1
|
Bastin A, Eleftherianos I. Functional role of the TGF-β signaling in the Drosophila immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100071. [PMID: 37810404 PMCID: PMC10556577 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling pathways are present in diverse animal species, which indicates their evolutionary importance in modulating several conserved biological processes and maintaining host homeostasis by adjusting the activity of innate immune mechanisms. Drosophila melanogaster utilizes two related but separable cascades of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway: The Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin branches. Recent studies have produced significant information on the immune role of TGF-β signaling in the fruit fly model during response against certain bacterial pathogens. Results from further investigations have generated novel insights into the role of Drosophila TGF-β signaling molecules as immune regulators opposing infection against nematode parasites and their mutualistic bacterial partners. This knowledge has revealed a previously unknown layer of the host innate immune system. Here we summarize these recent breakthroughs focusing on the participation of TGF-β signaling factors in various Drosophila immune processes in relation to infection with potent bacteria and nematode parasites. The presented information provides important clues indicating directions for future research into the design of novel strategies for the effective control of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bastin
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Lyu B, Song Q. TGF-β Type II Receptor Punt Suppresses Antimicrobial Peptide Expression and Influences Development in Tribolium castaneum. INSECTS 2023; 14:515. [PMID: 37367331 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily in insects regulated various physiological events, including immune response, growth and development, and metamorphosis. This complex network of signaling pathways involves conserved cell-surface receptors and signaling co-receptors that allow for precisely coordinated cellular events. However, the roles of TGF-β receptors, particularly the type II receptor Punt, in mediating the innate immunity in insects remains unclear. In this study, we used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model species to investigate the role of TGF-β type II receptor Punt in mediating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Developmental and tissue-specific transcript profiles revealed Punt was constitutively expressed throughout development, with the highest transcript level in 1-day female pupae and the lowest transcript level in 18-day larvae. Tissue specific expression profiles showed the highest transcript level of Punt was observed in the Malpighian tubule and ovary in 18-day larvae and 1-day female adults, respectively, suggesting Punt might have distinct functions in larvae and adults. Further results indicated that Punt RNAi in the 18-day larvae led to increased transcript level of AMP genes through transcription factor Relish, leading to inhibition of Escherichia coli proliferation. Knockdown of Punt in larvae also led to splitting of adult elytra and abnormal compound eyes. Furthermore, knockdown of Punt during the female pupal stage resulted in increased transcript levels of AMP genes, as well as abnormal ovary, reduced fecundity, and failure of eggs to hatch. This study deepens our understanding of the biological significance of Punt in insect TGF-β signaling and lays the groundwork for further research of its role in insect immune response, development, and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bo Lyu
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bland ML. Regulating metabolism to shape immune function: Lessons from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 138:128-141. [PMID: 35440411 PMCID: PMC10617008 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic microbes is a severe threat that hosts manage by activating the innate immune response. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Toll and Imd signaling pathways are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to initiate cellular and humoral immune processes that neutralize and kill invaders. The Toll and Imd signaling pathways operate in organs such as fat body and gut that control host nutrient metabolism, and infections or genetic activation of Toll and Imd signaling also induce wide-ranging changes in host lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Metabolic regulation by immune signaling can confer resistance to or tolerance of infection, but it can also lead to pathology and susceptibility to infection. These immunometabolic phenotypes are described in this review, as are changes in endocrine signaling and gene regulation that mediate survival during infection. Future work in the field is anticipated to determine key variables such as sex, dietary nutrients, life stage, and pathogen characteristics that modify immunometabolic phenotypes and, importantly, to uncover the mechanisms used by the immune system to regulate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang W, Wang D, Si J, Jin L, Hao Y. Gbb Regulates Blood Cell Proliferation and Differentiation through JNK and EGFR Signaling Pathways in the Drosophila Lymph Gland. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040661. [PMID: 36831328 PMCID: PMC9954825 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila lymph gland is an ideal model for studying hematopoiesis, and unraveling the mechanisms of Drosophila hematopoiesis can improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of human hematopoietic malignancies. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in a variety of biological processes and is highly conserved between Drosophila and mammals. Decapentaplegic (Dpp)/BMP signaling is known to limit posterior signaling center (PSC) cell proliferation by repressing the protooncogene dmyc. However, the role of two other TGF-β family ligands, Glass bottom boat (Gbb) and Screw (Scw), in Drosophila hematopoiesis is currently largely unknown. Here, we showed that the loss of Gbb in the cortical zone (CZ) induced lamellocyte differentiation by overactivation of the EGFR and JNK pathways and caused excessive differentiation of plasmatocytes, mainly by the hyperactivation of EGFR. Furthermore, we found that Gbb was also required for preventing the hyperproliferation of the lymph glands by inhibiting the overactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathways. These results further advance our understanding of the roles of Gbb protein and the BMP signaling in Drosophila hematopoiesis and the regulatory relationship between the BMP, EGFR, and JNK pathways in the proliferation and differentiation of lymph gland hemocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Jingjing Si
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yangguang Hao
- Department of Basic Medical, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garriga A, Toubarro D, Simões N, Morton A, García-Del-Pino F. The modulation effect of the Steinernema carpocapsae - Xenorhabdus nematophila complex on immune-related genes in Drosophila suzukii larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107870. [PMID: 36493843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii are susceptible to the Steinernema carpocapsae - Xenorhabdus nematophila complex and an assessment of the immune-regulatory system activation in this insect was performed to understand the response to the nematode infection. The expressions of 14 immune-related genes of different pathways (Imd, Toll, Jak-STAT, ProPO, JNK, TGF-β) were analyzed using qRT-PCR to determine variations after nematode penetration (90 min and 4 h) and after bacterial release (14 h). Before the bacteria were present, the nematodes were not recognized by the immune system of the larvae and practically none of the analyzed pathways presented variations when compared with the non-infected larvae. However, after the X. nematophila were released, PGRP-LC was activated leading to the gene upregulation of antimicrobial peptides of both the Toll and Imd pathways. Interestingly, the cellular response was inactive during the infection course as Jak/STAT and pro-phenoloxidase genes remained unresponsive to the presence of both pathogens. These results illustrate how D. suzukii immune pathways responded differently to the nematode and bacteria along the infection course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Garriga
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Toubarro
- Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - N Simões
- Centro de Biotecnologia dos Açores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - A Morton
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F García-Del-Pino
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pratomo AR, Salim E, Hori A, Kuraishi T. Drosophila as an Animal Model for Testing Plant-Based Immunomodulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314801. [PMID: 36499123 PMCID: PMC9735809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopathic medicines play a key role in the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, long-term consumption of these medicines may cause serious undesirable effects that harm human health. Plant-based medicines have emerged as alternatives to allopathic medicines because of their rare side effects. They contain several compounds that have the potential to improve health and treat diseases in humans, including their function as immunomodulators to treat immune-related diseases. Thus, the discovery of potent and safe immunomodulators from plants is gaining considerable research interest. Recently, Drosophila has gained prominence as a model organism in evaluating the efficacy of plant and plant-derived substances. Drosophila melanogaster "fruit fly" is a well-known, high-throughput model organism that has been used to study different biological aspects of development and diseases for more than 110 years. Most developmental and cell signaling pathways and 75% of human disease-related genes are conserved between humans and Drosophila. Using Drosophila, one can easily examine the pharmacological effects of plants/plant-derived components by employing a variety of tests in flies, such as survival, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cell death tests. This review focused on D. melanogaster's potential for identifying immunomodulatory features associated with plants/plant-derived components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Rizky Pratomo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Aki Hori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- JST-FOREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An anti-inflammatory transcriptional cascade conserved from flies to humans. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
8
|
