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Shi XN, Liu CY, Li L, Yao ML, Zhong Z, Jiang YM. The role and therapeutic potential of mitophagy in major depressive disorder. Front Pharmacol 2025; 16:1564276. [PMID: 40206060 PMCID: PMC11979158 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1564276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder, also known as MDD, affects more than 264 million people globally, making it a prevalent and critical health challenge. Traditional treatments show limited efficacy in many patients. Therefore, exploring new treatment methods is particularly crucial. Mitophagy, as a regulatory process, can help understand and treat MDD. This paper focuses on the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy, starting from proteins and related pathways, and its role in MDD. The study also explores the associations between mitophagy and neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuroplasticity in MDD and discusses the progress of clinical research on the role of mitophagy in MDD. In addition, the article describes the current pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions that can regulate mitophagy in MDD and unravels the potential and challenges of these therapeutic strategies in clinical settings. This article offers a deeper insight into the pathogenesis of MDD and offers a scientific basis for the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Nuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Li Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - You-Ming Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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2
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Maazouzi M, Rasheed M, Mbarek L, Wang X, Liang J, Ma H, Chen Z, Deng Y. Exploring Non-Coding RNA Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. J Neurochem 2025; 169:e70031. [PMID: 40035356 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.70031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and dysfunction, leading to significant cognitive and motor impairments. The disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, a key regulator of central nervous system homeostasis, emerges as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Accumulating evidence implicates non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), in BBB regulation. However, the intricate network governing BBB dysfunction and consequent neurodegeneration remains obscure. This systematic review maps the convergent microRNA networks in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis, unveiling their putative roles in BBB modulation. We analyzed data from 11 peer-reviewed clinical studies, identifying key miRNAs such as hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-100-3p, and hsa-miR-182-5p as critical regulators of BBB permeability and inflammatory responses. Enrichment analysis revealed that these miRNAs modulate pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal survival. Our review also uncovered extensive interactions between these miRNAs and transcription factors like JUN, RELA, STAT3, and TP53, as well as lncRNAs such as MALAT1, NEAT1, NORAD, and SNHG16. These interactions highlight complex regulatory networks involving miRNA sponging and chromatin remodeling, which may play crucial roles in maintaining BBB integrity. These analyses underscore the importance of miRNA-mediated regulatory networks in BBB function and offer insights into potential therapeutic targets for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Maazouzi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Madiha Rasheed
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lamia Mbarek
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhe Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhan Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang B. Bifenthrin Caused Parkinson's-Like Symptoms Via Mitochondrial Autophagy and Ferroptosis Pathway Stereoselectively in Parkin -/- Mice and C57BL/6 Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:9694-9707. [PMID: 38691300 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
It has been proposed that pyrethroid exposure contributes to the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of the widely used pyrethroid bifenthrin on Parkinson's disease (PD) risk. Bifenthrin (1S-cis-bifenthrin, 1R-cis-bifenthrin, raceme) was administered to male Parkin-/- mice and C57BL/6 mice by oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. Bifenthrin exposure significantly increased the time of pole climbing and decreased the period of rotarod running, indicating that bifenthrin decreased motor coordination in Parkin-/- mice, which was more evident by 1S-cis-bifenthrin. Furthermore, administration of bifenthrin induced obvious decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ cell count and the protein expression of TH. Increased protein of mitochondrial autophagy LC3B and p62 was observed after exposure to bifenthrin. Increased iron deposition and protein expression of iron transport transferrin (Tf) and transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) was detected. 1S-cis-bifenthrin bound with Tf, TfR2, and GPX4 with lower binding energies than 1R-cis-bifenthrin, resulting in stronger interactions with these proteins. These results show structure-dependent PD-like effects of bifenthrin on motor activity and coordination associated with the disturbed mitochondrial autophagy and ferroptosis-related pathway. These data demonstrate that pyrethroid exposure increases the potential of Parkinson's-like symptoms via the ferroptosis pathway in Parkin-/- mice that is more pronounced than in C57BL/6 mice, providing a prospective enantioselective toxic effect of environmental neurotoxins on PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Neuroscience Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Zhao Z, Xie L, Shi J, Liu T, Wang S, Huang J, Wu D, Zhang X. Neuroprotective Effect of Zishen Huoxue Decoction treatment on Vascular Dementia by activating PINK1/Parkin mediated Mitophagy in the Hippocampal CA1 Region. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117172. [PMID: 37709106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zishen Huoxue Decoction (ZSHXD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription for the treatment of vascular dementia (VD). Although the clinical effects of ZSHXD have been demonstrated, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ZSHXD remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore whether the neuroprotective effect of Zishen Huoxue Decoction (ZSHXD) treatment is associated with the PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy in hippocampal CA1 region of 2-VO model rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two male SD rats were randomly divided into the sham group, model group, Donepezil (0.45 mg/kg) group, ZSHXD low dose group (8.9 g/kg), ZSHXD medium dose group (17.8 g/kg), and ZSHXD high dose group (35.6 g/kg). Two-vessel occlusion (2-VO) rat model is established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of ZSHXD pretreatment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining is conducted to detect the morphological changes of neurons and the number of normal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region. Then, the mitochondrial function and structure were reflected by the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the expression of mitophagy related proteins mediated by PINK1/Parkin was detected by western blot (WB). After that, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured by Elisa. At last, the apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3、Bax、Bcl-2 were measured by WB. RESULTS The results depict that ZSHXD has dose-dependently improved the cognitive function in 2-VO model rats. It has also been showed that ZSHXD can alleviate neuron damage, rescue the mitochondrial structural injury and dysfunction in hippocampal CA1 region. Besides, ZSHXD has increased the activity of SOD and decreased the activity of MDA. In addition, ZSHXD can inhibit apoptosis with Caspase-3, Bax decreasing and Bcl-2 increasing. Specially, the protection of ZSHXD showed in 2-VO model rats is along with the upregulation of PINK1, Parkin and LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ, and downregulation of p62 in the hippocampal CA1 region. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that ZSHXD protects the 2-VO model rats from ischemic injury by activating the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in the hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Zhao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Le Xie
- Hunan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changsha, 410006, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410218, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tonghe Liu
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410218, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- Hunan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changsha, 410006, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410006, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dahua Wu
- Hunan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changsha, 410006, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410218, Hunan Province, China.
