1
|
Kamel MS, Davidson JL, Verma MS. Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:627. [PMID: 38396598 PMCID: PMC10885951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in vaccination strategies and antibiotic therapy, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be the leading disease affecting the global cattle industry. The etiology of BRD is complex, often involving multiple microbial agents, which lead to intricate interactions between the host immune system and pathogens during various beef production stages. These interactions present environmental, social, and geographical challenges. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. Nevertheless, correct identification of BRD cases remains a daunting challenge for animal health technicians in feedlots. In response to current regulations, there is a growing interest in refining clinical diagnoses of BRD to curb the overuse of antimicrobials. This shift marks a pivotal first step toward establishing a structured diagnostic framework for this disease. This review article provides an update on recent developments and future perspectives in clinical diagnostics and prognostic techniques for BRD, assessing their benefits and limitations. The methods discussed include the evaluation of clinical signs and animal behavior, biomarker analysis, molecular diagnostics, ultrasound imaging, and prognostic modeling. While some techniques show promise as standalone diagnostics, it is likely that a multifaceted approach-leveraging a combination of these methods-will yield the most accurate diagnosis of BRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Kamel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Josiah Levi Davidson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ozawa T, Takahashi Y, Muneta Y, Hoshinoo K, Kimura K, Tou S, Kakihara S, Yamanaka N, Miyamoto T, Higaki S, Yoshioka K. Monitoring ventral tail base surface temperature for fever detection in calves. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13921. [PMID: 38323752 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether monitoring the ventral tail base surface temperature (ST) using a wearable wireless sensor could be effective for fever detection in calves with experimentally induced pneumonia after inoculation with Histophilus somni strain 2336. We found a significant difference in the changes in ST values between the control and H. somni-inoculated groups after 24 h of inoculation and detected fever; however, the rectal temperature showed a significant difference between the groups after 12 h of inoculation. When a significant difference in the ST between the two groups was observed, serum haptoglobin concentration and exacerbation of clinical score increased in the H. somni-inoculated group compared with those in the control group. Pneumonia was observed in the H. somni-inoculated group at necropsy, indicating that the changes in ST may reflect fever with inflammation caused by H. somni infection. Our results demonstrated that monitoring ST using a sensor attached to the ventral tail base can detect fever in calves and may be a useful and labor-saving tool for the health management of calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ozawa
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Muneta
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaori Hoshinoo
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kimura
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seijiro Tou
- Fukuoka Prefecture Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin Kakihara
- Yamaguchi Prefecture Chubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamanaka
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toru Miyamoto
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Headquarters, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shogo Higaki
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshioka
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gandhi NN, Inzana TJ, Rajagopalan P. Bovine Airway Models: Approaches for Investigating Bovine Respiratory Disease. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1168-1179. [PMID: 37257116 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial condition where different genera of bacteria, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma bovis, and viruses, like bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine herpes virus-1, infect the lower respiratory tract of cattle. These pathogens can co-infect cells in the respiratory system, thereby making specific treatment very difficult. Currently, the most common models for studying BRD include a submerged tissue culture (STC), where monolayers of epithelial cells are typically covered either in cellular or spent biofilm culture medium. Another model is an air-liquid interface (ALI), where epithelial cells are exposed on their apical side and allowed to differentiate. However, limited work has been reported on the study of three-dimensional (3D) bovine models that incorporate multiple cell types to represent the architecture of the respiratory tract. The roles of different defense mechanisms in an infected bovine respiratory system, such as mucin production, tight junction barriers, and the production of antimicrobial peptides in in vitro cultures require further investigation in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease pathogenesis. In this report, we describe the different aspects of BRD, including the most implicated pathogens and the respiratory tract, which are important to incorporate in disease models assembled in vitro. Although current advancements of bovine respiratory cultures have led to knowledge of the disease, 3D multicellular organoids that better recapitulate the in vivo environment exhibit potential for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeti N Gandhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Thomas J Inzana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, New York 11548, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elder LA, Hinnant HR, Mandella CM, Claus-Walker RA, Parrish LM, Slanzon GS, McConnel CS. Differential gene expression in peripheral leukocytes of pre-weaned Holstein heifer calves with respiratory disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285876. [PMID: 