1
|
Wang JM, Zhang FH, Liu ZX, Tang YJ, Li JF, Xie LP. Cancer on motors: How kinesins drive prostate cancer progression? Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116229. [PMID: 38643904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer causes numerous male deaths annually. Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer during the past several decades, much about this disease remains unknown, especially its pathobiology. The kinesin superfamily is a pivotal group of motor proteins, that contains a microtubule-based motor domain and features an adenosine triphosphatase activity and motility characteristics. Large-scale sequencing analyses based on clinical samples and animal models have shown that several members of the kinesin family are dysregulated in prostate cancer. Abnormal expression of kinesins could be linked to uncontrolled cell growth, inhibited apoptosis and increased metastasis ability. Additionally, kinesins may be implicated in chemotherapy resistance and escape immunologic cytotoxicity, which creates a barrier to cancer treatment. Here we cover the recent advances in understanding how kinesins may drive prostate cancer progression and how targeting their function may be a therapeutic strategy. A better understanding of kinesins in prostate cancer tumorigenesis may be pivotal for improving disease outcomes in prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xiang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jie Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Feng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pashley SL, Papageorgiou S, O'Regan L, Barone G, Robinson SW, Lucken K, Straatman KR, Roig J, Fry AM. The mesenchymal morphology of cells expressing the EML4-ALK V3 oncogene is dependent on phosphorylation of Eg5 by NEK7. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107144. [PMID: 38458397 PMCID: PMC11061729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) oncogenic fusion proteins are found in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancers. Different EML4-ALK fusion variants exist with variant 3 (V3) being associated with a significantly higher risk than other common variants, such as variant 1 (V1). Patients with V3 respond less well to targeted ALK inhibitors, have accelerated rates of metastasis, and have poorer overall survival. A pathway has been described downstream of EML4-ALK V3 that is independent of ALK catalytic activity but dependent on the NEK9 and NEK7 kinases. It has been proposed that assembly of an EML4-ALK V3-NEK9-NEK7 complex on microtubules leads to cells developing a mesenchymal-like morphology and exhibiting enhanced migration. However, downstream targets of this complex remain unknown. Here, we show that the microtubule-based kinesin, Eg5, is recruited to interphase microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3, whereas chemical inhibition of Eg5 reverses the mesenchymal morphology of cells. Furthermore, we show that depletion of NEK7 interferes with Eg5 recruitment to microtubules in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and cell length is reduced, but this is reversed by coexpression of a phosphomimetic mutant of Eg5, in a site, S1033, phosphorylated by NEK7. Intriguingly, we also found that expression of Eg5-S1033D led to cells expressing EML4-ALK V1 adopting a more mesenchymal-like morphology. Together, we propose that Eg5 acts as a substrate of NEK7 in cells expressing EML4-ALK V3 and Eg5 phosphorylation promotes the mesenchymal morphology typical of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pashley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Savvas Papageorgiou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Giancarlo Barone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan W Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kellie Lucken
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kees R Straatman
- Advanced Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joan Roig
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Laporte D, Massoni-Laporte A, Lefranc C, Dompierre J, Mauboules D, Nsamba ET, Royou A, Gal L, Schuldiner M, Gupta ML, Sagot I. A stable microtubule bundle formed through an orchestrated multistep process controls quiescence exit. eLife 2024; 12:RP89958. [PMID: 38527106 PMCID: PMC10963028 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells fine-tune microtubule assembly in both space and time to give rise to distinct edifices with specific cellular functions. In proliferating cells, microtubules are highly dynamics, and proliferation cessation often leads to their stabilization. One of the most stable microtubule structures identified to date is the nuclear bundle assembled in quiescent yeast. In this article, we characterize the original multistep process driving the assembly of this structure. This Aurora B-dependent mechanism follows a precise temporality that relies on the sequential actions of kinesin-14, kinesin-5, and involves both microtubule-kinetochore and kinetochore-kinetochore interactions. Upon quiescence exit, the microtubule bundle is disassembled via a cooperative process involving kinesin-8 and its full disassembly is required prior to cells re-entry into proliferation. Overall, our study provides the first description, at the molecular scale, of the entire life cycle of a stable microtubule structure in vivo and sheds light on its physiological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel T Nsamba
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
| | - Anne Royou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095BordeauxFrance
| | - Lihi Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Mohan L Gupta
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao W, Lu J, Yang Z, Li E, Cao Y, Xie L. Mitotic Functions and Characters of KIF11 in Cancers. Biomolecules 2024; 14:386. [PMID: 38672404 PMCID: PMC11047945 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitosis mediates the accurate separation of daughter cells, and abnormalities are closely related to cancer progression. KIF11, a member of the kinesin family, plays a vital role in the formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. Recently, an increasing quantity of data have demonstrated the upregulated expression of KIF11 in various cancers, promoting the emergence and progression of cancers. This suggests the great potential of KIF11 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of KIF11 in cancers have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, we first discuss the functions of the protein encoded by KIF11 during mitosis and connect the abnormal expression of KIF11 with its clinical significance. Then, we elucidate the mechanism of KIF11 to promote various hallmarks of cancers. Finally, we provide an overview of KIF11 inhibitors and outline areas for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yufei Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (W.G.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (E.L.)