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Li M, Li Y, Lu Y, Li J, Lu X, Ren Y, Wen T, Wang Y, Chang S, Zhang X, Yang X, Shen Y. Molecular basis of Mg 2+ permeation through the human mitochondrial Mrs2 channel. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4713. [PMID: 37543649 PMCID: PMC10404273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial RNA splicing 2 (Mrs2), a eukaryotic CorA ortholog, enables Mg2+ to permeate the inner mitochondrial membrane and plays an important role in mitochondrial metabolic function. However, the mechanism by which Mrs2 permeates Mg2+ remains unclear. Here, we report four cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstructions of Homo sapiens Mrs2 (hMrs2) under various conditions. All of these hMrs2 structures form symmetrical pentamers with very similar pentamer and protomer conformations. A special structural feature of Cl--bound R-ring, which consists of five Arg332 residues, was found in the hMrs2 structure. Molecular dynamics simulations and mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake assays show that the R-ring may function as a charge repulsion barrier, and Cl- may function as a ferry to jointly gate Mg2+ permeation in hMrs2. In addition, the membrane potential is likely to be the driving force for Mg2+ permeation. Our results provide insights into the channel assembly and Mg2+ permeation of hMrs2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuhang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tianlei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shenghai Chang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yuequan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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6
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Alka K, Kumar J, Kowluru RA. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and removal of the damaged mitochondria in diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1160155. [PMID: 37415667 PMCID: PMC10320727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1160155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dynamic plays a major role in their quality control, and the damaged mitochondrial components are removed by autophagy. In diabetic retinopathy, mitochondrial fusion enzyme, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), is downregulated and mitochondrial dynamic is disturbed resulting in depolarized and dysfunctional mitochondria. Our aim was to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of Mfn2, and its role in the removal of the damaged mitochondria, in diabetic retinopathy. Methods Using human retinal endothelial cells, effect of high glucose (20mM) on the GTPase activity of Mfn2 and its acetylation were determined. Role of Mfn2 in the removal of the damaged mitochondria was confirmed by regulating its acetylation, or by Mfn2 overexpression, on autophagosomes- autolysosomes formation and the mitophagy flux. Results High glucose inhibited GTPase activity and increased acetylation of Mfn2. Inhibition of acetylation, or Mfn2 overexpression, attenuated decrease in GTPase activity and mitochondrial fragmentation, and increased the removal of the damaged mitochondria. Similar phenomenon was observed in diabetic mice; overexpression of sirtuin 1 (a deacetylase) ameliorated diabetes-induced inhibition of retinal Mfn2 and facilitated the removal of the damaged mitochondria. Conclusions Acetylation of Mfn2 has dual roles in mitochondrial homeostasis in diabetic retinopathy, it inhibits GTPase activity of Mfn2 and increases mitochondrial fragmentation, and also impairs removal of the damaged mitochondria. Thus, protecting Mfn2 activity should maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibit the development/progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renu A. Kowluru
- Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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7
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Abnormal mitochondria in Down syndrome iPSC-derived GABAergic interneurons and organoids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Miller JM, Brambley CA, Marsee JD. Examination of the Role of Mg 2+ in the Mechanism of Nucleotide Binding to the Monomeric YME1L AAA+ Domain. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4303-4320. [PMID: 33155794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first line of defense in the mitochondrial quality control network involves the stress response from a family of ATP-dependent proteases. We have reported that a solubilized version of the mitochondrial inner membrane ATP-dependent protease YME1L displays nucleotide binding kinetics that are sensitive to the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide under a limiting ATP concentration. Our observations were consistent with an altered YME1L conformational ensemble leading to increased nucleotide binding site accessibility under oxidative stress conditions. To examine this hypothesis further, we report here the results of a comprehensive study of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties underlying the binding of nucleoside di- and triphosphate to the isolated YME1L AAA+ domain (YME1L-AAA+). A combination of fluorescence titrations, molecular dynamics, and stopped-flow fluorescence experiments have demonstrated similarity between nucleotide binding behaviors for YME1L under oxidative conditions and the isolated AAA+ domain. Our data demonstrate that YME1L-AAA+ binds ATP and ADP with affinities equal to ∼30 and 5 μM, respectively, in the absence of Mg2+. We note a negative heterotropic linkage effect between Mg2+ and ATP that arises as the MgCl2 concentration is increased such that the affinity of YME1L-AAA+ for ATP decreases to ∼60 μM in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2. Molecular dynamics methods allow for structural rationalization by revealing condition-dependent conformational populations for YME1L-AAA+. Taken together, these data suggest a preliminary model in which YME1L modulates its affinity for the nucleotide to stabilize against degradation or instability inherent to such stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 East Main Street, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Chad A Brambley
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 East Main Street, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Justin D Marsee
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 East Main Street, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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9
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Rodelo-Haad C, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier MV, Díaz-Tocados JM, Martin-Malo A, Santamaria R, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Rodríguez M. The Role of Disturbed Mg Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease Comorbidities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:543099. [PMID: 33282857 PMCID: PMC7688914 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.543099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the critical mechanisms that mediate chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression are associated with vascular calcifications, disbalance of mineral metabolism, increased oxidative and metabolic stress, inflammation, coagulation abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, or accumulation of uremic toxins. Also, it is widely accepted that pathologies with a strong influence in CKD progression are diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). A disbalance in magnesium (Mg) homeostasis, more specifically hypomagnesemia, is associated with the development and progression of the comorbidities mentioned above, and some mechanisms might explain why low serum Mg is associated with negative clinical outcomes such as major adverse cardiovascular and renal events. Furthermore, it is likely that hypomagnesemia causes the release of inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein and promotes insulin resistance. Animal models have shown that Mg supplementation reverses vascular calcifications; thus, clinicians have focused on the potential benefits that Mg supplementation may have in humans. Recent evidence suggests that Mg reduces coronary artery calcifications and facilitates peripheral vasodilation. Mg may reduce vascular calcification by direct inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, Mg deficiency worsens kidney injury induced by an increased tubular load of phosphate. One important consequence of excessive tubular load of phosphate is the reduction of renal tubule expression of α-Klotho in moderate CKD. Low Mg levels worsen the reduction of Klotho induced by the tubular load of phosphate. Evidence to support clinical translation is yet insufficient, and more clinical studies are required to claim enough evidence for decision-making in daily practice. Meanwhile, it seems reasonable to prevent and treat Mg deficiency. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of Mg homeostasis, the potential mechanisms that may mediate the effect of Mg deficiency on CKD progression, CVD, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodelo-Haad
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria Pendón-Ruiz de Mier
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Díaz-Tocados
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin-Malo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Santamaria
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodríguez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Diabetic Retinopathy: Mitochondria Caught in a Muddle of Homocysteine. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093019. [PMID: 32961662 PMCID: PMC7564979 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most feared complications of diabetes. In addition to the severity of hyperglycemia, systemic factors also play an important role in its development. Another risk factor in the development of diabetic retinopathy is elevated levels of homocysteine, a non-protein amino acid, and hyperglycemia and homocysteine are shown to produce synergistic detrimental effects on the vasculature. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased oxidative stress, and in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, oxidative stress-mitochondrial dysfunction precedes the development of histopathology characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, homocysteine biosynthesis from methionine forms S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), and SAM is a co-substrate of DNA methylation. In diabetes, DNA methylation machinery is activated, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and several genes associated with mitochondrial homeostasis undergo epigenetic modifications. Consequently, high homocysteine, by further affecting methylation of mtDNA and that of genes associated with mtDNA damage and biogenesis, does not give any break to the already damaged mitochondria, and the vicious cycle of free radicals continues. Thus, supplementation of sensible glycemic control with therapies targeting hyperhomocysteinemia could be valuable for diabetic patients to prevent/slow down the development of this sight-threatening disease.
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11
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Mechanisms Linking Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Proteostasis Failure. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:317-328. [PMID: 32200806 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is an essential task for all eukaryotes. Proteostasis failure worsens with aging and is considered a cause of and a therapeutic target for age-related diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. The cellular networks regulating proteostasis and the pathogenic events driving proteostasis failure in disease remain poorly understood. Model organism studies in yeast and Drosophila reveal an intriguing link between mitochondrial function and proteostasis. In this review we examine recent findings on mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM)-associated mRNA translation, how this process is sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction and constantly surveyed by ribosome-associated quality control (RQC), and how defects in this process generate aberrant proteins with unusual C-terminal extensions (CTEs) that promote aggregation and drive proteostasis failure. We also discuss the implications for human diseases.
