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Erdem Aynur Z, Başbülbül G, Karaynir A, Bozdoğan B. Bacterial biofilm degradation by recombinant SpdAZ cloned from Streptococcus pyogenes ADUYE1. Microb Pathog 2025:107725. [PMID: 40414440 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2025] [Accepted: 05/19/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
Nucleases break down nucleic acids into smaller pieces or monomers. These enzymes are important in many biological activities, such as obtaining nucleotides necessary for cell division, DNA repair and recombination, fragmenting DNA during apoptosis, as well as functioning as an infectious agent or contributing to host defense mechanisms and disrupting bacterial biofilm structures. Herein, a nuclease from Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) ADUYE1, homologous to the spd3 gene and named as spdAZ, was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Total protein was extracted from transformed E. coli and recombinant SpdAZ (rSpdAZ) was purified using IMAC method. Sequencing analysis of the cloned gene showed 5 amino acid substitutions between Spd3 and SpdAZ. The DNAse activity of the purified rSpdAZ was tested on viral, bacterial and eukaryotic DNA as well as with DNase agar. The anti-biofilm activity of rSpdAZ was tested against biofilms formed by 8 bacterial isolates, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). Our results showed that rSpdAZ exhibited nuclease activity on all the DNA samples tested. rSpdAZ enzyme was effective against the biofilms formed by all the tested bacteria. While the effect of rSpdAZ in reducing the mature biofilm layers ranged between 65% and 93%, its effect in preventing biofilm formation (i.e., pre-biofilm) was between 48% and 91%. Enzyme activity against mature biofilms occurred after 4 hours in all studied species Biofilm formation is one of the main problems to fight against bacteria by decreasing efficacy of the antibacterial agents used. Our data suggest that rSpdAZ may be used as an antibiofilm agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Erdem Aynur
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Research Center (REDPROM), 09100, Aydin, Türkiye.
| | - Gamze Başbülbül
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Research Center (REDPROM), 09100, Aydin, Türkiye; Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Abdulkerim Karaynir
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Research Center (REDPROM), 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Bülent Bozdoğan
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Research Center (REDPROM), 09100, Aydin, Türkiye; Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
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2
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Marple AC, Shannon BA, Rishi A, Estafanos L, Armstrong BD, Guariglia-Oropeza V, Tuffs SW, McCormick JK. The Streptococcus pyogenes mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS) influences antimicrobial activity and niche-specific nasopharyngeal infection. J Bacteriol 2025; 207:e0049224. [PMID: 40135874 PMCID: PMC12004959 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00492-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a human-adapted pathogen that can cause multiple diseases, including pharyngitis and skin infections. Although this bacterium produces many virulence factors, how S. pyogenes competes with the host microbiota is not well understood. Here, we detected antimicrobial activity from S. pyogenes MGAS8232 that prevented the growth of Micrococcus luteus. This activity was produced when cells were grown in 5% CO2 in M17 media supplemented with galactose; however, the addition of alternative sugars coupled with genome sequencing experiments revealed that the antimicrobial phenotype was not related to classical bacteriocins. To further determine genes involved in the production of this activity, a transposon mutant library in S. pyogenes MGAS8232 identified the mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS), a major sugar transporter, as important for the antimicrobial phenotype. Loss-of-function transposon mutants linked to the antimicrobial activity were identified to also be involved in alternative sugar utilization, and additionally, the Man-PTS was further identified from an inadvertent secondary mutation in a bacteriocin operon mutant. Sugar utilization in the Man-PTS mutants demonstrated that galactose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine utilization was impaired. RNA-seq experiments in high and low glucose concentrations further characterized the Man-PTS as a glucose transporter; however, transcriptional regulators or virulence factors were not affected with the loss of the Man-PTS. Deletion of Man-PTS demonstrated defects in a mouse model of nasopharyngeal infection but not skin infection. This work suggests that the ability of S. pyogenes to utilize alternative sugars presented by glycans may play a role in acute infection and interactions with the endogenous microbial population existing in the nasopharynx.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus pyogenes is responsible for over 500,000 deaths per year primarily due to invasive infections and post-infection sequelae, although the most common manifestations include pharyngitis and impetigo. S. pyogenes can adapt to its environment through alternative sugar metabolism. Here, we identified an antimicrobial phenotype that was not bacteriocin-related but a by-product of alternative sugar metabolism. The mannose phosphotransferase system was involved in the production of the antimicrobial and was also important for S. pyogenes to utilize alternative sugars and establish nasopharyngeal infection but not skin infection. Overall, this study identified potential strategies used by S. pyogenes for interactions with the endogenous microbiota and further elucidated the importance of sugar metabolism in acute upper respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Marple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake A. Shannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aanchal Rishi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lana Estafanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brent D. Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephen W. Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Mak KM, Shekhar AC, Ding SY. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate pathophysiology of hepatic cells during liver injury. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2025. [PMID: 40219700 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like, bactericidal structures produced by neutrophils and are composed principally of extracellular DNA, histones, elastase, and myeloperoxidase, among other components. NET formation is an innate immune response that is beneficial for pathogen killing and clearance. However, excessive NET formation and clearance defects can lead to inflammation and induce damage to host organs. NETs are also implicated in the development of noninfectious inflammatory disorders, such as liver injury in chronic liver diseases. The liver parenchyma contains hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Each of these cells possesses unique structures and functions, and their interactions with NETs result in pathophysiological changes contributing to liver injury. This review updates the findings related to the modes of action and molecular mechanisms by which NETs modulate the pathophysiology of various hepatic cells and potentiate liver injury. The article also reviews the roles of NETs in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury, hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Last, we examine data to determine whether NETs induce crosstalk among various hepatic cells during liver injury and to identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aditya C Shekhar
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selena Y Ding
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Cani E, Dwivedi DJ, Carlin S, Sharma N, Chen A, Liaw PC. Impact of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) deficiency in a fecal-induced peritonitis model of sepsis. J Thromb Haemost 2025:S1538-7836(25)00205-3. [PMID: 40199446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2025.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2025] [Accepted: 03/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) citrullinates histones, enabling the release of neutrophil extracellular traps. While neutrophil extracellular traps capture and kill pathogens, they also drive immunothrombosis, potentially worsening sepsis outcomes. However, it remains unclear whether PAD4 deficiency is beneficial or harmful in sepsis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of PAD4 deficiency in a fecal-induced peritonitis sepsis model, with and without antibiotic treatment, and incorporating fluid resuscitation in both sexes. METHODS Wild-type and PAD4 knockout (PAD4-/-) C57Bl/6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of fecal slurry (0.6 mg/g). Mice received buprenorphine every 8 hours and antibiotics/fluids every 12 hours. Survival studies were also conducted without antibiotics at a reduced fecal dose (0.4 mg/g). Mice were culled at 8 hours or 48 hours after infection. Organs, blood, and peritoneal cavity fluid were collected. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, cell-free DNA, and thrombin-antithrombin were quantified, as well as bacterial loads in blood and peritoneal cavity fluid. Organ histology/immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS Female PAD4-/- mice had worsened survival compared with female wild-type mice. Male mice exhibited worse survival than females in both strains. Antibiotics eliminated survival differences between strains and sexes. Septic PAD4-/- mice had reduced IL-10 in the early phase of sepsis, increased lung myeloperoxidase, and exacerbated lung injury compared with septic wild-type mice. CONCLUSION PAD4 deficiency in female mice worsened survival in the fecal-induced peritonitis sepsis model. In both strains, male mice exhibited worse survival compared with their female counterparts. PAD4 deficiency is associated with reduced IL-10, increased neutrophil infiltration, and exacerbated lung injury. Antibiotics eliminated survival differences between strains and sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erblin Cani
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dhruva J Dwivedi
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Carlin
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C Liaw
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Zeppa JJ, Avery EG, Aftanas P, Choi E, Uleckas S, Patel P, Waglechner N, Jimenez H, Vermeiren C, Katz K, Li XX, Maguire F, Kozak R. Comparison of pharyngeal and invasive isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes by whole-genome sequencing in Toronto, Canada. Microbiol Spectr 2025; 13:e0214124. [PMID: 39945517 PMCID: PMC11960128 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02141-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Invasive Group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections are rising in Canada and wordwide. The 2022-2023 Ontario iGAS season was among the highest recorded, a trend continuing in 2023-2024. We sequenced 38 invasive (blood) and 117 non-invasive (pharyngeal) Streptococcus pyogenes clinical isolates from Toronto (January-May 2023) to compare between the two cohorts and against published sequences to determine if any genomic changes accounted for the trend. Results demonstrated limited clustering with one small totally invasive cluster (emm49) with both invasive and non-invasive isolates represented across a diverse set of lineages. Non-invasive isolates were predominantly emm12 (70.1%), whereas invasive isolates included emm12 (26.32%), emm49 (23.68%), and emm1 (13.16%) with most emm1 strains containing the 27 SNPs that define the hypervirulent M1UK clone (58.33%). Although there were no differences in the presence of overall virulence factors/adhesin genes between cohorts, there were statistically more superantigen and DNase genes in non-invasive isolates and a rare phage gene was significantly associated with invasiveness across three emm-types. The prevalence of individual virulence factor/adhesin genes also differed between our cohorts, including a higher likelihood of speA, enn, mrp, ideS/Mac, fbaA, and fbaB in invasive isolates. There were also no significant differences across the 11 antimicrobial resistance genes identified. Finally, pharyngeal isolates had larger hydrolysis and hemolysis zones, and covS deletions were observed in only seven invasive strains. Despite there being no genetic signature that differentiated our isolates, we observed several features that were predominant in invasive strains which provides further insights into the factors that contribute to GAS invasiveness.IMPORTANCEIncreasing rates of invasive Group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections are being seen both in Canada and worldwide, which is leading to a greater disease burden caused by this pathogen. Leveraging whole-genome sequencing gives us an opportunity to better understand the underlying genetic mechanisms of streptococcal disease. By utilizing this technique, we shed light on the circulating invasive and non-invasive strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in the largest urban area in Canada from January to May 2023. GAS strains causing non-invasive disease were found to have a higher abundance of superantigen and DNase genes, whereas invasive isolates were more likely to contain M-like protein genes, the superantigen speA, the protease ideS/Mac, and/or the fibronectin-binding proteins fbaA and fbaB. This work provides valuable insights into iGAS disease which will help with surveillance, epidemiology as well as developing treatment and preventative modalities to help curb the disease burden caused by this globally important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Zeppa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen G. Avery
