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Oh SY, Meaklim H, Nicholas CL, Cunnington D, Schenker M, Patrick CJ, Windred D, Phillips LJ. Perfect Enough to Sleep? Perfectionism and Actigraphy-Determined Markers of Insomnia. Behav Sleep Med 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38785108 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2024.2355476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perfectionism is an important factor in insomnia development and maintenance. Previous studies exploring the relationship between perfectionism and insomnia have predominantly relied on self-reported sleep measures. Therefore, this study sought to assess whether actigraphy-measured sleep parameters were associated with perfectionism. METHODS Sixty adults (85% females, mean age 30.18 ± 11.01 years) were sampled from the Australian general population. Actigraphy-derived objective sleep measures, subjective sleep diary measures, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), Hewitt-Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HFMPS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) were collected. RESULTS High perfectionism levels were associated with poor sleep, but these relationships differed between objective and subjective measures. Perfectionism via FMPS total score and subscales of Concern over Mistakes, Doubts about Actions, Personal Standards and Self-oriented Perfectionism correlated with subjective sleep onset latency and sleep efficiency with moderate effects (r = .26 to .88). In contrast, perfectionism via HFMPS total score and subscales of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Parental Expectations predicted objective sleep onset latency and sleep efficiency. Additionally, stress mediated the relationships between objective sleep efficiency and Concern over Mistakes and Doubts about Actions. CONCLUSIONS Perfectionism demonstrated stronger associations with subjective than objective sleep measures. Higher Parental Expectations and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism may increase one's vulnerability to objectively measured poor sleep. Therefore, perfectionism may be important in preventing and treating insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Y Oh
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University Healthy Sleep Clinic, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hailey Meaklim
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian L Nicholas
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Maya Schenker
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cameron J Patrick
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel Windred
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University Healthy Sleep Clinic, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lisa J Phillips
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Gaudreau P, Schellenberg BJI. The impact of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for perfectionism: a reinterpretation through the lens of the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism. Behav Cogn Psychother 2024; 52:288-300. [PMID: 37974428 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465823000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grieve et al. (2022) tested the effects of an intervention designed to reduce perfectionism. Contrary to their hypotheses, the intervention reduced both perfectionism and excellencism. Furthermore, excellencism positively correlated with negative outcomes (e.g. anxiety). AIMS A theory-driven framework (with five hypothetical scenarios) is proposed to reconsider how we interpret the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce perfectionism. Our goal was to offer a constructive reinterpretation of the results of Grieve et al. (2022) using our new framework derived from the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism. METHOD Secondary data analyses using the experimental and correlational results are published in the randomized control trial of Grieve et al. (2022). RESULTS Our re-examination of the results reveals that excellencism was reduced by a smaller extent (approximately 25% less) than perfectionism. Based on our framework, such a ratio provides conclusive evidence for the effectiveness of this intervention. Students entered the intervention as perfectionists and they ended up somewhere between the zones of excellence striving and non-perfectionism. Furthermore, our multivariate re-analysis of the bivariate correlations indicates that excellence strivers experienced better adjustment (lower anxiety, depression, stress, body-related acceptance, and higher self-compassion) compared with perfectionists. CONCLUSION Future interventions should target the reduction of perfectionism and the maintenance of excellencism because excellencism relates to desirable outcomes. Our secondary data analysis was needed to inform researchers and practitioners about an alternative interpretation of Grieve and colleagues' findings. Future interventions to reduce perfectionism should closely monitor excellencism and follow the interpretational guidelines advanced in this article.
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Criswell SR. Applying process-oriented hypnosis to treat perfectionism-related depression. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2024; 66:20-34. [PMID: 37437143 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2023.2208638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper brings together concepts, tools, and case examples that provide guidance for ways to use process-oriented clinical hypnosis to shift perfectionistic tendencies to help resolve depression and enhance well-being. Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic risk factor for clinical and subclinical suffering of many types including depression. Over time, perfectionism is becoming more widespread. Perfectionism-related depression can be effectively treated when clinician attention is directed toward core skills and themes. Case examples illustrate how to help clients moderate overly extreme thinking, create and use realistic standards, and develop and apply a balanced self-evaluation. A variety of clinician styles and approaches, especially when tailored to individual client characteristics, preferences, and needs, are compatible with process-oriented hypnotic interventions for perfectionism and depression.
