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Murik O, Geffen O, Shotland Y, Fernandez-Pozo N, Ullrich KK, Walther D, Rensing SA, Treves H. Genomic imprints of unparalleled growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1144-1160. [PMID: 38072860 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella ohadii was isolated from desert biological soil crusts, one of the harshest habitats on Earth, and is emerging as an exciting new green model for studying growth, photosynthesis and metabolism under a wide range of conditions. Here, we compared the genome of C. ohadii, the fastest growing alga on record, to that of other green algae, to reveal the genomic imprints empowering its unparalleled growth rate and resistance to various stressors, including extreme illumination. This included the genome of its close relative, but slower growing and photodamage sensitive, C. sorokiniana UTEX 1663. A larger number of ribosome-encoding genes, high intron abundance, increased codon bias and unique genes potentially involved in metabolic flexibility and resistance to photodamage are all consistent with the faster growth of C. ohadii. Some of these characteristics highlight general trends in Chlorophyta and Chlorella spp. evolution, and others open new broad avenues for mechanistic exploration of their relationship with growth. This work entails a unique case study for the genomic adaptations and costs of exceptionally fast growth and sheds light on the genomic signatures of fast growth in photosynthetic cells. It also provides an important resource for future studies leveraging the unique properties of C. ohadii for photosynthesis and stress response research alongside their utilization for synthetic biology and biotechnology aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Murik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 93722, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Or Geffen
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, 39040, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoram Shotland
- Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, 84100, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian Karsten Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Andreas Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Haim Treves
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, 39040, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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2
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Panting M, Holme IB, Björnsson JM, Zhong Y, Brinch-Pedersen H. CRISPR/Cas9 and Transgene Verification of Gene Involvement in Unfolded Protein Response and Recombinant Protein Production in Barley Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:755788. [PMID: 34868146 PMCID: PMC8634432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of plants as heterologous hosts to produce recombinant proteins has some intriguing advantages. There is, however, the potential of overloading the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) capacity when producing recombinant proteins in the seeds. This leads to an ER-stress condition and accumulating of unfolded proteins. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to alleviate the ER-stress. With the aim to increase the yield of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and mouse leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF) in barley, we selected genes reported to have increased expression during ER-induced stress. The selected genes were calreticulin (CRT), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), HSP70, HSP26, and HSP16.9. These were knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 or overexpressed by conventional transgenesis. The generated homozygous barley lines were crossed with barley plants expressing EGF or mLIF and the offspring plants analyzed for EGF and mLIF protein accumulation in the mature grain. All manipulated genes had an impact on the expression of UPR genes when plantlets were subjected to tunicamycin (TN). The PDI knockout plant showed decreased protein body formation, with protein evenly distributed in the cells of the endosperm. The two genes, GST and IPI, were found to have a positive effect on recombinant protein production. mLIF expression was increased in a F2 homozygous GST knockout mutant background as compared to a F2 GST wild-type offspring. The overexpression of IPI in a F1 cross showed a significant increase in EGF expression. We demonstrate that manipulation of UPR related genes can have a positive effect on recombinant protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Panting
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inger Baeksted Holme
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Yingxin Zhong
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
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3
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Kang CE, Lee S, Seo DH, Heo W, Kwon SH, Kim J, Lee J, Ko BJ, Koiwa H, Kim WT, Kim JY. Comparison of CD20 Binding Affinities of Rituximab Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana Callus. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1016-1029. [PMID: 34185248 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are promising drug-production platforms with high economic efficiency, stability, and convenience in mass production. However, studies comparing the equivalency between the original antibodies and those produced in plants are limited. Amino acid sequences that constitute the Fab region of an antibody are diverse, and the post-transcriptional modifications that occur according to these sequences in animals and plants are also highly variable. In this study, rituximab, a blockbuster antibody drug used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana callus, and was compared to the original rituximab produced in CHO cells. Interestingly, the epitope recognition and antigen-binding abilities of rituximab from N. benthamiana leaves were almost lost. In the case of rituximab produced in A. thaliana callus, the specific binding ability and CD20 capping activity were maintained, but the binding affinity was less than 50% of that of original rituximab from CHO cells. These results suggest that different plant species exhibit different binding affinities. Accordingly, in addition to the differences in PTMs between mammals and plants, the differences between the species must also be considered in the process of producing antibodies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Eun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungeun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hye Seo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hyung Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongRyeol Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- Mass Analysis Team, New Drug Development Center, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Development Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843-2133, USA
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Watts A, Sankaranarayanan S, Watts A, Raipuria RK. Optimizing protein expression in heterologous system: Strategies and tools. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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5
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Park SH, Ji KY, Kim HM, Ma SH, Park SY, Do JH, Oh DB, Kang HS, Shim JS, Joung YH. Optimization of the human colorectal carcinoma antigen GA733-2 production in tobacco plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:55-67. [PMID: 33520002 PMCID: PMC7825390 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-020-00657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The colorectal carcinoma-associated protein GA733-2 is one of the representative candidate protein for the development of plant-derived colorectal cancer vaccine. Despite of its significant importance for colorectal vaccine development, low efficiency of GA733-2 production limits its wide applications. To improve productivity of GA733-2 in plants, we here tested multiple factors that affect expression of recombinant GA733-2 (rGA733-2) and rGA733 fused to fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain (rGA733-Fc) protein. The rGA733-2 and rGA733-Fc proteins were highly expressed when the pBINPLUS vector system was used for transient expression in tobacco plants. In addition, the length of interval between rGA733-2 and left border of T-DNA affected the expression of rGA733 protein. Transient expression analysis using various combinations of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (C58C1, LBA4404, and GV3101) and tobacco species (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc and Nicotiana benthamiana) revealed that higher accumulation of rGA733-2 and rGA733-Fc proteins were obtained by combination of A. tumefaciens LBA4404 and Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic plants generated by introduction of the rGA733-2 and rGA733-Fc expression cassettes also significantly accumulated corresponding recombinant proteins. Bioactivity and stability of the plant-derived rGA733 and rGA733-Fc were evaluated by further in vitro assay, western blot and N-glycosylation analysis. Collectively, we here suggest the optimal condition for efficient production of functional rGA733-2 protein in tobacco system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hee Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ma
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Ju Hui Do
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Jae Sung Shim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
| | - Young Hee Joung
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Korea
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Panting M, Holme IB, Björnsson JM, Brinch-Pedersen H. Modulation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Grain Protein Sink-Source Relations Towards Human Epidermal Growth Factor Instead of B-hordein Storage Protein. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 63:13-23. [PMID: 33051823 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seeds have evolutionarily developed to store protein without immediately degrading it and constitute ideal tissues for recombinant protein storage. Unfortunately, the production of recombinant protein in seeds is compromised by low yield as compared to other heterologous expression systems. In order to improve the yield of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) in barley, protein sink-source relations in the developing grain were modulated towards EGF instead of the barley storage protein. The EGF gene, under the control of a B-hordein and a seed-specific oat globulin promoter, was introduced by crossing EGF lines into the Risø 56 mutant deficient in B-hordein storage protein synthesis. Offspring plants were analysed for EGF and Hordein expression and for expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) genes PDI and CRT to monitor changes in ER stress levels. EGF content was increased significantly in the mature grain of homozygous offspring and PDI and CRT gene expressions were upregulated. We demonstrate, for the first time in barley, that replacement of an abundant seed storage protein with a specific heterologous protein driven by the promoter of the removed gene can accelerate the production of a specific heterologous protein in barley grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Panting
- Department of AgroEcology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inger Bæksted Holme
- Department of AgroEcology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Department of AgroEcology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark.