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Erin Choi
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Prachi Patel
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Christie Vermeiren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Katz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xena X. Li
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Finlay Maguire
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Shared Hospital Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Kim JY, Han HJ. Case report: In vivo detection of neutrophil extracellular traps in a dog with thrombosis induced by bacterial vasculitis. Front Vet Sci 2025; 12:1470605. [PMID: 40012748 PMCID: PMC11862914 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1470605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/28/2025] Open
Abstract
This case report describes NETosis as a cause of thrombosis in an 18.3 kg, 8-year-old intact male mixed-breed dog with bacterial vasculitis. The dog presented with sudden paresis of the thoracic limb, characterized by cyanosis, absent arterial pulse, and decreased peripheral blood glucose levels. Doppler ultrasound confirmed thrombosis in the dorsal common digital artery. Histopathology post-amputation revealed bacterial vasculitis, thrombosis, and infarction, with immunohistochemical staining identifying extracellular citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), indicative of NETs involvement. Treatment included antibiotics, pentoxifylline, and anticoagulants, showing transient improvement before disease progression and euthanasia due to respiratory signs. These findings suggest NETs as a potential therapeutic target for bacterial vasculitis in similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun-Jung Han
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Retter A, Singer M, Annane D. "The NET effect": Neutrophil extracellular traps-a potential key component of the dysregulated host immune response in sepsis. Crit Care 2025; 29:59. [PMID: 39905519 PMCID: PMC11796136 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-025-05283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as part of a healthy host immune response. NETs physically trap and kill pathogens as well as activating and facilitating crosstalk between immune cells and complement. Excessive or inadequately resolved NETs are implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases, including amplification of the inflammatory response and inducing thrombotic complications. Here, we review the growing evidence implicating neutrophils and NETs as central players in the dysregulated host immune response. We discuss potential strategies for modifying NETs to improve patient outcomes and the need for careful patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Retter
- Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College, London, UK.
- Volition, London, UK.
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Djillali Annane
- Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, APHP University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris Saclay, INSERM, Garches, France
- IHU PROMETHEUS, Comprehensive Sepsis Center, Garches, France
- University Versailles Saint Quentin-University Paris Saclay, INSERM, Garches, France
- FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), Garches, France
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Thacharodi A, Hassan S, Vithlani A, Ahmed T, Kavish S, Geli Blacknell NM, Alqahtani A, Pugazhendhi A. The burden of group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections: The challenge continues in the twenty-first century. iScience 2025; 28:111677. [PMID: 39877071 PMCID: PMC11773489 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, also known as Group A Streptococcus (GAS), that has become a significant threat to the healthcare system, infecting more than 18 million people and resulting in more than 500,000 deaths annually worldwide. GAS infection rates decreased gradually during the 20th century in Western countries, largely due to improved living conditions and access to antibiotics. However, post-COVID-19, the situation has led to a steep increase in GAS infection rates in Europe, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, which triggers a global concern. GAS infections are normally moderate, with symptoms of fever, pharyngitis, and pyoderma; nevertheless, if left untreated or with continued exposure to GAS or with recurring infections it can result in fatal outcomes. GAS produces a variety of virulence factors and exotoxins that can lead to deadly infections such as necrotizing fasciitis, impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, empyema, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and puerperal sepsis. In addition, post-immune mediated disorders such as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease contribute to extremely high death rates in developing nations. Despite substantial research on GAS infections, it is still unclear what molecular pathways are responsible for their emergence and how to best manage them. This review thus provides insights into the most recent research on the pathogenesis, virulence, resistance, and host interaction mechanisms of GAS, as well as novel management options to assist scientific communities in combating GAS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Thacharodi
- Dr. Thacharodi’s Laboratories, Department of Research and Development, Puducherry 605005, India
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India
- Future Leaders Mentoring Fellow, American Society for Microbiology, Washington 20036, USA
| | - Avadh Vithlani
- Senior Resident, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Tawfeeq Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India
| | - Sanjana Kavish
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India
| | | | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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Pilarczyk-Zurek M, Budziaszek J, Nandagopal K, Kurylek A, Kozinska A, Dmowski M, Sitkiewicz I, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Koziel J. Streptococcus anginosus orchestrates antibacterial potential of NETs facilitating survival of accompanying pathogens. Microbiol Res 2025; 290:127959. [PMID: 39489135 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus anginosus is considered an emerging opportunistic pathogen causing life-threatening infections, including abscesses and empyema. Noticeably, clinical data revealed that S. anginosus also constitutes an important component of polymicrobial infections. Here, we showed for the first time that S. anginosus inactivates the antibacterial potential of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The process is determined by a cell wall-anchored nuclease referred to as SanA, which high expression dominates in clinical strains isolated from severe infections. Nuclease activity protects S. anginosus against the antibacterial activity of NETs, supporting at the same time the survival of coexisting highly pathogenic species of Enterobacteriales. Obtained data suggest that SanA nuclease should be recognized as a critical S. anginosus virulence factor determining severe monospecies purulent infections but also shielding other pathogens promoting the development of polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pilarczyk-Zurek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Budziaszek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Keerthanaa Nandagopal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kurylek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kozinska
- Department of Drug Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, National Medicines Institute, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michal Dmowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Izabela Sitkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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10
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Bergsten H, Nizet V. The intricate pathogenicity of Group A Streptococcus: A comprehensive update. Virulence 2024; 15:2412745. [PMID: 39370779 PMCID: PMC11542602 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2412745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a versatile pathogen that targets human lymphoid, decidual, skin, and soft tissues. Recent advancements have shed light on its airborne transmission, lymphatic spread, and interactions with neuronal systems. GAS promotes severe inflammation through mechanisms involving inflammasomes, IL-1β, and T-cell hyperactivation. Additionally, it secretes factors that directly induce skin necrosis via Gasdermin activation and sustains survival and replication in human blood through sophisticated immune evasion strategies. These include lysis of erythrocytes, using red cell membranes for camouflage, resisting antimicrobial peptides, evading phagocytosis, escaping from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), inactivating chemokines, and cleaving targeted antibodies. GAS also employs molecular mimicry to traverse connective tissues undetected and exploits the host's fibrinolytic system, which contributes to its stealth and potential for causing autoimmune conditions after repeated infections. Secreted toxins disrupt host cell membranes, enhancing intracellular survival and directly activating nociceptor neurons to induce pain. Remarkably, GAS possesses mechanisms for precise genome editing to defend against phages, and its fibrinolytic capabilities have found applications in medicine. Immune responses to GAS are paradoxical: robust responses to its virulence factors correlate with more severe disease, whereas recurrent infections often show diminished immune reactions. This review focuses on the multifaceted virulence of GAS and introduces novel concepts in understanding its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bergsten
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Gelgie AE, Schneider P, Citti C, Dordet-Frisoni E, Gillespie BE, Almeida RA, Agga GE, Amoah YS, Shpigel NY, Kerro Dego O, Lysnyansky I. Mycoplasma bovis 5'-nucleotidase is a virulence factor conferring mammary fitness in bovine mastitis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012628. [PMID: 39531484 PMCID: PMC11729948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleases and 5' nucleotidase (5'-NT) play essential roles in cell biology and are often associated with bacterial virulence. In Mycoplasma spp., which have limited metabolic capacities and rely on nutrient availability, these enzymes are of significant importance for nucleotide salvage. This study explores the potential role of 2 membrane-associated lipoproteins, the major nuclease MnuA and 5'-NT, in Mycoplasma bovis mastitis. Mutants deficient in MnuA (mnuA::Tn) and in 5'-NT (0690::Tn) were identified through genome-wide transposon mutagenesis of M. bovis PG45 type strain and their fitness and virulence were assessed both in vitro, in axenic medium, and in vivo, using murine and cow mastitis models. The mnuA::Tn mutant demonstrated reduced nuclease activity, while 0690::Tn exhibited slow log-phase growth and impaired hydrolase activity towards nucleotides as well as deoxynucleotides (dAMP and dGMP). In comparison to the parent strain, the 0690::Tn mutant displayed markedly reduced fitness, as evidenced by a significant decrease or even absence in post-challenge mycoplasma counts in murine and cow mammary tissues, respectively. Moreover, the 0690::Tn mutant failed to induce mastitis in both experimental models. Conversely, the mnuA::Tn mutant induced inflammation in murine mammary glands, characterized by neutrophil infiltration and increased expression of major inflammatory genes. In cows, the mnuA::Tn was able to cause an increase in somatic cell counts in a manner comparable to the wild type, recruit neutrophils, and induce mastitis. Collectively, these findings provide complementary insights, revealing that disruption of 5'-NT significantly attenuated M. bovis pathogenicity, whereas a MnuA-deficient mutant retained the ability to cause mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga E. Gelgie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peleg Schneider