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Flett GL, Hewitt PL. The need to focus on perfectionism in suicide assessment, treatment and prevention. World Psychiatry 2024; 23:152-154. [PMID: 38214627 PMCID: PMC10785971 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Flett
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul L Hewitt
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Jiang F, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Why does a leader's other-oriented perfectionism lead employees to do bad things? Examining the role of moral disengagement and moral identity. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1290233. [PMID: 38348248 PMCID: PMC10859487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Moral disengagement is an essential concept in organizational behavioral ethics, as it is strongly related to employee behaviors and attitudes. What is not clear, however, is which leader traits are directly associated with employees' moral disengagement and which are indirectly associated with unethical behavior. This study draws on a social cognitive perspective that links leaders' other-oriented perfectionism (LOOP) with unethical employee behavior. Specifically, we propose that LOOP provides employees with excuses and encouragement to engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Methods We analyzed data collected from 266 full-time employees at two-time points, and used mediated and moderated structural equation models to test the hypotheses, and the findings largely support our claims. Results The results suggest that LOOP effectively promotes employees' involvement in UPB. Moderated mediation tests suggest that the positive indirect impact of LOOP on employees' unethical behavior via moral disengagement was attenuated by higher employees' moral identity. Discussion In summary, the results indicate that when leaders emphasize only perfection and make unrealistic demands on their employees, the latter perceive that engaging in unethical behavior is demanded by the leader, that the responsibility is not theirs, and thus they are more willing to engage in unethical behavior. This study discusses the implications of these findings from both practical and theoretical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- School of Business Administration, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- School of Sports Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- School of Business Administration, Shandong Women's University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Business Administration, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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McKay J, Williams K, Stewart J. You just want a break from the hatred of failure: the lived experience of being a student physiotherapist perfectionist and considerations for educators. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2023:10.1007/s10459-023-10287-y. [PMID: 37823973 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfectionism is a personality orientation associated with mental health and adjustment problems. Recent evidence demonstrates that perfectionism is widespread among students and on the rise, with recent generations of students placing increasingly more importance on perfection. Whilst the extant literature is vast, it tends to focus on psychopathology and identification of perfectionism correlates rather than the experience of student perfectionism. Furthermore, the education literature is scant and there is a need to understand the deeper processes and nuances of perfectionism, particularly within health professions education where intense study demands, competition to gain entry to educational programmes, and professional cultures may nurture the problem. This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of ten physiotherapy students as they wrestled with perfectionism in the various facets of their studies. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken, and participants completed log sheets to document perfectionism-related experiences. Idiographic profiles were composed and interview transcripts were analysed, drawing upon features of both phenomenological and thematic analysis. Perfectionism was found to have toxic consequences for the learning experience. Harmful phenomenological experiences included perpetual and excessive achievement striving, punitive self-criticism and health and wellbeing difficulties. A range of sabotaging learning behaviours such as self-handicapping and feedback avoidance was also illuminated, and cultural and organisational influences perceived to foster perfectionism emerged. Findings are discussed in relation to underlying processes and implications for educators. The prospect of findings transferring to other educational contexts is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McKay
- School of Health and Life Sciences Learning Development Centre, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Kim Williams
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Learning Development Centre, Glasgow, Scotland
