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Deng Q, Du P, Gangurde SS, Hong Y, Xiao Y, Hu D, Li H, Lu Q, Li S, Liu H, Wang R, Huang L, Wang W, Garg V, Liang X, Varshney RK, Chen X, Liu H. ScRNA-seq reveals dark- and light-induced differentially expressed gene atlases of seedling leaves in Arachis hypogaea L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1848-1866. [PMID: 38391124 PMCID: PMC11182584 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Although the regulatory mechanisms of dark and light-induced plant morphogenesis have been broadly investigated, the biological process in peanuts has not been systematically explored on single-cell resolution. Herein, 10 cell clusters were characterized using scRNA-seq-identified marker genes, based on 13 409 and 11 296 single cells from 1-week-old peanut seedling leaves grown under dark and light conditions. 6104 genes and 50 transcription factors (TFs) displayed significant expression patterns in distinct cell clusters, which provided gene resources for profiling dark/light-induced candidate genes. Further pseudo-time trajectory and cell cycle evidence supported that dark repressed the cell division and perturbed normal cell cycle, especially the PORA abundances correlated with 11 TFs highly enriched in mesophyll to restrict the chlorophyllide synthesis. Additionally, light repressed the epidermis cell developmental trajectory extending by inhibiting the growth hormone pathway, and 21 TFs probably contributed to the different genes transcriptional dynamic. Eventually, peanut AHL17 was identified from the profile of differentially expressed TFs, which encoded protein located in the nucleus promoted leaf epidermal cell enlargement when ectopically overexpressed in Arabidopsis through the regulatory phytohormone pathway. Overall, our study presents the different gene atlases in peanut etiolated and green seedlings, providing novel biological insights to elucidate light-induced leaf cell development at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanqing Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Puxuan Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Sunil S. Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid TropicHyderabadIndia
| | - Yanbin Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Yuan Xiao
- School of Public HealthWannan Medical CollegeWuhuAnhui ProvinceChina
| | - Dongxiu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Haifen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Qing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Shaoxiong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Runfeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Wenyi Wang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Vanika Garg
- WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Xuanqiang Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
| | - Hao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub‐Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina
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2
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Dauphin BG, Ropartz D, Ranocha P, Rouffle M, Carton C, Le Ru A, Martinez Y, Fourquaux I, Ollivier S, Mac-Bear J, Trezel P, Geairon A, Jamet E, Dunand C, Pelloux J, Ralet MC, Burlat V. TBL38 atypical homogalacturonan-acetylesterase activity and cell wall microdomain localization in Arabidopsis seed mucilage secretory cells. iScience 2024; 27:109666. [PMID: 38665206 PMCID: PMC11043868 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls constitute complex polysaccharidic/proteinaceous networks whose biosynthesis and dynamics implicate several cell compartments. The synthesis and remodeling of homogalacturonan pectins involve Golgi-localized methylation/acetylation and subsequent cell wall-localized demethylation/deacetylation. So far, TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE (TBL) family members have been described as Golgi-localized acetyltransferases targeting diverse hemicelluloses or pectins. Using seed mucilage secretory cells (MSCs) from Arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrate the atypical localization of TBL38 restricted to a cell wall microdomain. A tbl38 mutant displays an intriguing homogalacturonan immunological phenotype in this cell wall microdomain and in an MSC surface-enriched abrasion powder. Mass spectrometry oligosaccharide profiling of this fraction reveals an increased homogalacturonan acetylation phenotype. Finally, TBL38 displays pectin acetylesterase activity in vitro. These results indicate that TBL38 is an atypical cell wall-localized TBL that displays a homogalacturonan acetylesterase activity rather than a Golgi-localized acetyltransferase activity as observed in previously studied TBLs. TBL38 function during seed development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien G. Dauphin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS- INPT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, PROBE Research Infrastructure, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS- INPT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Maxime Rouffle
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Camille Carton
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS, Fédération de Recherche FR3450 - Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS, Fédération de Recherche FR3450 - Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Isabelle Fourquaux
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée la Biologie (CMEAB), Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, UT3, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, PROBE Research Infrastructure, Nantes, France
| | - Jessica Mac-Bear
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, PROBE Research Infrastructure, Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Trezel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS- INPT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS- INPT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS- INPT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UT3-CNRS- INPT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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3
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Zhong R, Cui D, Richardson EA, Ye ZH. Acetylation of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I is catalyzed by a suite of trichome birefringence-like proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1084-1098. [PMID: 37934816 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall polysaccharides, including xylan, mannan, xyloglucan, and pectins, are often acetylated and members of the domain of unknown function 231 (DUF231)/trichome birefringence-like (TBL) family have been shown to be O-acetyltransferases mediating the acetylation of xylan, mannan, and xyloglucan. However, little is known about the O-acetyltransferases responsible for pectin acetylation. In this report, we biochemically characterized a suite of Arabidopsis DUF231/TBL proteins for their roles in pectin acetylation. We generated 24 TBL recombinant proteins in mammalian cells and demonstrated that 10 of them were able to transfer acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto the pectins homogalacturonan (HG) or rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), and thus were named pectin O-acetyltransferase 1 to 10 (POAT1 to 10). It was found that POAT2,4,9,10 specifically acetylated HG and POAT5,6 acetylated RG-I, whereas POAT1,3,7,8 could act on both HG and RG-I. The acetylation of HG and RG-I by POATs was further corroborated by hydrolysis with pectin acetylesterases and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, mutations of the conserved GDS and DXXH motifs in POAT3 and POAT8 were shown to lead to a loss of their ability to acetylate HG and RG-I. Furthermore, simultaneous RNA interference downregulation of POAT1,3,6,7,8 resulted in reduced cell expansion, impaired plant growth, and decreased pectin acetylation. Together, our findings indicate that these POATs are pectin O-acetyltransferases involved in acetylation of the pectin polysaccharides HG and RG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | | | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Deivanai S, Sng BJR, Van Vu K, Shibu TSM, Jang IC, Ramachandran S. EMS-induced mutagenesis in Choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) and selection for low light tolerance using abiotic stress indices. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:581. [PMID: 37985970 PMCID: PMC10662144 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choy Sum (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis), grown in a controlled environment, is vulnerable to changes in indoor light quality and displays distinct photo-morphogenesis responses. The scarcity of Choy Sum germplasm for indoor cultivation necessitates the development of new cultivars. Hence, this study attempted to develop mutants through chemical mutagenesis and select low-light-tolerant mutants by using abiotic stress tolerance indices. RESULTS A mutant population of Choy Sum created using 1.5% ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) at 4 h was manually pollinated to obtain the M2 generation. 154 mutants with reduced hypocotyl length were initially isolated from 3600 M2 seedlings screened under low light (R: FR = 0.5). Five mutants that showed reduced plant height at mature stages were selected and screened directly for shade tolerance in the M3 generation. Principal component analysis based on phenotypic data distinguished the M3 mutants from the wild type. Abiotic stress tolerance indices such as relative stress index (RSI), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield stability index (YSI), and stress resistance index (SRI) showed significant (P < 0.05), and positive associations with leaf yield under shade. M3-12-2 was selected as a shade-tolerant mutant based on high values of STI, YSI, and SRI with low values for tolerance (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that mutation breeding can be used to create dominant mutants in Choy Sum. Furthermore, we show that screening for low light and selection based on abiotic tolerance indices allowed the identification of mutants with high resilience under shade. This method should apply to developing new cultivars in other crop plants that can be suitable for controlled environments with stable yield performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Deivanai
- School of Applied Sciences, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Ave 9, Singapore, 738964 , Singapore.
| | - Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Kien Van Vu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Thankaraj Salammal Maria Shibu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, Research Link, National University Singapore, Buona Vista, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
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5
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Sharova E, Bilova T, Tsvetkova E, Smolikova G, Frolov A, Medvedev S. Red light-induced inhibition of maize ( Zea mays) mesocotyl elongation: evaluation of apoplastic metabolites. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:532-539. [PMID: 37258494 DOI: 10.1071/fp22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Light is a crucial factor affecting plant growth and development. Besides providing the energy for photosynthesis, light serves as a sensory cue to control the adaptation of plants to environmental changes. We used the etiolated maize (Zea mays ) seedlings as a model system to study the red light-regulated growth. Exposure of the maize seedlings to red light resulted in growth inhibition of mesocotyls. We demonstrate for the first time (to the best our knowledge) that red light affected the patterns of apoplastic fluid (AF) metabolites extracted from the mesocotyl segments. By means of the untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach, we identified 44 metabolites in the AF of maize mesocotyls and characterised the dynamics of their relative tissue abundances. The characteristic metabolite patterns of mesocotyls dominated with mono- and disaccharides, organic acids, amino acids, and other nitrogen-containing compounds. Upon red light irradiation, the contents of β -alanine, putrescine and trans -aconitate significantly increased (P -value<0.05). In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the total ascorbate content in the AF of maize mesocotyls. The regulatory role of apoplastic metabolites in the red light-induced inhibition of maize mesocotyl elongation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sharova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Bilova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; and K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Tsvetkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Smolikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrej Frolov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Medvedev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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6
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Shahin L, Zhang L, Mohnen D, Urbanowicz BR. Insights into pectin O-acetylation in the plant cell wall: structure, synthesis, and modification. CELL SURFACE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 9:100099. [PMID: 36793376 PMCID: PMC9922974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetyl esterification is an important structural and functional feature of pectins present in the cell walls of all land plants. The amount and positions of pectin acetyl substituents varies across plant tissues and stages of development. Plant growth and response to biotic and abiotic stress are known to be significantly influenced by pectin O-acetylation. Gel formation is a key characteristic of pectins, and many studies have shown that gel formation is dependent upon the degree of acetylation. Previous studies have indicated that members of the TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE (TBL) family may play a role in the O-acetylation of pectin, however, biochemical evidence for acceptor specific pectin acetyltransferase activity remains to be confirmed and the exact mechanism(s) for catalysis must be determined. Pectin acetylesterases (PAEs) affect pectin acetylation as they hydrolyze acetylester bonds and have a role in the amount and distribution of O-acetylation. Several mutant studies suggest the critical role of pectin O-acetylation; however, additional research is required to fully understand this. This review aims to discuss the importance, role, and putative mechanism of pectin O-acetylation.
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Key Words
- AXY9, ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN 9
- DA, degree of acetyl-esterification
- DE, degree of esterification
- DM, degree of methyl-esterification
- GalA, galacturonic acid
- HG, homogalacturonan
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- O-acetylation
- O-acetyltransferase
- PAEs, pectin acetylesterases
- Pectin
- Pectin acetylesterase
- Plant cell wall
- RG-I, rhamnogalacturonan-I
- RWA, REDUCED WALL O-ACETYLATION
- TBL, TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE
- XGA, xylogalacturonan
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubana Shahin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding author at: Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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7
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Deng J, Sun W, Zhang B, Sun S, Xia L, Miao Y, He L, Lindsey K, Yang X, Zhang X. GhTCE1-GhTCEE1 dimers regulate transcriptional reprogramming during wound-induced callus formation in cotton. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4554-4568. [PMID: 35972347 PMCID: PMC9614502 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wounded plant cells can form callus to seal the wound site. Alternatively, wounding can cause adventitious organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. These distinct developmental pathways require specific cell fate decisions. Here, we identify GhTCE1, a basic helix-loop-helix family transcription factor, and its interacting partners as a central regulatory module of early cell fate transition during in vitro dedifferentiation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). RNAi- or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of GhTCE1 function resulted in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), arrested callus cell elongation, and increased adventitious organogenesis. In contrast, GhTCE1-overexpressing tissues underwent callus cell growth, but organogenesis was repressed. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several pathways depend on proper regulation of GhTCE1 expression, including lipid transfer pathway components, ROS homeostasis, and cell expansion. GhTCE1 bound to the promoters of the target genes GhLTP2 and GhLTP3, activating their expression synergistically, and the heterodimer TCE1-TCEE1 enhances this activity. GhLTP2- and GhLTP3-deficient tissues accumulated ROS and had arrested callus cell elongation, which was restored by ROS scavengers. These results reveal a unique regulatory network involving ROS and lipid transfer proteins, which act as potential ROS scavengers. This network acts as a switch between unorganized callus growth and organized development during in vitro dedifferentiation of cotton cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Simin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linjie Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhuan Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangrong He
- Authors for correspondence: (X.Y.), (L.K.), (L.H.)
| | | | - Xiyan Yang
- Authors for correspondence: (X.Y.), (L.K.), (L.H.)