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christine Citti
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Dordet-Frisoni
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara E. Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Raúl A. Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yaa Serwaah Amoah
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Nahum Y. Shpigel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
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12
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Deneubourg G, Schiavolin L, Lakhloufi D, Botquin G, Delforge V, Davies MR, Smeesters PR, Botteaux A. Nosocomial Transmission of Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Molecular Characterization of Group A Streptococcal DNases in Clinical Virulence. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2209. [PMID: 39597598 PMCID: PMC11596691 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus (GAS), is responsible for over 500,000 deaths per year. Approximately 15% of these deaths are caused by necrotizing soft-tissue infections. In 2008, we isolated an M5 GAS, named the LO1 strain, responsible for the nosocomial transmission of necrotizing fasciitis between a baby and a nurse in Belgium. To understand this unusual transmission route, the LO1 strain was sequenced. A comparison of the LO1 genome and transcriptome with the reference M5 Manfredo strain was conducted. We found that the major differences were the presence of an additional DNase and a Tn916-like transposon in the LO1 and other invasive M5 genomes. RNA-seq analysis showed that genes present on the transposon were barely expressed. In contrast, the DNases presented different expression profiles depending on the tested conditions. We generated knock-out mutants in the LO1 background and characterized their virulence phenotype. We also determined their nuclease activity on different substrates. We found that DNases are dispensable for biofilm formation and adhesion to both keratinocytes and pharyngeal cells. Three of these were found to be essential for blood survival; Spd4 and Sdn are implicated in phagocytosis resistance, and Spd1 is responsible for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Deneubourg
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Lionel Schiavolin
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Dalila Lakhloufi
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Gwenaelle Botquin
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Valérie Delforge
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Mark R. Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;
| | - Pierre R. Smeesters
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Brussels University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Anne Botteaux
- Molecular Bacteriology, European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology (EPIV), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.S.); (D.L.); (G.B.); (V.D.); (P.R.S.)
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13
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Fan R, Li Q, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Yu L, Zheng Y, Su Z, Zhang N, Chen R, Feng Y, Sang X, Chen Q. Plasmodium berghei TatD-like DNase hijacks host innate immunity by inhibiting the TLR9-NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112843. [PMID: 39098224 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils and macrophages confine pathogens by entrapping them in extracellular traps (ETs) through activating TLR9 function. However, plasmodial parasites secreted TatD-like DNases (TatD) to counteract ETs-mediated immune clearance. We found that TLR9 mutant mice increased susceptibility to rodent malaria, suggesting TLR9 is a key protein for host defense. We found that the proportion of neutrophils and macrophages in response to plasmodial parasite infection in the TLR9 mutant mice was significantly reduced compared to that of the WT mice. Importantly, PbTatD can directly bind to the surface TLR9 (sTLR9) on macrophages, which blocking the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB, negatively regulated the signaling of ETs formation by both macrophages and neutrophils. Such, P. berghei TatD is a parasite virulence factor that can inhibit the proliferation of macrophages and neutrophils through directly binding to TLR9 receptors on the cell surface, thereby blocking the activation of the downstream MyD88-NF-kB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Liying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ziwei Su
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Naiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Afairs, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China.
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14
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Wang H, Kim SJ, Lei Y, Wang S, Wang H, Huang H, Zhang H, Tsung A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:235. [PMID: 39300084 PMCID: PMC11415080 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), crucial in immune defense mechanisms, are renowned for their propensity to expel decondensed chromatin embedded with inflammatory proteins. Our comprehension of NETs in pathogen clearance, immune regulation and disease pathogenesis, has grown significantly in recent years. NETs are not only pivotal in the context of infections but also exhibit significant involvement in sterile inflammation. Evidence suggests that excessive accumulation of NETs can result in vessel occlusion, tissue damage, and prolonged inflammatory responses, thereby contributing to the progression and exacerbation of various pathological states. Nevertheless, NETs exhibit dual functionalities in certain pathological contexts. While NETs may act as autoantigens, aggregated NET complexes can function as inflammatory mediators by degrading proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The delineation of molecules and signaling pathways governing NET formation aids in refining our appreciation of NETs' role in immune homeostasis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, metabolic dysregulation, and cancer. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the multifaceted roles of NETs in both homeostasis and disease, whilst discussing their potential as therapeutic targets. Our aim is to enhance the understanding of the intricate functions of NETs across the spectrum from physiology to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Susan J Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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15
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Luo J, Xie Z, Duan L. The Phenotypes and Functions of Neutrophils in Systemic Sclerosis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1054. [PMID: 39334819 PMCID: PMC11429774 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease of the connective tissue characterized by its multifaceted impact on various bodily systems, yet its precise cause remains elusive. Central to its pathology are abnormal immune activation, vasculopathy, and consequent fibrosis affecting both the skin and internal organs. The intricate interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems significantly influences the pathogenesis of SSc. Despite substantial research, the role of neutrophils, key players in innate immunity, in the context of SSc has remained enigmatic. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils not only contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of SSc but also inflict damage on organs and promote fibrosis-a hallmark of the disease in many patients. This review aims to investigate the nuanced involvement of neutrophils in the development of SSc. By shedding light on the intricate mechanisms through which neutrophils influence the pathogenesis of SSc, we can gain deeper insights into the disease process and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets. Understanding the precise role of neutrophils may pave the way for more targeted and effective interventions to alleviate the burden of SSc on affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330000, China; (J.L.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhongming Xie
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330000, China; (J.L.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Lihua Duan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang 330000, China; (J.L.); (Z.X.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
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16
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Ding J, Xu N, Wang J, He Y, Wang X, Liu M, Liu X. Plancitoxin-1 mediates extracellular trap evasion by the parasitic helminth Trichinella spiralis. BMC Biol 2024; 22:158. [PMID: 39075478 PMCID: PMC11287892 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a parasitic helminth that causes a globally prevalent neglected zoonotic disease, and worms at different developmental stages (muscle larvae, adult worms, newborn larvae) induce immune attack at different infection sites, causing serious harm to host health. Several innate immune cells release extracellular traps (ETs) to entrap and kill most pathogens that invade the body. In response, some unicellular pathogens have evolved a strategy to escape capture by ETs through the secretion of nucleases, but few related studies have investigated multicellular helminths. RESULTS In the present study, we observed that ETs from neutrophils capture adult worms of T. spiralis, while ETs from macrophages trap muscle larvae and newborn larvae, and ETs had a killing effect on parasites in vitro. To defend against this immune attack, T. spiralis secretes plancitoxin-1, a DNase II-like protein, to degrade ETs and escape capture, which is essential for the survival of T. spiralis in the host. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these findings demonstrate that T. spiralis escapes ET-mediated capture by secreting deoxyribonuclease as a potential conserved immune evasion mechanism, and plancitoxin-1 could be used as a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yushu He
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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17
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Morita K, Moriwaki T, Habe S, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Hasegawa T, Minato Y, Aoi T, Maruyama T. Molecular Aggregation Strategy for Inhibiting DNases. JACS AU 2024; 4:2262-2266. [PMID: 38938790 PMCID: PMC11200219 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study highlights the novel potential of molecular aggregates as inhibitors of a disease-related protein. Enzyme inhibitors have been studied and developed as molecularly targeted drugs and have been applied for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. In many cases, enzyme inhibitors that are used for therapeutic applications interact directly with enzymes in a molecule-to-molecule manner. We found that the aggregates of a small compound, Mn007, inhibited bovine pancreatic DNase I. Once Mn007 molecules formed aggregates, they exhibited inhibitory effects specific to DNases that require divalent metal ions. A DNase secreted by Streptococcus pyogenes causes streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). STSS is a severe infectious disease with a fatality rate exceeding 30% in patients, even in this century. S. pyogenes disrupts the human barrier system against microbial infections through the secreted DNase. Until now, the discovery/development of a DNase inhibitor has been challenging. Mn007 aggregates were found to inhibit the DNase secreted by S. pyogenes, which led to the successful suppression of S. pyogenes growth in human whole blood. To date, molecular aggregation has been outside the scope of drug discovery. The present study suggests that molecular aggregation is a vast area to be explored for drug discovery and development because aggregates of small-molecule compounds can inhibit disease-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Morita
- Department
of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research
Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Moriwaki
- Department
of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Habe
- Department
of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda
- Department
of Clinical Genetics, Fujita Health University
Hospital 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-chou, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Tadao Hasegawa
- Department
of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical
Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Minato
- Department