Boeck L, Burbaud S, Skwark M, Pearson WH, Sangen J, Wuest AW, Marshall EKP, Weimann A, Everall I, Bryant JM, Malhotra S, Bannerman BP, Kierdorf K, Blundell TL, Dionne MS, Parkhill J, Andres Floto R. Mycobacterium abscessus pathogenesis identified by phenogenomic analyses. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1431-1441. [PMID: 36008617 PMCID: PMC9418003 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The medical and scientific response to emerging and established pathogens is often severely hampered by ignorance of the genetic determinants of virulence, drug resistance and clinical outcomes that could be used to identify therapeutic drug targets and forecast patient trajectories. Taking the newly emergent multidrug-resistant bacteria Mycobacterium abscessus as an example, we show that combining high-dimensional phenotyping with whole-genome sequencing in a phenogenomic analysis can rapidly reveal actionable systems-level insights into bacterial pathobiology. Through phenotyping of 331 clinical isolates, we discovered three distinct clusters of isolates, each with different virulence traits and associated with a different clinical outcome. We combined genome-wide association studies with proteome-wide computational structural modelling to define likely causal variants, and employed direct coupling analysis to identify co-evolving, and therefore potentially epistatic, gene networks. We then used in vivo CRISPR-based silencing to validate our findings and discover clinically relevant M. abscessus virulence factors including a secretion system, thus illustrating how phenogenomics can reveal critical pathways within emerging pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Boeck
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Burbaud
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin Skwark
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Will H Pearson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper Sangen
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas W Wuest
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eleanor K P Marshall
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron Weimann
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Josephine M Bryant
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sony Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell, UK
| | - Bridget P Bannerman
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Andres Floto
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dai M, Yang J, Liu X, Gu H, Li F, Li B, Wei J. Parasitism by the Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica Leads to Suppression of Basal Metabolism and Activation of Immune Response in the Host Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090792. [PMID: 36135493 PMCID: PMC9506100 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The dipteran tachinid parasitoids are important biocontrol agents, and they must survive the harsh environment and rely on the resources of the host insect to complete their larval stage. We have previously demonstrated that the parasitism by the tachinid parasitoid Exoristajaponica, a pest of the silkworm, causes pupation defects in Bombyx mori. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis of the fat body of B. mori parasitized by E. japonica. We identified 1361 differentially expressed genes, with 394 genes up-regulated and 967 genes down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were mainly associated with immune response, endocrine system and signal transduction, whereas the genes related to basal metabolism, including energy metabolism, transport and catabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism were down-regulated, indicating that the host appeared to be in poor nutritional status but active in immune response. Moreover, by time-course gene expression analysis we found that genes related to amino acid synthesis, protein degradation and lipid metabolism in B. mori at later parasitization stages were inhibited. Antimicrobial peptides including Cecropin A, Gloverin and Moricin, and an immulectin, CTL11, were induced. These results indicate that the tachinid parasitoid perturbs the basal metabolism and induces the energetically costly immunity of the host, and thus leading to incomplete larval-pupal ecdysis of the host. This study provided insights into how tachinid parasitoids modify host basal metabolism and immune response for the benefit of developing parasitoid larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jin Yang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haoyi Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Sericulture Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Sericulture Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Sericulture Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu DC, Wang L, Yamada KM, Baena-Lopez LA. Non-apoptotic activation of Drosophila caspase-2/9 modulates JNK signaling, the tumor microenvironment, and growth of wound-like tumors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110718. [PMID: 35443185 PMCID: PMC9082238 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis due to caspase deregulation is considered one of the main hallmarks of cancer. However, the discovery of novel non-apoptotic caspase functions has revealed unknown intricacies about the interplay between these enzymes and tumor progression. To investigate this biological problem, we capitalized on a Drosophila tumor model with human relevance based on the simultaneous overactivation of the EGFR and the JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Our data indicate that widespread non-apoptotic activation of initiator caspases limits JNK signaling and facilitates cell fate commitment in these tumors, thus preventing the overgrowth and exacerbation of malignant features of transformed cells. Intriguingly, caspase activity also reduces the presence of macrophage-like cells with tumor-promoting properties in the tumor microenvironment. These findings assign tumor-suppressing activities to caspases independent of apoptosis, while providing molecular details to better understand the contribution of these enzymes to tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cui Xu
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Li Wang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kulkarni A, Pandey A, Trainor P, Carlisle S, Yu W, Kukutla P, Xu J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and Krüppel like factor 10 mediate a transcriptional axis modulating immune homeostasis in mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6005. [PMID: 35397616 PMCID: PMC8994780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses require delicate controls to maintain homeostasis while executing effective defense. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. The Krüppel-like factor 10 (KLF10) is a C2H2 zinc-finger containing transcription factor. The functions of mosquito AhR and KLF10 have not been characterized. Here we show that AhR and KLF10 constitute a transcriptional axis to modulate immune responses in mosquito Anopheles gambiae. The manipulation of AhR activities via agonists or antagonists repressed or enhanced the mosquito antibacterial immunity, respectively. KLF10 was recognized as one of the AhR target genes in the context. Phenotypically, silencing KLF10 reversed the immune suppression caused by the AhR agonist. The transcriptome comparison revealed that silencing AhR and KLF10 plus challenge altered the expression of 2245 genes in the same way. The results suggest that KLF10 is downstream of AhR in a transcriptional network responsible for immunomodulation. This AhR–KLF10 axis regulates a set of genes involved in metabolism and circadian rhythms in the context. The axis was required to suppress the adverse effect caused by the overactivation of the immune pathway IMD via the inhibitor gene Caspar silencing without a bacterial challenge. These results demonstrate that the AhR–KLF10 axis mediates an immunoregulatory transcriptional network as a negative loop to maintain immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kulkarni
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Ashmita Pandey
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Patrick Trainor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Samantha Carlisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Phanidhar Kukutla
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo K, Chen Y, Wang F. Shrimp Plasma MANF Works as an Invertebrate Anti-Inflammatory Factor via a Conserved Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1214-1223. [PMID: 35149533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, how anti-inflammatory factors evolved was largely unknown. In this study, we chose a marine invertebrate, Litopenaeus vannamei, as a model and identified that shrimp mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) was an LPS-induced plasma protein, which exerted its anti-inflammatory roles on shrimp hemocytes by suppressing ERK phosphorylation and Dorsal expression. In addition, we demonstrated that shrimp MANF could be associated with a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) to mediate negative regulation of ERK activation and Dorsal expression. More interestingly, shrimp RPTP-S overexpression in 293T cells could switch shrimp and human MANF-mediated ERK pathway activation to inhibition. In general, our results indicate that this conserved RPTP is the key component for extracellular MANF-mediated ERK pathway inhibition, which gives a possible explanation about why this neurotropic factor could both protect neuron cells from apoptosis and inhibit immune cell M1 activation in various species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China;
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China; and
- Shantou University-University Malaysia Terengganu Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sensing microbial infections in the Drosophila melanogaster genetic model organism. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:35-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
14
|