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Schulten A, Pietzenuk B, Quintana J, Scholle M, Feil R, Krause M, Romera-Branchat M, Wahl V, Severing E, Coupland G, Krämer U. Energy status-promoted growth and development of Arabidopsis require copper deficiency response transcriptional regulator SPL7. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3873-3898. [PMID: 35866980 PMCID: PMC9516184 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a cofactor of around 300 Arabidopsis proteins, including photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transfer chain enzymes critical for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and carbon fixation. Plant acclimation to Cu deficiency requires the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE7 (SPL7). We report that in the wild type (WT) and in the spl7-1 mutant, respiratory electron flux via Cu-dependent cytochrome c oxidase is unaffected under both normal and low-Cu cultivation conditions. Supplementing Cu-deficient medium with exogenous sugar stimulated growth of the WT, but not of spl7 mutants. Instead, these mutants accumulated carbohydrates, including the signaling sugar trehalose 6-phosphate, as well as ATP and NADH, even under normal Cu supply and without sugar supplementation. Delayed spl7-1 development was in agreement with its attenuated sugar responsiveness. Functional TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN and SNF1-RELATED KINASE1 signaling in spl7-1 argued against fundamental defects in these energy-signaling hubs. Sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitates combined with transcriptome profiling identified direct targets of SPL7-mediated positive regulation, including Fe SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1 (FSD1), COPPER-DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (CITF1), and the uncharacterized bHLH23 (CITF2), as well as an enriched upstream GTACTRC motif. In summary, transducing energy availability into growth and reproductive development requires the function of SPL7. Our results could help increase crop yields, especially on Cu-deficient soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Pietzenuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Marleen Scholle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marcus Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Edouard Severing
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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9
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Zhang H, Quintana J, Ütkür K, Adrian L, Hawer H, Mayer K, Gong X, Castanedo L, Schulten A, Janina N, Peters M, Wirtz M, Brinkmann U, Schaffrath R, Krämer U. Translational fidelity and growth of Arabidopsis require stress-sensitive diphthamide biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4009. [PMID: 35817801 PMCID: PMC9273596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphthamide, a post-translationally modified histidine residue of eukaryotic TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR2 (eEF2), is the human host cell-sensitizing target of diphtheria toxin. Diphthamide biosynthesis depends on the 4Fe-4S-cluster protein Dph1 catalyzing the first committed step, as well as Dph2 to Dph7, in yeast and mammals. Here we show that diphthamide modification of eEF2 is conserved in Arabidopsis thaliana and requires AtDPH1. Ribosomal -1 frameshifting-error rates are increased in Arabidopsis dph1 mutants, similar to yeast and mice. Compared to the wild type, shorter roots and smaller rosettes of dph1 mutants result from fewer formed cells. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase activity is attenuated, and autophagy is activated, in dph1 mutants. Under abiotic stress diphthamide-unmodified eEF2 accumulates in wild-type seedlings, most strongly upon heavy metal excess, which is conserved in human cells. In summary, our results suggest that diphthamide contributes to the functionality of the translational machinery monitored by plants to regulate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Box 44 ND3/30, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Quintana
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Box 44 ND3/30, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Koray Ütkür
- Microbiology, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,Chair of Geobiotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harmen Hawer
- Microbiology, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Xiaodi Gong
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Castanedo
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Box 44 ND3/30, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Schulten
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Box 44 ND3/30, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadežda Janina
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Box 44 ND3/30, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Peters
- Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Microbiology, Institute for Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, Box 44 ND3/30, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Plant architecture fundamentally differs from that of other multicellular organisms in that individual cells serve as osmotic bricks, defined by the equilibrium between the internal turgor pressure and the mechanical resistance of the surrounding cell wall, which constitutes the interface between plant cells and their environment. The state and integrity of the cell wall are constantly monitored by cell wall surveillance pathways, which relay information to the cell interior. A recent surge of discoveries has led to significant advances in both mechanistic and conceptual insights into a multitude of cell wall response pathways that play diverse roles in the development, defense, stress response, and maintenance of structural integrity of the cell. However, these advances have also revealed the complexity of cell wall sensing, and many more questions remain to be answered, for example, regarding the mechanisms of cell wall perception, the molecular players in this process, and how cell wall-related signals are transduced and integrated into cellular behavior. This review provides an overview of the mechanistic and conceptual insights obtained so far and highlights areas for future discoveries in this exciting area of plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany;
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11
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Tergemina E, Elfarargi AF, Flis P, Fulgione A, Göktay M, Neto C, Scholle M, Flood PJ, Xerri SA, Zicola J, Döring N, Dinis H, Krämer U, Salt DE, Hancock AM. A two-step adaptive walk rewires nutrient transport in a challenging edaphic environment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9385. [PMID: 35584228 PMCID: PMC9116884 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most well-characterized cases of adaptation involve single genetic loci. Theory suggests that multilocus adaptive walks should be common, but these are challenging to identify in natural populations. Here, we combine trait mapping with population genetic modeling to show that a two-step process rewired nutrient homeostasis in a population of Arabidopsis as it colonized the base of an active stratovolcano characterized by extremely low soil manganese (Mn). First, a variant that disrupted the primary iron (Fe) uptake transporter gene (IRT1) swept quickly to fixation in a hard selective sweep, increasing Mn but limiting Fe in the leaves. Second, multiple independent tandem duplications occurred at NRAMP1 and together rose to near fixation in the island population, compensating the loss of IRT1 by improving Fe homeostasis. This study provides a clear case of a multilocus adaptive walk and reveals how genetic variants reshaped a phenotype and spread over space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tergemina
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Elfarargi
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paulina Flis
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nr Loughborough, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrea Fulgione
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mehmet Göktay
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Célia Neto
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marleen Scholle
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pádraic J. Flood
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophie-Asako Xerri
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johan Zicola
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Döring
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Herculano Dinis
- Parque Natural do Fogo, Direção Nacional do Ambiente, 115 Chã d’Areia, Praia, Santiago, Cabo Verde, Africa
- Associação Projecto Vitó, 8234, Xaguate, Cidade de São Filipe, Fogo, Cabo Verde, Africa
| | - Ute Krämer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - David E. Salt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nr Loughborough, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - Angela M. Hancock
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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12