37192182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading cause of calf morbidity and mortality, and prevalence remains high despite current management practices. Differential gene expression (DGE) provides detailed insight into individual immune responses and can illuminate enriched pathways and biomarkers that contribute to disease susceptibility and outcomes. The aims of this study were to investigate differences in peripheral leukocyte gene expression in Holstein preweaned heifer calves 1) with and without BRD, and 2) across weeks of age. Calves were enrolled for this short-term longitudinal study on two commercial dairies in Washington State. Calves were assessed every two weeks throughout the pre-weaning period using clinical respiratory scoring (CRS) and thoracic ultrasonography (TUS), and blood samples were collected. Calves were selected that were either healthy (n = 10) or had BRD diagnosed by CRS (n = 7), TUS (n = 6), or both (n = 6) in weeks 5 or 7 of life). Three consecutive time point samples were analyzed for each BRD calf consisting of PRE, ONSET, and POST samples. Nineteen genes of interest were selected based on previous gene expression studies in cattle: ALOX15, BPI, CATHL6, CXCL8, DHX58, GZMB, HPGD, IFNG, IL17D, IL1R2, ISG15, LCN2, LIF, MX1, OAS2, PGLYRP1, S100A8, SELP, and TNF. Comparisons were made between age and disease time point matched BRD and healthy calves as well as between calf weeks of age. No DGE was observed between diseased and healthy calves; however, DGE was observed between calf weeks of age regardless of disease state. Developmental differences in leukocyte gene expression, phenotype, and functionality make pre-weaned calves immunologically distinct from mature cattle, and early life shifts in calf leukocyte populations likely contribute to the age-related gene expression differences we observed. Age overshadows disease impacts to influence gene expression in young calves, and immune development progresses upon a common trajectory regardless of disease during the preweaning period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Elder
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Holly R Hinnant
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chris M Mandella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rachel A Claus-Walker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M Parrish
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Giovana S Slanzon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig S McConnel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Field Disease Investigation Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gaudino M, Nagamine B, Ducatez MF, Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Vet Res 2022; 53:70. [PMID: 36068558 PMCID: PMC9449274 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most important diseases impacting the global cattle industry, resulting in significant economic loss. Commonly referred to as shipping fever, BRD is especially concerning for young calves during transport when they are most susceptible to developing disease. Despite years of extensive study, managing BRD remains challenging as its aetiology involves complex interactions between pathogens, environmental and host factors. While at the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists believed that BRD was only caused by bacterial infections (“bovine pasteurellosis”), we now know that viruses play a key role in BRD induction. Mixtures of pathogenic bacteria and viruses are frequently isolated from respiratory secretions of animals with respiratory illness. The increased diagnostic screening data has changed our understanding of pathogens contributing to BRD development. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine experimental evidence from all existing studies performed to understand coinfections between respiratory pathogens in cattle. Despite the fact that pneumonia has not always been successfully reproduced by in vivo calf modelling, several studies attempted to investigate the clinical significance of interactions between different pathogens. The most studied model of pneumonia induction has been reproduced by a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection, with strong evidence suggesting this could potentially be one of the most common scenarios during BRD onset. Different in vitro studies indicated that viral priming may increase bacterial adherence and colonization of the respiratory tract, suggesting a possible mechanism underpinning bronchopneumonia onset in cattle. In addition, a few in vivo studies on viral coinfections and bacterial coinfections demonstrated that a primary viral infection could also increase the pathogenicity of a secondary viral infection and, similarly, dual infections with two bacterial pathogens could increase the severity of BRD lesions. Therefore, different scenarios of pathogen dynamics could be hypothesized for BRD onset which are not limited to a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oucheriah Y, Heleili N, Colin A, Mottet C, Tardy F, Becker CAM. Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Algeria and Characterisation of the Isolated Clones. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:910799. [PMID: 35669175 PMCID: PMC9163989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.910799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in calves in Algeria, but to date, Mycoplasma bovis has never been monitored as a potential etiological agent. Here, to assess the presence (direct detection) and circulation (indirect detection) of M. bovis, broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and serum samples were collected from 60 veal calf farms in Algeria. A commercial ELISA kit (ID Screen® ELISA) was used to screen for the presence of specific antibodies against M. bovis in 351 blood sera collected from both diseased and healthy calves, and 69% (241 sera) tested positive. BALFs from the 176 diseased calves were used to screen for M. bovis by real-time-PCR (rt-PCR), and 102 (58%) tested positive. A non-exhaustive set of 53 clones were isolated from 44 calves and further subtyped using polC gene sequencing. No predominant subtype was found, and two clones exhibited a new subtype. Fourteen clones were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, and results showed a high degree of genetic diversity, with some clones having new alleles and subtypes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5 antimicrobials regularly used to treat BRD was determined on 45 clones. Susceptibility profiles showed very broad diversity, confirming the variety of clones actively circulating. We detected clones with high MICs, including increased MICs of enrofloxacin (n = 5). This is the first study to report the presence of M. bovis in Algeria in calves with BRD. This research also finds broad genetic and phenotypic diversity in the actively circulating isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouzha Heleili