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12
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Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, Sahajpal N. Faulty homocysteine recycling in diabetic retinopathy. EYE AND VISION 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 31938715 PMCID: PMC6953140 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-019-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Although hyperglycemia is the main instigator in the development of diabetic retinopathy, elevated circulating levels of a non-protein amino acid, homocysteine, are also associated with an increased risk of retinopathy. Homocysteine is recycled back to methionine by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and/or transsulfurated by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) to form cysteine. CBS and other transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), through desulfuration, generates H2S. Methionine cycle also regulates DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification associated with the gene suppression. The aim of this study was to investigate homocysteine and its metabolism in diabetic retinopathy. Methods Homocysteine and H2S levels were analyzed in the retina, and CBS, CSE and MTHFR in the retinal microvasculature from human donors with established diabetic retinopathy. Mitochondrial damage was evaluated in retinal microvessels by quantifying enzymes responsible for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics (fission-fusion-mitophagy). DNA methylation status of CBS and MTHFR promoters was examined using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation technique. The direct effect of homocysteine on mitochondrial damage was confirmed in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) incubated with 100 μM L-homocysteine. Results Compared to age-matched nondiabetic control human donors, retina from donors with established diabetic retinopathy had ~ 3-fold higher homocysteine levels and ~ 50% lower H2S levels. The enzymes important for both transsulfuration and remethylation of homocysteine including CBS, CSE and MTHFR, were 40–60% lower in the retinal microvasculature from diabetic retinopathy donors. While the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin related protein 1, and mitophagy markers optineurin and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), were upregulated, the fusion protein mitofusin 2 was downregulated. In the same retinal microvessel preparations from donors with diabetic retinopathy, DNA at the promoters of CBS and MTHFR were hypermethylated. Incubation of HRECs with homocysteine increased reactive oxygen species and decreased transcripts of mtDNA-encoded CYTB. Conclusions Compromised transsulfuration and remethylation processes play an important role in the poor removal of retinal homocysteine in diabetic patients. Thus, regulation of their homocysteine levels should ameliorate retinal mitochondrial damage, and by regulating DNA methylation status of the enzymes responsible for homocysteine transsulfuration and remethylation, should prevent excess accumulation of homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Nikhil Sahajpal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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FTO: An Emerging Molecular Player in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Neuroscience 2019; 418:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Yu R, Liu T, Ning C, Tan F, Jin SB, Lendahl U, Zhao J, Nistér M. The phosphorylation status of Ser-637 in dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) does not determine Drp1 recruitment to mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17262-17277. [PMID: 31533986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of the GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to mitochondria is a central step required for mitochondrial fission. Reversible Drp1 phosphorylation has been implicated in the regulation of this process, but whether Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser-637 determines its subcellular localization and fission activity remains to be fully elucidated. Here, using HEK 293T cells and immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, RNAi, subcellular fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we show that Drp1 phosphorylated at Ser-637 (Drp1pS637) resides both in the cytosol and on mitochondria. We found that the receptors mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) and mitochondrial elongation factor 1/2 (MIEF1/2) interact with and recruit Drp1pS637 to mitochondria and that elevated Mff or MIEF levels promote Drp1pS637 accumulation on mitochondria. We also noted that protein kinase A (PKA), which mediates phosphorylation of Drp1 on Ser-637, is partially present on mitochondria and interacts with both MIEFs and Mff. PKA knockdown did not affect the Drp1-Mff interaction, but slightly enhanced the interaction between Drp1 and MIEFs. In Drp1-deficient HEK 293T cells, both phosphomimetic Drp1-S637D and phospho-deficient Drp1-S637A variants, like wild-type Drp1, located to the cytosol and to mitochondria and rescued a Drp1 deficiency-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion phenotype. However, Drp1-S637D was less efficient than Drp1-WT and Drp1-S637A in inducing mitochondrial fission. In conclusion, the Ser-637 phosphorylation status in Drp1 is not a determinant that controls Drp1 recruitment to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chenfei Ning
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shao-Bo Jin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Singh A, Verma P, Raju A, Mohanakumar KP. Nimodipine attenuates the parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPTP-induced changes in the calcium binding proteins, calpain and calbindin. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 95:89-94. [PMID: 29427747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated neuroprotective abilities of nimodipine, an L-type voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC) blocker in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). To understand the calcium regulatory mechanisms in the disease pathogenesis, the present study examined calcium regulatory proteins calbindin and calpain mRNA and protein levels employing quantitative PCR and western blot in 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium ion (MPP+)-treated SH-SY5Y cell lines and in the striatum of mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). mRNA and protein levels of calbindin were lower, while that of calpain were higher in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells and MPTP-treated mouse striatum as compared to their respective controls. Nimodipine pretreatment significantly attenuated these effects in the parkinsonian neurotoxin-treated SH-SY5Y cell line and in the mouse striatum. The activities of the apoptotic mediator, caspase-3 and calpain were increased in the neurotoxin-treated groups as compared to their respective controls, which was ameliorated by nimodipine pretreatment. These results suggest that parkinsonian neurotoxin-mediated dopaminergic neuronal death might involve defects in calcium regulatory proteins that control intracellular calcium homeostasis, and these could be corrected by inhibiting L-type VDCC activity. These findings support the notion that hypertensive patients who are on long-term intake of dihydropyridine have reduced risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Poonam Verma
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Anu Raju
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India; Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Speciality Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686009, India.