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (W.G.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
LaFountain JR, Seaman CE, Cohan CS, Oldenbourg R. Sliding of antiparallel microtubules drives bipolarization of monoastral spindles. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:167-183. [PMID: 37812128 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-lapse imaging with liquid crystal polarized light (LC-PolScope) and fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) enabled this study of spindle microtubules in monoastral spindles that were produced in crane-fly spermatocytes through flattening-induced centrosome displacement. Monoastral spindles are found in several other contexts: after laser ablation of one of a cell's two centrosomes (in the work of Khodjakov et al.), in Drosophila "urchin" mutants (in the works of Heck et al. and of Wilson et al.), in Sciara males (in the works of Fuge and of Metz), and in RNAi variants of Drosophila S2 cells (in the work of Goshima et al.). In all cases, just one pole has a centrosome (the astral pole); the other lacks a centrosome (the anastral pole). Thus, the question: How is the anastral half-spindle, lacking a centrosome, constructed? We learned that monoastral spindles are assembled in two phases: Phase I assembles the astral half-spindle composed of centrosomal microtubules, and Phase II assembles microtubules of the anastral half through extension of new microtubule polymerization outward from the spindle's equatorial mid-zone. That process uses plus ends of existing centrosomal microtubules as guiding templates to assemble anastral microtubules of opposite polarity. Anastral microtubules slide outward with their minus ends leading, thereby establishing proper bipolarity just like in normal biastral spindles that have two centrosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R LaFountain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Catherine E Seaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Cohan
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Eugene Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nithianantham S, Iwanski MK, Gaska I, Pandey H, Bodrug T, Inagaki S, Major J, Brouhard GJ, Gheber L, Rosenfeld SS, Forth S, Hendricks AG, Al-Bassam J. The kinesin-5 tail and bipolar minifilament domains are the origin of its microtubule crosslinking and sliding activity. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar111. [PMID: 37610838 PMCID: PMC10559304 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 crosslinks and slides apart microtubules to assemble, elongate, and maintain the mitotic spindle. Kinesin-5 is a tetramer, where two N-terminal motor domains are positioned at each end of the motor, and the coiled-coil stalk domains are organized into a tetrameric bundle through the bipolar assembly (BASS) domain. To dissect the function of the individual structural elements of the motor, we constructed a minimal kinesin-5 tetramer (mini-tetramer). We determined the x-ray structure of the extended, 34-nm BASS domain. Guided by these structural studies, we generated active bipolar kinesin-5 mini-tetramer motors from Drosophila melanogastor and human orthologues which are half the length of native kinesin-5. We then used these kinesin-5 mini-tetramers to examine the role of two unique structural adaptations of kinesin-5: 1) the length and flexibility of the tetramer, and 2) the C-terminal tails which interact with the motor domains to coordinate their ATPase activity. The C-terminal domain causes frequent pausing and clustering of kinesin-5. By comparing microtubule crosslinking and sliding by mini-tetramer and full-length kinesin-5, we find that both the length and flexibility of kinesin-5 and the C-terminal tails govern its ability to crosslink microtubules. Once crosslinked, stiffer mini-tetramers slide antiparallel microtubules more efficiently than full-length motors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nithianantham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Malina K. Iwanski
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tatyana Bodrug
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Jennifer Major
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Gary J. Brouhard
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Larissa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, The Ben Gurion University, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Scott Forth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Adam G. Hendricks
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kraus J, Alfaro-Aco R, Gouveia B, Petry S. Microtubule nucleation for spindle assembly: one molecule at a time. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:761-775. [PMID: 37482516 PMCID: PMC10789498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The cell orchestrates the dance of chromosome segregation with remarkable speed and fidelity. The mitotic spindle is built from scratch after interphase through microtubule (MT) nucleation, which is dependent on the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), the universal MT template. Although several MT nucleation pathways build the spindle framework, the question of when and how γ-TuRC is targeted to these nucleation sites in the spindle and subsequently activated remains an active area of investigation. Recent advances facilitated the discovery of new MT nucleation effectors and their mechanisms of action. In this review, we illuminate each spindle assembly pathway and subsequently consider how the pathways are merged to build a spindle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Kraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bernardo Gouveia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen X, Portran D, Widmer LA, Stangier MM, Czub MP, Liakopoulos D, Stelling J, Steinmetz MO, Barral Y. The motor domain of the kinesin Kip2 promotes microtubule polymerization at microtubule tips. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:214052. [PMID: 37093124 PMCID: PMC10130750 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are microtubule-dependent motor proteins, some of which moonlight as microtubule polymerases, such as the yeast protein Kip2. Here, we show that the CLIP-170 ortholog Bik1 stabilizes Kip2 at microtubule ends where the motor domain of Kip2 promotes microtubule polymerization. Live-cell imaging and mathematical estimation of Kip2 dynamics reveal that disrupting the Kip2-Bik1 interaction aborts Kip2 dwelling at microtubule ends and abrogates its microtubule polymerization activity. Structural modeling and biochemical experiments identify a patch of positively charged residues that enables the motor domain to bind free tubulin dimers alternatively to the microtubule shaft. Neutralizing this patch abolished the ability of Kip2 to promote microtubule growth both in vivo and in vitro without affecting its ability to walk along microtubules. Our studies suggest that Kip2 utilizes Bik1 as a cofactor to track microtubule tips, where its motor domain then recruits free tubulin and catalyzes microtubule assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Didier Portran
- CRBM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lukas A Widmer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel M Stangier
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz P Czub
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Liakopoulos
- CRBM, Université de Montpellier , CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Biology, University of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Jörg Stelling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cleary JM, Kim T, Cook ASI, McCormick LA, Hancock WO, Rice LM. Measurements and simulations of microtubule growth imply strong longitudinal interactions and reveal a role for GDP on the elongating end. eLife 2022; 11:75931. [PMID: 35420545 PMCID: PMC9064298 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule polymerization dynamics result from the biochemical interactions of αβ-tubulin with the polymer end, but a quantitative understanding has been challenging to establish. We used interference reflection microscopy to make improved measurements of microtubule growth rates and growth fluctuations in the presence and absence of GTP hydrolysis. In the absence of GTP hydrolysis, microtubules grew steadily with very low fluctuations. These data were best described by a computational model implementing slow assembly kinetics, such that the rate of microtubule elongation is primarily limited by the rate of αβ-tubulin associations. With GTPase present, microtubules displayed substantially larger growth fluctuations than expected based on the no GTPase measurements. Our modeling showed that these larger fluctuations occurred because exposure of GDP-tubulin on the microtubule end transiently 'poisoned' growth, yielding a wider range of growth rates compared to GTP only conditions. Our experiments and modeling point to slow association kinetics (strong longitudinal interactions), such that drugs and regulatory proteins that alter microtubule dynamics could do so by modulating either the association or dissociation rate of tubulin from the microtubule tip. By causing slower growth, exposure of GDP tubulin at the growing microtubule end may be an important early event determining catastrophe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cleary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Tae Kim
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Annan S I Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Lauren A McCormick
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Luke M Rice
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo W, Sun S, Sanchez JE, Lopez-Hernandez AE, Ale TA, Chen J, Afrin T, Qiu W, Xie Y, Li L. Using a comprehensive approach to investigate the interaction between Kinesin-5/Eg5 and the microtubule. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4305-4314. [PMID: 36051882 PMCID: PMC9396395 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are microtubule-based motor proteins that play important roles ranging from intracellular transport to cell division. Human Kinesin-5 (Eg5) is essential for mitotic spindle assembly during cell division. By combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with other multi-scale computational approaches, we systematically studied the interaction between Eg5 and the microtubule. We find the electrostatic feature on the motor domains of Eg5 provides attractive interactions to the microtubule. Additionally, the folding and binding energy analysis reveals that the Eg5 motor domain performs its functions best when in a weak acidic environment. Molecular dynamics analyses of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges demonstrate that, on the binding interfaces of Eg5 and the tubulin heterodimer, salt bridges play the most significant role in holding the complex. The salt bridge residues on the binding interface of Eg5 are mostly positive, while salt bridge residues on the binding interface of tubulin heterodimer are mostly negative. Such salt bridge residue distribution is consistent with electrostatic potential calculations. In contrast, the interface between α and β-tubulins is dominated by hydrogen bonds rather than salt bridges. Compared to the Eg5/α-tubulin interface, the Eg5/β-tubulin interface has a greater number of salt bridges and higher occupancy for salt bridges. This asymmetric salt bridge distribution may play a significant role in Eg5′s directionality. The residues involved in hydrogen bonds and salt bridges are identified in this work and may be helpful for anticancer drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Guo
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Shengjie Sun
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jason E. Sanchez
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Tolulope A. Ale
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Tanjina Afrin
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yixin Xie