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Shahid N, Samiullah TR, Shakoor S, Latif A, Yasmeen A, Azam S, Shahid AA, Husnain T, Rao AQ. Early Stage Development of a Newcastle Disease Vaccine Candidate in Corn. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:499. [PMID: 33062645 PMCID: PMC7476220 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease that causes labored breathing, periorbital oedema, and ataxia in the majority of avian species. The available vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are limited, owing to their low reactivity and multiple dosage requirements. Plant-based machinery provides an attractive and safe system for vaccine production. In the current study, we attempted to express fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins (the protective antigens against NDV) under constitutive 35S and seed-specific Zein promoters, respectively. Almost 2-7.1-fold higher expression of F gene mRNA in transgenic corn leaves and 8-28-fold higher expression of HN gene mRNA in transgenic corn seeds were observed, when the expression was analyzed by real-time PCR on a relative basis as compared to non-transgenic control plant material (Leaves and seeds). Similarly, 1.66 μg/ml of F protein in corn leaves, i.e., 0.5% of total soluble protein, and 2.4 μg/ml of HN protein in corn seed, i.e., 0.8% of total seed protein, were found when calculated through ELISA. Similar levels of immunological response were generated in chicks immunized through injection of E. coli-produced pET F and pET HN protein as in chickens orally fed leaves and seeds of maize with expressed immunogenic protein. Moreover, the detection of anti-NDV antibodies in the sera of chickens that were fed maize with immunogenic protein, and the absence of these antibodies in chickens fed a normal diet, confirmed the specificity of the antibodies generated through feeding, and demonstrated the potential of utilizing plants for producing more vaccine doses, vaccine generation at higher levels and against other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sana Shakoor
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Latif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Yasmeen
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saira Azam
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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8
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Rozov SM, Deineko EV. Strategies for Optimizing Recombinant Protein Synthesis in Plant Cells: Classical Approaches and New Directions. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Lee JW, Heo W, Lee J, Jin N, Yoon SM, Park KY, Kim EY, Kim WT, Kim JY. The B cell death function of obinutuzumab-HDEL produced in plant (Nicotiana benthamiana L.) is equivalent to obinutuzumab produced in CHO cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191075. [PMID: 29324849 PMCID: PMC5764350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have attracted attention as bio-drug production platforms because of their economical and safety benefits. The preliminary efficacy of ZMapp, a cocktail of antibodies produced in N. benthamiana (Nicotiana benthamiana L.), suggested plants may serve as a platform for antibody production. However, because the amino acid sequences of the Fab fragment are diverse and differences in post-transcriptional processes between animals and plants remain to be elucidated, it is necessary to confirm functional equivalence of plant-produced antibodies to the original antibody. In this study, Obinutuzumab, a third generation anti-CD20 antibody, was produced in N. benthamiana leaves (plant-obinutuzumab) and compared to the original antibody produced in glyco-engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (CHO-obinutuzumab). Two forms (with or without an HDEL tag) were generated and antibody yields were compared. The HDEL-tagged form was more highly expressed than the non-HDEL-tagged form which was cleaved in the N-terminus. To determine the equivalence in functions of the Fab region between the two forms, we compared the CD20 binding affinities and direct binding induced cell death of a CD20-positive B cells. Both forms showed similar CD20 binding affinities and direct cell death of B cell. The results suggested that plant-obinutuzumab was equivalent to CHO-obinutuzumab in CD20 binding, cell aggregation, and direct cell death via binding. Therefore, our findings suggest that Obinutuzumab is a promising biosimilar candidate that can be produced efficiently in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Narae Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Mee Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Youl Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yu Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ponndorf D, Ehmke S, Walliser B, Thoss K, Unger C, Görs S, Daş G, Metges CC, Broer I, Nausch H. Stable production of cyanophycinase in Nicotiana benthamiana and its functionality to hydrolyse cyanophycin in the murine intestine. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:605-613. [PMID: 27808470 PMCID: PMC5399006 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Food supplementation with the conditionally essential amino acid arginine (Arg) has been shown to have nutritional benefits. Degradation of cyanophycin (CGP), a peptide polymer used for nitrogen storage by cyanobacteria, requires cyanophycinase (CGPase) and results in the release of β-aspartic acid (Asp)-Arg dipeptides. The simultaneous production of CGP and CGPase in plants could be a convenient source of Arg dipeptides. Different variants of the cphB coding region from Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Translation and enzyme stability were optimized to produce high amounts of active CGPase. Protein stability was increased by the translational fusion of CGPase to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or to the transit peptide of the small subunit of RuBisCO for peptide production in the chloroplasts. Studies in mice showed that plant-expressed CGP fed in combination with plant-made CGPase was hydrolysed in the intestine, and high levels of ß-Asp-Arg dipeptides were found in plasma, demonstrating dipeptide absorption. However, the lack of an increase in Asp and Arg or its metabolite ornithine in plasma suggests that Arg from CGP was not bioavailable in this mouse group. Intestinal degradation of CGP by CGPase led to low intestinal CGP content 4 h after consumption, but after ingestion of CGP alone, high CGP concentrations remained in the large intestine; this indicated that intact CGP was transported from the small to the large intestine and that CGP was resistant to colonic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ponndorf