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16
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Modeling Parkinson’s disease and treatment complications in rodents: Potentials and pitfalls of the current options. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:142-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Bai Y, Wang Y, Yang Y. Hepatic encephalopathy changes mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in the substantia nigra. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1669-1678. [PMID: 29998403 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) has been reported in more than 40% of patients with cirrhosis in clinical practice. HE changes mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy are important for maintaining and removing damaged mitochondria. We used molecular biology and morphology methods to evaluate changes in mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy of the substantia nigra (SN) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in HE. In this study, we observed that HE increased mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in the SN, which was not seen in the PFC. HE stimulated dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) transformation from the cytosolic to the mitochondria within SN cells, which increased mitochondrial fission and the number of mitochondria. The fusion protein L-OPA1 (long isoforms of OPA1) was increased in the SN of HE mice. HE also increased the levels of autophagy proteins PINK1/PARKIN and P62/LC3-B in the SN, which can selectively remove damaged mitochondria and cell, respectively. Additionally, we used electron microscopy to directly observe changes in mitochondrial morphology in the SN of HE mice and found the number of mitochondria was increased. However, there were no significant changes in the fission, fusion or autophagy proteins in PFC-purified mitochondrial proteins in HE mice. The number of mitochondria also did not show alterations in the PFC of HE mice compared with that in a sham group. These results illustrate that mitochondria can protect themselves by changing the dynamics and autophagy in the SN of HE mice. Changes in the mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy related to HE can help repair damaged mitochondria and provide a further understanding of the mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhu Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yayun Wang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Peng K, Xiao J, Yang L, Ye F, Cao J, Sai Y. Mutual Antagonism of PINK1/Parkin and PGC-1α Contributes to Maintenance of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:331-343. [PMID: 30242625 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, selective, and age-related neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenic focus of PD is mitochondrial dysfunction. When mitochondrial homeostasis was damaged, it can lead to reactive oxygen species formation to further accelerate the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, resulting in a vicious cycle harmful to the neuron. PINK1 and Parkin, two proteins that are linked to PD, play vital roles in mitophagy, which was very important in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, at present, we explored mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fission/fusion in rotenone-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. In particular, we focused on interactions between the PINK1/Parkin pathway and PGC-1α in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis impairment. The results indicated that both the autophagy and mitophagy levels increased significantly and were accompanied by altered levels of PINK1/Parkin proteins in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. PINK1 influenced mitochondrial biogenesis by inhibiting PGC-1α and mtTFA protein expression as well as the mtDNA copy number. PGC-1α, in turn, inhibited PINK1/Parkin protein expression and the mitophagy levels. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that PINK1 influenced mitochondrial fission/fusion by regulating MFN2 and phosphorylating Drp1. In summary, mutual antagonism of the PINK1/Parkin pathway and PGC-1α formed a balance that regulated mitochondrial biogenesis, fission/fusion, and mitophagy. These effects contributed to the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Peng
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Likui Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ye
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Xu XW, Yang XM, Zhao WJ, Zhou L, Li DC, Zheng YH. DNM1L, a key prognostic predictor for gastric adenocarcinoma, is involved in cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3635-3641. [PMID: 30127972 PMCID: PMC6096219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-1-like protein (DNM1L) encodes a member of the dynamin superfamily of GTPases. It mediates mitochondrial and peroxisomal division and is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. However, its role in gastric cancer remains unclear. MKN-45 gastric cancer cells were transfected with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to suppress DNM1L expression. MTT, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were used to detect the changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect DNM1L expression in gastric adenocarcinoma specimens, and the association of DNM1L expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed. After the suppression of endogenous DNM1L expression in MKN-45 cells with shRNA, cell proliferation and invasion rates were significantly reduced, whereas apoptosis was significantly increased (all P<0.01). The expression of DNM1L was significantly higher in gastric adenocarcinoma specimens compared with that in pericarcinoma tissues (P<0.001). The expression of DNM1L increased with increasing infiltration depth, lymphatic metastasis, and higher tumor node metastasis stage (P<0.05). The expression of DNM1L associated negatively with prognosis (P<0.01). DNM1L plays a critical role in the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of human gastric adenocarcinoma. DNM1L expression has prognostic significance for the survival of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wu Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Yang
- Department of Pathology, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jia Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325002, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - De-Chun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hu Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325002, P.R. China
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21
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Hwang HY, Cho SM, Kwon HJ. Approaches for discovering novel bioactive small molecules targeting autophagy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:909-923. [PMID: 28758515 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1349751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, development of novel bioactive small molecules targeting autophagy has been implicated for autophagy-related disease treatment. Screening new small molecules regulating autophagy allows for the discovery of novel autophagy machinery and therapeutic agents. Areas covered: Two major screening methods for novel autophagy modulators are introduced in this review, namely target based screening and phenotype based screening. With increasing attention focused on chemical compound libraries, coupled with the development of new assay systems, this review attempts to provide an efficient strategy to explore autophagy biology and discover small molecules for the treatment of autophagy-related diseases. Expert opinion: Adopting an appropriate autophagy screening strategy is important for developing small molecules capable of treating neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. Phenotype based screening and target based screening were both used for developing effective small molecules. However, each of these methods has many pros and cons. An efficient approach is suggested to screen for novel lead compounds targeting autophagy, which could provide new hits with better efficiency and rapidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yun Hwang
- a Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- a Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- a Chemical Genomics Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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22
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Hosaka Y, Inoshita T, Shiba-Fukushima K, Cui C, Arano T, Imai Y, Hattori N. Reduced TDP-43 Expression Improves Neuronal Activities in a Drosophila Model of Perry Syndrome. EBioMedicine 2017. [PMID: 28625517 PMCID: PMC5514405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonian Perry syndrome, involving mutations in the dynein motor component dynactin or p150Glued, is characterized by TDP-43 pathology in affected brain regions, including the substantia nigra. However, the molecular relationship between p150Glued and TDP-43 is largely unknown. Here, we report that a reduction in TDP-43 protein levels alleviates the synaptic defects of neurons expressing the Perry mutant p150G50R in Drosophila. Dopaminergic expression of p150G50R, which decreases dopamine release, disrupts motor ability and reduces the lifespan of Drosophila. p150G50R expression also causes aggregation of dense core vesicles (DCVs), which contain monoamines and neuropeptides, and disrupts the axonal flow of DCVs, thus decreasing synaptic strength. The above phenotypes associated with Perry syndrome are improved by the removal of a copy of Drosophila TDP-43 TBPH, thus suggesting that the stagnation of axonal transport by dynactin mutations promotes TDP-43 aggregation and interferes with the dynamics of DCVs and synaptic activities. Fly model of Perry syndrome exhibits motor disturbance and impaired dopamine release. Perry mutation in dynactin produces aggregation of dense core vesicles (DCVs) in axons and disrupts axonal flux of DCVs. Removal of a copy of the TDP-43 gene improves retrograde flux of DCVs.
Parkinsonian Perry syndrome (PS), caused by mutations in a component of the retrograde transport complex, Dynactin, is pathologically characterized by the accumulation of an RNA-binding protein, TDP-43, in affected neurons. The neuronal accumulation of TDP-43 is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. We report that decreased TDP-43 expression improves defects in the axonal transport of dense core vesicles and in the dopamine release in a Drosophila PS model. This study provides insight into the possibility that a transient decrease in TDP-43 in neurons may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative disorders associated with TDP-43 pathology, including PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hosaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kahori Shiba-Fukushima
- Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Changxu Cui
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taku Arano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuro-intractable Disease, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Crystal structures, binding interactions, and ADME evaluation of brain penetrant N -substituted indazole-5-carboxamides as subnanomolar, selective monoamine oxidase B and dual MAO-A/B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:470-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Verhelst SHL. Intramembrane proteases as drug targets. FEBS J 2017; 284:1489-1502. [PMID: 27889944 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are considered attractive drug targets. Various drugs targeting classical, soluble proteases have been approved for treatment of human disease. Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) are a more recently discovered group of proteolytic enzymes. They are embedded in lipid bilayers and their active sites are located in the plane of a membrane. All four mechanistic families of IMPs have been linked to disease, but currently, no drugs against IMPs have entered the market. In this review, I will outline the function of IMPs with a focus on the ones involved in human disease, which includes Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and infectious diseases by microorganisms. Inhibitors of IMPs are known for all mechanistic classes, but are not yet very potent or selective - aside from those targeting γ-secretase. I will here describe the different features of IMP inhibitors and discuss a list of issues that need attention in the near future in order to improve the drug development for IMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium.,AG Chemical Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
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Rasheed MZ, Tabassum H, Parvez S. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore: a promising target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:33-42. [PMID: 26825389 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the neurodegenerative diseases (ND), Parkinson's disease affects 6.3 million people worldwide characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) is a non-selective voltage-dependent mitochondrial channel whose opening modifies the permeability properties of the mitochondrial inner membrane. It is recognized as a potent pharmacological target for diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive cell death including ND such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Imbalance in Ca2+ concentration, change in mitochondrial membrane potential, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), or mutation in mitochondrial genome has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the opening of the mtPTP. Different proteins are released by permeability transition including cytochrome c which is responsible for apoptosis. This review aims to discuss the importance of PTP in the pathophysiology of PD and puts together different positive as well as negative aspects of drugs such as pramipexole, ropinirole, minocyclin, rasagilin, and safinamide which act as a blocker or modifier for mtPTP. Some of them may be detrimental in their neuroprotective nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zeeshan Rasheed
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110 062, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110 062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110 062, India.