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Quintana J, Bernal M, Scholle M, Holländer-Czytko H, Nguyen NT, Piotrowski M, Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Haydon MJ, Krämer U. Root-to-shoot iron partitioning in Arabidopsis requires IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) protein but not its iron(II) transport function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:992-1013. [PMID: 34839543 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) is the root high-affinity ferrous iron (Fe) uptake system and indispensable for the completion of the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana without vigorous Fe supplementation. Here we provide evidence supporting a second role of IRT1 in root-to-shoot partitioning of Fe. We show that irt1 mutants overaccumulate Fe in roots, most prominently in the cortex of the differentiation zone in irt1-2, compared to the wild type. Shoots of irt1-2 are severely Fe-deficient according to Fe content and marker transcripts, as expected. We generated irt1-2 lines producing IRT1 mutant variants carrying single amino-acid substitutions of key residues in transmembrane helices IV and V, Ser206 and His232, which are required for transport activity in yeast. Root short-term 55 Fe uptake rates were uninformative concerning IRT1-mediated transport. Overall irt1-like concentrations of the secondary substrate Mn suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines also remain incapable of IRT1-mediated root Fe uptake. Yet, IRT1S206A partially complements rosette dwarfing and leaf chlorosis of irt1-2, as well as root-to-shoot Fe partitioning and gene expression defects of irt1-2, all of which are fully complemented by wild-type IRT1. Taken together, these results suggest a regulatory function for IRT1 in root-to-shoot Fe partitioning that does not require Fe transport activity of IRT1. Among the genes of which transcript levels are partially dependent on IRT1, we identify MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN10, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN72 and NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE4 as candidates for effecting IRT1-dependent Fe mobilization in roots. Understanding the biological functions of IRT1 will help to improve Fe nutrition and the nutritional quality of agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Quintana
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - María Bernal
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei-CSIC, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marleen Scholle
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Nga T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, MU-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Markus Piotrowski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Haydon
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Quintana J, Bernal M, Scholle M, Holländer-Czytko H, Nguyen NT, Piotrowski M, Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Haydon MJ, Krämer U. Root-to-shoot iron partitioning in Arabidopsis requires IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) protein but not its iron(II) transport function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:992-1013. [PMID: 34839543 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.08.430285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) is the root high-affinity ferrous iron (Fe) uptake system and indispensable for the completion of the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana without vigorous Fe supplementation. Here we provide evidence supporting a second role of IRT1 in root-to-shoot partitioning of Fe. We show that irt1 mutants overaccumulate Fe in roots, most prominently in the cortex of the differentiation zone in irt1-2, compared to the wild type. Shoots of irt1-2 are severely Fe-deficient according to Fe content and marker transcripts, as expected. We generated irt1-2 lines producing IRT1 mutant variants carrying single amino-acid substitutions of key residues in transmembrane helices IV and V, Ser206 and His232, which are required for transport activity in yeast. Root short-term 55 Fe uptake rates were uninformative concerning IRT1-mediated transport. Overall irt1-like concentrations of the secondary substrate Mn suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines also remain incapable of IRT1-mediated root Fe uptake. Yet, IRT1S206A partially complements rosette dwarfing and leaf chlorosis of irt1-2, as well as root-to-shoot Fe partitioning and gene expression defects of irt1-2, all of which are fully complemented by wild-type IRT1. Taken together, these results suggest a regulatory function for IRT1 in root-to-shoot Fe partitioning that does not require Fe transport activity of IRT1. Among the genes of which transcript levels are partially dependent on IRT1, we identify MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN10, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN72 and NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE4 as candidates for effecting IRT1-dependent Fe mobilization in roots. Understanding the biological functions of IRT1 will help to improve Fe nutrition and the nutritional quality of agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Quintana
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - María Bernal
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei-CSIC, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marleen Scholle
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Nga T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, MU-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Markus Piotrowski
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Haydon
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Huebbers JW, Büttgen K, Leissing F, Mantz M, Pauly M, Huesgen PF, Panstruga R. An advanced method for the release, enrichment and purification of high-quality Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaf trichomes enables profound insights into the trichome proteome. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:12. [PMID: 35086542 PMCID: PMC8796501 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosette leaf trichomes of Arabidopsis thaliana have been broadly used to study cell development, cell differentiation and, more recently, cell wall biogenesis. However, trichome-specific biochemical or -omics analyses require a proper separation of trichomes from residual plant tissue. Thus, different strategies were proposed in the past for trichome isolation, which mostly rely on harsh conditions and suffer from low yield, thereby limiting the spectrum of downstream analyses. RESULTS To take trichome-leaf separation to the next level, we revised a previously proposed method for isolating A. thaliana trichomes by optimizing the mechanical and biochemical specifications for trichome release. We additionally introduced a density gradient centrifugation step to remove residual plant debris. We found that prolonged, yet mild seedling agitation increases the overall trichome yield by more than 60% compared to the original protocol. We noticed that subsequent density gradient centrifugation further visually enhances trichome purity, which may be advantageous for downstream analyses. Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction validated a substantial enrichment upon purification of trichomes by density gradient centrifugation. Histochemical and biochemical investigation of trichome cell wall composition indicated that unlike the original protocol gentle agitation during trichome release largely preserves trichome integrity. We used enriched and density gradient-purified trichomes for proteomic analysis in comparison to trichome-depleted leaf samples and present a comprehensive reference data set of trichome-resident and -enriched proteins. Collectively we identified 223 proteins that are highly enriched in trichomes as compared to trichome-depleted leaves. We further demonstrate that the procedure can be applied to retrieve diverse glandular and non-glandular trichome types from other plant species. CONCLUSIONS We provide an advanced method for the isolation of A. thaliana leaf trichomes that outcompetes previous procedures regarding yield and purity. Due to the large amount of high-quality trichomes our method enabled profound insights into the so far largely unexplored A. thaliana trichome proteome. We anticipate that our protocol will be of use for a variety of downstream analyses, which are expected to shed further light on the biology of leaf trichomes in A. thaliana and possibly other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Huebbers
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Büttgen
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Barnes WJ, Zelinsky E, Anderson CT. Polygalacturonase activity promotes aberrant cell separation in the quasimodo2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100069. [PMID: 34977442 PMCID: PMC8686065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cell adhesion relies on balancing the integrity of the pectin-rich middle lamella with wall loosening during tissue expansion. Mutation of QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), a pectin methyltransferase, causes defective hypocotyl elongation and cell adhesion in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. However, the molecular function of QUA2 in cell adhesion is obscured by complex genetic and environmental interactions. To dissect the role of QUA2 in cell adhesion, we investigated a qua2 loss-of-function mutant and a suppressor mutant with restored cell adhesion, qua2 esmeralda1, using a combination of imaging and biochemical techniques. We found that qua2 hypocotyls have reductions in middle lamellae integrity, pectin methyl-esterase (PME) activity, pectin content and molecular mass, and immunodetected Ca2+-crosslinking at cell corners, but increased methyl-esterification and polygalacturonase (PG) activity, with qua2 esmd1 having wild type-like or intermediate phenotypes. Our findings suggest that excessive pectin degradation prevents pectin accumulation and the formation of a sufficiently Ca2+-crosslinked network to maintain cell adhesion in qua2 mutants. We propose that PME and PG activities balance tissue-level expansion and cell separation. Together, these data provide insight into the cause of cell adhesion defects in qua2 mutants and highlight the importance of harmonizing pectin modification and degradation during plant growth and development.