Ozakman Y, Raval D, Eleftherianos I. Activin and BMP Signaling Activity Affects Different Aspects of Host Anti-Nematode Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2021; 12:795331. [PMID: 35003118 PMCID: PMC8727596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted functions ranging from cellular and developmental mechanisms to inflammation and immunity have rendered TGF-ß signaling pathways as critical regulators of conserved biological processes. Recent studies have indicated that this evolutionary conserved signaling pathway among metazoans contributes to the Drosophila melanogaster anti-nematode immune response. However, functional characterization of the interaction between TGF-ß signaling activity and the mechanisms activated by the D. melanogaster immune response against parasitic nematode infection remains unexplored. Also, it is essential to evaluate the precise effect of entomopathogenic nematode parasites on the host immune system by separating them from their mutualistic bacteria. Here, we investigated the participation of the TGF-ß signaling branches, activin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), to host immune function against axenic or symbiotic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematodes (parasites lacking or containing their mutualistic bacteria, respectively). Using D. melanogaster larvae carrying mutations in the genes coding for the TGF-ß extracellular ligands Daw and Dpp, we analyzed the changes in survival ability, cellular immune response, and phenoloxidase (PO) activity during nematode infection. We show that infection with axenic H. bacteriophora decreases the mortality rate of dpp mutants, but not daw mutants. Following axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, both daw and dpp mutants contain only plasmatocytes. We further detect higher levels of Dual oxidase gene expression in dpp mutants upon infection with axenic nematodes and Diptericin and Cecropin gene expression in daw mutants upon infection with symbiotic nematodes compared to controls. Finally, following symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, daw mutants have higher PO activity relative to controls. Together, our findings reveal that while D. melanogaster Dpp/BMP signaling activity modulates the DUOX/ROS response to axenic H. bacteriophora infection, Daw/activin signaling activity modulates the antimicrobial peptide and melanization responses to axenic H. bacteriophora infection. Results from this study expand our current understanding of the molecular and mechanistic interplay between nematode parasites and the host immune system, and the involvement of TGF-ß signaling branches in this process. Such findings will provide valuable insight on the evolution of the immune role of TGF-ß signaling, which could lead to the development of novel strategies for the effective management of human parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Boulet M, Renaud Y, Lapraz F, Benmimoun B, Vandel L, Waltzer L. Characterization of the Drosophila Adult Hematopoietic System Reveals a Rare Cell Population With Differentiation and Proliferation Potential. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:739357. [PMID: 34722521 PMCID: PMC8550105 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.739357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While many studies have described Drosophila embryonic and larval blood cells, the hematopoietic system of the imago remains poorly characterized and conflicting data have been published concerning adult hematopoiesis. Using a combination of blood cell markers, we show that the adult hematopoietic system is essentially composed of a few distinct mature blood cell types. In addition, our transcriptomics results indicate that adult and larval blood cells have both common and specific features and it appears that adult hemocytes reactivate many genes expressed in embryonic blood cells. Interestingly, we identify a small set of blood cells that does not express differentiation markers but rather maintains the expression of the progenitor marker domeMeso. Yet, we show that these cells are derived from the posterior signaling center, a specialized population of cells present in the larval lymph gland, rather than from larval blood cell progenitors, and that their maintenance depends on the EBF transcription factor Collier. Furthermore, while these cells are normally quiescent, we find that some of them can differentiate and proliferate in response to bacterial infection. In sum, our results indicate that adult flies harbor a small population of specialized cells with limited hematopoietic potential and further support the idea that no substantial hematopoiesis takes place during adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Boulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoan Renaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - François Lapraz
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Billel Benmimoun
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vandel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Biologie du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cox N, Crozet L, Holtman IR, Loyher PL, Lazarov T, White JB, Mass E, Stanley ER, Elemento O, Glass CK, Geissmann F. Diet-regulated production of PDGFcc by macrophages controls energy storage. Science 2021; 373:373/6550/eabe9383. [PMID: 34210853 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which macrophages regulate energy storage remain poorly understood. We identify in a genetic screen a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-family ortholog, Pvf3, that is produced by macrophages and is required for lipid storage in fat-body cells of Drosophila larvae. Genetic and pharmacological experiments indicate that the mouse Pvf3 ortholog PDGFcc, produced by adipose tissue-resident macrophages, controls lipid storage in adipocytes in a leptin receptor- and C-C chemokine receptor type 2-independent manner. PDGFcc production is regulated by diet and acts in a paracrine manner to control lipid storage in adipose tissues of newborn and adult mice. At the organismal level upon PDGFcc blockade, excess lipids are redirected toward thermogenesis in brown fat. These data identify a macrophage-dependent mechanism, conducive to the design of pharmacological interventions, that controls energy storage in metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucile Crozet
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Loyher
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tomi Lazarov
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica B White
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elvira Mass
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology of the Immune System, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fabian DK, Fuentealba M, Dönertaş HM, Partridge L, Thornton JM. Functional conservation in genes and pathways linking ageing and immunity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 33990202 PMCID: PMC8120713 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At first glance, longevity and immunity appear to be different traits that have not much in common except the fact that the immune system promotes survival upon pathogenic infection. Substantial evidence however points to a molecularly intertwined relationship between the immune system and ageing. Although this link is well-known throughout the animal kingdom, its genetic basis is complex and still poorly understood. To address this question, we here provide a compilation of all genes concomitantly known to be involved in immunity and ageing in humans and three well-studied model organisms, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the house mouse Mus musculus. By analysing human orthologs among these species, we identified 7 evolutionarily conserved signalling cascades, the insulin/TOR network, three MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK), JAK/STAT, TGF-β, and Nf-κB pathways that act pleiotropically on ageing and immunity. We review current evidence for these pathways linking immunity and lifespan, and their role in the detrimental dysregulation of the immune system with age, known as immunosenescence. We argue that the phenotypic effects of these pathways are often context-dependent and vary, for example, between tissues, sexes, and types of pathogenic infection. Future research therefore needs to explore a higher temporal, spatial and environmental resolution to fully comprehend the connection between ageing and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fabian
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. .,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matías Fuentealba
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Handan Melike Dönertaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Coates JA, Brooks E, Brittle AL, Armitage EL, Zeidler MP, Evans IR. Identification of functionally distinct macrophage subpopulations in Drosophila. eLife 2021; 10:e58686. [PMID: 33885361 PMCID: PMC8062135 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate macrophages are a highly heterogeneous cell population, but while Drosophila blood is dominated by a macrophage-like lineage (plasmatocytes), until very recently these cells were considered to represent a homogeneous population. Here, we present our identification of enhancer elements labelling plasmatocyte subpopulations, which vary in abundance across development. These subpopulations exhibit functional differences compared to the overall population, including more potent injury responses and differential localisation and dynamics in pupae and adults. Our enhancer analysis identified candidate genes regulating plasmatocyte behaviour: pan-plasmatocyte expression of one such gene (Calnexin14D) improves wound responses, causing the overall population to resemble more closely the subpopulation marked by the Calnexin14D-associated enhancer. Finally, we show that exposure to increased levels of apoptotic cell death modulates subpopulation cell numbers. Taken together this demonstrates macrophage heterogeneity in Drosophila, identifies mechanisms involved in subpopulation specification and function and facilitates the use of Drosophila to study macrophage heterogeneity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Alexis Coates
- Department of Biomedical Science and the Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Elliot Brooks
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and the Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Amy Louise Brittle
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and the Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Louise Armitage
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and the Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Peter Zeidler
- Department of Biomedical Science and the Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Iwan Robert Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and the Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Effect of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 on the Mineralization of Human Cementoblasts. J Endod 2021; 47:606-611. [PMID: 33434566 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in bone mineralization and has been reported to promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, there is no report about the effects of TGF-β1 on human cementoblasts. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of TGF-β1 on the proliferation and differentiation of the human cementoblast cell line (HCEM) in vitro. METHODS HCEM cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 10 ng/mL. A proliferation assay was performed from 24-72 hours. The effect of TGF-β1 on mineralization was analyzed by quantifying the area stained with alizarin red on days 7 and 14. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the effect of TGF-β1 on the mineralization-related genes alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, and type I collagen on days 3, 7, and 14. RESULTS TGF-β1 did not affect cell proliferation. TGF-β1 together with the mineralization medium (consisting of ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and β-glycerophosphate) increased the alizarin red-stained area on days 7 and 14. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that alkaline phosphatase messenger RNA expression was increased in TGF-β1-stimulated HCEM cells in mineralization medium on days 3 and 7, whereas bone sialoprotein and type I collagen messenger RNA expression was increased on day 7. CONCLUSIONS Although TGF-β1 does not affect cell proliferation, it does promote cell differentiation and mineralization of HCEM cells.