of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fujita
Health University, 1-98
Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-chou, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Division
of Stem Cell Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1
Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Maruyama
- Department
of Chemical Science and
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research
Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1
Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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18
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Higashi DL, Qin H, Borland C, Kreth J, Merritt J. An inflammatory paradox: strategies inflammophilic oral pathobionts employ to exploit innate immunity via neutrophil manipulation. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1413842. [PMID: 38919731 PMCID: PMC11196645 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1413842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory dysbiotic diseases present an intriguing biological paradox. Like most other infectious disease processes, the alarm bells of the host are potently activated by tissue-destructive pathobionts, triggering a cascade of physiological responses that ultimately mobilize immune cells like neutrophils to sites of active infection. Typically, these inflammatory host responses are critical to inhibit and/or eradicate infecting microbes. However, for many inflammatory dysbiotic diseases, inflammophilic pathobiont-enriched communities not only survive the inflammatory response, but they actually obtain a growth advantage when challenged with an inflammatory environment. This is especially true for those organisms that have evolved various strategies to resist and/or manipulate components of innate immunity. In contrast, members of the commensal microbiome typically experience a competitive growth disadvantage under inflammatory selective pressure, hindering their critical ability to restrict pathobiont proliferation. Here, we examine examples of bacteria-neutrophil interactions from both conventional pathogens and inflammophiles. We discuss some of the strategies utilized by them to illustrate how inflammophilic microbes can play a central role in the positive feedback cycle that exemplifies dysbiotic chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin L. Higashi
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hua Qin
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Christina Borland
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jens Kreth
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Justin Merritt
- Division of Biomaterial and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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19
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Rampersadh K, Salie MT, Engel KC, Moodley C, Zühlke LJ, Engel ME. Presence of Group A streptococcus frequently assayed virulence genes in invasive disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1337861. [PMID: 39055978 PMCID: PMC11270091 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1337861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is currently unclear what the role of Group A streptococcus (GAS) virulence factors (VFs) is in contributing to the invasive potential of GAS. This work investigated the evidence for the association of GAS VFs with invasive disease. Methods We employed a broad search strategy for studies reporting the presence of GAS VFs in invasive and non-invasive GAS disease. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers, quality assessed, and meta-analyzed using Stata®. Results A total of 32 studies reported on 45 putative virulence factors [invasive (n = 3,236); non-invasive (n = 5,218)], characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 30) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) (n = 2). The risk of bias was rated as low and moderate, in 23 and 9 studies, respectively. Meta-,analyses of high-quality studies (n = 23) revealed a significant association of speM [OR, 1.64 (95%CI, 1.06; 2.52)] with invasive infection. Meta-analysis of WGS studies demonstrated a significant association of hasA [OR, 1.91 (95%CI, 1.36; 2.67)] and speG [OR, 2.83 (95%CI, 1.63; 4.92)] with invasive GAS (iGAS). Meta-analysis of PCR studies indicated a significant association of speA [OR, 1.59 (95%CI, 1.10; 2.30)] and speK [OR, 2.95 (95%CI, 1.81; 4.80)] with invasive infection. A significant inverse association was observed between prtf1 [OR, 0.42 (95%CI, 0.20; 0.87)] and invasive infection. Conclusion This systematic review and genomic meta-analysis provides evidence of a statistically significant association with invasive infection for the hasA gene, while smeZ, ssa, pnga3, sda1, sic, and NaDase show statistically significantly inverse associations with invasive infection. SpeA, speK, and speG are associated with GAS virulence; however, it is unclear if they are markers of invasive infection. This work could possibly aid in developing preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimona Rampersadh
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. Taariq Salie
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelin C. Engel
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clinton Moodley
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The National Health Laboratory Service, Microbiology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liesl J. Zühlke
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Parrow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark E. Engel
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Parrow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Sanford TC, Tweten RK, Abrahamsen HL. Bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins and their interaction with the human immune response. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:164-169. [PMID: 38527455 PMCID: PMC11042984 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC)-producing pathogens pose a significant threat to human health. Herein, we review the pore-dependent and -independent properties CDCs possess to assist pathogens in evading the host immune response. RECENT FINDINGS Within the last 5 years, exciting new research suggests CDCs can act to inhibit important immune functions, disrupt critical cell signaling pathways, and have tissue-specific effects. Additionally, recent studies have identified a key region of CDCs that generates robust immunity, providing resources for the development of CDC-based vaccines. SUMMARY This review provides new information on how CDCs alter host immune responses to aid bacteria in pathogenesis. These studies can assist in the design of more efficient vaccines and therapeutics against CDCs that will enhance the immune response to CDC-producing pathogens while mitigating the dampening effects CDCs have on the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan C. Sanford
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hunter L. Abrahamsen
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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21
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Lê-Bury P, Echenique-Rivera H, Pizarro-Cerdá J, Dussurget O. Determinants of bacterial survival and proliferation in blood. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae013. [PMID: 38734892 PMCID: PMC11163986 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infection is a major public health concern associated with high mortality and high healthcare costs worldwide. Bacteremia can trigger fatal sepsis whose prevention, diagnosis, and management have been recognized as a global health priority by the World Health Organization. Additionally, infection control is increasingly threatened by antimicrobial resistance, which is the focus of global action plans in the framework of a One Health response. In-depth knowledge of the infection process is needed to develop efficient preventive and therapeutic measures. The pathogenesis of bloodstream infection is a dynamic process resulting from the invasion of the vascular system by bacteria, which finely regulate their metabolic pathways and virulence factors to overcome the blood immune defenses and proliferate. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of determinants of bacterial survival and proliferation in the bloodstream and discuss their interactions with the molecular and cellular components of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lê-Bury
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Yersinia Research Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), 18 route du Panorama, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Hebert Echenique-Rivera
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Yersinia Research Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Yersinia Research Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Yersinia National Reference Laboratory, WHO Collaborating Research & Reference Centre for Plague FRA-146, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Yersinia Research Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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22
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King PT, Dousha L. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Respiratory Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2390. [PMID: 38673662 PMCID: PMC11051312 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular traps made by neutrophils (NETs) and other leukocytes such as macrophages and eosinophils have a key role in the initial immune response to infection but are highly inflammatory and may contribute to tissue damage. They are particularly relevant to lung disease, with the pulmonary anatomy facilitating their ability to fully extend into the airways/alveolar space. There has been a rapid expansion in the number of published studies demonstrating their role in a variety of important respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, asthma, pneumonia, COVID-19, rhinosinusitis, interstitial lung disease and lung cancer. The expression of NETs and other traps is a specific process, and diagnostic tests need to differentiate them from other inflammatory pathways/causes of cell death that are also characterised by the presence of extracellular DNA. The specific targeting of this pathway by relevant therapeutics may have significant clinical benefit; however, current clinical trials/evidence are at a very early stage. This review will provide a broad overview of the role of NETs and their possible treatment in respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. King
- Monash Lung, Sleep, Allergy and Immunology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Lovisa Dousha
- Monash Lung, Sleep, Allergy and Immunology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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23
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Su MSW, Cheng YL, Lin YS, Wu JJ. Interplay between group A Streptococcus and host innate immune responses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0005222. [PMID: 38451081 PMCID: PMC10966951 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYGroup A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a clinically well-adapted human pathogen that harbors rich virulence determinants contributing to a broad spectrum of diseases. GAS is capable of invading epithelial, endothelial, and professional phagocytic cells while evading host innate immune responses, including phagocytosis, selective autophagy, light chain 3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammation. However, without a more complete understanding of the different ways invasive GAS infections develop, it is difficult to appreciate how GAS survives and multiplies in host cells that have interactive immune networks. This review article attempts to provide an overview of the behaviors and mechanisms that allow pathogenic GAS to invade cells, along with the strategies that host cells practice to constrain GAS infection. We highlight the counteractions taken by GAS to apply virulence factors such as streptolysin O, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotidase, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B as a hindrance to host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Shu-Wei Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Li X, Hu L, Naeem A, Xiao S, Yang M, Shang H, Zhang J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tumors and Potential Use of Traditional Herbal Medicine Formulations for Its Regulation. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2851-2877. [PMID: 38529365 PMCID: PMC10961241 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s449181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular fibers composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and decorated proteins produced by neutrophils. Recently, NETs have been associated with the development of many diseases, including tumors. Herein, we reviewed the correlation between NETs and tumors. In addition, we detailed active compounds from traditional herbal medicine formulations that inhibit NETs, related nanodrug delivery systems, and antibodies that serve as "guiding moieties" to ensure targeted delivery to NETs. Furthermore, we discussed the strategies used by pathogenic microorganisms to evade NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanghua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongming Shang
