ag-NPs; 100 ppm (42.85 ± 3.51%). It was obviously noticed that, by increasing the concentration of Ag-NPs, M % decreased. On the other hand, after 48 h, 30 ppm Ag-NPs showed the highest M%; (52.82 ± 0.57%), while, after 72 h of treatments, the M% reached 95.53 ± 0.57% using 40 ppm Ag-NPs, then decreased to 66.67 ± 2.00% using 100 ppm Ag-NPs. All previous finding affirms the effectiveness of lower concentrations of Ag-NPs compared with the highest one, after 72 h. In conclusion, Ag-NPs could be successfully used as eco-nematicide for Root-knot nematodes; Meloidogyne incognita with a recommended dose of 20-40 ppm that is acquired higher M% and caused many aberrations during the different growth stages.

The efficient biogeneration of Ag and NiO nanoparticles from VPLE and a study of the anti-diabetic properties of the extract

Vitex pseudo-negundo leaf extract (VPLE) is used to mediate the green biosynthesis of Ag and NiO nanoparticles in aqueous solutions under mild conditions. The synthesized nanoparticles, with a narrow size range and good distribution, are characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. SEM and TEM micrographs proved formation of mostly spherical or ellipsoidal nanoparticles with little agglomeration, and the average particle size was less than 20–35 nm for both types of nanoparticle. Then, the protective role of VPLE toward the liver is assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. For this purpose, diabetes is induced in rats through the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and VPLE is administered via oral gavage for 6 weeks. This study suggests that VPLE can ameliorate biochemical and structural changes in the livers of diabetic rats, showing that VPLE can improve the condition of rats with diabetic hepatopathy via a decrease in oxidative stress and an enhancement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver.

Vitex pseudo-negundo leaf extract (VPLE) is a mediator for the green biosynthesis of Ag and NiO nanoparticles, and its protective effects are assessed in the livers of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.