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Wu H, Wei H, Sehgal SA, Liu L, Chen Q. Mitophagy receptors sense stress signals and couple mitochondrial dynamic machinery for mitochondrial quality control. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:199-209. [PMID: 27036363 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for many fundamental cellular processes, including energy production, fatty acid β-oxidation, metabolite synthesis, iron and calcium homeostasis, and programmed cell death. Mitochondrial quality thus influences not only individual cell functions but also whole body metabolism. Dysregulated mitochondrial quality control is closely associated with the progression of aging related diseases, such as cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial quality is monitored at the protein, organelle and sub-organelle levels. The critical issues are how stresses such as bioenergetic stress, oxidative stress and proteotoxic stress, are sensed and how the mitochondrial events are coordinated. Recently, several receptors were identified to mediate selective mitophagy, which is essential for mitochondrial quality control in yeast and mammalian cells. It is emerging that these receptors sense distinct stress signals and couple mitophagy machineries with mitochondrial fission/fusion machineries for mitochondrial quality control. Herein, we will review recent advances in receptors mediated mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics for mitochondrial quality control, with attempt to have an integrative view on the molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Wei
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheikh Arslan Sehgal
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Mitochondrial Mg(2+) homeostasis decides cellular energy metabolism and vulnerability to stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30027. [PMID: 27458051 PMCID: PMC4960558 DOI: 10.1038/srep30027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy production processes are composed of many Mg2+ dependent enzymatic reactions. In fact, dysregulation of Mg2+ homeostasis is involved in various cellular malfunctions and diseases. Recently, mitochondria, energy-producing organelles, have been known as major intracellular Mg2+ stores. Several biological stimuli alter mitochondrial Mg2+ concentration by intracellular redistribution. However, in living cells, whether mitochondrial Mg2+ alteration affect cellular energy metabolism remains unclear. Mg2+ transporter of mitochondrial inner membrane MRS2 is an essential component of mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake system. Here, we comprehensively analyzed intracellular Mg2+ levels and energy metabolism in Mrs2 knockdown (KD) cells using fluorescence imaging and metabolome analysis. Dysregulation of mitochondrial Mg2+ homeostasis disrupted ATP production via shift of mitochondrial energy metabolism and morphology. Moreover, Mrs2 KD sensitized cellular tolerance against cellular stress. These results indicate regulation of mitochondrial Mg2+via MRS2 critically decides cellular energy status and cell vulnerability via regulation of mitochondrial Mg2+ level in response to physiological stimuli.
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Wiemerslage L, Ismael S, Lee D. Early alterations of mitochondrial morphology in dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's disease-like pathology and time-dependent neuroprotection with D2 receptor activation. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:138-47. [PMID: 27423787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection, to prevent vulnerable cell populations from dying, is perhaps the main strategy for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Yet in clinical practice, therapy is introduced after the disease is well established and many neurons have already disappeared, while experimentally, treatment is typically added at the same time that PD pathology is instigated. This study uses an already established Drosophila melanogaster model of PD to test for early markers of neurodegeneration and if those markers are reversible following neuroprotective treatment. Specifically, we treat primary neuronal cultures with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) and track neuritic, dopaminergic mitochondria over time, observing a fragmenting change in their morphology before cell death. We then add a neuroprotective treatment (quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist) at different timepoints to determine if the changes in mitochondrial morphology are reversible. We find that neuroprotective treatment must be added concomitantly to prevent changes in mitochondrial morphology and subsequent cell death. This work further supports Drosophila's use as a model organism and mitochondria's use as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease. But mainly, this work highlights an import factor for experiments in neuroprotection - time of treatment. Our results highlight the problem that current neuroprotective treatments for PD may not be used the same way that they are tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Wiemerslage
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedicinska Centrum, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sazan Ismael
- Ohio University, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Ohio University, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH 45701, United States
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30
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Lu W, Sun J, Yoon JS, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Murphy E, Mattson MP, Lenardo MJ. Mitochondrial Protein PGAM5 Regulates Mitophagic Protection against Cell Necroptosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147792. [PMID: 26807733 PMCID: PMC4725845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis as a molecular program, rather than simply incidental cell death, was established by elucidating the roles of receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases 1 and 3, along with their downstream partner, mixed lineage kinase-like domain protein (MLKL). Previous studies suggested that phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5), a mitochondrial protein that associates with RIP1/RIP3/MLKL complex, promotes necroptosis. We have generated mice deficient in the pgam5 gene and surprisingly found PGAM5-deficiency exacerbated rather than reduced necroptosis in response to multiple in vitro and in vivo necroptotic stimuli, including ischemic reperfusion injury (I/R) in the heart and brain. Electron microscopy, biochemical, and confocal analysis revealed that PGAM5 is indispensable for the process of PINK1 dependent mitophagy which antagonizes necroptosis. The loss of PGAM5/PINK1 mediated mitophagy causes the accumulation of abnormal mitochondria, leading to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that worsen necroptosis. Our results revise the former proposal that PGAM5 acts downstream of RIP1/RIP3 to mediate necroptosis. Instead, PGAM5 protects cells from necroptosis by independently promoting mitophagy. PGAM5 promotion of mitophagy may represent a therapeutic target for stroke, myocardial infarction and other diseases caused by oxidative damage and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Junhui Sun
- Systems Biology Center,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeong Seon Yoon
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhang
- Molecular Mechanism of Apoptosis Section, Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Section, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Das NR, Sharma SS. Cognitive Impairment Associated with Parkinson's Disease: Role of Mitochondria. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:584-92. [PMID: 26725887 PMCID: PMC4981741 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160104142349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder and is associated with some of the intellectual disabilities like cognitive dysfunctions. PD associated cognitive dysfunctions have been proved well in both preclinical and clinical set ups. Like other neurodegenerative diseases, insults to mitochondria have a significant role in the pathobiology of PD associated dementia (PDD). Neurotoxins like MPTP, mutations of the mitochondrial genes, oxidative stress, imbalanced redox mechanisms and dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics have been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunctions and have paramount importance in the pathobiology of PDD. However, the extent of contribution of mitochondrial dysfunctions towards cognitive deficits in PD has not been characterized completely. In this review we highlight on the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to PDD. We also highlight different behavioural tests used in nonhuman primate and rodent models for assessing cognitive deficits and some common techniques for evaluation of mitochondrial dysfunction in PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