- Université de Batna, Laboratoire de Recherche ESPA, Batna, Algeria
| | - Adélie Colin
- Université de Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Mottet
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anses, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Lyon, France
| | - Claire A M Becker
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Anses, UMR Mycoplasmoses Animales, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heller LM, Zapa DMB, Couto LFM, de Aquino Gontijo LM, Nicaretta JE, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Ferreira LL, Iuasse HV, Scarpa AB, de Souza Martins JR, Soares VE, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, Lopes WDZ. Techniques for monitoring dairy calves against the tick fever agents: a comparative analysis. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:879-902. [PMID: 35362860 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Data regarding parasitemia (blood smears), rectal temperature (RT), packed cell volume (PCV) and vaginal mucosa coloration (VMC) of Gyr x Holstein female calves between 3-7mo were accessed to evaluate different techniques for monitoring the bovine tick fever agents (TFA). The 1st experiment determined the correlation between the TFA parasitemia with RT and PCV. The 2nd, evaluated the associated risk of A. marginale parasitemia with RT and PCV in relation to the Gyr/Holstein genetic proportion (5/8,3/4,7/8 and 15/16) using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The 3rd, two groups were performed: cattle monitored by RT (T01) and by PCV (T02), during their 80-210 days of age, data regarding TFA parasitemia, RT, PCV, VMC and weight were registered. In 1st experiment, RT showed weak correlation with TFA parasitemia, while PCV showed a strong correlation with A. marginale and B. bigemina, but not with B. bovis parasitemia. In experiment 2, the ROC curve analysis showed that when the genetic proportion of B. t. taurus increased, least reliable RT was to monitor calves infected with A. marginale. The PCV for monitoring A. marginale was the best technique, showing sensitivity of 74.2% and specificity of 97.0% than other techniques that used RT and VCM as a monitoring tool. In general, calves monitored by PCV (T02) showed higher PCV values, lower A. marginale parasitemia, less pneumonia as co-infection and less salvation treatment were performed than in animals monitored by RT (T01). Furthermore, animals from T02 gained 23.5 kg more than those from T01. The low frequency of B. bovis and B. bigemina found in this study made impossible to compare the monitoring techniques for these pathogenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lídia Mendes de Aquino Gontijo
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hariye Victória Iuasse
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.,Departamento de Biociências E Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biociências E Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma Species, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Calves with Respiratory Manifestations. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030312. [PMID: 35158636 PMCID: PMC8833736 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex syndrome associated with high mortality in young calves and causes severe economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of common bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory symptoms in young calves from Sadat City, one of the largest industrial cities in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. In between December 2020 and March 2021, 200 mixed-breed young calves of 6–12 months were examined clinically. Of them, sixty (30%) calves showed signs of respiratory manifestations, such as coughing, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharges, fever, and abnormal lung sound. Deep nasal (Nasopharyngeal) swabs were collected from the affected calves for bacteriological investigation. Phenotypic characterization and identification revealed Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus in 8.33%, 5%, 5%, and 5% of the tested samples, respectively. The PCR technique using species-specific primer sets successfully amplified the target bacterial DNA in all culture-positive samples, confirming the identity of the isolated bacterial species. Partial gene sequencing of 16S rRNA gene of M. bovigenitalium, P. multocida, and S. aureus, and mb-mp 81 gene of M. bovis revealed high nucleotide similarity and genetic relationship with respective bacterial species reported from Egypt and around the world, suggesting transmission of these bacterial species between animal host species and localities. Our study highlights the four important bacterial strains associated with respiratory disorders in calves and suggests the possible spread of these bacterial pathogens across animal species and different geographic locations. Further studies using WGS and a large number of isolates are required to investigate the realistic lineage of Egyptian isolates and globally.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jourquin S, Bokma J, De Cremer L, van Leenen K, Vereecke N, Pardon B. Randomized field trial comparing the efficacy of florfenicol and oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of calf pneumonia using lung reaeration as a cure criterion. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:820-828. [PMID: 34994480 PMCID: PMC8965221 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory infections are the main indication for antimicrobial use in calves. Optimal treatment duration currently is unknown, but shorter duration would likely decrease selection for antimicrobial resistance. Hypothesis/Objectives Determine differences in cure rate and healing time between animals treated with florfenicol and oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of respiratory disease using reaeration observed on thoracic ultrasound examination as healing criterion. Animals Commercial farm housing 130, 3 to 9 month old Belgian blue beef calves. Methods Randomized clinical trial during an outbreak of respiratory disease. Metaphylactic treatment was initiated, randomly treating animals with either florfenicol or oxytetracycline. Ultrasonographic follow‐up was done the first day and every other day for a 14‐day period. At the individual animal level, treatment was discontinued when reaeration of the lungs occurred. Differences in cure rate and healing time were determined. Results Of the 130 animals studied, 67.7% developed a lung consolidation ≥0.5 cm. The mean ultrasonographic healing time was 2.5 days in the florfenicol group compared to 3.1 days in the oxytetracycline group (P = .04). After single treatment, 80.6% and 60.3% had no consolidations in the florfenicol and oxytetracycline groups, respectively (P = .01). A Mycoplasma bovis strain was genetically and phenotypically determined to be susceptible to both antimicrobials. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Ultrasonographic lung reaeration shows potential as a cure criterion to rationalize antimicrobial use for outbreaks of pneumonia. In our study, florfenicol resulted in a faster cure and higher reduction in antimicrobial usage than did oxytetracycline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stan Jourquin
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieze De Cremer
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katharina van Leenen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,PathoSense, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baruch J, Cernicchiaro N, Cull CA, Lechtenberg KF, Nickell JS, Renter DG. Assessment of bovine respiratory disease progression in calves challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1 and Mannheimia haemolytica using point-of-care and laboratory-based blood leukocyte differential assays. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab200. [PMID: 34738076 PMCID: PMC8562731 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood leukocyte differentials can be useful for understanding changes associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) progression. By improving turnaround time, point-of-care leukocyte differential assays (PCLD) may provide logistical advantages to laboratory-based assays. Our objective was to assess BRD progression in steers challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1 and Mannheimia haemolytica using point-of-care and laboratory-based blood leukocyte differentials. Thirty Holstein steers (average body weight of 211 kg + 2.4 kg) were inoculated intranasally on day 0 with bovine herpesvirus 1 and intrabronchially on day 6 with Mannheimia haemolytica. Blood leukocytes differentials were measured using both assays from study days 0 to 13. Linear mixed models were fitted to evaluate the associations between: (1) the type of assay (laboratory-based or PCLD) with respect to leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil concentrations; (2) study day with cell concentrations; and (3) cell concentrations with lung consolidation measured at necropsy. Point-of-care leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil concentrations were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the respective cell concentrations obtained from the laboratory-based leukocyte differential. Cell concentrations reported by both assays differed significantly (P < 0.05) over time, indicating shifts from healthy to viral and bacterial disease states. Lymphocyte concentrations, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratios obtained from both assays, and band neutrophil concentrations from the laboratory-based assay were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with lung consolidation, enhancing assessments of disease severity. The PCLD may be a useful alternative to assess BRD progression when laboratory-based leukocyte differentials are impractical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Baruch
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Charley A Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, NE, and Veterinary Biomedical Research Center, Oakland, KS 66502, USA
| | - Kelly F Lechtenberg
- Midwest Veterinary Services, NE, and Veterinary Biomedical Research Center, Oakland, KS 66502, USA
| | - Jason S Nickell
- Allflex Livestock Intelligence, a Subsidiary of Merck Animal Health, Madison, WI 66018, USA
| | - David G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Studer E, Schönecker L, Meylan M, Stucki D, Dijkman R, Holwerda M, Glaus A, Becker J. Prevalence of BRD-Related Viral Pathogens in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Swiss Veal Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1940. [PMID: 34209718 PMCID: PMC8300226 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of bovine respiratory disease is important, as it may lead to impaired welfare, economic losses, and considerable antimicrobial use, which can be associated with antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of respiratory viruses and to identify risk factors for their occurrence. A convenience sample of 764 deep nasopharyngeal swab samples from veal calves was screened by PCR for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), influenza D virus (IDV), and influenza C virus (ICV). The following prevalence rates were observed: BRSV, 2.1%; BPI3V, 3.3%; BCoV, 53.5%; IDV, 4.1%; ICV, 0%. Logistic mixed regression models were built for BCoV to explore associations with calf management and housing. Positive swab samples were more frequent in younger calves than older calves (>100 days; p < 0.001). The probability of detecting BCoV increased with increasing group size in young calves. Findings from this study suggested that young calves should be fattened in small groups to limit the risk of occurrence of BCoV, although an extended spectrum of risk factors for viral associated respiratory disorders such as nutritional aspects should be considered in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Studer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Lutz Schönecker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Dimitri Stucki