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Baz AA, Hao H, Lan S, Li Z, Liu S, Chen S, Chu Y. Neutrophil extracellular traps in bacterial infections and evasion strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357967. [PMID: 38433838 PMCID: PMC10906519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that have a vital role in host defense systems. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are one of neutrophils' defense mechanisms against pathogens. NETs comprise an ejected lattice of chromatin associated with histones, granular proteins, and cytosolic proteins. They are thought to be an efficient strategy to capture and/or kill bacteria and received intensive research interest in the recent years. However, soon after NETs were identified, it was observed that certain bacteria were able to evade NET entrapment through many different mechanisms. Here, we outline the recent progress of NETs in bacterial infections and the strategies employed by bacteria to evade or withstand NETs. Identifying the molecules and mechanisms that modulate NET release will improve our understanding of the functions of NETs in infections and provide new avenues for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
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26
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Marquardt L, Andreoni F, Boumasmoud M, Schweizer TA, Heuberger DM, Parietti E, Hertegonne S, Epprecht J, Mattle D, Raez AK, Marques‐Maggio E, Schuepbach RA, Hasse B, Mairpady‐Shambat S, Brugger SD, Zinkernagel AS. Group A Streptococcus strains causing meningitis without distinct invasive phenotype. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1394. [PMID: 39992076 PMCID: PMC10765256 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcal (GAS; aka Streptococcus pyogenes) meningitis is a fulminant disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness of GAS in meningitis, we compared GAS isolates derived from five cases of meningitis to otitis and colonizing isolates. We did not observe differences in adherence to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, virulence factors activity, or barrier disruption. Whole genome sequencing did not reveal particular invasiveness traits. Most patients previously suffered from otitis media suggesting that meningitis likely resulted from a continuous spread of the infection rather than being attributable to changes in the pathogen's virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marquardt
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Federica Andreoni
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mathilde Boumasmoud
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tiziano A. Schweizer
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dorothea M. Heuberger
- Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Elena Parietti
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sanne Hertegonne
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jana Epprecht
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dario Mattle
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Anna K. Raez
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ewerton Marques‐Maggio
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Reto A. Schuepbach
- Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Hasse
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Srikanth Mairpady‐Shambat
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Silvio D. Brugger
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Departement of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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27
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Happonen L, Collin M. Immunomodulating Enzymes from Streptococcus pyogenes-In Pathogenesis, as Biotechnological Tools, and as Biological Drugs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38258026 PMCID: PMC10818452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus, is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild throat and skin infections to severe invasive disease. The pathogenesis of S. pyogenes infection has been extensively studied, but the pathophysiology, especially of the more severe infections, is still somewhat elusive. One key feature of S. pyogenes is the expression of secreted, surface-associated, and intracellular enzymes that directly or indirectly affect both the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Undoubtedly, S. pyogenes is one of the major bacterial sources for immunomodulating enzymes. Major targets for these enzymes are immunoglobulins that are destroyed or modified through proteolysis or glycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, several enzymes degrade components of the complement system and a group of DNAses degrade host DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps. Additional types of enzymes interfere with cellular inflammatory and innate immunity responses. In this review, we attempt to give a broad overview of the functions of these enzymes and their roles in pathogenesis. For those enzymes where experimentally determined structures exist, the structural aspects of the enzymatic activity are further discussed. Lastly, we also discuss the emerging use of some of the enzymes as biotechnological tools as well as biological drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Happonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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28
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Fa P, Ke BG, Dupre A, Tsung A, Zhang H. The implication of neutrophil extracellular traps in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1292679. [PMID: 38022519 PMCID: PMC10652891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an expanding worldwide health concern, and the underlying mechanisms contributing to its progression still need further exploration. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are intricate formations comprised of nuclear constituents and diverse antimicrobial granules that are released into the extracellular milieu by activated neutrophils upon various triggers, which play a pivotal part in the onset and advancement of NAFLD. NETs actively participate in the genesis of NAFLD by fostering oxidative stress and inflammation, ultimately resulting in hepatic fat accumulation and the escalation of liver injury. Recent insights into the interaction with other hepatic immune populations and mediators, such as macrophages and T regulatory cells, have revealed several important mechanisms that can trigger further liver injury. In conclusion, the formation of NETs emerged as an important factor in the development of NAFLD, offering a promising target for innovative therapeutic approaches against this debilitating condition. This comprehensive review seeks to compile existing studies exploring the involvement of NETs in the genesis of NAFLD and their influence on the immune response throughout the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Fa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Ke
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Abigail Dupre
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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29
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Yadav R, Momin A, Godugu C. DNase based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NETosis related inflammatory diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110846. [PMID: 37634446 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary host innate immune cells defending against pathogens. One proposed mechanism by which neutrophils limit pathogen transmission is NETosis, which includes releasing the nuclear content into the cytosol by forming pores in the plasma membrane. The extrusion of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) results in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of nuclear DNA associated with histones and granule proteins. NETosis is driven by the enzyme PAD-4 (Peptidylarginine deiminase-4), which converts arginine into citrulline, leading to decondensation of chromatin, separation of DNA, and eventual extrusion. DNase is responsible for the breakdown of NETs. On the one hand, the release of DNase may interfere with the antibacterial effects of NETs; further, DNase may protect tissues from self-destruction caused by the increased release of NET under septic conditions. NETs in physiological quantities are expected to have a role in anti-infectious innate immune responses. In contrast, abnormally high concentrations of NETs in the body that are not adequately cleared by DNases can damage tissues and cause inflammation. Through several novel approaches, it is now possible to avoid the adverse effects caused by the continued release of NETs into the extracellular environment. In this review we have highlighted the basic mechanisms of NETosis, its significance in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders, and the role of DNase enzyme with a focus on the possible function of nanotechnology in its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Alfiya Momin
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Chen XQ, Tu L, Tang Q, Zou JS, Yun X, Qin YH. DNase I targeted degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps to reduce the damage on IgAV rat. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291592. [PMID: 37906560 PMCID: PMC10617705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past two years, studies have found a significant increase in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with IgA vasculitis (IgAV), which is correlated with the severity of the disease. NETs have been reported as an intervention target in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of targeted degradation of NETs using DNase I in IgAV rat model. METHODS Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: the IgAV model group, the DNase I intervention group and the normal control group, with an average of 8 rats in each group. The model group was established by using Indian ink, ovalbumin, and Freund's complete adjuvant. In the intervention group, DNase I was injected through tail vein 3 days before the end of established model. The circulating cell free-DNA (cf-DNA) and myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA) were analyzed. The presence of NETs in the kidney, gastric antrum and descending duodenum were detected using multiple fluorescences immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Morphological changes of the tissues were observed. RESULTS After the intervention of DNase I, there was a significant reduction in cf-DNA and MPO-DNA levels in the intervention group compared to the IgAV model group (all P<0.001). The presence of NETs in renal, gastric, and duodenal tissues of the intervention group exhibited a significant decrease compared to the IgAV model group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower levels of renal MPO and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) protein expression when compared to the IgAV model group (all P < 0.05). The HE staining results of intervention group demonstrated a significant reduction in congestion within glomerular and interstitial capillaries. Moreover, there was a notable improvement in gastric and intestinal mucosa necrosis, congestion and bleeding. Additionally, there was a substantial decrease in inflammatory cells infiltration. CONCLUSION The degradation of NETs can be targeted by DNase I to mitigate tissue damage in IgAV rat models. Targeted regulation of NETs holds potential as a therapeutic approach for IgAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Tu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Sen Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Han Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Peng W, Qi H, Zhu W, Tong L, Rouzi A, Wu Y, Han L, He L, Yan Y, Pan T, Liu J, Wang Q, Jia Z, Song Y, Zhu Q, Zhou J. Lianhua Qingke ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps formation and pyroptosis. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12295. [PMID: 37808899 PMCID: PMC10557103 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