- Department of Information Technology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alrazi IMD, Ogunwa TH, Kolawole AO, Elekofehinti OO, Omotuyi OI, Miyanishi T, Maruta S. Kolaflavanone, a biflavonoid derived from medicinal plant Garcinia, is an inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5. J Biochem 2021; 170:611-622. [PMID: 34264310 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin Eg5 remains a validated target in antimitotic therapy because of its essential role in the formation and maintenance of bipolar mitotic spindles. Although numerous Eg5 inhibitors of synthetic origin are known, only a few inhibitors derived from natural products have been reported. In our study, we focused on identifying novel Eg5 inhibitors from medicinal plants, particularly Garcinia species. Herein, we report the inhibitory effect of kolaflavanone (KLF), a Garcinia biflavonoid, on the ATPase and microtubule-gliding activities of mitotic kinesin Eg5. Additionally, we showed the interaction mechanism between Eg5 and KLF via in vitro and in silico analyses. The results revealed that KLF inhibited both the basal and microtubule-activated ATPase activities of Eg5. The inhibitory mechanism is allosteric, without a direct competition with adenosine-5'-diphosphate for the nucleotide-binding site. KLF also suppressed the microtubule gliding of Eg5 in vitro. The Eg5-KLF model obtained from molecular docking showed that the biflavonoid exists within the α2/α3/L5 (α2: Lys111-Glu116 and Ile135-Asp149, α3: Asn206-Thr226; L5: Gly117-Gly134) pocket, with a binding pose comparable to known Eg5 inhibitors. Overall, our data suggest that KLF is a novel allosteric inhibitor of mitotic kinesin Eg5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam M D Alrazi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Tomisin H Ogunwa
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Ayodele O Kolawole
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Olusola O Elekofehinti
- Department of Biochemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Olaposi I Omotuyi
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Design, Biochemistry Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, PMB 001, Nigeria
| | - Takayuki Miyanishi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Maruta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Masucci EM, Relich PK, Lakadamyali M, Ostap EM, Holzbaur ELF. Microtubule dynamics influence the retrograde biased motility of kinesin-4 motor teams in neuronal dendrites. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar52. [PMID: 34705476 PMCID: PMC9265162 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules establish the directionality of intracellular transport by kinesins and dynein through polarized assembly, but it remains unclear how directed transport occurs along microtubules organized with mixed polarity. We investigated the ability of the plus end–directed kinesin-4 motor KIF21B to navigate mixed polarity microtubules in mammalian dendrites. Reconstitution assays with recombinant KIF21B and engineered microtubule bundles or extracted neuronal cytoskeletons indicate that nucleotide-independent microtubule-binding regions of KIF21B modulate microtubule dynamics and promote directional switching on antiparallel microtubules. Optogenetic recruitment of KIF21B to organelles in live neurons induces unidirectional transport in axons but bidirectional transport with a net retrograde bias in dendrites. Removal of the secondary microtubule-binding regions of KIF21B or dampening of microtubule dynamics with low concentrations of nocodazole eliminates retrograde bias in live dendrites. Further exploration of the contribution of microtubule dynamics in dendrites to directionality revealed plus end–out microtubules to be more dynamic than plus end–in microtubules, with nocodazole preferentially stabilizing the plus end–out population. We propose a model in which both nucleotide-sensitive and -insensitive microtubule-binding sites of KIF21B motors contribute to the search and selection of stable plus end–in microtubules within the mixed polarity microtubule arrays characteristic of mammalian dendrites to achieve net retrograde movement of KIF21B-bound cargoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Masucci
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Peter K Relich
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Various effects of two types of kinesin-5 inhibitors on mitosis and cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114789. [PMID: 34582773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 has received considerable attention as a new target for mitosis. Various small-molecule compounds targeting kinesin-5 have been developed in the last few decades. However, the differences in the cellular effects of kinesin-5 inhibitors remain poorly understood. Here, we used two different kinesin-5 inhibitors, biphenyl-type PVZB1194 and S-trityl-L-cysteine-type PVEI0021, to examine their effects on molecular events involving kinesin-5. Our biochemical study of kinesin-5 protein-protein interactions showed that PVZB1194-treated kinesin-5 interacted with TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor, Aurora-A kinase, receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility, and γ-tubulin, as did untreated mitotic kinesin-5. However, PVEI0021 prevented kinesin-5 from binding to these proteins. In mitotic HeLa cells recovered from nocodazole inhibition, kinesin-5 colocalized with these binding proteins, along with microtubules nucleated near kinetochores. By acting on kinesin-5 interactions with chromatin-associated microtubules, PVZB1194, rather than PVEI0021, not only affected the formation of dispersed microtubule clusters but also enhanced the stability of microtubules. In addition, screening for mitotic inhibitors working synergistically with the kinesin-5 inhibitors revealed that paclitaxel synergistically inhibited HeLa cell proliferation only with PVZB1194. In contrast, the Aurora-A inhibitor MLN8237 exerted a synergistic anti-cell proliferation effect when combined with either inhibitor. Together, these results have provided a better understanding of the molecular action of kinesin-5 inhibitors and indicate their usefulness as molecular tools for the study of mitosis and the development of anticancer agents.