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Sven Ehmke
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
- Present address: Paraxel International GmbHKlinikum am Westend, Haus 18, SpandauerDamm 130, 14050BerlinGermany
| | - Benjamin Walliser
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Kerstin Thoss
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Christoph Unger
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’DummerstorfGermany
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’DummerstorfGermany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’DummerstorfGermany
| | - Inge Broer
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Henrik Nausch
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio‐ and Gene TechnologyUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
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11
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Hiss M, Schneider L, Grosche C, Barth MA, Neu C, Symeonidi A, Ullrich KK, Perroud PF, Schallenberg-Rüdinger M, Rensing SA. Combination of the Endogenous lhcsr1 Promoter and Codon Usage Optimization Boosts Protein Expression in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1842. [PMID: 29163577 PMCID: PMC5671511 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella patens is used both as an evo-devo model and biotechnological production system for metabolites and pharmaceuticals. Strong in vivo expression of genes of interest is important for production of recombinant proteins, e.g., selectable markers, fluorescent proteins, or enzymes. In this regard, the choice of the promoter sequence as well as codon usage optimization are two important inside factors to consider in order to obtain optimum protein accumulation level. To reliably quantify fluorescence, we transfected protoplasts with promoter:GFP fusion constructs and measured fluorescence intensity of living protoplasts in a plate reader system. We used the red fluorescent protein mCherry under 2x 35S promoter control as second reporter to normalize for different transfection efficiencies. We derived a novel endogenous promoter and compared deletion variants with exogenous promoters. We used different codon-adapted green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes to evaluate the influence of promoter choice and codon optimization on protein accumulation in P. patens, and show that the promoter of the gene of P. patens chlorophyll a/b binding protein lhcsr1 drives expression of GFP in protoplasts significantly (more than twofold) better than the commonly used 2x 35S promoter or the rice actin1 promoter. We identified a shortened 677 bp version of the lhcsr1 promoter that retains full activity in protoplasts. The codon optimized GFP yields significantly (more than twofold) stronger fluorescence signals and thus demonstrates that adjusting codon usage in P. patens can increase expression strength. In combination, new promotor and codon optimized GFP conveyed sixfold increased fluorescence signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hiss
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Schneider
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Grosche
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Melanie A. Barth
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Neu
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Kristian K. Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan A. Rensing,
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12
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Canola engineered with a microalgal polyketide synthase-like system produces oil enriched in docosahexaenoic acid. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:881-7. [PMID: 27398790 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) are usually derived from marine fish. Although production of both EPA and DHA has been engineered into land plants, including Arabidopsis, Camelina sativa and Brassica juncea, neither has been produced in commercially relevant amounts in a widely grown crop. We report expression of a microalgal polyketide synthase-like PUFA synthase system, comprising three multidomain polypeptides and an accessory enzyme, in canola (Brassica napus) seeds. This transgenic enzyme system is expressed in the cytoplasm, and synthesizes DHA and EPA de novo from malonyl-CoA without substantially altering plastidial fatty acid production. Furthermore, there is no significant impact of DHA and EPA production on seed yield in either the greenhouse or the field. Canola oil processed from field-grown grain contains 3.7% DHA and 0.7% EPA, and can provide more than 600 mg of omega-3 LC-PUFAs in a 14 g serving.
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Braguy J, Zurbriggen MD. Synthetic strategies for plant signalling studies: molecular toolbox and orthogonal platforms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:118-38. [PMID: 27227549 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy a wide array of signalling networks integrating environmental cues with growth, defence and developmental responses. The high level of complexity, redundancy and connection between several pathways hampers a comprehensive understanding of involved functional and regulatory mechanisms. The implementation of synthetic biology approaches is revolutionizing experimental biology in prokaryotes, yeasts and animal systems and can likewise contribute to a new era in plant biology. This review gives an overview on synthetic biology approaches for the development and implementation of synthetic molecular tools and techniques to interrogate, understand and control signalling events in plants, ranging from strategies for the targeted manipulation of plant genomes up to the spatiotemporally resolved control of gene expression using optogenetic approaches. We also describe strategies based on the partial reconstruction of signalling pathways in orthogonal platforms, like yeast, animal and in vitro systems. This allows a targeted analysis of individual signalling hubs devoid of interconnectivity with endogenous interacting components. Implementation of the interdisciplinary synthetic biology tools and strategies is not exempt of challenges and hardships but simultaneously most rewarding in terms of the advances in basic and applied research. As witnessed in other areas, these original theoretical-experimental avenues will lead to a breakthrough in the ability to study and comprehend plant signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Braguy