LHQK is a patented Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) which is clinically used for acute tracheobronchitis, cough, and other respiratory diseases. Recent studies have proved that LHQK exhibits excellent clinical efficacy in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). However, the corresponding mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects and the underlying mechanisms of LHQK on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. The pathological examination, inflammatory cytokines assessments, and mucus secretion evaluation indicated that administration of LHQK ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury, and suppressed the secretion of Muc5AC and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in plasma and BALF. Furthermore, the results of cell-free DNA level showed that LHQK significantly inhibited LPS-induced NETs formation. Western blot revealed that LHQK effectively inhibited LPS-triggered pyroptosis in the lung. In addition, RNA-Seq data analysis, relatively bioinformatic analysis, and network pharmacology analysis revealed that LHQK and relative components may play multiple protective functions in LPS-induced ALI/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by regulating multiple targets directly or indirectly related to NETs and pyroptosis. In conclusion, LHQK can effectively attenuate lung injury and reduce lung inflammation by inhibiting LPS-induced NETs formation and pyroptosis, which may be regulated directly or indirectly by active compounds of LHQK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Qi
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineHebeiShijiazhuangChina
| | - Wensi Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Ainiwaer Rouzi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Linxiao Han
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Ludan He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineHebeiShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan UniversityFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiaoliang Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and InjuryShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and BiosecurityFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan UniversityFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health CommissionFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Henderson EA, Lukomski S, Boone BA. Emerging applications of cancer bacteriotherapy towards treatment of pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1217095. [PMID: 37588093 PMCID: PMC10425600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1217095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive form of cancer with a five-year survival rate of only ten percent. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for ninety percent of those cases. PDAC is associated with a dense stroma that confers resistance to current treatment modalities. Increasing resistance to cancer treatments poses a challenge and a need for alternative therapies. Bacterial mediated cancer therapies were proposed in the late 1800s by Dr. William Coley when he injected osteosarcoma patients with live streptococci or a fabrication of heat-killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens known as Coley's toxin. Since then, several bacteria have gained recognition for possible roles in potentiating treatment response, enhancing anti-tumor immunity, and alleviating adverse effects to standard treatment options. This review highlights key bacterial mechanisms and structures that promote anti-tumor immunity, challenges and risks associated with bacterial mediated cancer therapies, and applications and opportunities for use in PDAC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- West Virginia Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brian A. Boone
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- West Virginia Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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García-Bengoa M, Meurer M, Goethe R, Singh M, Reljic R, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Role of phagocyte extracellular traps during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and tuberculosis disease processes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:983299. [PMID: 37492257 PMCID: PMC10365110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.983299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infections remain one of the most significant causes of mortality worldwide. The current situation shows an emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains making it difficult to control the tuberculosis (TB) disease. A large part of its success as a pathogen is due to its ability to persist for years or even decades without causing evident clinical manifestations. M.tb is highly successful in evading the host-defense by manipulating host-signalling pathways. Although macrophages are generally viewed as the key cell type involved in harboring M.tb, growing evidence shows that neutrophils also play a fundamental role. Both cells are known to act in multiple ways when encountering an invading pathogen, including phagocytosis, release of cytokines and chemokines, and oxidative burst. In addition, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and macrophage extracellular traps (METs) has been described to contribute to M.tb infections. NETs/METs are extracellular DNA fibers with associated granule components, which are released upon activation of the cells by the pathogen or by pro-inflammatory mediators. On one hand, they can lead to a protective immune response by entrapment and killing of pathogens. However, on the other hand, they can also play a severe pathological role by inducing tissue damage. Extracellular traps (ETs) produced in the pulmonary alveoli can expand easily and expose tissue-damaging factors with detrimental effects. Since host-directed therapies offer a complementary strategy in TB, the knowledge of NET/MET formation is important for understanding potential protective versus detrimental pathways during innate immune signaling. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the role of NETs/METs in the pathogenesis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Bengoa
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Brouwer S, Rivera-Hernandez T, Curren BF, Harbison-Price N, De Oliveira DMP, Jespersen MG, Davies MR, Walker MJ. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:431-447. [PMID: 36894668 PMCID: PMC9998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, resulting in asymptomatic infection, pharyngitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever or invasive diseases, with potential for triggering post-infection immune sequelae. GAS deploys a range of virulence determinants to allow colonization, dissemination within the host and transmission, disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Fluctuating global GAS epidemiology is characterized by the emergence of new GAS clones, often associated with the acquisition of new virulence or antimicrobial determinants that are better adapted to the infection niche or averting host immunity. The recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced penicillin sensitivity and increasing macrolide resistance threatens both frontline and penicillin-adjunctive antibiotic treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a GAS research and technology road map and has outlined preferred vaccine characteristics, stimulating renewed interest in the development of safe and effective GAS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bodie F Curren
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nichaela Harbison-Price
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M P De Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus G Jespersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Wang H, Liu X, Jia Z, Liu L, Qi Y, Zhou Q, Xu F, Zhang Y. Mapping current status and emerging trends in NETosis: A bibliometric study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33806. [PMID: 37233403 PMCID: PMC10219726 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NETosis is a critical innate immune mechanism of neutrophils that contributes to the accelerated progression of autoimmune diseases, thrombosis, cancer, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the relevant literature by bibliometric methods in order to provide a more comprehensive and objective view of the knowledge dynamics in the field. METHODS The literature on NETosis was downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection, analyzed with VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Microsoft for co-authorship, co-occurrence, and co-citation analysis. RESULTS In the field of NETosis, the United States was the most influential countries. Harvard University was the most active institutions. Mariana J. Kaplan and Brinkmann V were, respectively, the most prolific and most co-cited authors. Frontiers in Immunology, Journal of Immunology, Plos One, Blood, Science, Journal of Cell Biology, and Nature Medicine were the most influential journals. The top 15 keywords are associated with immunological and NETosis formation mechanisms. The keywords with the strongest burst detection were mainly related to COVID-19 (coronavirus, ACE2, SARS coronavirus, cytokine storm, pneumonia, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio), and cancer (circulating tumor cell). CONCLUSION Research on NETosis is currently booming. The mechanism of NETosis and its role in innate immunity, autoimmune diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, and thrombosis are the focus of research in the field of NETosis. A future study will concentrate on the function of NETosis in COVID-19 and recurrent metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Wang
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Jia
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Qi
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbing Zhou
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Geriatric, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu Y, Wei S, Wu X, Li Y, Han X. Neutrophil extracellular traps in acute coronary syndrome. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 37165396 PMCID: PMC10171160 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical syndromes caused by acute myocardial ischemia, which can cause heart failure, arrhythmia and even sudden death. It is the major cause of disability and death worldwide. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are reticular structures released by neutrophils activation and have various biological functions. NETs are closely related to the occurrence and development of ACS and also the subsequent damage after myocardial infarction. The mechanisms are complex and interdependent on various pathways, which require further exploration. This article reviewed the role and mechanism of NETs in ACS, thereby providing a valuable reference for the diagnosis and clinical treatment of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shilin Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Neutrophil extracellular traps as a unique target in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104499. [PMID: 36870200 PMCID: PMC10009451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a severe dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy and remains a huge clinical challenge. Here, we explore the role of microcirculation hypoxia induced by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the development of CIPN and look for potential treatment. METHODS The expression of NETs in plasma and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are examined by ELISA, IHC, IF and Western blotting. IVIS Spectrum imaging and Laser Doppler Flow Metry are applied to explore the microcirculation hypoxia induced by NETs in the development of CIPN. Stroke Homing peptide (SHp)-guided deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1) is used to degrade NETs. FINDINGS The level of NETs in patients received chemotherapy increases significantly. And NETs accumulate in the DRG and limbs in CIPN mice. It leads to disturbed microcirculation and ischemic status in limbs and sciatic nerves treated with oxaliplatin (L-OHP). Furthermore, targeting NETs with DNase1 significantly reduces the chemotherapy-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. The pharmacological or genetic inhibition on myeloperoxidase (MPO) or peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 (PAD4) dramatically improves microcirculation disturbance caused by L-OHP and prevents the development of CIPN in mice. INTERPRETATION In addition to uncovering the role of NETs as a key element in the development of CIPN, our finding provides a potential therapeutic strategy that targeted degradation of NETs by SHp-guided DNase1 could be an effective treatment for CIPN. FUNDING This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China81870870, 81971047, 81773798, 82271252; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu ProvinceBK20191253; Major Project of "Science and Technology Innovation Fund" of Nanjing Medical University2017NJMUCX004; Key R&D Program (Social Development) Project of Jiangsu ProvinceBE2019732; Nanjing Special Fund for Health Science and Technology DevelopmentYKK19170.