Collapse
|
20
|
Naim N, Amrit FRG, McClendon TB, Yanowitz JL, Ghazi A. The molecular tug of war between immunity and fertility: Emergence of conserved signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000103. [PMID: 33169418 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction and immunity are energy intensive, intimately linked processes in most organisms. In women, pregnancy is associated with widespread immunological adaptations that alter immunity to many diseases, whereas, immune dysfunction has emerged as a major cause for infertility in both men and women. Deciphering the molecular bases of this dynamic association is inherently challenging in mammals. This relationship has been traditionally studied in fast-living, invertebrate species, often in the context of resource allocation between life history traits. More recently, these studies have advanced our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the immunity-fertility dialogue. Here, we review the molecular connections between reproduction and immunity from the perspective of human pregnancy to mechanistic discoveries in laboratory organisms. We focus particularly on recent invertebrate studies identifying conserved signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate resource allocation and shape the balance between reproductive status and immune health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Naim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Developmental Biology and Cell Biology and Physiology, John, G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francis R G Amrit
- Departments of Pediatrics, Developmental Biology and Cell Biology and Physiology, John, G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T Brooke McClendon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith L Yanowitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Developmental Biology and Cell Biology and Physiology, John, G. Rangos Sr. Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu L, Wu Y, Zhou X, Wang P, Xu H. Characterization and immune function of decapentaplegic (Dpp) gene from the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:804-813. [PMID: 32858184 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Decapentaplegic (Dpp) gene, which belongs to the TGF-β superfamily, is involved in multiple developmental processes in eukaryotic species. In this study, we firstly identified and characterized Dpp from Macrobrachium nipponense. Its full-length open reading frame (ORF) cDNA was 1332 bp, encoding 443 amino acids. The putative MnDpp protein contained a signal peptide, a TGF-β propeptide region and a TGF-β domain. Its TGF-β domain was highly conserved from vertebrates to invertebrates, and exhibited highly similarity to Dpp derived from Bombyx mori. qRT-PCR analysis suggested that MnDpp expressed in all tested tissues and responded to both bacterial and virus pathogens, indicating MnDpp was involved in the innate immune response of M. nipponense. Knockdown of MnDppin vivo significantly increased bacteria growth and markedly decreased the expressions of NF-κB signaling genes including dorsal, relish, TAK1, TAB1, Ikkβ and Ikkε as well as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including ALF2, ALF3, ALF4, ALF5, Cru1 and Cru2. Moreover, in vitro overexpression of MnDpp protein in HEK293T cells further demonstrated that it exerted antibacterial immune response by activation of NF-κB signaling cascade. In summary, these results indicated that MnDpp played an important role in the innate immunity in M. nipponense by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway, which might provide new insights about Dpp in crustaceans and paved the way for a better understanding of the crustacean innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liaoyi Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiefei Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peichen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dhankhar J, Agrawal N, Shrivastava A. An interplay between immune response and neurodegenerative disease progression: An assessment using Drosophila as a model. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577302. [PMID: 32683186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive loss of neurons in the central nervous system has become a major challenge to public health worldwide particularly with elderly people. Until recently, the brain and immune system were studied exclusively, independent of each other representing two distinct systems. Recent studies ensue crosstalk between these two systems to maintain homeostasis. Though the progressive loss of specific neuronal subsets is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease, emerging evidences indicate that immune response also plays a critical role in disease progression. Due to conservation of mechanisms that govern neural development and innate immune activation in flies and humans, and availability of powerful genetic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best model organisms to investigate the immune response in neurodegenerative disease. Owing to significant homology between human and Drosophila immune system and recent reports on interplay between immune system and neurodegenerative disease progression, the main focus of the review is to develop a comprehensive understanding of how neuro-immune interactions contribute to neurodegeneration using Drosophila as a model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fuess LE, Butler CC, Brandt ME, Mydlarz LD. Investigating the roles of transforming growth factor-beta in immune response of Orbicella faveolata, a scleractinian coral. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103639. [PMID: 32027869 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships range from parasitic to mutualistic, yet all endosymbionts face similar challenges, including evasion of host immunity. Many symbiotic organisms have evolved similar mechanisms to face these challenges, including manipulation of the host's transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway. Here we investigate the TGFβ pathway in scelaractinian corals which are dependent on symbioses with dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae. Using the Caribbean coral, Orbicella faveolata, we explore the effects of enhancement and inhibition of the TGFβ pathway on host gene expression. Following transcriptomic analyses, we demonstrated limited effects of pathway manipulation in absence of immune stimulation. However, manipulation of the TGFβ pathway significantly affects the subsequent ability of host corals to mount an immune response. Enhancement of the TGFβ pathway eliminates transcriptomic signatures of host coral immune response, while inhibition of the pathway maintains the response. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence of an immunomodulatory role for TGFβ in a scelaractinian coral. These findings suggest variation in TGFβ signaling may have implications in the face of increasing disease prevelance. Our results suggest that the TGFβ pathway can modulate tradeoffs between symbiosis and immunity. Further study of links between symbiosis, TGFβ, and immunity is needed to better understand the ecological implications of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States.
| | - Caleb C Butler
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Marilyn E Brandt
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, United States
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou YL, Li B, Xu YP, Wang LZ, Gu WB, Liu ZP, Dong WR, Shu MA. The Activin-like ligand Dawdle regulates innate immune responses through modulating NF-κB signaling in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 101:103450. [PMID: 31306697 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activins, members of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, are pleiotropic cytokines with critical roles in mediating cell proliferation, differentiation, homeostasis, apoptosis and immune response. However, the structural characteristics and specific functions of Activins remain largely unknown in invertebrates. In the present study, an Activin-like ligand Dawdle (Daw) was firstly identified and characterized from mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The obtained cDNA sequence of SpDaw was 2, 196 bp long with a 1, 149 bp open reading fame, which encoded a putative protein of 382 amino acids. The putative SpDaw protein contained a signal peptide, a TGF-β propeptide region and a TGF-β domain. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that SpDaw was predominantly expressed at early embryonic development stage and premolt stages, implying its participation in development and growth. Furthermore, SpDaw responded to both Vibro alginolyticus and Poly (I:C) challenges, suggesting the involvement of SpDaw in innate immune responses. Knockdown of SpDaw in vivo dramatically increased the expressions of NF-κB signaling genes and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) genes, and the bacteria clearance efficiency was also markedly enhanced in SpDaw-silenced crabs. Moreover, the in vitro experiment further demonstrated that recombinant SpDaw protein could block the increased transcription of IKKs, NF-κBs and ALFs induced by pathogen challenges. Taken together, these results indicated that SpDaw not only participated in development and growth processes but also played an immune-regulatory role in crabs' innate immunity, which may pave the way for a better understanding of TGF-β superfamily members in crustacean species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan-Zhi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze-Peng Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sanchez Bosch P, Makhijani K, Herboso L, Gold KS, Baginsky R, Woodcock KJ, Alexander B, Kukar K, Corcoran S, Jacobs T, Ouyang D, Wong C, Ramond EJV, Rhiner C, Moreno E, Lemaitre B, Geissmann F, Brückner K. Adult Drosophila Lack Hematopoiesis but Rely on a Blood Cell Reservoir at the Respiratory Epithelia to Relay Infection Signals to Surrounding Tissues. Dev Cell 2019; 51:787-803.e5. [PMID: 31735669 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of adult Drosophila melanogaster as a model for hematopoiesis or organismal immunity has been debated. Addressing this question, we identify an extensive reservoir of blood cells (hemocytes) at the respiratory epithelia (tracheal air sacs) of the thorax and head. Lineage tracing and functional analyses demonstrate that the majority of adult hemocytes are phagocytic macrophages (plasmatocytes) from the embryonic lineage that parallels vertebrate tissue macrophages. Surprisingly, we find no sign of adult hemocyte expansion. Instead, hemocytes play a role in relaying an innate immune response to the blood cell reservoir: through Imd signaling and the Jak/Stat pathway ligand Upd3, hemocytes act as sentinels of bacterial infection, inducing expression of the antimicrobial peptide Drosocin in respiratory epithelia and colocalizing fat body domains. Drosocin expression in turn promotes animal survival after infection. Our work identifies a multi-signal relay of organismal humoral immunity, establishing adult Drosophila as model for inter-organ immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanchez Bosch
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kalpana Makhijani
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leire Herboso
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katrina S Gold
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rowan Baginsky
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Brandy Alexander
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn Kukar
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean Corcoran
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thea Jacobs
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debra Ouyang
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corinna Wong
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederic Geissmann
- King's College London, London, UK; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katja Brückner