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Key Words
- AIR, Alcohol Insoluble Residue
- Arabidopsis thaliana
- CDTA, (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid
- Cell adhesion
- DM, Degree of Methylesterification
- EGCG, Epigallocatechin Gallate
- ESMD1, ESMERALDA1
- FESEM, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
- GalA, Galacturonic Acid
- HG, Homogalacturonan
- PG, Polygalacturonase
- PL, Pectate Lyase
- PME, Pectin Methylesterase
- Pectin
- Pectin methylesterase
- Plant cell wall
- Polygalacturonase
- QUA2, QUASIMODO2
- RG-I, Rhamnogalacturonan-I
- RG-II, Rhamnogalacturonan-II
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ellen Zelinsky
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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16
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Shin Y, Chane A, Jung M, Lee Y. Recent Advances in Understanding the Roles of Pectin as an Active Participant in Plant Signaling Networks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1712. [PMID: 34451757 PMCID: PMC8399534 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is an abundant cell wall polysaccharide with essential roles in various biological processes. The structural diversity of pectins, along with the numerous combinations of the enzymes responsible for pectin biosynthesis and modification, plays key roles in ensuring the specificity and plasticity of cell wall remodeling in different cell types and under different environmental conditions. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding various aspects of pectin, from its biosynthetic and modification processes to its biological roles in different cell types. In particular, we describe recent findings that cell wall modifications serve not only as final outputs of internally determined pathways, but also as key components of intercellular communication, with pectin as a major contributor to this process. The comprehensive view of the diverse roles of pectin presented here provides an important basis for understanding how cell wall-enclosed plant cells develop, differentiate, and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Andrea Chane
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Minjung Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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17
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Kohorn BD, Greed BE, Mouille G, Verger S, Kohorn SL. Effects of Arabidopsis wall associated kinase mutations on ESMERALDA1 and elicitor induced ROS. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251922. [PMID: 34015001 PMCID: PMC8136723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm cell adhesion is dependent on interactions between pectin polysaccharides which make up a significant portion of the plant cell wall. Cell adhesion in Arabidopsis may also be regulated through a pectin-related signaling cascade mediated by a putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMERALDA1 (ESMD1), and the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) domains of the pectin binding Wall associated Kinases (WAKs) are a primary candidate substrate for ESMD1 activity. Genetic interactions between WAKs and ESMD1 were examined using a dominant hyperactive allele of WAK2, WAK2cTAP, and a mutant of the putative O-fucosyltransferase ESMD1. WAK2cTAP expression results in a dwarf phenotype and activation of the stress response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while esmd1 is a suppressor of a pectin deficiency induced loss of adhesion. Here we find that esmd1 suppresses the WAK2cTAP dwarf and stress response phenotype, including ROS accumulation and gene expression. Additional analysis suggests that mutations of the potential WAK EGF O-fucosylation site also abate the WAK2cTAP phenotype, yet only evidence for an N-linked but not O-linked sugar addition can be found. Moreover, a WAK locus deletion allele has no effect on the ability of esmd1 to suppress an adhesion deficiency, indicating WAKs and their modification are not a required component of the potential ESMD1 signaling mechanism involved in the control of cell adhesion. The WAK locus deletion does however affect the induction of ROS but not the transcriptional response induced by the elicitors Flagellin, Chitin and oligogalacturonides (OGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Kohorn
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bridgid E. Greed
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gregory Mouille
- IJPB, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susan L. Kohorn
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
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18
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Hung CY, Zhang J, Bhattacharya C, Li H, Kittur FS, Oldham CE, Wei X, Burkey KO, Chen J, Xie J. Transformation of Long-Lived Albino Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos' and Restoring Chloroplast Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647507. [PMID: 34054894 PMCID: PMC8149757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of many metabolites, which are one of key targets for crop improvement. Elucidating and engineering genes involved in chloroplast development are important approaches for studying chloroplast functions as well as developing new crops. In this study, we report a long-lived albino mutant derived from a popular ornamental plant Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos' which could be used as a model for analyzing the function of genes involved in chloroplast development and generating colorful plants. Albino mutant plants were isolated from regenerated populations of variegated 'Golden Pothos' whose albino phenotype was previously found to be due to impaired expression of EaZIP, encoding Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase. Using petioles of the mutant plants as explants with a traceable sGFP gene, an efficient transformation system was developed. Expressing Arabidopsis CHL27 (a homolog of EaZIP) but not EaZIP in albino plants restored green color and chloroplast development. Interestingly, in addition to the occurrence of plants with solid green color, plants with variegated leaves and pale-yellow leaves were also obtained in the regenerated populations. Nevertheless, our study shows that these long-lived albino plants along with the established efficient transformation system could be used for creating colorful ornamental plants. This system could also potentially be used for investigating physiological processes associated with chlorophyll levels and chloroplast development as well as certain biological activities, which are difficult to achieve using green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chayanika Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Farooqahmed S. Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carla E. Oldham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kent O. Burkey
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
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Wang Z, Ma H, Zhang M, Wang Z, Tian Y, Li W, Wang Y. Transcriptional response of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. leaves grown under full and partial daylight conditions. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:16. [PMID: 33407099 PMCID: PMC7788892 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asarum heterotropides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. is an important medicinal and industrial plant, which is used in the treatment of various diseases. The main bioactive ingredient is the volatile oil having more than 82 identified components of which methyleugenol, safrole, myristicin, and toluene account for about 70% of the total volume. As a sciophyte plant, the amount of light it absorbs through leaves is an important factor for growth and metabolism. RESULTS We grew Asarum plants under full, 50, 28, and 12% sunlight conditions to investigate the effect of different light irradiances on the four major volatile oil components. We employed de novo transcriptome sequencing to understand the transcriptional behavior of Asarum leaves regarding the biosynthetic pathways of the four volatile oil components, photosynthesis and biomass accumulation, and hormone signaling. Our results demonstrated that the increasing light conditions promoted higher percent of the four components. Under full sunlight conditions, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome p450719As were upregulated and led the increased methyleugenol, safrole, and myristicin. The transcriptomic data also showed that Asarum leaves, under full sunlight conditions, adjust their photosynthesis-antenna proteins as a photoprotective response with the help of carotenoids. Plant hormone-signaling related genes were also differentially expressed between full sunlight and low light conditions. CONCLUSIONS High light induces accumulation of major bioactive ingredients A. heterotropides volatile oil and this is ascribed to upregulation of key genes such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome p450719As. The transcriptome data presented here lays the foundation of further understanding of light responses in sciophytes and provides guidance for increasing bioactive molecules in Asarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Wang
- Laboratory of Cultivation and Breeding of Medicinal Plants, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Haiqin Ma
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Laboratory of Cultivation and Breeding of Medicinal Plants, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, China
| | - Yixin Tian
- Laboratory of Cultivation and Breeding of Medicinal Plants, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
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20
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Jin H, Li H, Zhu Z. Experimental Procedures for Studying Skotomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2297:49-60. [PMID: 33656669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1370-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Seedlings grown in darkness exhibit distinct morphologies comparing with light-grown seedlings. Elongated hypocotyls, closed yellow cotyledons, and the formation of apical hooks are typical characteristics for etiolated seedlings, which are collectively named skotomorphogenesis. Various plant hormones and environmental factors are essential for maintaining skotomorphogenesis. Due to the diverse morphological outcomes in etiolated seedlings grown under different treatments, studies on skotomorphogenesis are of particular importance to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant response to environmental cues. Here, we detailed experimental procedures to facilitate researchers who are investigating etiolation growth-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Bernal M, Krämer U. Involvement of Arabidopsis Multi-Copper Oxidase-Encoding LACCASE12 in Root-to-Shoot Iron Partitioning: A Novel Example of Copper-Iron Crosstalk. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:688318. [PMID: 34707625 PMCID: PMC8544784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.688318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous central biological processes depend on the participation of the essential elements iron (Fe) or copper (Cu), including photosynthesis, respiration, cell wall remodeling and oxidative stress protection. Yet, both Fe and Cu metal cations can become toxic when accumulated in excess. Because of the potent ligand-binding and redox chemistries of these metals, there is a need for the tight and combined homeostatic control of their uptake and distribution. Several known examples pinpoint an inter-dependence of Fe and Cu homeostasis in eukaryotes, mostly in green algae, yeast and mammals, but this is less well understood in multicellular plants to date. In Arabidopsis, Cu deficiency causes secondary Fe deficiency, and this is associated with reduced in vitro ferroxidase activity and decreased root-to-shoot Fe translocation. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the cross-talk between Cu and Fe homeostasis and present a partial characterization of LACCASE12 (LAC12) that encodes a member of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) protein family in Arabidopsis. LAC12 transcript levels increase under Fe deficiency. The phenotypic characterization of two mutants carrying T-DNA insertions suggests a role of LAC12 in root-to-shoot Fe partitioning and in maintaining growth on Fe-deficient substrates. A molecular understanding of the complex interactions between Fe and Cu will be important for combating Fe deficiency in crops and for advancing biofortification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bernal
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Bernal,
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ute Krämer,
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22
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Sharma DC, Satyanarayana T. Thermostable and alkalistable exopolygalacturonase of Bacillus pumilus dcsr1: Characteristics and applicability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3340-3348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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DoRWA3 from Dendrobium officinale Plays an Essential Role in Acetylation of Polysaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176250. [PMID: 32872385 PMCID: PMC7503274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetylation or deacetylation of polysaccharides can influence their physical properties and biological activities. One main constituent of the edible medicinal orchid, Dendrobium officinale, is water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) with substituted O-acetyl groups. Both O-acetyl groups and WSPs show a similar trend in different organs, but the genes coding for enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to WSPs have not been identified. In this study, we report that REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION (RWA) proteins may act as acetyltransferases. Three DoRWA genes were identified, cloned, and sequenced. They were sensitive to abscisic acid (ABA), but there were no differences in germination rate and root length between wild type and 35S::DoRWA3 transgenic lines under ABA stress. Three DoRWA proteins were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. DoRWA3 had relatively stronger transcript levels in organs where acetyl groups accumulated than DoRWA1 and DoRWA2, was co-expressed with polysaccharides synthetic genes, so it was considered as a candidate acetyltransferase gene. The level of acetylation of polysaccharides increased significantly in the seeds, leaves and stems of three 35S::DoRWA3 transgenic lines compared to wild type plants. These results indicate that DoRWA3 can transfer acetyl groups to polysaccharides and is a candidate protein to improve the biological activity of other edible and medicinal plants.