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32
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Transient Cerebral Ischemia Promotes Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Exacerbates Cognitive Impairments in Young 5xFAD Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144068. [PMID: 26632816 PMCID: PMC4669173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is heterogeneous and multifactorial neurological disorder; and the risk factors of AD still remain elusive. Recent studies have highlighted the role of vascular factors in promoting the progression of AD and have suggested that ischemic events increase the incidence of AD. However, the detailed mechanisms linking ischemic insult to the progression of AD is still largely undetermined. In this study, we have established a transient cerebral ischemia model on young 5xFAD mice and their non-transgenic (nonTg) littermates by the transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries. We have found that transient cerebral ischemia significantly exacerbates brain mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial respiration deficits, oxidative stress as well as suppressed levels of mitochondrial fusion proteins including optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2) in young 5xFAD mice resulting in aggravated spatial learning and memory. Intriguingly, transient cerebral ischemia did not induce elevation in the levels of cortical or mitochondrial Amyloid beta (Aβ)1-40 or 1–42 levels in 5xFAD mice. In addition, the glucose- and oxygen-deprivation-induced apoptotic neuronal death in Aβ-treated neurons was significantly mitigated by mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitotempo which suppresses mitochondrial superoxide levels. Therefore, the simplest interpretation of our results is that young 5xFAD mice with pre-existing AD-like mitochondrial dysfunction are more susceptible to the effects of transient cerebral ischemia; and ischemic events may exacerbate dementia and worsen the outcome of AD patients by exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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33
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Lee YI, Kang H, Ha YW, Chang KY, Cho SC, Song SO, Kim H, Jo A, Khang R, Choi JY, Lee Y, Park SC, Shin JH. Diaminodiphenyl sulfone-induced parkin ameliorates age-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 41:1-10. [PMID: 27103513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During normal aging, the number of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra progressively diminishes, although massive DA neuronal loss is a hallmark sign of Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, there is little known about the molecular events involved in age-related DA neuronal loss. In this study, we found that (1) the level of parkin was decreased in the cerebellum, brain stem, substantia nigra, and striatum of aged mice, (2) diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) restored the level of parkin, (3) DDS prevented age-dependent DA neuronal loss, and (4) DDS protected SH-SY5Y cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, pretreatment and/or post-treatment of DDS in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model attenuated DA neuronal loss and restored motor behavior. DDS transcriptionally activated parkin via protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-activating transcription factor 4 signaling and DDS not only failed to induce parkin expression but also failed to rescue SH-SY5Y cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in the absence of ATF4. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that DDS increased parkin level and served as a neuroprotective agent for age-dependent DA neuronal loss. Thus, DDS may be a potential therapeutic agent for age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea; Well Aging Research Center, Daegu Geongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hojin Kang
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young Wan Ha
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Chang
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Chun Cho
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Ok Song
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyein Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Areum Jo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Rin Khang
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Choi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Suwon, South Korea; Department of New Biology, Daegu Geongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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34
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Chen SD, Lin TK, Yang DI, Lee SY, Shaw FZ, Liou CW, Chuang YC. Roles of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and dynamin-related protein 1 in transient global ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:397-403. [PMID: 25791474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that increased mitochondrial fission is an early event of cell death during cerebral ischemia and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) plays an important role in mitochondrial fission, which may be regulated by PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein kinase thought to protect cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and regulate mitochondrial fission. However, the roles of PINK1 and Drp1 in hippocampal injury caused by transient global ischemia (TGI) remain unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that TGI may induce PINK1 causing downregulation of Drp1 phosphorylation to enhance hippocampal neuronal survival, thus functioning as an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism. We found progressively increased PINK1 expression in the hippocampal CA1 subfield1-48 h following TGI, reaching the maximal level at 4 h. Despite lack of changes in the expression level of total Drp1 and phosphor-Drp1 at Ser637, TGI induced a time-dependent increase of Drp1 phosphorlation at Ser616 that peaked after 24 h. Notably, PINK1-siRNA increased p-Drp1(Ser616) protein level in hippocampal CA1 subfield 24 h after TGI. The PINK1 siRNA also aggravated the TGI-induced oxidative DNA damage with an increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content in hippocampal CA1 subfield. Furthermore, PINK1 siRNA also augmented TGI-induced apoptosis as evidenced by the increased numbers of TUNEL-positive staining and enhanced DNA fragmentation. These findings indicated that PINK1 is an endogenous protective mediator vital for neuronal survival under ischemic insult through regulating Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ying Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Zen Shaw
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan.
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35
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Freeman M. The Rhomboid-Like Superfamily: Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Roles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:235-54. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Freeman
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
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36
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Genetic deficiency of the mitochondrial protein PGAM5 causes a Parkinson's-like movement disorder. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4930. [PMID: 25222142 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a specialized form of autophagy that selectively disposes of dysfunctional mitochondria. Delineating the molecular regulation of mitophagy is of great importance because defects in this process lead to a variety of mitochondrial diseases. Here we report that mice deficient for the mitochondrial protein, phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5), displayed a Parkinson's-like movement phenotype. We determined biochemically that PGAM5 is required for the stabilization of the mitophagy-inducing protein PINK1 on damaged mitochondria. Loss of PGAM5 disables PINK1-mediated mitophagy in vitro and leads to dopaminergic neurodegeneration and mild dopamine loss in vivo. Our data indicate that PGAM5 is a regulator of mitophagy essential for mitochondrial turnover and serves a cytoprotective function in dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Moreover, PGAM5 may provide a molecular link to study mitochondrial homeostasis and the pathogenesis of a movement disorder similar to Parkinson's disease.