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. TGF-β Signaling Interferes With the Drosophila Innate Immune and Metabolic Response to Parasitic Nematode Infection. Front Physiol 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31316388 PMCID: PMC6611403 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an outstanding model to study the molecular basis of anti-pathogen immunity. The parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis gerrardi, together with its mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus asymbiotica, infects a wide range of insects, including D. melanogaster. Recently, we have shown that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-ß) signaling in D. melanogaster is regulated in response to parasitic nematode infection. In the current study, we investigated the contribution of two TGF-ß signaling branches, the activin and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), to D. melanogaster immune function against H. gerrardi. We used D. melanogaster larvae carrying mutations in the genes coding for the TGF-ß extracellular ligands daw and dpp. We have demonstrated that the number of circulating hemocytes in uninfected daw and dpp mutants decreases twofold compared to background controls, yet no significant changes in hemocyte numbers and survival of the TGF-ß mutants are observed upon nematode infection. However, we have shown that nematode-infected daw mutants express Dual oxidase at higher levels and phenoloxidase activity at lower levels compared to their background controls. To elucidate the contribution of TGF-ß signaling in the metabolic response of D. melanogaster to parasitic nematodes, we estimated lipid and carbohydrate levels in daw and dpp mutant larvae infected with H. gerrardi. We have found that both nematode-infected mutants contain lipid droplets of larger size, with daw mutant larvae also containing elevated glycogen levels. Overall, our findings indicate that the regulation of activin and BMP branches of TGF-ß signaling can alter the immune and metabolic processes in D. melanogaster during response to parasitic nematode infection. Results from this study shed light on the molecular signaling pathways insects activate to regulate mechanisms for fighting potent nematode parasites, which could lead to the identification of novel management strategies for the control of damaging pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen G, Wu B, Wu M, Liu F, Qin C, Luo W. Autophagy-related genes affect drug resistance of mycobacteria by regulating autophagy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2001-2008. [PMID: 31934022 PMCID: PMC6949621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of autophagy-related gene (ATG) on the drug resistance of mycobacteria by regulating autophagy. METHODS In the present study, primary macrophages were selected as objects of study. The cell lines with ATG13 and ATG6 interference and stable overexpression were constructed with Crisp/Case technique and verified by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting, and the qualified cells were used for subsequent experiments. Then the above different mutant and wild-type cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing fetal bovine serum for 5 h, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was added, followed by co-culture for 4 h. The cells were treated and co-cultured with isoniazid (INH, 0.05 mg/L), rifampicin (RFP, 0.4 mg/L) and ethambutol (EMB, 25 mg/L) for 3 d. Then the cells were sampled and stained with monodansylcadaverine (MDC), and autophagy was observed. Finally, an appropriate number of cells were taken and cultured in the modified L-G medium, and the bacteria were counted. RESULTS The results of fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting revealed that the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcription levels and protein expression levels of ATG13 and ATG6 in cells significantly declined after using Crisp/Case. The MDC staining showed that ATG13 and ATG6 interference could significantly reduce the number of autophagosomes in cells, while ATG13 and ATG6 overexpression could significantly increase the number of autophagosomes in cells. Compared with wild-type cells, the number of mycobacteria was obviously increased in mycobacterium-infected cells with ATG13 and ATG6 interference after they were treated with INH, RFP and EMB, displaying a significant difference (P<0.05), while the number of mycobacteria was obviously decreased in mycobacterium-infected cells with ATG13 and ATG6 overexpression after they were treated with INH, RFP and EMB, also a significant difference (P<0.05). CONCLUSION ATG and other autophagy-related genes can affect the drug resistance of mycobacteria through regulating autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao Chen
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Bibo Wu
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengzheng Wu
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanrong Luo
- Department of Infection, Deyang People's Hospital Deyang, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Transcript analysis reveals the involvement of NF-κB transcription factors for the activation of TGF-β signaling in nematode-infected Drosophila. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:501-510. [PMID: 31147740 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for studying signaling pathway regulation. Conserved signaling pathways underlying physiological processes signify evolutionary relationship between organisms and the nature of the mechanisms they control. This study explores the cross-talk between the well-characterized nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) innate immune signaling pathways and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in response to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila. To understand the link between signaling pathways, we followed on our previous studies by performing a transcript-level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of immune-compromised Drosophila adult flies with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora. Our findings demonstrate the requirement of NF-κB transcription factors for activation of TGF-β signaling pathway in Drosophila in the context of parasitic nematode infection. We observe significant decrease in transcript level of glass bottom boat (gbb) and screw (scw), components of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) branch, as well as Activinβ (actβ) which is a component of the Activin branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway. These results are observed only in H. gerrardi nematode-infected flies compared to uninfected control. Also, this significant decrease in transcript level is found only for extracellular ligands. Future research examining the mechanisms regulating the interaction of these signaling pathways could provide further insight into Drosophila anti-nematode immune function against infection with potent parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim-Jo C, Gatti JL, Poirié M. Drosophila Cellular Immunity Against Parasitoid Wasps: A Complex and Time-Dependent Process. Front Physiol 2019; 10:603. [PMID: 31156469 PMCID: PMC6529592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasitoid interactions are among the most studied interactions between invertebrates because of their fundamental interest - the evolution of original traits in parasitoids - and applied, parasitoids being widely used in biological control. Immunity, and in particular cellular immunity, is central in these interactions, the host encapsulation response being specific for large foreign bodies such as parasitoid eggs. Although already well studied in this species, recent data on Drosophila melanogaster have unquestionably improved knowledge of invertebrate cellular immunity. At the same time, the venomics of parasitoids has expanded, notably those of Drosophila. Here, we summarize and discuss these advances, with a focus on an emerging "time-dependent" view of interactions outcome at the intra- and interspecific level. We also present issues still in debate and prospects for study. Data on the Drosophila-parasitoid model paves the way to new concepts in insect immunity as well as parasitoid wasp strategies to overcome it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marylène Poirié
- INRA, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mansfield KM, Gilmore TD. Innate immunity and cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae mutualism. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:199-209. [PMID: 30268783 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, corals, hydra, jellyfish) is one the most distantly related animal phyla to humans, and yet cnidarians harbor many of the same cellular pathways involved in innate immunity in mammals. In addition to its role in pathogen recognition, the innate immune system has a role in managing beneficial microbes and supporting mutualistic microbial symbioses. Some corals and sea anemones undergo mutualistic symbioses with photosynthetic algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae. These symbioses can be disrupted by anthropogenic disturbances of ocean environments, which can have devastating consequences for the health of coral reef ecosystems. Several studies of cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis have implicated proteins in the host immune system as playing a role in both symbiont tolerance and loss of symbiosis (i.e., bleaching). In this review, we critically evaluate current knowledge about the role of host immunity in the regulation of symbiosis in cnidarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang F, Xia Q. Back to homeostasis: Negative regulation of NF-κB immune signaling in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:216-223. [PMID: 29908201 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis requires prompt activation and down-regulation of immune signaling pathways. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge regarding the negative regulation of two NF-κB signaling pathways in insects, Toll and IMD pathway, which are mostly essential for host defense against bacteria and fungus. Various types of negative regulators and their mechanisms are discussed here with the emphasis on the prominent roles of ubiquitination. The counterbalance between these two pathways, the crosstalk with other physiological pathways, and the difference in their repertoires of negative regulators are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nazario-Toole AE, Robalino J, Okrah K, Corrada-Bravo H, Mount SM, Wu LP. The Splicing Factor RNA-Binding Fox Protein 1 Mediates the Cellular Immune Response in Drosophila melanogaster. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1154-1164. [PMID: 29997126 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and destruction of bacteria by phagocytic cells is an essential defense mechanism in metazoans. To identify novel genes involved in the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, we assessed the phagocytic capacity of adult blood cells (hemocytes) of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, by testing several lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. Natural genetic variation in the gene RNA-binding Fox protein 1 (Rbfox1) correlated with low phagocytic capacity in hemocytes, pointing to Rbfox1 as a candidate regulator of phagocytosis. Loss of Rbfox1 resulted in increased expression of the Ig superfamily member Down syndrome adhesion molecule 4 (Dscam4). Silencing of Dscam4 in Rbfox1-depleted blood cells rescued the fly's cellular immune response to S. aureus, indicating that downregulation of Dscam4 by Rbfox1 is critical for S. aureus phagocytosis in Drosophila To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate a link between Rbfox1, Dscam4, and host defense against S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Nazario-Toole
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; and
| | - Javier Robalino
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Kwame Okrah
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Hector Corrada-Bravo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Stephen M Mount
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Louisa P Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; .,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; and
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Eleftherianos I. Transcriptional up-regulation of the TGF-β intracellular signaling transducer Mad of Drosophila larvae in response to parasitic nematode infection. Innate Immun 2018; 24:349-356. [PMID: 30049242 PMCID: PMC6830907 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918790663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an exceptional
model for dissecting innate immunity. However, our knowledge on responses to
parasitic nematode infections still lags behind. Recent studies have
demonstrated that the well-conserved TGF-β signaling pathway participates in
immune processes of the fly, including the anti-nematode response. To elucidate
the molecular basis of TGF-β anti-nematode activity, we performed a transcript
level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of
D. melanogaster larvae with the nematode parasite
Heterorhabditis gerrardi. We found no significant changes
in the transcript level of most extracellular ligands in both bone morphogenic
protein (BMP) and activin branches of the TGF-β signaling pathway between
nematode-infected larvae and uninfected controls. However, extracellular ligand,
Scw, and Type I receptor, Sax, in the BMP pathway as well as the Type I
receptor, Babo, in the activin pathway were substantially up-regulated following
H. gerrardi infection. Our results suggest that receptor
up-regulation leads to transcriptional up-regulation of the intracellular
component Mad in response to H. gerrardi following changes in
gene expression of intracellular receptors of both TGF-β signaling branches.