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24
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Weber M, Beyene B, Nagler N, Herfert J, Schempp S, Klecker M, Clemens S. A mutation in the essential and widely conserved DAMAGED DNA BINDING1-Cullin4 ASSOCIATED FACTOR gene OZS3 causes hypersensitivity to zinc excess, cold and UV stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:995-1009. [PMID: 32314481 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The overly zinc sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana mutant ozs3 shows reduced growth of the primary root, which is exacerbated by an excess specifically of Zn ions. In addition, ozs3 plants display various subtle developmental phenotypes, such as longer petioles and early flowering. Also, ozs3 seedlings are completely but reversibly growth-arrested when shifted to 4°C. The causal mutation was mapped to a gene encoding a putative substrate-recognition receptor of cullin4 E3 ligases. OZS3 orthologous genes can be found in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Most species from Schizosaccharomyces pombe to Homo sapiens, and including A. thaliana, possess one ortholog. No functional data are available for these genes in any of the multicellular model systems. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout demonstrated that a complete loss of OZS3 function is embryo-lethal, indicating essentiality of OZS3 and its orthologs. The OZS3 protein interacts with the adaptor protein DAMAGED DNA BINDING1 (DDB1) in the nucleus. Thus, it is indeed a member of the large yet poorly characterized family of DDB1-cullin4 associated factors in plants. Mutant phenotypes of ozs3 plants are apparently caused by the weakened DDB1-OZS3 interaction as a result of the exchange of a conserved amino acid near the conserved WDxR motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weber
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Blen Beyene
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Nicole Nagler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Jörn Herfert
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schempp
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Maria Klecker
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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25
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Bacete L, Hamann T. The Role of Mechanoperception in Plant Cell Wall Integrity Maintenance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E574. [PMID: 32369932 PMCID: PMC7285163 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell walls surrounding all plant cells are highly dynamic structures, which change their composition and organization in response to chemical and physical stimuli originating both in the environment and in plants themselves. They are intricately involved in all interactions between plants and their environment while also providing adaptive structural support during plant growth and development. A key mechanism contributing to these adaptive changes is the cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism. It monitors and maintains the functional integrity of cell walls by initiating adaptive changes in cellular and cell wall metabolism. Despite its importance, both our understanding of its mode of action and knowledge regarding the molecular components that form it are limited. Intriguingly, the available evidence implicates mechanosensing in the mechanism. Here, we provide an overview of the knowledge available regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in and discuss how mechanoperception and signal transduction may contribute to plant CWI maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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26
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27
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Armarego-Marriott T, Sandoval-Ibañez O, Kowalewska Ł. Beyond the darkness: recent lessons from etiolation and de-etiolation studies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1215-1225. [PMID: 31854450 PMCID: PMC7031072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts) in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown seedling system, etiolation is coupled with a type of growth called skotomorphogenesis. Upon illumination, de-etiolation occurs, marked by the transition from etioplast to chloroplast, and, at the seedling level, a switch to photomorphogenic growth. Etiolation and de-etiolation systems are therefore important for understanding both the acquisition of photosynthetic capacity during chloroplast biogenesis and plant responses to light-the most relevant signal in the life and growth of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries (within the past 2-3 years) in the field of etiolation and de-etiolation, with a particular focus on post-transcriptional processes and ultrastructural changes. We further discuss ambiguities in definitions of the term 'etiolation', and benefits and biases of common etiolation/de-etiolation systems. Finally, we raise several open questions and future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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28
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Xu D, Dhiman R, Garibay A, Mock HP, Leister D, Kleine T. Cellulose defects in the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall promote early chloroplast development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:156-170. [PMID: 31498930 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin (LIN)-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in chloroplasts prevents the greening of seedlings, represses the activity of photosynthesis-related genes in the nucleus, including LHCB1.2, and induces the phenylpropanoid pathway, resulting in the production of anthocyanins. In genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants, LHCB1.2 expression is maintained in the presence of LIN or other inhibitors of early chloroplast development. In a screen using concentrations of LIN lower than those employed to isolate gun mutants, we have identified happy on lincomycin (holi) mutants. Several holi mutants show an increased tolerance to LIN, exhibiting de-repressed LHCB1.2 expression and chlorophyll synthesis in seedlings. The mutations responsible were identified by whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping, and most were found to affect the phenylpropanoid pathway; however, LHCB1.2 expression does not appear to be directly regulated by phenylpropanoids, as indicated by the metabolic profiling of mutants. The most potent holi mutant is defective in a subunit of cellulose synthase encoded by IRREGULAR XYLEM 3, and comparative analysis of this and other cell-wall mutants establishes a link between secondary cell-wall integrity and early chloroplast development, possibly involving altered ABA metabolism or sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duorong Xu
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ravi Dhiman
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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29
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Sinclair SA, Gille S, Pauly M, Krämer U. Regulation of acetylation of plant cell wall components is complex and responds to external stimuli. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 15:1687185. [PMID: 31696770 PMCID: PMC7012154 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1687185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the allelic de-etiolated by zinc (dez) and trichome birefringence (tbr) mutants exhibit photomorphogenic development in the dark, which is enhanced by high Zn. TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins had been implicated in transferring acetyl groups to various hemicelluloses. Pectin O-acetylation levels were lower in dark-grown dez seedlings than in the wild type. We observed Zn-enhanced photomorphogenesis in the dark also in the reduced wall acetylation 2 (rwa2-3) mutant, which exhibits lowered O-acetylation levels of cell wall macromolecules including pectins and xyloglucans, supporting a role for cell wall macromolecule O-acetylation in the photomorphogenic phenotypes of rwa2-3 and dez. Application of very short oligogalacturonides (vsOGs) restored skotomorphogenesis in dark-grown dez and rwa2-3. Here we demonstrate that in dez, O-acetylation of non-pectin cell wall components, notably of xyloglucan, is enhanced. Our results highlight the complexity of cell wall homeostasis and indicate against an influence of xyloglucan O-acetylation on light-dependent seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Sinclair
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Gille
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - U. Krämer
- Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Oligogalacturonide production upon Arabidopsis thaliana- Botrytis cinerea interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19743-19752. [PMID: 31501325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900317116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an ever-increasing interest for the use of pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (OGs) as biological control agents in agriculture, very little information exists-mainly for technical reasons-on the nature and activity of the OGs that accumulate during pathogen infection. Here we developed a sensitive OG profiling method, which revealed unsuspected features of the OGs generated during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana with the fungus Botrytis cinerea Indeed, in contrast to previous reports, most OGs were acetyl- and methylesterified, and 80% of them were produced by fungal pectin lyases, not by polygalacturonases. Polygalacturonase products did not accumulate as larger size OGs but were converted into oxidized GalA dimers. Finally, the comparison of the OGs and transcriptomes of leaves infected with B. cinerea mutants with reduced pectinolytic activity but with decreased or increased virulence, respectively, identified candidate OG elicitors. In conclusion, OG analysis provides insights into the enzymatic arms race between plant and pathogen and facilitates the identification of defense elicitors.