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Langshaw EL, Reynolds S, Ozberk V, Dooley J, Calcutt A, Zaman M, Walker MJ, Batzloff MR, Davies MR, Good MF, Pandey M. Streptolysin O Deficiency in Streptococcus pyogenes M1T1 covR/S Mutant Strain Attenuates Virulence in In Vitro and In Vivo Infection Models. mBio 2023; 14:e0348822. [PMID: 36744883 PMCID: PMC9972915 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation within the Streptococcus pyogenes (Streptococcus group A; Strep A) covR/S regulatory system has been associated with a hypervirulent phenotype resulting from the upregulation of several virulence factors, including the pore-forming toxin, streptolysin O (SLO). In this study, we utilized a range of covR/S mutants, including M1T1 clonal strains (5448 and a covS mutant generated through mouse passage designated 5448AP), to investigate the contribution of SLO to the pathogenesis of covR/S mutant Strep A disease. Up-regulation of slo in 5448AP resulted in increased SLO-mediated hemolysis, decreased dendritic cell (DC) viability post coculture with Strep A, and increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by DCs. Mouse passage of an isogenic 5448 slo-deletion mutant resulted in recovery of several covR/S mutants within the 5448Δslo background. Passage also introduced mutations in non-covR/S genes, but these were considered to have no impact on virulence. Although slo-deficient mutants exhibited the characteristic covR/S-controlled virulence factor upregulation, these mutants caused increased DC viability with reduced inflammatory cytokine production by infected DCs. In vivo, slo expression correlated with decreased DC numbers in infected murine skin and significant bacteremia by 3 days postinfection, with severe pathology at the infection site. Conversely, the absence of slo in the infecting strain (covR/S mutant or wild-type) resulted in detection of DCs in the skin and attenuated virulence in a murine model of pyoderma. slo-sufficient and -deficient covR/S mutants were susceptible to immune clearance mediated by a combination vaccine consisting of a conserved M protein peptide and a peptide from the CXC chemokine protease SpyCEP. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pyogenes is responsible for significant numbers of invasive and noninvasive infections which cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Strep A isolates with mutations in the covR/S system display greater propensity to cause severe invasive diseases, which are responsible for more than 163,000 deaths each year. This is due to the upregulation of virulence factors, including the pore-forming toxin streptolysin O. Utilizing covR/S and slo-knockout mutants, we investigated the role of SLO in virulence. We found that SLO alters interactions with host cell populations and increases Strep A viability at sterile sites of the host, such as the blood, and that its absence results in significantly less virulence. This work underscores the importance of SLO in Strep A virulence while highlighting the complex nature of Strep A pathogenesis. This improved insight into host-pathogen interactions will enable a better understanding of host immune evasion mechanisms and inform streptococcal vaccine development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Langshaw
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simone Reynolds
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark R. Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Genomic Characterization of Skin and Soft Tissue Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates from a Low-Income and a High-Income Setting. mSphere 2023; 8:e0046922. [PMID: 36507654 PMCID: PMC9942559 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00469-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings. The development of a vaccine against S. pyogenes is a global health priority to reduce the burden of postinfection rheumatic heart disease. To support this, molecular characterization of circulating S. pyogenes isolates is needed. We performed whole-genome analyses of S. pyogenes isolates from skin and soft tissue infections in Sukuta, The Gambia, a low-income country (LIC) in West Africa where there is a high burden of such infections. To act as a comparator to these LIC isolates, skin infection isolates from Sheffield, United Kingdom (a high-income country [HIC]), were also sequenced. The LIC isolates from The Gambia were genetically more diverse (46 emm types in 107 isolates) than the HIC isolates from Sheffield (23 emm types in 142 isolates), with only 7 overlapping emm types. Other molecular markers were shared, including a high prevalence of the skin infection-associated emm pattern D and the variable fibronectin-collagen-T antigen (FCT) types FCT-3 and FCT-4. Fewer of the Gambian LIC isolates carried prophage-associated superantigens (64%) and DNases (26%) than did the Sheffield HIC isolates (99% and 95%, respectively). We also identified streptococcin genes unique to 36% of the Gambian LIC isolates and a higher prevalence (48%) of glucuronic acid utilization pathway genes in the Gambian LIC isolates than in the Sheffield HIC isolates (26%). Comparison to a wider collection of HIC and LIC isolate genomes supported our findings of differing emm diversity and prevalence of bacterial factors. Our study provides insight into the genetics of LIC isolates and how they compare to HIC isolates. IMPORTANCE The global burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) has triggered a World Health Organization response to drive forward development of a vaccine against the causative human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. This burden stems primarily from low- and middle-income settings where there are high levels of S. pyogenes skin and soft tissue infections, which can lead to RHD. Our study provides much needed whole-genome-based molecular characterization of isolates causing skin infections in Sukuta, The Gambia, a low-income country (LIC) in West Africa where infection and RHD rates are high. Although we identified a greater level of diversity in these LIC isolates than in isolates from Sheffield, United Kingdom (a high-income country), there were some shared features. There were also some features that differed by geographical region, warranting further investigation into their contribution to infection. Our study has also contributed data essential for the development of a vaccine that would target geographically relevant strains.
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Filipczak N, Li X, Saawant GR, Yalamarty SSK, Luther E, Torchilin VP. Antibody-modified DNase I micelles specifically recognize the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promote their degradation. J Control Release 2023; 354:109-119. [PMID: 36596341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures consisting of decondensed chromatin with associated proteins, including histones and antimicrobial peptides, released from activated neutrophils. They are believed to be one of the body's first lines of defense against infectious agents. Despite their beneficial effect on the immune response process, some studies indicate that their excessive formation and the associated accumulation of extracellular DNA (eDNA) together with other polyelectrolytes (F-actin) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Thus NETs formation and removal are clinically significant. The monoclonal antibody 2C5 has strong specificity for intact nucleohistones (NS) and targets NS in NETs as we previously confirmed. Creation of a nano preparation that can specifically recognize and destroy NETs represents the aim for treatment many diseases. 2C5 antibody functionalized micelles coated with DNase I were created to achieve this aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Filipczak
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Gaurav Rajan Saawant
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Ed Luther
- Supervisor of Shared Research Facilities, School of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Becker R, Ulrich K, Behrendt U, Schneck V, Ulrich A. Genomic Characterization of Aureimonas altamirensis C2P003-A Specific Member of the Microbiome of Fraxinus excelsior Trees Tolerant to Ash Dieback. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3487. [PMID: 36559599 PMCID: PMC9781493 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Some European ash trees show tolerance towards dieback caused by the invasive pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. The microbiome of these trees harbours a range of specific bacterial groups. One of these groups belonging to the species Aureimonas altamirensis was studied in detail by genome analysis and a plant inoculation trial. The strain group was shown to be phylogenetically distinct from clinical isolates by 16S rRNA analysis and phylogenomics. Genome analysis of a representative strain C2P003 resulted in a large number of unique gene sequences in comparison to other well-studied strains of the species. A functional analysis of the genome revealed features associated with the synthesis of exopolysaccharides, protein secretion and biofilm production as well as genes for stress adaptation, suggesting the ability of C2P003 to effectively colonize ash leaves. The inoculation of ash seedlings with C2P003 showed a significant positive effect on the plant health of the seedlings that were exposed to H. fraxineus infection. This effect was maintained over a period of three years and was accompanied by a significant shift in the bacterial microbiome composition one year after inoculation. Overall, the results indicate that C2P003 may suppress H. fraxineus in or on ash leaves via colonization resistance or indirectly by affecting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Becker
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ulrich
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, 15377 Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Volker Schneck
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, 15377 Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Ulrich
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
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Han F, Wang W, Shi M, Zhou H, Yao Y, Li C, Shang A. Outer membrane vesicles from bacteria: Role and potential value in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1093327. [PMID: 36569192 PMCID: PMC9772277 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1093327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death in both adults and children, with respiratory infections being the leading cause of death. A growing body of evidence suggests that bacterially released extracellular membrane vesicles play an important role in bacterial pathogenicity by targeting and (de)regulating host cells through the delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Among the many factors contributing to bacterial pathogenicity are the outer membrane vesicles produced by the bacteria themselves. Bacterial membrane vesicles are being studied in more detail because of their potential role as deleterious mediators in bacterial infections. This review provides an overview of the most current information on the emerging role of bacterial membrane vesicles in the pathophysiology of pneumonia and its complications and their adoption as promising targets for future preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang & The Oncology Hospitals of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang & The Oncology Hospitals of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yiwen Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V-Pulmonology, Allergology, Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Caiyun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu People’s Hospital & Nanjing Pukou District Central Hospital, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Anquan Shang, ; Caiyun Li,
| | - Anquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang & The Oncology Hospitals of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China,*Correspondence: Anquan Shang, ; Caiyun Li,