These findings identify the involvement of certain TGF-β signaling pathway
components in the immune signal transduction of D. melanogaster
larvae against parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wounding-induced upregulation of the Bone Morphogenic Protein signaling pathway in Drosophila promotes survival against parasitic nematode infection. Gene 2018; 673:112-118. [PMID: 29920363 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster is an outstanding model to analyze the regulation of conserved signaling pathways. In this study, we examined whether signaling components in the Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway are involved in the response to wounding caused by either sterile injury or infection by parasitic nematodes in D. melanogaster adult flies. We found that following sterile injury, the BMP pathway Type I receptor sax and intracellular transcription factor Mad were substantially upregulated. Also, inactivation of Mad or dpp promoted fly survival and increased antimicrobial peptide gene transcript levels upon sterile injury or H. bacteriophora nematode infection, respectively, but not against the bacterial pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens. Our findings indicate the roles of certain BMP signaling components in the regulation of the fly immune response against sterile injury or nematode infection. In conclusion, this study highlights the ability of D. melanogaster to activate the BMP branch of TGF-β signaling in order to modulate the response to injury in the absence or presence of pathogenic infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gyoergy A, Roblek M, Ratheesh A, Valoskova K, Belyaeva V, Wachner S, Matsubayashi Y, Sánchez-Sánchez BJ, Stramer B, Siekhaus DE. Tools Allowing Independent Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Drosophila melanogaster Macrophages and Surrounding Tissues. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:845-857. [PMID: 29321168 PMCID: PMC5844306 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster plasmatocytes, the phagocytic cells among hemocytes, are essential for immune responses, but also play key roles from early development to death through their interactions with other cell types. They regulate homeostasis and signaling during development, stem cell proliferation, metabolism, cancer, wound responses, and aging, displaying intriguing molecular and functional conservation with vertebrate macrophages. Given the relative ease of genetics in Drosophila compared to vertebrates, tools permitting visualization and genetic manipulation of plasmatocytes and surrounding tissues independently at all stages would greatly aid a fuller understanding of these processes, but are lacking. Here, we describe a comprehensive set of transgenic lines that allow this. These include extremely brightly fluorescing mCherry-based lines that allow GAL4-independent visualization of plasmatocyte nuclei, the cytoplasm, or the actin cytoskeleton from embryonic stage 8 through adulthood in both live and fixed samples even as heterozygotes, greatly facilitating screening. These lines allow live visualization and tracking of embryonic plasmatocytes, as well as larval plasmatocytes residing at the body wall or flowing with the surrounding hemolymph. With confocal imaging, interactions of plasmatocytes and inner tissues can be seen in live or fixed embryos, larvae, and adults. They permit efficient GAL4-independent Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) analysis/sorting of plasmatocytes throughout life. To facilitate genetic studies of reciprocal signaling, we have also made a plasmatocyte-expressing QF2 line that, in combination with extant GAL4 drivers, allows independent genetic manipulation of both plasmatocytes and surrounding tissues, and GAL80 lines that block GAL4 drivers from affecting plasmatocytes, all of which function from the early embryo to the adult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Gyoergy
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marko Roblek
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aparna Ratheesh
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Katarina Valoskova
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vera Belyaeva
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stephanie Wachner
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yutaka Matsubayashi
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Besaiz J Sánchez-Sánchez
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Stramer
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Daria E Siekhaus
- The Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Troha K, Im JH, Revah J, Lazzaro BP, Buchon N. Comparative transcriptomics reveals CrebA as a novel regulator of infection tolerance in D. melanogaster. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006847. [PMID: 29394281 PMCID: PMC5812652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host responses to infection encompass many processes in addition to activation of the immune system, including metabolic adaptations, stress responses, tissue repair, and other reactions. The response to bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster has been classically described in studies that focused on the immune response elicited by a small set of largely avirulent microbes. Thus, we have surprisingly limited knowledge of responses to infection that are outside the canonical immune response, of how the response to pathogenic infection differs from that to avirulent bacteria, or even of how generic the response to various microbes is and what regulates that core response. In this study, we addressed these questions by profiling the D. melanogaster transcriptomic response to 10 bacteria that span the spectrum of virulence. We found that each bacterium triggers a unique transcriptional response, with distinct genes making up to one third of the response elicited by highly virulent bacteria. We also identified a core set of 252 genes that are differentially expressed in response to the majority of bacteria tested. Among these, we determined that the transcription factor CrebA is a novel regulator of infection tolerance. Knock-down of CrebA significantly increased mortality from microbial infection without any concomitant change in bacterial number. Upon infection, CrebA is upregulated by both the Toll and Imd pathways in the fat body, where it is required to induce the expression of secretory pathway genes. Loss of CrebA during infection triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR), which contributed to infection-induced mortality. Altogether, our study reveals essential features of the response to bacterial infection and elucidates the function of a novel regulator of infection tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Troha
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Joo Hyun Im
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Revah
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Lazzaro
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Blaquiere JA, Wong KKL, Kinsey SD, Wu J, Verheyen EM. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase promotes tumorigenesis and metastatic cell behavior. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031146. [PMID: 29208636 PMCID: PMC5818076 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in signaling pathways that regulate tissue growth often lead to tumorigenesis. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) family members are reported to have distinct and contradictory effects on cell proliferation and tissue growth. From these studies, it is clear that much remains to be learned about the roles of Hipk family protein kinases in proliferation and cell behavior. Previous work has shown that Drosophila Hipk is a potent growth regulator, thus we predicted that it could have a role in tumorigenesis. In our study of Hipk-induced phenotypes, we observed the formation of tumor-like structures in multiple cell types in larvae and adults. Furthermore, elevated Hipk in epithelial cells induces cell spreading, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the imaginal disc. Further evidence comes from cell culture studies, in which we expressed Drosophila Hipk in human breast cancer cells and showed that it enhances proliferation and migration. Past studies have shown that Hipk can promote the action of conserved pathways implicated in cancer and EMT, such as Wnt/Wingless, Hippo, Notch and JNK. We show that Hipk phenotypes are not likely to arise from activation of a single target, but rather through a cumulative effect on numerous target pathways. Most Drosophila tumor models involve mutations in multiple genes, such as the well-known RasV12 model, in which EMT and invasiveness occur after the additional loss of the tumor suppressor gene scribble. Our study reveals that elevated levels of Hipk on their own can promote both hyperproliferation and invasive cell behavior, suggesting that Hipk family members could be potent oncogenes and drivers of EMT. Summary: The protein kinase Hipk can promote proliferation and invasive behaviors, and can synergize with known cancer pathways, in a new Drosophila model for tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Blaquiere
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Kenneth Kin Lam Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Stephen D Kinsey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
From Drosophila Blood Cells to Human Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1076:195-214. [PMID: 29951821 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0529-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system plays a critical role in establishing the proper response against invading pathogens or in removing cancerous cells. Furthermore, deregulations of the hematopoietic differentiation program are at the origin of numerous diseases including leukemia. Importantly, many aspects of blood cell development have been conserved from human to Drosophila. Hence, Drosophila has emerged as a potent genetic model to study blood cell development and leukemia in vivo. In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the Drosophila hematopoietic system, and we provide a protocol for the dissection and the immunostaining of the larval lymph gland, the most studied hematopoietic organ in Drosophila. We then focus on the various paradigms that have been used in fly to investigate how conserved genes implicated in leukemogenesis control blood cell development. Specific examples of Drosophila models for leukemia are presented, with particular attention to the most translational ones. Finally, we discuss some limitations and potential improvements of Drosophila models for studying blood cell cancer.