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31
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Schulten A, Bytomski L, Quintana J, Bernal M, Krämer U. Do Arabidopsis Squamosa promoter binding Protein-Like genes act together in plant acclimation to copper or zinc deficiency? PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00150. [PMID: 31276083 PMCID: PMC6600651 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes approximately 260 copper (Cu)-dependent proteins, which includes enzymes in central pathways of photosynthesis, respiration and responses to environmental stress. Under Cu-deficient growth conditions, Squamosa promoter binding Protein-Like 7 (SPL7) activates the transcription of genes encoding Cu acquisition systems, and it mediates a metabolic reorganization to economize on Cu. The transcription factor SPL7 groups among comparably large proteins in the SPL family, which additionally comprises a second group of small SPL proteins targeted by miRNA156 with roles in plant development. SPL7 shares extended regions of sequence homology with SPL1 and SPL12. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of a functional overlap between these three members of the group of large SPL family proteins. We compared the spl1 spl12 double mutant and the spl1 spl7 spl12 triple mutant with both the wild type and the spl7 single mutant under normal and Cu-deficient growth conditions. Biomass production, chlorophyll content and tissue elemental composition at the seedling stage, as well as plant and flower morphology during reproductive stages, confirmed the involvement of SPL7, but provided no indication for important roles of SPL1 or SPL12 in the acclimation of Arabidopsis to Cu deficiency. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of zinc (Zn) deficiency on the same set of mutants. Different from what is known in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis did not activate Cu deficiency responses under Zn deficiency, and there was no Cu overaccumulation in either shoot or root tissues of Zn-deficient wild type plants. Known Zn deficiency responses were unaltered in spl7, spl1 spl12 and spl1 spl7 spl12 mutants. We observed that CuZnSOD activity is strongly downregulated in Zn-deficient A. thaliana, in association with an about 94% reduction in the abundance of the CSD2 transcript, a known target of miR398. However, different from the known Cu deficiency responses of Arabidopsis, this Zn deficiency response was independent of SPL7 and not associated with an upregulation of MIR398b primary transcript levels. Our data suggest that there is no conservation in A. thaliana of the crosstalk between Zn and Cu homeostasis mediated by the single SPL family protein CRR1 of Chlamydomonas. In the future, resolving how the specificity of SPL protein activation and recognition of target gene promoters is achieved will advance our understanding of the specific functions of different SPL family proteins in the regulation of either Cu deficiency responses or growth and development of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schulten
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of PlantsRuhr University Bochum, UniversitätsstrasseBochumGermany
| | - Lucas Bytomski
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of PlantsRuhr University Bochum, UniversitätsstrasseBochumGermany
| | - Julia Quintana
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of PlantsRuhr University Bochum, UniversitätsstrasseBochumGermany
| | - María Bernal
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of PlantsRuhr University Bochum, UniversitätsstrasseBochumGermany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of PlantsRuhr University Bochum, UniversitätsstrasseBochumGermany
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32
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Wang Y, Tang RJ, Yang X, Zheng X, Shao Q, Tang QL, Fu A, Luan S. Golgi-localized cation/proton exchangers regulate ionic homeostasis and skotomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:673-687. [PMID: 30255504 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple transporters and channels mediate cation transport across the plasma membrane and tonoplast to regulate ionic homeostasis in plant cells. However, much less is known about the molecular function of transporters that facilitate cation transport in other organelles such as Golgi. We report here that Arabidopsis KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6, members of cation/proton antiporters-2 (CPA2) superfamily were colocalized with the known Golgi marker, SYP32-mCherry. Although single kea4,5,6 mutants showed similar phenotype as the wild type under various conditions, kea4/5/6 triple mutants showed hypersensitivity to low pH, high K+ , and high Na+ and displayed growth defects in darkness, suggesting that these three KEA-type transporters function redundantly in controlling etiolated seedling growth and ion homeostasis. Detailed analysis indicated that the kea4/5/6 triple mutant exhibited cell wall biosynthesis defect during the rapid etiolated seedling growth and under high K+ /Na+ condition. The cell wall-derived pectin homogalacturonan (GalA)3 partially suppressed the growth defects and ionic toxicity in the kea4/5/6 triple mutants when grown in the dark but not in the light conditions. Together, these data support the hypothesis that the Golgi-localized KEAs play key roles in the maintenance of ionic and pH homeostasis, thereby facilitating Golgi function in cell wall biosynthesis during rapid etiolated seedling growth and in coping with high K+ /Na+ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Xiyan Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Qiaolin Shao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
- The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Lin Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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Stranne M, Ren Y, Fimognari L, Birdseye D, Yan J, Bardor M, Mollet JC, Komatsu T, Kikuchi J, Scheller HV, Sakuragi Y. TBL10 is required for O-acetylation of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:772-785. [PMID: 30118566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetylated pectins are abundant in the primary cell wall of plants and growing evidence suggests they have important roles in plant cell growth and interaction with the environment. Despite their importance, genes required for O-acetylation of pectins are still largely unknown. In this study, we showed that TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE LIKE 10 (AT3G06080) is involved in O-acetylation of pectins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The activity of the TBL10 promoter was strong in tissues where pectins are highly abundant (e.g. leaves). Two homozygous knock-out mutants of Arabidopsis, tbl10-1 and tbl10-2, were isolated and shown to exhibit reduced levels of wall-bound acetyl esters, equivalent of ~50% of the wild-type level in pectin-enriched fractions derived from leaves. Further fractionation revealed that the degree of acetylation of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) was reduced in the tbl10 mutant compared to the wild type, whereas the pectin homogalacturonan (HG) was unaffected. The degrees of acetylation in hemicelluloses (i.e. xyloglucan, xylan and mannan) were indistinguishable between the tbl10 mutants and the wild type. The mutant plants contained normal trichomes in leaves and exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to the phytopathogenic microorganisms Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Botrytis cinerea; while they displayed enhanced tolerance to drought. These results indicate that TBL10 is required for O-acetylation of RG-I, possibly as an acetyltransferase, and suggest that O-acetylated RG-I plays a role in abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stranne
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lorenzo Fimognari
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Devon Birdseye
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Yan
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Takanori Komatsu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