Collapse
|
14
|
Regulation of microtubule dynamics, mechanics and function through the growing tip. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:777-795. [PMID: 34408299 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics and their control are essential for the normal function and division of all eukaryotic cells. This plethora of functions is, in large part, supported by dynamic microtubule tips, which can bind to various intracellular targets, generate mechanical forces and couple with actin microfilaments. Here, we review progress in the understanding of microtubule assembly and dynamics, focusing on new information about the structure of microtubule tips. First, we discuss evidence for the widely accepted GTP cap model of microtubule dynamics. Next, we address microtubule dynamic instability in the context of structural information about assembly intermediates at microtubule tips. Three currently discussed models of microtubule assembly and dynamics are reviewed. These are considered in the context of established facts and recent data, which suggest that some long-held views must be re-evaluated. Finally, we review structural observations about the tips of microtubules in cells and describe their implications for understanding the mechanisms of microtubule regulation by associated proteins, by mechanical forces and by microtubule-targeting drugs, prominently including cancer chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Farmer V, Arpağ G, Hall SL, Zanic M. XMAP215 promotes microtubule catastrophe by disrupting the growing microtubule end. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212518. [PMID: 34324632 PMCID: PMC8327381 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The GTP-tubulin cap is widely accepted to protect microtubules against catastrophe. The GTP-cap size is thought to increase with the microtubule growth rate, presumably endowing fast-growing microtubules with enhanced stability. It is unknown what GTP-cap properties permit frequent microtubule catastrophe despite fast growth. Here, we investigate microtubules growing in the presence and absence of the polymerase XMAP215. Using EB1 as a GTP-cap marker, we find that GTP-cap size increases regardless of whether growth acceleration is achieved by increasing tubulin concentration or by XMAP215. Despite increased mean GTP-cap size, microtubules grown with XMAP215 display increased catastrophe frequency, in contrast to microtubules grown with more tubulin, for which catastrophe is abolished. However, microtubules polymerized with XMAP215 have large fluctuations in growth rate; display tapered and curled ends; and undergo catastrophe at faster growth rates and with higher EB1 end-localization. Our results suggest that structural perturbations induced by XMAP215 override the protective effects of the GTP-cap, ultimately driving microtubule catastrophe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Sarah L Hall
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krüger LK, Gélin M, Ji L, Kikuti C, Houdusse A, Théry M, Blanchoin L, Tran PT. Kinesin-6 Klp9 orchestrates spindle elongation by regulating microtubule sliding and growth. eLife 2021; 10:67489. [PMID: 34080538 PMCID: PMC8205488 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle function depends on the precise regulation of microtubule dynamics and microtubule sliding. Throughout mitosis, both processes have to be orchestrated to establish and maintain spindle stability. We show that during anaphase B spindle elongation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the sliding motor Klp9 (kinesin-6) also promotes microtubule growth in vivo. In vitro, Klp9 can enhance and dampen microtubule growth, depending on the tubulin concentration. This indicates that the motor is able to promote and block tubulin subunit incorporation into the microtubule lattice in order to set a well-defined microtubule growth velocity. Moreover, Klp9 recruitment to spindle microtubules is dependent on its dephosphorylation mediated by XMAP215/Dis1, a microtubule polymerase, creating a link between the regulation of spindle length and spindle elongation velocity. Collectively, we unravel the mechanism of anaphase B, from Klp9 recruitment to the motors dual-function in regulating microtubule sliding and microtubule growth, allowing an inherent coordination of both processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Katharina Krüger
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Gélin
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis,U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Liang Ji
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis,U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France.,Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Institut de Recherche Saint Louis,U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), CytoMorpho Lab, University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France.,Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, Paris, France
| | - Phong T Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Feng C, Cleary JM, Kothe GO, Stone MC, Weiner AT, Hertzler JI, Hancock WO, Rolls MM. Trim9 and Klp61F promote polymerization of new dendritic microtubules along parallel microtubules. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258437. [PMID: 34096607 PMCID: PMC8214762 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons and dendrites are distinguished by microtubule polarity. In Drosophila, dendrites are dominated by minus-end-out microtubules, whereas axons contain plus-end-out microtubules. Local nucleation in dendrites generates microtubules in both orientations. To understand why dendritic nucleation does not disrupt polarity, we used live imaging to analyze the fate of microtubules generated at branch points. We found that they had different rates of success exiting the branch based on orientation: correctly oriented minus-end-out microtubules succeeded in leaving about twice as often as incorrectly oriented microtubules. Increased success relied on other microtubules in a parallel orientation. From a candidate screen, we identified Trim9 and kinesin-5 (Klp61F) as machinery that promoted growth of new microtubules. In S2 cells, Eb1 recruited Trim9 to microtubules. Klp61F promoted microtubule growth in vitro and in vivo, and could recruit Trim9 in S2 cells. In summary, the data argue that Trim9 and kinesin-5 act together at microtubule plus ends to help polymerizing microtubules parallel to pre-existing ones resist catastrophe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengye Feng
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph M. Cleary
- Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gregory O. Kothe
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle C. Stone