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37
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Prahlad J, Hauser DN, Milkovic NM, Cookson MR, Wilson MA. Use of cysteine-reactive cross-linkers to probe conformational flexibility of human DJ-1 demonstrates that Glu18 mutations are dimers. J Neurochem 2014; 130:839-53. [PMID: 24832775 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of a key cysteine residue (Cys106) in the parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1 regulates its ability to protect against oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Cys106 interacts with a neighboring protonated Glu18 residue, stabilizing the Cys106-SO2 (-) (sulfinic acid) form of DJ-1. To study this important post-translational modification, we previously designed several Glu18 mutations (E18N, E18D, E18Q) that alter the oxidative propensity of Cys106. However, recent results suggest these Glu18 mutations cause loss of DJ-1 dimerization, which would severely compromise the protein's function. The purpose of this study was to conclusively determine the oligomerization state of these mutants using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, thermal stability analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and cross-linking. We found that all of the Glu18 DJ-1 mutants were dimeric. Thiol cross-linking indicates that these mutant dimers are more flexible than the wild-type protein and can form multiple cross-linked dimeric species due to the transient exposure of cysteine residues that are inaccessible in the wild-type protein. The enhanced flexibility of Glu18 DJ-1 mutants provides a parsimonious explanation for their lower observed cross-linking efficiency in cells. In addition, thiol cross-linkers may have an underappreciated value as qualitative probes of protein conformational flexibility. DJ-1 is a homodimeric protein that protects cells against oxidative stress. Designed mutations that influence the regulatory oxidation of a key cysteine residue have recently been proposed to disrupt DJ-1 dimerization. We use cysteine cross-linking and various biophysical techniques to show that these DJ-1 mutants form dimers with increased conformational flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Prahlad
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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38
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Hagberg H, Mallard C, Rousset CI, Thornton C. Mitochondria: hub of injury responses in the developing brain. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:217-32. [PMID: 24457191 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the field of mitochondrial biology in the past few years has shown that mitochondrial activities go beyond bioenergetics. These new aspects of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology have important implications for the immature brain. A picture emerges in which mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, migration, and morphogenesis are crucial for brain development and synaptic pruning, and play a part in recovery after acute insults. Mitochondria also affect brain susceptibility to injury, and mitochondria-directed interventions can make the immature brain highly resistant to acute injury. Finally, the mitochondrion is a platform for innate immunity, contributes to inflammation in response to infection and acute damage, and participates in antiviral and antibacterial defence. Understanding of these new aspects of mitochondrial function will provide insights into brain development and neurological disease, and enable discovery and development of new strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hagberg
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; Perinatal Center, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Physiology & Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine I Rousset
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claire Thornton
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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39
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Amadoro G, Corsetti V, Florenzano F, Atlante A, Bobba A, Nicolin V, Nori SL, Calissano P. Morphological and bioenergetic demands underlying the mitophagy in post-mitotic neurons: the pink-parkin pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:18. [PMID: 24600391 PMCID: PMC3927396 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a striking causal relationship between changes in quality control of neuronal mitochondria and numerous devastating human neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Contrary to replicating mammalian cells with a metabolism essentially glycolytic, post-mitotic neurons are distinctive owing to (i) their exclusive energetic dependence from mitochondrial metabolism and (ii) their polarized shape, which entails compartmentalized and distinct energetic needs. Here, we review the recent findings on mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in differentiated neurons focusing on how the exceptional characteristics of neuronal populations in their morphology and bioenergetics needs make them quite different to other cells in controlling the intracellular turnover of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy ; European Brain Research Institute Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Corsetti
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology - National Research Council Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bobba
- Institute of Biomembrane and Bioenergetics - National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania L Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
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40
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Minakawa EN, Yamakado H, Tanaka A, Uemura K, Takeda S, Takahashi R. Chicken DT40 cell line lacking DJ-1, the gene responsible for familial Parkinson's disease, displays mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurosci Res 2013; 77:228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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41
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Ekholm-Reed S, Goldberg MS, Schlossmacher MG, Reed SI. Parkin-dependent degradation of the F-box protein Fbw7β promotes neuronal survival in response to oxidative stress by stabilizing Mcl-1. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3627-43. [PMID: 23858059 PMCID: PMC3753862 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00535-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons resulting in motor dysfunction. While most PD is sporadic in nature, a significant subset can be linked to either dominant or recessive germ line mutations. PARK2, encoding the ubiquitin ligase parkin, is the most frequently mutated gene in hereditary Parkinson's disease. Here, we present evidence for a neuronal ubiquitin ligase cascade involving parkin and the multisubunit ubiquitin ligase SCF(Fbw7β). Specifically, parkin targets the SCF substrate adapter Fbw7β for proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we show that the physiological role of parkin-mediated regulation of Fbw7β levels is the stabilization of the mitochondrial prosurvival factor Mcl-1, an SCF(Fbw7β) target in neurons. We show that neurons depleted of parkin become acutely sensitive to oxidative stress due to an inability to maintain adequate levels of Mcl-1. Therefore, loss of parkin function through biallelic mutation of PARK2 may lead to death of dopaminergic neurons through unregulated SCF(Fbw7β)-mediated ubiquitylation-dependent proteolysis of Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ekholm-Reed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew S. Goldberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael G. Schlossmacher
- Division of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven I. Reed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Samantaray S, Knaryan VH, Shields DC, Banik NL. Critical role of calpain in spinal cord degeneration in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2013; 127:880-90. [PMID: 23875735 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While multiple molecular mechanisms contribute to midbrain nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), the mechanism of damage in non-dopaminergic sites within the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, is not well-understood. Thus, to understand the comprehensive pathophysiology underlying this devastating disease, postmortem spinal cord tissue samples (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments) from patients with PD were analyzed compared to age-matched normal subjects or Alzheimer's disease for selective molecular markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation. Distal axonal degeneration, relative abundance of both sensory and motor neuron death, selective loss of ChAT(+) motoneurons, reactive astrogliosis, microgliosis, increased cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression, and infiltration of T cells were observed in spinal cord of PD patients compared to normal subjects. Biochemical analyses of spinal cord tissues revealed associated inflammatory and proteolytic events (elevated levels of Cox-2, expression and activity of μ- and m-calpain, degradation of axonal neurofilament protein, and concomitantly low levels of endogenous inhibitor - calpastatin) in spinal cord of PD patients. Thus, pathologically upregulated calpain activity in spinal cords of patients with PD may contribute to inflammatory response-mediated neuronal death, leading to motor dysfunction. We proposed calpain over-activation and calpain-calpastatin dysregulation driving in a cascade of inflammatory responses (microglial activation and T cell infiltration) and degenerative pathways culminating in axonal degeneration and neuronal death in spinal cord of Parkinson's disease patients. This may be one of the crucial mechanisms in the degenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Varduhi H Knaryan
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, The George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 7-420, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 309 CSB, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Ling Q, Jarvis P. Dynamic regulation of endosymbiotic organelles by ubiquitination. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:399-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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The benefits of humanized yeast models to study Parkinson's disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:760629. [PMID: 23936613 PMCID: PMC3713309 DOI: 10.1155/2013/760629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a useful model system to investigate fundamental questions concerning the pathogenic role of human proteins in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). These so-called humanized yeast models for PD initially focused on α-synuclein, which plays a key role in the etiology of PD. Upon expression of this human protein in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the events leading to aggregation and the molecular mechanisms that result in cellular toxicity are faithfully reproduced. More recently, a similar model to study the presumed pathobiology of the α-synuclein interaction partner synphilin-1 has been established. In this review we will discuss recent advances using these humanized yeast models, pointing to new roles for cell wall integrity signaling, Ca2+ homeostasis, mitophagy, and the cytoskeleton.
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Yang Y, Coleman M, Zhang L, Zheng X, Yue Z. Autophagy in axonal and dendritic degeneration. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:418-28. [PMID: 23639383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of axons and dendrites is a common and early pathological feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, and is thought to be regulated by mechanisms distinct from those determining death of the cell body. The unique structures of axons and dendrites (collectively neurites) may cause them to be particularly vulnerable to the accumulation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism in which cells clear protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Basal autophagy occurs continuously as a housekeeping function, and can be acutely expanded in response to stress or injury. Emerging evidence shows that insufficient or excessive autophagy contributes to neuritic degeneration. Here, we review the recent progress that has begun to reveal the role of autophagy in neurite function and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China.