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Stornæs AV, Sundgot-Borgen J, Pettersen G, Rosenvinge JH, Nordin-Bates SM. Mental health profiles among 13-16-year-Old Norwegian talent and mainstream students - A prospective person-centered analytical approach. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 68:102474. [PMID: 37665914 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To contribute further knowledge about symptoms of anxiety, depression, body concerns, and self-worth among young talent development (TD) and mainstream students by exploring the indicators within-person combinations prospectively, aiming to identify distinct profiles. METHODS We included 946 students, n = 168 (45% girls) from three TD sports schools and one ballet class, n = 778 (52% girls) from ten mainstream schools. All were 13-14 years at T1 and 15-16 years at T2. Descriptive statistics were examined via variable-centered approaches: ANOVA and cross-tabulations. Mental health profiles were explored via person-centered approaches: latent profile and latent transition analysis, including profile stability over two years and school type, gender, and perfectionism association with profiles. RESULTS TD girls' and boys' anxiety and depression scores did not differ, but girls reported more weight-shape concerns. Mainstream schoolgirls fared worse compared to all others. Four retained profiles (distressed-body concerned, dissatisfied, moderate mentally healthy, mentally healthy) showed distinct patterns of co-occurring anxiety, depression, weight-shape concerns, and self-worth. Profile stability was high overall (72-93%). The highest proportion of TD boys was in the mentally healthy, TD girls and mainstream boys in moderate, and mainstream girls within the dissatisfied profile. Noteworthy transitions: TD boys who transitioned were likely changing to healthier profiles and girls to unhealthier. Unhealthier profiles were associated with socially prescribed perfectionism. CONCLUSION TD students fared relatively better than mainstream students. Still, considerable proportions of girls were identified in the unhealthiest profiles. These findings involving young TD and mainstream students propose a need for specific follow-up measures to promote mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan H Rosenvinge
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Ge S, Chen C, Hewitt PL, Flett GL. Father-daughter and mother-son relationships: Parental bonding behaviours and socially prescribed perfectionism in young adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rodríguez-Franco A, Carlo G, Valdivia-Moral P, González-Hernández J. Be Prosocial My Friend: The Social Disconnection Model of Perfectionism in Adolescents Immersed in Competitive Sport. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2887. [PMID: 36833582 PMCID: PMC9956323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships between cognitive-behavioral patterns of perfectionism in the context of competitive sport and both prosociality and aggressiveness in a sample of adolescents competing in federated sports. A cross-sectional and non-randomized study was designed using a selective methodology on a sample of adolescents (N = 234) competing in federated sports. Scales to assess aggressiveness, perfectionism, prosocial behavior, and competitiveness were administrated. The results show that as age increases, prosocial behaviors increase and aggressive behaviors and competitiveness decrease, while there was no one significant perfectionist tendency. Competitiveness showed a direct relationship with aggressive (positive) and prosocial behaviors (negative). Self-oriented perfectionistic behavior showed a direct and significant relationship with prosocial behaviors, but no significant relationship with aggressive responses. As P-SP and P-OD tendencies increased, significantly smaller links were shown with prosocial behaviors, but greater links were shown with aggressive behaviors. A path (mediation) model showed a positive and predictive relationship with aggressive behaviors and a negative relationship with prosocial altruistic behaviors. The negative influence of criticism from significant figures in their environment and unrealistic expectations about their performance are relevant to difficulties in self-regulating social relationships in adolescents. Hence, it is a challenge to promote prosocial resources (as a protective value for aggressive behaviors) in the face of the early angst of young athletes, who put their maturity to the test under conditions of high pressure and demands. The present study continues to reinforce the line drawn on perfectionism and prosocial development in young people in sports contexts where young people, measured early on according to their performance, can accentuate and deepen competitive tendencies that alter their adaptive and self-regulatory capacities, as well as their psychosocial projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- Cultural Resiliency and Learning Center Equity Advisor, School of Education, University of California, Irvine. 401 Peltason Drive Suite 3453, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Pedro Valdivia-Moral
- Department of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression Didactics, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan González-Hernández
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Abstract
A considerable amount of human behavior occurs within the context of sports. In recent years there have been notable advances in psychological science research applied to understanding athletic endeavor. This work has utilized a number of novel theoretical, methodological, and data analytic approaches. We review the current evidence related to developmental considerations, intrapersonal athlete factors, group processes, and the role of the coach in explaining how athletes function within the sport domain. This body of work sheds light on the diverse ways in which psychological processes contribute to athletic strivings. It also has the potential to spark interest in domains of psychology concerned with achievement as well as to encourage cross-domain fertilization of ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