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - James I. Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William O. Hancock
- Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vanadocene dichloride induces apoptosis in HeLa cells through depolymerization of microtubules and inhibition of Eg5. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:511-531. [PMID: 34057639 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01872-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vanadocene dichloride (VDC), a vanadium containing metallocene dihalide exhibits promising anticancer activity. However, its mechanism of action remains elusive as several diverse targets and pathways have been proposed for its anticancer activity. In this study, we observed that VDC inhibited the proliferation of mammalian cancer cells and induced apoptotic cell death by altering the mitochondrial membrane potential and the expression of bcl2 and bax. Probing further into its anticancer mechanism, we found that VDC caused depolymerization of interphase microtubules and blocked the cells at mitosis with considerable proportion of cells exhibiting monopolar spindles. The reassembly of cold depolymerized microtubules was strongly inhibited in the presence of 10 μM VDC. VDC perturbed the microtubule-kinetochore interactions during mitosis as indicated by the absence of cold stable spindle microtubules in the cells treated with 20 μM VDC. Using goat brain tubulin, we found that VDC inhibited the steady-state polymer mass of microtubules and bound to tubulin at a novel site with a Kd of 9.71 ± 0.19 μM and perturbed the secondary structure of tubulin dimer. In addition, VDC was also found to bind to the mitotic kinesin Eg5 and inhibit its basal as well as microtubule stimulated ATPase activity. The results suggest that disruption of microtubule assembly dynamics and inhibition of the ATPase activity of Eg5 could be a plausible mechanism for the antiproliferative and antimitotic activity of VDC.Graphic abstract.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal filaments composed of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. Historically, the dynamics of single tubulin interactions at the growing microtubule tip have been inferred from steady-state growth kinetics. However, recent advances in the production of recombinant tubulin and in high-resolution optical and cryo-electron microscopies have opened new windows into understanding the impacts of specific intermolecular interactions during growth. The microtubule lattice is held together by lateral and longitudinal tubulin-tubulin interactions, and these interactions are in turn regulated by the GTP hydrolysis state of the tubulin heterodimer. Furthermore, tubulin can exist in either an extended or a compacted state in the lattice. Growing evidence has led to the suggestion that binding of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) or motors can induce changes in tubulin conformation and that this information can be communicated through the microtubule lattice. Progress in understanding how dynamic tubulin-tubulin interactions control dynamic instability has benefitted from visualizing structures of growing microtubule plus ends and through stochastic biochemical models constrained by experimental data. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular basis of microtubule growth and discuss how MAPs and regulatory proteins alter tubulin-tubulin interactions to exert their effects on microtubule growth and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cleary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ohi R, Strothman C, Zanic M. Impact of the 'tubulin economy' on the formation and function of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 68:81-89. [PMID: 33160109 PMCID: PMC7925340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is assembled from a finite pool of α,β-tubulin, the size of which is controlled by an autoregulation mechanism. Cells also tightly regulate the architecture and dynamic behavior of microtubule arrays. Here, we discuss progress in our understanding of how tubulin autoregulation is achieved and highlight work showing that tubulin, in its unassembled state, is relevant for regulating the formation and organization of microtubules. Emerging evidence suggests that tubulin regulates microtubule-associated proteins and kinesin motors that are critical for microtubule nucleation, dynamics, and function. These relationships create feedback loops that connect the tubulin assembly cycle to the organization and dynamics of microtubule networks. We term this concept the 'tubulin economy', which emphasizes the idea that tubulin is a resource that can be deployed for the immediate purpose of creating polymers, or alternatively as a signaling molecule that has more far-reaching consequences for the organization of microtubule arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, USA.
| | - Claire Strothman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, USA; Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao L. Horseradish Peroxidase Labelled-Sandwich Electrochemical Sensor Based on Ionic Liquid-Gold Nanoparticles for Lactobacillus brevis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:75. [PMID: 33445448 PMCID: PMC7827081 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus brevis is the most common bacteria that causes beer spoilage. In this work, a novel electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for ultra-sensitive determination of L. brevis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were firstly electro-deposited on the electrode surface for enhancing the electro-conductivity and specific surface area. Ionic liquid was used for improving the immobilization performance of the immunosensor. After optimization, a linear regression equation can be observed between the ∆current and concentration of L. brevis from 104 CFU/mL to 109 CFU/mL. The limit of detection can be estimated to be 103 CFU/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Garcia-Saez I, Skoufias DA. Eg5 targeting agents: From new anti-mitotic based inhibitor discovery to cancer therapy and resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 184:114364. [PMID: 33310050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eg5, the product of Kif11 gene, also known as kinesin spindle protein, is a motor protein involved in the proper establishment of a bipolar mitotic spindle. Eg5 is one of the 45 different kinesins coded in the human genome of the kinesin motor protein superfamily. Over the last three decades Eg5 has attracted great interest as a promising new mitotic target. The identification of monastrol as specific inhibitor of the ATPase activity of the motor domain of Eg5 inhibiting the Eg5 microtubule motility in vitro and in cellulo sparked an