Collapse
|
39
|
Upadhyay A, Moss-Taylor L, Kim MJ, Ghosh AC, O'Connor MB. TGF-β Family Signaling in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022152. [PMID: 28130362 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling pathway is conserved and ubiquitous in animals. In Drosophila, fewer representatives of each signaling component are present compared with vertebrates, simplifying mechanistic study of the pathway. Although there are fewer family members, the TGF-β family pathway still regulates multiple and diverse functions in Drosophila. In this review, we focus our attention on several of the classic and best-studied functions for TGF-β family signaling in regulating Drosophila developmental processes such as embryonic and imaginal disc patterning, but we also describe several recently discovered roles in regulating hormonal, physiological, neuronal, innate immunity, and tissue homeostatic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lindsay Moss-Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Arpan C Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Regulation of Drosophila hematopoietic sites by Activin-β from active sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15990. [PMID: 28748922 PMCID: PMC5537569 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding question in animal development, tissue homeostasis and disease is how cell populations adapt to sensory inputs. During Drosophila larval development, hematopoietic sites are in direct contact with sensory neuron clusters of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and blood cells (hemocytes) require the PNS for their survival and recruitment to these microenvironments, known as Hematopoietic Pockets. Here we report that Activin-β, a TGF-β family ligand, is expressed by sensory neurons of the PNS and regulates the proliferation and adhesion of hemocytes. These hemocyte responses depend on PNS activity, as shown by agonist treatment and transient silencing of sensory neurons. Activin-β has a key role in this regulation, which is apparent from reporter expression and mutant analyses. This mechanism of local sensory neurons controlling blood cell adaptation invites evolutionary parallels with vertebrate hematopoietic progenitors and the independent myeloid system of tissue macrophages, whose regulation by local microenvironments remain undefined.
Collapse
|
41
|
Aittomäki S, Valanne S, Lehtinen T, Matikainen S, Nyman TA, Rämet M, Pesu M. Proprotein convertase Furin1 expression in the Drosophila fat body is essential for a normal antimicrobial peptide response and bacterial host defense. FASEB J 2017; 31:4770-4782. [PMID: 28705811 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Invading pathogens provoke robust innate immune responses in Dipteran insects, such as Drosophila melanogaster In a systemic bacterial infection, a humoral response is induced in the fat body. Gram-positive bacteria trigger the Toll signaling pathway, whereas gram-negative bacterial infections are signaled via the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. We show here that the RNA interference-mediated silencing of Furin1-a member of the proprotein convertase enzyme family-specifically in the fat body, results in a reduction in the expression of antimicrobial peptides. This, in turn, compromises the survival of adult fruit flies in systemic infections that are caused by both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Furin1 plays a nonredundant role in the regulation of immune responses, as silencing of Furin2, the other member of the enzyme family, had no effect on survival or the expression of antimicrobial peptides upon a systemic infection. Furin1 does not directly affect the Toll or IMD signaling pathways, but the reduced expression of Furin1 up-regulates stress response factors in the fat body. We also demonstrate that Furin1 is a negative regulator of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, which is implicated in stress responses in the fly. In summary, our data identify Furin1 as a novel regulator of humoral immunity and cellular stress responses in Drosophila-Aittomäki, S., Valanne, S., Lehtinen, T., Matikainen, S., Nyman, T. A., Rämet, M., Pesu, M. Proprotein convertase Furin1 expression in the Drosophila fat body is essential for a normal antimicrobial peptide response and bacterial host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saara Aittomäki
- Immunoregulation Group, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- BioMediTech Institute, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Experimental Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tapio Lehtinen
- Immunoregulation Group, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech Institute, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Experimental Immunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, and.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- Immunoregulation Group, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland .,BioMediTech Institute, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nonaka S, Ando Y, Kanetani T, Hoshi C, Nakai Y, Nainu F, Nagaosa K, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y. Signaling pathway for phagocyte priming upon encounter with apoptotic cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8059-8072. [PMID: 28325838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocytic elimination of cells undergoing apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved innate immune mechanism for eliminating unnecessary cells. Previous studies showed an increase in the level of engulfment receptors in phagocytes after the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, which leads to the enhancement of their phagocytic activity. However, precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon require further clarification. We found that the pre-incubation of a Drosophila phagocyte cell line with the fragments of apoptotic cells enhanced the subsequent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, accompanied by an augmented expression of the engulfment receptors Draper and integrin αPS3. The DNA-binding activity of the transcription repressor Tailless was transiently raised in those phagocytes, depending on two partially overlapping signal-transduction pathways for the induction of phagocytosis as well as the occurrence of engulfment. The RNAi knockdown of tailless in phagocytes abrogated the enhancement of both phagocytosis and engulfment receptor expression. Furthermore, the hemocyte-specific RNAi of tailless reduced apoptotic cell clearance in Drosophila embryos. Taken together, we propose the following mechanism for the activation of Drosophila phagocytes after an encounter with apoptotic cells: two partially overlapping signal-transduction pathways for phagocytosis are initiated; transcription repressor Tailless is activated; expression of engulfment receptors is stimulated; and phagocytic activity is enhanced. This phenomenon most likely ensures the phagocytic elimination of apoptotic cells by stimulated phagocytes and is thus considered as a mechanism to prime phagocytes in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nonaka
- From the Graduate School of Medical Sciences and
| | - Yuki Ando
- From the Graduate School of Medical Sciences and
| | | | - Chiharu Hoshi
- School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakai
- the Institute for Food Sciences, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Aomori 038-0012, Japan, and
| | - Firzan Nainu
- From the Graduate School of Medical Sciences and.,the Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia
| | - Kaz Nagaosa
- the Institute for Food Sciences, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Aomori 038-0012, Japan, and
| | | | - Yoshinobu Nakanishi
- From the Graduate School of Medical Sciences and .,School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Regulation of phagocyte triglyceride by a STAT-ATG2 pathway controls mycobacterial infection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14642. [PMID: 28262681 PMCID: PMC5343520 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a global threat to human health, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating immunity remain poorly understood. Cytokines can promote or inhibit mycobacterial survival inside macrophages and the underlying mechanisms represent potential targets for host-directed therapies. Here we show that cytokine-STAT signalling promotes mycobacterial survival within macrophages by deregulating lipid droplets via ATG2 repression. In Drosophila infected with Mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium-induced STAT activity triggered by unpaired-family cytokines reduces Atg2 expression, permitting deregulation of lipid droplets. Increased Atg2 expression or reduced macrophage triglyceride biosynthesis, normalizes lipid deposition in infected phagocytes and reduces numbers of viable intracellular mycobacteria. In human macrophages, addition of IL-6 promotes mycobacterial survival and BCG-induced lipid accumulation by a similar, but probably not identical, mechanism. Our results reveal Atg2 regulation as a mechanism by which cytokines can control lipid droplet homeostasis and consequently resistance to mycobacterial infection in Drosophila. Cytokines and their associated pathways can affect survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages, representing potential targets for host-directed therapies. Here, Péan et al. show that cytokine-STAT signalling promotes mycobacterial survival within macrophages by deregulating lipid droplet homeostasis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Eleftherianos I, Castillo JC, Patrnogic J. TGF-β signaling regulates resistance to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila melanogaster. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1362-1368. [PMID: 27473342 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade important advances have been made in the field of innate immunity; however, our appreciation of the signaling pathways and molecules that participate in host immune responses to parasitic nematode infections lags behind that of responses to microbial challenges. Here we have examined the regulation and immune activity of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling in the model host Drosophila melanogaster upon infection with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora containing their mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus. We have found that the genes encoding the Activin and Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) ligands Dawdle (Daw) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) are transcriptionally induced in flies responding to infection with the nematode parasites, containing or lacking their associated bacteria. We also show that deficient Daw or Dpp regulates the survival of D. melanogaster adults to the pathogens, whereas inactivation of Daw reduces the persistence of the nematodes in the mutant flies. These findings demonstrate a novel role for the TGF-β signaling pathways in the host anti-nematode immune response. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host anti-nematode processes will potentially lead to the development of novel means for the efficient control of parasitic nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Julio Cesar Castillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Jelena Patrnogic