| | - Alan Kingstone
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Danish Centre for Motivation and Behaviour Science, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;
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Cheli S, Cavalletti V, Flett GL, Hewitt PL. Perfectionism unbound: An integrated individual and group intervention for those hiding imperfections. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1624-1636. [PMID: 35486835 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to hide and mask suffering and one's perceived imperfections is one of the biggest obstacles in treating those with prominent perfectionistic traits. In this single case, we present an integrative form of psychotherapy for patients with recurrent strategies aimed at neither displaying nor disclosing their perfectionism. Emily was a 26-year-old woman diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and reported a personality pathology as diagnosed through the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders. The intervention comprised of a 4-month individual therapy and 2-month group therapy. The former is based on Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy protocol for personality disorders. The latter is a protocol that integrates the Dynamic Relational Treatment for Perfectionism and Compassion Focused Therapy. At the end of this integrative treatment, Emily remitted from Major Depressive Disorder and personality pathology. Further studies should confirm our promising results in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cheli
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Center for Psychology & Health, Tages Charity, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Gordon L Flett
- LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul L Hewitt
- Perfectionism and Psychopathology Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lowe PA. Do Dimensions of Perfectionism Predict Dimensions of Test Anxiety While Controlling for Depression? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/07342829221095653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether cultural differences in different dimensions of perfectionism exist and whether different dimensions of perfectionism (i.e., rigid and self-critical perfectionism) predicted different dimensions of test anxiety while controlling for depression in a sample of Canadian and Singapore higher education students. In addition, culture was examined to determine whether it served as a moderator variable in the relationship between different dimensions of perfectionism and different dimensions of test anxiety. The present study was grounded in DiBartolo and Rendón’s cross-cultural framework for conducting intra- and intercultural research in the area of perfectionism. The sample for the study included 1,095 undergraduate students. Perfectionism, test anxiety, and depression measures were administered to the students online. The results of mean and covariance analyses found the perfectionism measure was invariant across Canadian and Singapore students. In addition, the results of latent mean analyses found no significant differences on the different dimensions of perfectionism between Canadian and Singapore students. The results of analyses of variance also found no significant differences in different ethnic groups on the different dimensions of perfectionism in Canada and Singapore. Furthermore, the results of five hierarchical regression analyses found self-critical perfectionism explained unique variance in the five different test anxiety dimensions while controlling for depression, and culture did not serve as a moderator variable in the relationship between the different dimensions of perfectionism and test anxiety. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Lowe
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Reivan Ortiz GG, Rivera Tapia CJ, Elizalde Martínez BA, Icaza D. Mediating Mechanisms of Perfectionism: Clinical Comorbidity of OCD and ED. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:908926. [PMID: 35911249 PMCID: PMC9329670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders (ED) share common causal factors and often represent similar entities. Studies on obsessive-compulsive disorders and eating disorders reveal a significant correlation between maladaptive perfectionism. The objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive variables of perfectionism in patients diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and OCD using a structural equation model (SEM). The sample consisted of 187 participants (60.9% women, 39.1% men) with a mean age of 26.68 (SD = 10.97). The findings reveal that the model is the same in all the disorders evaluated, achieving an adequate fit: χ2 = 7.95 (p = 0.000), RMSEA = 0.087 (95% confidence interval: 0.00 to 0.02), CFI = 0.991, TLI = 0.951 and with an overall predictive capacity of around 30% (CD = 0.318). It is recommended that future studies address the subtypes of disorders evaluated using longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Genaro Reivan Ortiz
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Daniel Icaza
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
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