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Janocha D, Lohmann JU. From signals to stem cells and back again. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:136-142. [PMID: 30014888 PMCID: PMC6250905 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, organ morphology and body architecture are dynamically adjusted in response to a changing environment. This developmental plasticity is based on precisely controlled maintenance of primary, as well as programmed initiation of pluripotent stem cell populations during secondary- and de novo meristem formation (reviewed in [1-3]). Plant stem cells are found exclusively in specific locations that are defined by relative position within the growing tissue. It follows that stem cell fate is primarily instructed by endogenous signals that dynamically define the stem cell niche in response to tissue topography [4]. Furthermore, plant stem cell activity is strongly dependent on developmental stage, suggesting that they are sensitive to long range signaling from distant organs, including the root [5,6••]. And finally, environmental signals exert a major influence allowing plants to cope with the plethora of highly variable environmental parameters during their life-cycle [7]. Integrating tissue level positional information with long range developmental cues, as well as environmental signals requires intricate molecular mechanisms that allow to filter, classify, and balance diverse inputs and translate them into appropriate local cell behavior. In this short review, we aim to highlight advances in identifying the relevant signals, their mode of action, as well as the mechanisms of information processing in stem cells of the shoot apical meristem (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Janocha
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bou Daher F, Chen Y, Bozorg B, Clough J, Jönsson H, Braybrook SA. Anisotropic growth is achieved through the additive mechanical effect of material anisotropy and elastic asymmetry. eLife 2018; 7:e38161. [PMID: 30226465 PMCID: PMC6143341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast directional growth is a necessity for the young seedling; after germination, it needs to quickly penetrate the soil to begin its autotrophic life. In most dicot plants, this rapid escape is due to the anisotropic elongation of the hypocotyl, the columnar organ between the root and the shoot meristems. Anisotropic growth is common in plant organs and is canonically attributed to cell wall anisotropy produced by oriented cellulose fibers. Recently, a mechanism based on asymmetric pectin-based cell wall elasticity has been proposed. Here we present a harmonizing model for anisotropic growth control in the dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl: basic anisotropic information is provided by cellulose orientation) and additive anisotropic information is provided by pectin-based elastic asymmetry in the epidermis. We quantitatively show that hypocotyl elongation is anisotropic starting at germination. We present experimental evidence for pectin biochemical differences and wall mechanics providing important growth regulation in the hypocotyl. Lastly, our in silico modelling experiments indicate an additive collaboration between pectin biochemistry and cellulose orientation in promoting anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuanjie Chen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jack Clough
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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36
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Pauly M, Ramírez V. New Insights Into Wall Polysaccharide O-Acetylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1210. [PMID: 30186297 PMCID: PMC6110886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of plants, algae, bacteria, fungi, and some archaea consist of a semipermeable composite containing polysaccharides. Many of these polysaccharides are O-acetylated imparting important physiochemical properties to the polymers. The position and degree of O-acetylation is genetically determined and varies between organisms, cell types, and developmental stages. Despite the importance of wall polysaccharide O-acetylation, only recently progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism of O-acetylation. In plants, three protein families are involved in the transfer of the acetyl substituents to the various polysaccharides. In other organisms, this mechanism seems to be conserved, although the number of required components varies. In this review, we provide an update on the latest advances on plant polysaccharide O-acetylation and related information from other wall polysaccharide O-acetylating organisms such as bacteria and fungi. The biotechnological impact of understanding wall polysaccharide O-acetylation ranges from the design of novel drugs against human pathogenic bacteria to the development of improved lignocellulosic feedstocks for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology – Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Mangano S, Martínez Pacheco J, Marino-Buslje C, Estevez JM. How Does pH Fit in with Oscillating Polar Growth? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:479-489. [PMID: 29605100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes is an excellent model for investigating plant cell size regulation. While linear plant growth is historically explained by the acid growth theory, which considers that auxin triggers apoplastic acidification by activating plasma membrane P-type H+-ATPases (AHAs) along with cell wall relaxation over long periods, the apoplastic pH (apopH) regulatory mechanisms are unknown for polar growth. Polar growth is a fast process mediated by rapid oscillations that repeat every ∼20-40s. In this review, we explore a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent mechanism that could generate oscillating apopH gradients in a coordinated manner with growth and Ca2+ oscillations. We propose possible mechanisms by which apopH oscillations are coordinated with polar growth together with ROS and Ca2+ waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina; Department of Genetics and Phytopathology, Biological Research Division, Tobacco Research Institute, Carretera Tumbadero, 8 1/2 km, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa, Cuba; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Cristina Marino-Buslje
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina.
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38
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Feng W, Kita D, Peaucelle A, Cartwright HN, Doan V, Duan Q, Liu MC, Maman J, Steinhorst L, Schmitz-Thom I, Yvon R, Kudla J, Wu HM, Cheung AY, Dinneny JR. The FERONIA Receptor Kinase Maintains Cell-Wall Integrity during Salt Stress through Ca 2+ Signaling. Curr Biol 2018; 28:666-675.e5. [PMID: 29456142 PMCID: PMC5894116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells maintain integrity despite changes in their mechanical properties elicited during growth and environmental stress. How cells sense their physical state and compensate for cell-wall damage is poorly understood, particularly in plants. Here we report that FERONIA (FER), a plasma-membrane-localized receptor kinase from Arabidopsis, is necessary for the recovery of root growth after exposure to high salinity, a widespread soil stress. The extracellular domain of FER displays tandem regions of homology with malectin, an animal protein known to bind diglucose in vitro and important for protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of malectin-like domains in FER and related receptor kinases has led to widespread speculation that they interact with cell-wall polysaccharides and can potentially serve a wall-sensing function. Results reported here show that salinity causes softening of the cell wall and that FER is necessary to sense these defects. When this function is disrupted in the fer mutant, root cells explode dramatically during growth recovery. Similar defects are observed in the mur1 mutant, which disrupts pectin cross-linking. Furthermore, fer cell-wall integrity defects can be rescued by treatment with calcium and borate, which also facilitate pectin cross-linking. Sensing of these salinity-induced wall defects might therefore be a direct consequence of physical interaction between the extracellular domain of FER and pectin. FER-dependent signaling elicits cell-specific calcium transients that maintain cell-wall integrity during salt stress. These results reveal a novel extracellular toxicity of salinity, and identify FER as a sensor of damage to the pectin-associated wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Kita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech, Saclay Plant Science, Route de St-Cyr, Versailles 78026, France; Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Heather N Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vinh Doan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Qiaohong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jacob Maman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Leonie Steinhorst
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ina Schmitz-Thom
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Robert Yvon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Lederle Graduate Research Tower, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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