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gold KS, Brückner K. Macrophages and cellular immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:357-68. [PMID: 27117654 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The invertebrate Drosophila melanogaster has been a powerful model for understanding blood cell development and immunity. Drosophila is a holometabolous insect, which transitions through a series of life stages from embryo, larva and pupa to adulthood. In spite of this, remarkable parallels exist between Drosophila and vertebrate macrophages, both in terms of development and function. More than 90% of Drosophila blood cells (hemocytes) are macrophages (plasmatocytes), making this highly tractable genetic system attractive for studying a variety of questions in macrophage biology. In vertebrates, recent findings revealed that macrophages have two independent origins: self-renewing macrophages, which reside and proliferate in local microenvironments in a variety of tissues, and macrophages of the monocyte lineage, which derive from hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Like vertebrates, Drosophila possesses two macrophage lineages with a conserved dual ontogeny. These parallels allow us to take advantage of the Drosophila model when investigating macrophage lineage specification, maintenance and amplification, and the induction of macrophages and their progenitors by local microenvironments and systemic cues. Beyond macrophage development, Drosophila further serves as a paradigm for understanding the mechanisms underlying macrophage function and cellular immunity in infection, tissue homeostasis and cancer, throughout development and adult life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Brückner
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hu X, Jiang Y, Gong Y, Zhu M, Zhu L, Chen F, Liang Z, Kuang S, Zar MS, Kumar D, Cao G, Xue R, Gong C. Important roles played by TGF-β member of Bmdpp and Bmdaw in BmNPV infection. Mol Immunol 2016; 73:122-9. [PMID: 27077706 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily members inhibit Bombyx mori nucleohedrovirus (BmNPV) multiplication in silkworm are not determined. In this study, we first found that BmNPV RNA transcription and protein expression level were regulated by TGF-β members, Decapentaplegic (Bmdpp) and Dawdle (Bmdaw) in the domesticated silkworm, B. mori and silkworm ovary-derived cells. Furthermore, subcellular localization showed that Bmdpp and Bmdaw were mainly presented in cytomembrane of the cultured BmN cells. Tissues expression pattern analysis found that the highest expression levels of Bmdpp and Bmdaw genes were in the hemocyte of fifth instar larvae. During the immune response, the expression level of Bmdpp gene was elevated and Bmdaw gene was declined in BmNPV infected BmN cells and silkworm. The multiplication of BmNPV was inhibited by overexpression of Bmdpp and Bmdaw genes in BmN cells. RNA interference experiments found that the multiplication of BmNPV was raised with specific siRNAs of Bmdpp and Bmdaw genes in BmN cells. The antiviral immune pathways were not significantly regulated by the TGF-β superfamily members. Taken together, these findings provided a clue to understand the function of Bmdpp and Bmdaw gene in response to the BmNPV infection in silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongchang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sulan Kuang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mian Sahib Zar
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Van De Bor V, Zimniak G, Papone L, Cerezo D, Malbouyres M, Juan T, Ruggiero F, Noselli S. Companion Blood Cells Control Ovarian Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment and Homeostasis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:546-560. [PMID: 26456819 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix plays an essential role for stem cell differentiation and niche homeostasis. Yet, the origin and mechanism of assembly of the stem cell niche microenvironment remain poorly characterized. Here, we uncover an association between the niche and blood cells, leading to the formation of the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche basement membrane. We identify a distinct pool of plasmatocytes tightly associated with the developing ovaries from larval stages onward. Expressing tagged collagen IV tissue specifically, we show that the germline stem cell niche basement membrane is produced by these "companion plasmatocytes" in the larval gonad and persists throughout adulthood, including the reproductive period. Eliminating companion plasmatocytes or specifically blocking their collagen IV expression during larval stages results in abnormal adult niches with excess stem cells, a phenotype due to aberrant BMP signaling. Thus, local interactions between the niche and blood cells during gonad development are essential for adult germline stem cell niche microenvironment assembly and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Van De Bor
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Geordie Zimniak
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Lise Papone
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Delphine Cerezo
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marilyne Malbouyres
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon-ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Thomas Juan
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon-ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, INRA USC 1370, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Stéphane Noselli
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, 06108 Nice, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France; INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose, iBV, U1091, 06108 Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Immune responses and metabolic regulation are tightly coupled in all animals, but the underlying mechanistic connections are nowhere completely clear. In flies and in humans, prolonged or excessive immune activation can drive metabolic disruption and cause loss of metabolic stores. Conversely, disruptions of metabolic homeostasis, such as periods of malnutrition, can have significant impacts on immune function. We have recently identified the transcription factor MEF2 as a critical switch between anabolic and immune function in the adult Drosophila fat body. A conserved phosphorylation determines the affinity of MEF2 for the TATA-binding protein, effecting a choice between energy storage and immune function. The goal of this review is to place this molecular event in the broader context of metabolic-immune interaction in Drosophila, exploring what is and is not known about the ties between these 2 critical physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dionne
- a Centre for the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation; King's College London School of Medicine; London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ayyaz A, Li H, Jasper H. Haemocytes control stem cell activity in the Drosophila intestine. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:736-48. [PMID: 26005834 PMCID: PMC4449816 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of stem cell activity with inflammatory responses is critical for regeneration and homeostasis of barrier epithelia. The temporal sequence of cell interactions during injury-induced regeneration is only beginning to be understood. Here we show that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are regulated by macrophage-like haemocytes during the early phase of regenerative responses of the Drosophila intestinal epithelium. On tissue damage, haemocytes are recruited to the intestine and secrete the BMP homologue DPP, inducing ISC proliferation by activating the type I receptor Saxophone and the Smad homologue SMOX. Activated ISCs then switch their response to DPP by inducing expression of Thickveins, a second type I receptor that has previously been shown to re-establish ISC quiescence by activating MAD. The interaction between haemocytes and ISCs promotes infection resistance, but also contributes to the development of intestinal dysplasia in ageing flies. We propose that similar interactions influence pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ayyaz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
The danger model approach to the pathogenesis of the rheumatic diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:506089. [PMID: 25973436 PMCID: PMC4417989 DOI: 10.1155/2015/506089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The danger model was proposed by Polly Matzinger as complement to the traditional self-non-self- (SNS-) model to explain the immunoreactivity. The danger model proposes a central role of the tissular cells' discomfort as an element to prime the immune response processes in opposition to the traditional SNS-model where foreignness is a prerequisite. However recent insights in the proteomics of diverse tissular cells have revealed that under stressful conditions they have a significant potential to initiate, coordinate, and perpetuate autoimmune processes, in many cases, ruling over the adaptive immune response cells; this ruling potential can also be confirmed by observations in several genetically manipulated animal models. Here, we review the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease and provide realistic approaches based on the logic of the danger model. We assume that tissular dysfunction is a prerequisite for chronic autoimmunity and propose two genetically conferred hypothetical roles for the tissular cells causing the disease: (A) the Impaired cell and (B) the paranoid cell. Both roles are not mutually exclusive. Some examples in human disease and in animal models are provided based on current evidence.
Collapse
|