intense interest in academia and industry to pursue the identification of novel small molecules that target Eg5 in order to be used in cancer chemotherapy based on the anti-mitotic strategy. Several Eg5 inhibitors entered clinical trials. Currently the field is faced with the problem that most of the inhibitors tested exhibited only limited efficacy. However, one Eg5 inhibitor, Arry-520 (clinical name filanesib), has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with multiple myeloma and is scheduled to enter phase III clinical trials. At the same time, new trends in Eg5 inhibitor research are emerging, including an increased interest in novel inhibitor binding sites and a focus on drug synergy with established antitumor agents to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy. This review presents an updated view of the structure and function of Eg5-inhibitor complexes, traces the possible development of resistance to Eg5 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications, and surveys the current challenges and future directions of this active field in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Garcia-Saez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitrios A Skoufias
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hunter B, Allingham JS. These motors were made for walking. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1707-1723. [PMID: 32472639 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins are a diverse group of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent motor proteins that transport cargos along microtubules (MTs) and change the organization of MT networks. Shared among all kinesins is a ~40 kDa motor domain that has evolved an impressive assortment of motility and MT remodeling mechanisms as a result of subtle tweaks and edits within its sequence. Several elegant studies of different kinesin isoforms have exposed the purpose of structural changes in the motor domain as it engages and leaves the MT. However, few studies have compared the sequences and MT contacts of these kinesins systematically. Along with clever strategies to trap kinesin-tubulin complexes for X-ray crystallography, new advancements in cryo-electron microscopy have produced a burst of high-resolution structures that show kinesin-MT interfaces more precisely than ever. This review considers the MT interactions of kinesin subfamilies that exhibit significant differences in speed, processivity, and MT remodeling activity. We show how their sequence variations relate to their tubulin footprint and, in turn, how this explains the molecular activities of previously characterized mutants. As more high-resolution structures become available, this type of assessment will quicken the pace toward establishing each kinesin's design-function relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron Hunter
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ali I, Yang WC. Why are ATP-driven microtubule minus-end directed motors critical to plants? An overview of plant multifunctional kinesins. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:524-536. [PMID: 32336322 DOI: 10.1071/fp19177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, microtubule and actin cytoskeletons are involved in key processes including cell division, cell expansion, growth and development, biotic and abiotic stress, tropisms, hormonal signalling as well as cytoplasmic streaming in growing pollen tubes. Kinesin enzymes have a highly conserved motor domain for binding microtubule cytoskeleton assisting these motors to organise their own tracks, the microtubules by using chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis. In addition to this conserved binding site, kinesins possess non-conserved variable domains mediating structural and functional interaction of microtubules with other cell structures to perform various cellular jobs such as chromosome segregation, spindle formation and elongation, transport of organelles as well as microtubules-actins cross linking and microtubules sliding. Therefore, how the non-motor variable regions specify the kinesin function is of fundamental importance for all eukaryotic cells. Kinesins are classified into ~17 known families and some ungrouped orphans, of which ~13 families have been recognised in plants. Kinesin-14 family consisted of plant specific microtubules minus end-directed motors, are much diverse and unique to plants in the sense that they substitute the functions of animal dynein. In this review, we explore the functions of plant kinesins, especially from non-motor domains viewpoint, focussing mainly on recent work on the origin and functional diversity of motors that drive microtubule minus-end trafficking events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and The College of Advanced Agricultural Science, The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aher A, Rai D, Schaedel L, Gaillard J, John K, Liu Q, Altelaar M, Blanchoin L, Thery M, Akhmanova A. CLASP Mediates Microtubule Repair by Restricting Lattice Damage and Regulating Tubulin Incorporation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2175-2183.e6. [PMID: 32359430 PMCID: PMC7280784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play a key role in cell division, motility, and intracellular trafficking. Microtubule lattices are generally regarded as stable structures that undergo turnover through dynamic instability of their ends [1]. However, recent evidence suggests that microtubules also exchange tubulin dimers at the sites of lattice defects, which can be induced by mechanical stress, severing enzymes, or occur spontaneously during polymerization [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Tubulin incorporation can restore microtubule integrity; moreover, “islands” of freshly incorporated GTP-tubulin can inhibit microtubule disassembly and promote rescues [3, 4, 6, 7, 8]. Microtubule repair occurs in vitro in the presence of tubulin alone [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9]. However, in cells, it is likely to be regulated by specific factors, the nature of which is currently unknown. CLASPs are interesting candidates for microtubule repair because they induce microtubule nucleation, stimulate rescue, and suppress catastrophes by stabilizing incomplete growing plus ends with lagging protofilaments and promoting their conversion into complete ones [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Here, we used in vitro reconstitution assays combined with laser microsurgery and microfluidics to show that CLASP2α indeed stimulates microtubule lattice repair. CLASP2α promoted tubulin incorporation into damaged lattice sites, thereby restoring microtubule integrity. Furthermore, it induced the formation of complete tubes from partial protofilament assemblies and inhibited microtubule softening caused by hydrodynamic-flow-induced bending. The catastrophe-suppressing domain of CLASP2α, TOG2, combined with a microtubule-tethering region, was sufficient to stimulate microtubule repair, suggesting that catastrophe suppression and lattice repair are mechanistically similar. Our results suggest that the cellular machinery controlling microtubule nucleation and growth can also help to maintain microtubule integrity. CLASP stabilizes damaged microtubule lattices CLASP converts partial protofilament assemblies into complete tubes CLASP promotes complete repair of microtubule lattice defects CLASP inhibits softening of microtubules bent by hydrodynamic flow