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätstrasse 1, Building 26.12.U1.25, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätstrasse 1, Building 26.12.U1.25, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Tschofen M, Knopp D, Hood E, Stöger E. Plant Molecular Farming: Much More than Medicines. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:271-94. [PMID: 27049632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have emerged as commercially relevant production systems for pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical products. Currently, the commercially available nonpharmaceutical products outnumber the medical products of plant molecular farming, reflecting the shorter development times and lower regulatory burden of the former. Nonpharmaceutical products benefit more from the low costs and greater scalability of plant production systems without incurring the high costs associated with downstream processing and purification of pharmaceuticals. In this review, we explore the areas where plant-based manufacturing can make the greatest impact, focusing on commercialized products such as antibodies, enzymes, and growth factors that are used as research-grade or diagnostic reagents, cosmetic ingredients, and biosensors or biocatalysts. An outlook is provided on high-volume, low-margin proteins such as industrial enzymes that can be applied as crude extracts or unprocessed plant tissues in the feed, biofuel, and papermaking industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tschofen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Hood
- Arkansas State University Biosciences Institute, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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Gasanova TV, Petukhova NV, Ivanov PA. Chimeric particles of tobacco mosaic virus as a platform for the development of next-generation nanovaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078016020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zischewski J, Sack M, Fischer R. Overcoming low yields of plant-made antibodies by a protein engineering approach. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:107-16. [PMID: 26632507 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The commercial development of plant-based antibody production platforms is often limited by low and variable yields, but little is known about the factors that affect antibody accumulation during and after translation. Here, we present a strategy to identify yield-limiting regions in the transcript and protein. We exchanged variable heavy chain (VH) domain sequences between two human antibodies at structurally conserved positions, thus creating ten chimeric VH domains containing sequences from M12 (∼1000 μg/g leaf fresh weight [FW]) and 4E10 (∼100 μg/g FW). After transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we measured mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time PCR and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Transcript levels were similar for all constructs, but antibody levels ranged from ∼250 μg/g to over 2000 μg/g FW. Analysis of the expression levels showed that: i) 4E10 yields were only marginally increased by suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing; ii) the CDR3 of 4E10 contains a protease site; and iii) a bipartite, yield-limiting region exists in the CDR2/CDR3. Our findings highlight the strong impact of cotranslational and posttranslational events on antibody yields and show that protein engineering is a powerful tool that can be used to overcome the remaining limitations affecting antibody production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zischewski
- Department for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Department for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
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A Streamlined, Automated Protocol for the Production of Milligram Quantities of Untagged Recombinant Rat Lactate Dehydrogenase A Using ÄKTAxpressTM. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146164. [PMID: 26717415 PMCID: PMC4696747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an efficient, automated 2-step purification protocol for the production of milligram quantities of untagged recombinant rat lactate dehydrogenase A (rLDHA) from E. coli, using the ÄKTAxpress™ chromatography system. Cation exchange followed by size exclusion results in average final purity in excess of 93% and yields ~ 14 milligrams per 50 ml of original cell culture in EnPresso B media, in under 8 hrs, including all primary sample processing and column equilibration steps. The protein is highly active and coherent biophysically and a viable alternative to the more problematic human homolog for structural and ligand-binding studies; an apo structure of untagged rLDHA was solved to a resolution 2.29 Å (PDB ID 5ES3). Our automated methodology uses generic commercially available pre-packed columns and simple buffers, and represents a robust standard method for the production of milligram amounts of untagged rLDHA, facilitating a novel fragment screening approach for new inhibitors.
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Plants as Factories for Human Pharmaceuticals: Applications and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28549-65. [PMID: 26633378 PMCID: PMC4691069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF), defined as the practice of using plants to produce human therapeutic proteins, has received worldwide interest. PMF has grown and advanced considerably over the past two decades. A number of therapeutic proteins have been produced in plants, some of which have been through pre-clinical or clinical trials and are close to commercialization. Plants have the potential to mass-produce pharmaceutical products with less cost than traditional methods. Tobacco-derived antibodies have been tested and used to combat the Ebola outbreak in Africa. Genetically engineered immunoadhesin (DPP4-Fc) produced in green plants has been shown to be able to bind to MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), preventing the virus from infecting lung cells. Biosafety concerns (such as pollen contamination and immunogenicity of plant-specific glycans) and costly downstream extraction and purification requirements, however, have hampered PMF production from moving from the laboratory to industrial application. In this review, the challenges and opportunities of PMF are discussed. Topics addressed include; transformation and expression systems, plant bioreactors, safety concerns, and various opportunities to produce topical applications and health supplements.
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