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Esposito G, Vos M, Vilain S, Swerts J, De Sousa Valadas J, Van Meensel S, Schaap O, Verstreken P. Aconitase causes iron toxicity in Drosophila pink1 mutants. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003478. [PMID: 23637640 PMCID: PMC3636082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is a mitochondrial kinase, and pink1 mutations cause early onset Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. Loss of pink1 in Drosophila leads to defects in mitochondrial function, and genetic data suggest that another PD-related gene product, Parkin, acts with pink1 to regulate the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy). Consequently, pink1 mutants show an accumulation of morphologically abnormal mitochondria, but it is unclear if other factors are involved in pink1 function in vivo and contribute to the mitochondrial morphological defects seen in specific cell types in pink1 mutants. To explore the molecular mechanisms of pink1 function, we performed a genetic modifier screen in Drosophila and identified aconitase (acon) as a dominant suppressor of pink1. Acon localizes to mitochondria and harbors a labile iron-sulfur [4Fe-4S] cluster that can scavenge superoxide to release hydrogen peroxide and iron that combine to produce hydroxyl radicals. Using Acon enzymatic mutants, and expression of mitoferritin that scavenges free iron, we show that [4Fe-4S] cluster inactivation, as a result of increased superoxide in pink1 mutants, results in oxidative stress and mitochondrial swelling. We show that [4Fe-4S] inactivation acts downstream of pink1 in a pathway that affects mitochondrial morphology, but acts independently of parkin. Thus our data indicate that superoxide-dependent [4Fe-4S] inactivation defines a potential pathogenic cascade that acts independent of mitophagy and links iron toxicity to mitochondrial failure in a PD–relevant model. In this work we provide mechanistic insight linking together two of the earliest observations in Parkinson's disease: the excessive build-up of iron in diseased substantia nigra neurons and mitochondrial dysfunction particularly increased reactive oxygen species production at the level of Complex I. We identify aconitase mutants as strong genetic suppressors of Parkinson-related pink1 mutant phenotypes, both at the organismal and at the cellular/mitochondrial level. We show that the mitochondrial dysfunction in pink1 mutants that includes Complex I dysfunction results in superoxide-dependent inactivation of the Aconitase iron-sulfur cluster, leading to the release of iron and peroxide that combine to produce hydroxyl radicals and mitochondrial failure. Consequently, scavenging free iron using expression of mitoferritin or decreasing the levels of aconitase both rescue pink1 mutants; while increased wild-type Aconitase, but not a mutant that does not harbor an iron-sulfur cluster, results in severe mitochondrial defects. Given that reduced electron transport chain activity, increased oxidative stress, and natural iron build-up in the substantia nigra are common factors in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease, we believe that oxidative inactivation of Aconitase may represent an important pathogenic cascade underlying neuronal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Esposito
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Vos
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Vilain
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge De Sousa Valadas
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Van Meensel
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Onno Schaap
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for the prevalent diseases of developed countries: cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. The ageing process is deleterious for fitness, but can nonetheless evolve as a consequence of the declining force of natural selection at later ages, attributable to extrinsic hazards to survival: ageing can then occur as a side-effect of accumulation of mutations that lower fitness at later ages, or of natural selection in favour of mutations that increase fitness of the young but at the cost of a higher subsequent rate of ageing. Once thought of as an inexorable, complex and lineage-specific process of accumulation of damage, ageing has turned out to be influenced by mechanisms that show strong evolutionary conservation. Lowered activity of the nutrient-sensing insulin/insulin-like growth factor/Target of Rapamycin signalling network can extend healthy lifespan in yeast, multicellular invertebrates, mice and, possibly, humans. Mitochondrial activity can also promote ageing, while genome maintenance and autophagy can protect against it. We discuss the relationship between evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of ageing and disease, and the associated scientific challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Niccoli
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Chou VP, Holman TR, Manning-Bog AB. Differential contribution of lipoxygenase isozymes to nigrostriatal vulnerability. Neuroscience 2012; 228:73-82. [PMID: 23079635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 5- and 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes have been implicated to contribute to disease development in CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. These LOX isozymes are distinct in function, with differential effects on neuroinflammation, and the impact of the distinct isozymes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has not as yet been evaluated. To determine whether the isozymes contribute differently to nigrostriatal vulnerability, the effects of 5- and 12/15-LOX deficiency on dopaminergic tone under naïve and toxicant-challenged conditions were tested. In naïve mice deficient in 5-LOX expression, a modest but significant reduction (18.0% reduction vs. wildtype (WT)) in striatal dopamine (DA) was detected (n=6-8 per genotype). A concomitant decline in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme was also revealed in null 5-LOX vs. WT mice (26.2%); however, no changes in levels of DA or TH immunoreactivity were observed in null 12/15-LOX vs. WT mice. When challenged with the selective dopaminergic toxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), WT mice showed a marked reduction in DA (31.9%) and robust astrocytic and microglial activation as compared to saline-treated animals. In contrast, null 5-LOX littermates demonstrated no significant striatal DA depletion or astrogliosis (as noted by Western blot analyses for glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity). In naïve null 12/15-LOX mice, no significant change in striatal DA values was observed compared to WT, and following MPTP treatment, the transgenics revealed striatal DA reduction similar to the challenged WT mice. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that: (i) LOX isozymes are involved in the maintenance of normal dopaminergic function in the striatum and (ii) the 5- and 12/15-LOX isozymes contribute differentially to striatal vulnerability in response to neurotoxicant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Chou
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most frequent genetic lesions so far found in familial as well as sporadic forms of PD (Parkinson's disease), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dysfunction and degeneration of dopaminergic and other neuronal types. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying LRRK2 action remain poorly defined. Synaptic dysfunction has been increasingly recognized as an early event in the pathogenesis of major neurological disorders. Using Drosophila as a model system, we have shown that LRRK2 controls synaptic morphogenesis. Loss of dLRRK (Drosophila LRRK2) results in synaptic overgrowth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction synapse, whereas overexpression of wild-type dLRRK, hLRRK2 (human LRRK2) or the pathogenic hLRRK2-G2019S mutant has the opposite effect. Alteration of LRRK2 activity also affects synaptic transmission in a complex manner. LRRK2 exerts its effects on synaptic morphology by interacting with distinct downstream effectors at the pre- and post-synaptic compartments. At the postsynapse, LRRK2 functionally interacts with 4E-BP (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein) and the microRNA machinery, both of which negatively regulate protein synthesis. At the presynapse, LRRK2 phosphorylates and negatively regulates the microtubule-binding protein Futsch and functionally interacts with the mitochondrial transport machinery. These results implicate compartment-specific synaptic dysfunction caused by altered protein synthesis, cytoskeletal dynamics and mitochondrial transport in LRRK2 pathogenesis and offer a new paradigm for understanding and ultimately treating LRRK2-related PD.
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50
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Lindgren HS, Lelos MJ, Dunnett SB. Do α-synuclein vector injections provide a better model of Parkinson's disease than the classic 6-hydroxydopamine model? Exp Neurol 2012; 237:36-42. [PMID: 22727767 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in modelling Parkinson's disease in rodents contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and open innumerable pathways for the development of new therapeutic interventions. In a recent article in this journal, Decressac and co-workers present an interesting comparison between two classic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) models and the more recently established rodent model of Parkinson's disease induced by over-expression of α-synuclein using adeno-associated viral vectors. As expected, injections of 6-OHDA result in extensive loss of dopamine associated with pronounced motor deficits. Interestingly, over-expression of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra pars compacta also results in a considerable loss of dopamine as well as motor impairments. Both the level of dopamine loss and the motor deficits seen after α-synuclein over-expression were similar in extent to that seen after intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA, but the temporal profile of degeneration and the development of motor deficits were progressive, more closely mimicking the clinical condition. This commentary offers further insights into the differences between these two rodent models, and asks how well they each replicate idiopathic PD. In addition, the translational relevance, reliability, and predictive value of this more recently developed AAV α-synuclein model are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S Lindgren
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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