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dipti Rai
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Schaedel
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jeremie Gaillard
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Karin John
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, 38054 Grenoble, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, CEA, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U 976, CytoMorpho Lab, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Thery
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Phyiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CytoMorpho Lab, 38054 Grenoble, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, CEA, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U 976, CytoMorpho Lab, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peña A, Sweeney A, Cook AD, Locke J, Topf M, Moores CA. Structure of Microtubule-Trapped Human Kinesin-5 and Its Mechanism of Inhibition Revealed Using Cryoelectron Microscopy. Structure 2020; 28:450-457.e5. [PMID: 32084356 PMCID: PMC7139217 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors are vital mitotic spindle components, and disruption of their function perturbs cell division. We investigated the molecular mechanism of the human kinesin-5 inhibitor GSK-1, which allosterically promotes tight microtubule binding. GSK-1 inhibits monomeric human kinesin-5 ATPase and microtubule gliding activities, and promotes the motor's microtubule stabilization activity. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we determined the 3D structure of the microtubule-bound motor-GSK-1 at 3.8 Å overall resolution. The structure reveals that GSK-1 stabilizes the microtubule binding surface of the motor in an ATP-like conformation, while destabilizing regions of the motor around the empty nucleotide binding pocket. Density corresponding to GSK-1 is located between helix-α4 and helix-α6 in the motor domain at its interface with the microtubule. Using a combination of difference mapping and protein-ligand docking, we characterized the kinesin-5-GSK-1 interaction and further validated this binding site using mutagenesis. This work opens up new avenues of investigation of kinesin inhibition and spindle perturbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Peña
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Aaron Sweeney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Julia Locke
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
King MR, Petry S. Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:270. [PMID: 31937751 PMCID: PMC6959270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase separation of substrates and effectors is proposed to enhance biological reaction rates and efficiency. Targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) is an effector of branching microtubule nucleation in spindles and functions with the substrate tubulin by an unknown mechanism. Here we show that TPX2 phase separates into a co-condensate with tubulin, which mediates microtubule nucleation in vitro and in isolated cytosol. TPX2-tubulin co-condensation preferentially occurs on pre-existing microtubules, the site of branching microtubule nucleation, at the endogenous and physiologically relevant concentration of TPX2. Truncation and chimera versions of TPX2 suggest that TPX2-tubulin co-condensation enhances the efficiency of TPX2-mediated branching microtubule nucleation. Finally, the known inhibitor of TPX2, the importin-α/β heterodimer, regulates TPX2 condensation in vitro and, consequently, branching microtubule nucleation activity in isolated cytosol. Our study demonstrates how regulated phase separation can simultaneously enhance reaction efficiency and spatially coordinate microtubule nucleation, which may facilitate rapid and accurate spindle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R King
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Brauer Hall, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Sabine Petry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim CD, Kim ED, Liu L, Buckley RS, Parameswaran S, Kim S, Wojcik EJ. Small molecule allosteric uncoupling of microtubule depolymerase activity from motility in human Kinesin-5 during mitotic spindle assembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19900. [PMID: 31882607 PMCID: PMC6934681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Kinesin-5 (Eg5) has a large number of known allosteric inhibitors that disrupt its mitotic function. Small-molecule inhibitors of Eg5 are candidate anti-cancer agents and important probes for understanding the cellular function. Here we show that Eg5 is capable of more than one type of microtubule interaction, and these activities can be controlled by allosteric agents. While both monastrol and S-trityl-L-cysteine inhibit Eg5 motility, our data reveal an unexpected ability of these loop5 targeting inhibitors to differentially control a novel Eg5 microtubule depolymerizing activity. Remarkably, small molecule loop5 effectors are able to independently modulate discrete functional interactions between the motor and microtubule track. We establish that motility can be uncoupled from the microtubule depolymerase activity and argue that loop5-targeting inhibitors of Kinesin-5 should not all be considered functionally synonymous. Also, the depolymerizing activity of the motor does not contribute to the genesis of monopolar spindles during allosteric inhibition of motility, but instead reveals a new function. We propose that, in addition to its canonical role in participating in the construction of the three-dimensional mitotic spindle structure, Eg5 also plays a distinct role in regulating the dynamics of individual microtubules, and thereby impacts the density of the mitotic spindle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Liqiong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Rebecca S Buckley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Edward J Wojcik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU School of Medicine & Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|