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Hoffmann J, Roesner S, Neubauer A. Rituximab induces a flare-up of activated neutrophil extracellular traps under in vitro conditions. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:860-867. [PMID: 35695816 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2088386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: During neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation granulocytes release a decondensed chromatin web that is studded with antimicrobial proteins. These NET engulf and kill pathogens like bacteria and fungi. NET formation is part of the innate immune response but can also contribute to the aggravation of autoimmune diseases, thrombosis, and cancer metastasis. Anti-NET therapeutics to prevent potentially harmful consequences of excessive NET formation are warranted.Materials and methods: Therefore, we stimulated NET formation with ionomycin in the peripheral blood of 25 healthy individuals and quantified NET with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy after exposure to five different anti-inflammatory and cytostatic drugs. NET were identified by their expression of myeloperoxidase, citrullinated histone H3, and (extracellular) DNA release.Results: The preliminary in vitro drug screening indicated that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) might suppress (-3.82%), and rituximab might enhance (+10.52%) NET formation. To consolidate the screening results, we quantified NET after exposure to rituximab and ASA in the blood of nine additional healthy subjects. Rituximab showed a significant increased NET formation compared to the neutrophils treated with ASA (a mean of differences 3.96%; 95% CI 1.90-6.03%; p < .01) or compared to neutrophils without treatment (a mean of differences 4.39%; 95% CI 1.17-7.61%; p = .01). Contrary to the screening results ASA showed no significant suppression of NET formation in the consolidation experiments (a mean of differences 0.43%; 95% CI -1.27 to 2.12%; p = .58).Conclusions: We conclude that rituximab therapy might further trigger activated NET formation and should be applied with caution in patients with pro-inflammatory state and underlying autoimmune disease, thrombosis, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Hoffmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Samira Roesner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Neubauer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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de Jesus Gonzalez-Contreras F, Zarate X. Neutrophil extracellular traps: Modulation mechanisms by pathogens. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104640. [PMID: 36413806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, as innate effector cells, play an essential role in the containment and elimination of pathogens. Among the main neutrophil mechanisms use for these processes is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of decondensed DNA decorated with various cytoplasmic proteins. NETs' principal role is the trapping and elimination of infectious agents; therefore, the formation of NETs is regulated by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses through different mechanisms: the presence of virulence factors (adhered or secreted), microbial load, size of the microorganism, and even due to other immune cells activation (mainly platelets). This review summarizes the significant aspects that contribute to NETs modulation by pathogens and their components, and the effect NETs have on these pathogens as a cellular defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
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Platelet-Neutrophil Association in NETs-Rich Areas in the Retrieved AIS Patient Thrombi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214477. [PMID: 36430952 PMCID: PMC9694992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological structure of thrombi is a strong determinant of the outcome of vascular recanalization therapy, the only treatment option for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. A total of 21 AIS patients from this study after undergoing non-enhanced CT scan and multimodal MRI were treated with mechanical stent-based and manual aspiration thrombectomy, and thromboembolic retrieved from a cerebral artery. Complementary histopathological and imaging analyses were performed to understand their composition with a specific focus on fibrin, von Willebrand factor, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Though distinct RBC-rich and platelet-rich areas were found, AIS patient thrombi were overwhelmingly platelet-rich, with 90% of thrombi containing <40% total RBC-rich contents (1.5 to 37%). Structurally, RBC-rich areas were simple, consisting of tightly packed RBCs in thin fibrin meshwork with sparsely populated nucleated cells and lacked any substantial von Willebrand factor (VWF). Platelet-rich areas were structurally more complex with thick fibrin meshwork associated with VWF. Plenty of leukocytes populated the platelet-rich areas, particularly in the periphery and border areas between platelet-rich and RBC-rich areas. Platelet-rich areas showed abundant activated neutrophils (myeloperoxidase+ and neutrophil-elastase+) containing citrullinated histone-decorated DNA. Citrullinated histone-decorated DNA also accumulated extracellularly, pointing to NETosis by the activated neutrophils. Notably, NETs-containing areas showed strong reactivity to VWF, platelets, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), signifying a close interplay between these components.
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Yao H, Cao G, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Yan Z, Wang S, Wang Y, Guo Z, Wang Y. Inhibition of Netosis with PAD Inhibitor Attenuates Endotoxin Shock Induced Systemic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13264. [PMID: 36362052 PMCID: PMC9655899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a pivotal role in innate immunity by releasing neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs). Excessive NETs are detrimental to the local tissue and further exacerbate inflammation. Protein arginine deiminases (PAD) mediate histone citrullination and NET formation that, in turn, exacerbate endotoxin shock damages. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism underlying PAD and NETs in endotoxic stress in mice. The control group mice were injected with solvent, the LPS endotoxic shock group mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at 35 mg/kg only, while the LPS and PAD inhibitor YW3-56 treatment group mice were injected with YW3-56 at 10 mg/kg prior to the LPS injection. YW3-56 significantly prolonged the survival time of the LPS-treated mice. NETs, cfDNA, and inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA in serum, paitoneal cavity, and lung at 24 h after LPS administration. Lung injuries were detected by immunostaining, and lung tissue transcriptomes were analyzed by RNA-seq at 24 h after LPS administration. We found that YW3-56 altered neutrophil tissue homeostasis, inhibited NET formation, and significantly decreased cytokines (IL-6, TNFα and IL-1β) levels, cytokines gene expression, and lung tissue injury. In summary, NET formation inhibition offers a new avenue to manage inflammatory damages under endotoxic stress.
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Kuryłek A, Stasiak M, Kern-Zdanowicz I. Virulence factors of Streptococcus anginosus - a molecular perspective. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025136. [PMID: 36386673 PMCID: PMC9643698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus anginosus together with S. constellatus and S. intermedius constitute the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG), until recently considered to be benign commensals of the human mucosa isolated predominantly from oral cavity, but also from upper respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. For years the virulence potential of SAG was underestimated, mainly due to complications in correct species identification and their assignment to the physiological microbiota. Still, SAG representatives have been associated with purulent infections at oral and non-oral sites resulting in abscesses formation and empyema. Also, life threatening blood infections caused by SAG have been reported. However, the understanding of SAG as potential pathogen is only fragmentary, albeit certain aspects of SAG infection seem sufficiently well described to deserve a systematic overview. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge of the S. anginosus pathogenicity factors and their mechanisms of action.
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Chi Q, Xu T, He Y, Li Z, Tang X, Fan X, Li S. Polystyrene nanoparticle exposure supports ROS-NLRP3 axis-dependent DNA-NET to promote liver inflammation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129502. [PMID: 35868089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of plastics and the rapid development of nanotechnology bring convenience to our lives while also increasing the environmental burden and increasing the risk of exposure of organisms to nanoparticles (NPs). While recent studies have revealed an association between nanoparticles and liver injury, the intrinsic mechanism of NP exposure-induced liver damage remains to be explored. Here, we found that polystyrene nanoparticle (PSNP) exposure resulted in a significant increase in local neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the liver. Analysis of a coculture system of PBNs and AML12 cells revealed that PSNP-induced NET formation positively correlates with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-NLRP3 axis. Inhibition of ROS and genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 in AML12 can both alleviate PSNP-induced NET formation. In turn, exposure of mice to deoxyribonuclease I (DNase Ⅰ)-coated PSNPs disassembled NET in vivo, neutrophil infiltration in the liver was reduced, the ROS-NLRP3 axis was inhibited, and the expression of cytokines was markedly decreased. Collectively, our work reveals a mechanism of NET formation in PSNP exposure-induced liver inflammation and highlights the possible role of DNase Ⅰ as a key enzyme in degrading NET and alleviating liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yujiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xue Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Janssen L, Muller HS, Martins VDP. Unweaving the NET: Microbial strategies for neutrophil extracellular trap evasion. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105728. [PMID: 36028070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Circa 20 years ago, a new type of defense mechanism was described in neutrophils. At the time, this mechanism corresponded to the extrusion of DNA, associated with histones, granular and cytosolic proteins from the cell and it was produced in response to exposure to pathogens or interleukins. The resulting NET-like structure was described as to entrap and/or kill microbes. However, shortly after the discovery the so-called Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, it was soon noticed and often mentioned in the literature that certain microbes are able to evade NET-mediated entrapment and/or death, to the point where its antimicrobial capacities were questioned, depending on the infection context. In this review, we summarize the diversity of strategies published thus far that viruses, fungi, bacteria and protists employ as to prevent or endure NETs. Moreover, we point to a few perspectives on the matter and a few evolutionary speculations on NETs evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Janssen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Herick Sampaio Muller
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Vicente de Paulo Martins
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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Liang C, Lian N, Li M. The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900895. [PMID: 36034717 PMCID: PMC9411525 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are global public health problems and can lead to substantial human morbidity and mortality. Current antifungal therapy is not satisfactory, especially for invasive, life-threatening fungal infections. Modulating the antifungal capacity of the host immune system is a feasible way to combat fungal infections. Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system that resist fungal pathogens by releasing reticular extracellular structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). When compared with phagocytosis and oxidative burst, NETs show better capability in terms of trapping large pathogens, such as fungi. This review will summarize interactions between fungal pathogens and NETs. Molecular mechanisms of fungi-induced NETs formation and defensive strategies used by fungi are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuting Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Lian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Dermatology, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Li,
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