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (A.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (A.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Glaus
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (R.D.); (M.H.); (A.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens Becker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
García-Galán A, Seva J, Gómez-Martín Á, Ortega J, Rodríguez F, García-Muñoz Á, De la Fe C. Importance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis in Clinical Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051470. [PMID: 34065405 PMCID: PMC8161021 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine respiratory disease is a common health and economic problem that mainly affects calves raised in feedlots. Several viruses and bacteria may be involved, but Mycoplasma bovis can cause disease chronification and poor response to antimicrobial treatment. This study investigated the role of Mycoplasma bovis in cases of clinical respiratory disease unresponsive to treatment that affected feedlot calves in southeast Spain, and tested the in vitro susceptibility of a selection of isolates to the specific set of antimicrobials used for therapy in vivo. Mycoplasma bovis was found in 86.9% (20/23) of the calves, predominantly in the lungs (78.26%; 18/23) where it was involved in pulmonary lesions. Furthermore, the selected isolates were found to be resistant in vitro to most of the antimicrobials specifically used for treating the animals in vivo. These results highlight the implication of Mycoplasma bovis in the bovine respiratory disease affecting feedlot calves in Spain. Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important viral and/or bacterial disease that mainly affects feedlot calves. The involvement of Mycoplasma bovis in BRD can lead to chronic pneumonia poorly responsive to antimicrobial treatment. Caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia is a pulmonary lesion typically associated with M. bovis. In Spain, M. bovis is widely distributed in the feedlots and circulating isolates are resistant to most antimicrobials in vitro. However, the role of this species in clinical respiratory disease of feedlot calves remains unknown. Furthermore, available data are relative to a fixed panel of antimicrobials commonly used to treat BRD, but not to the specific set of antimicrobials that have been used for treating each animal. This study examined 23 feedlot calves raised in southeast Spain (2016–2019) with clinical signs of respiratory disease unresponsive to treatment. The presence of M. bovis was investigated through bacteriology (culture and subsequent PCR), histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The pathogen was found in 86.9% (20/23) of the calves, mainly in the lungs (78.26%; 18/23). Immunohistochemistry revealed M. bovis antigens in 73.9% (17/23) of the calves in which caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia was the most frequent lesion (16/17). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays confirmed the resistance of a selection of 12 isolates to most of the antimicrobials specifically used for treating the animals in vivo. These results stress the importance of M. bovis in the BRD affecting feedlot calves in Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-Galán
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-G.); (C.D.l.F.)
| | - Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Joaquín Ortega
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Av. Seminario s/n, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Unit of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Ángel García-Muñoz
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Christian De la Fe
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-G.); (C.D.l.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nickell JS, Hutcheson JP, Renter DG, Amrine DA. Comparison of a traditional bovine respiratory disease control regimen with a targeted program based upon individualized risk predictions generated by the Whisper On Arrival technology. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab081. [PMID: 34222823 PMCID: PMC8246073 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to determine if cattle health and performance comparing a targeted bovine respiratory disease (BRD) control program based on individualized risk prediction generated by a novel technology (Whisper On Arrival) was superior to a negative control (no metaphylaxis) yet no different than a positive control (conventional BRD control; 100% application). Across four study sites, auction market-derived beef calves were randomly allocated to one of four BRD control treatment groups: 1) Negative control (Saline), 2) Positive control (Tildipirosin [TIL] to 100% of the group), 3) Whisper-high (±TIL based on conservative algorithm threshold), and 4) Whisper-low (±TIL based on aggressive algorithm threshold). Within either Whisper On Arrival group, only calves predicted to be above the algorithm threshold by the technology (determined a priori) were administered TIL leaving the remainder untreated. Cattle were followed to either a short-term timepoint (50 or 60 d; health outcomes, all sites; feed performance outcomes, two sites) or to closeout (two sites). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design separately at each site. Across all sites, BRD control antibiotic use was reduced by 11% to 43% between the two Whisper On Arrival treatment groups compared to the positive control. The positive control and both Whisper On Arrival groups reduced (P ≤ 0.05) BRD morbidity compared to negative controls at both the short-term timepoint at three of the four sites and at closeout at one of two sites. The positive control and both Whisper-managed groups had improved (P ≤ 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), dry-matter intake (DMI), and feed efficiency compared to negative controls at the short-term timepoint at one of two sites. At closeout, the positive control and both Whisper-managed groups improved (P ≤ 0.05) ADG (deads-in) compared to the negative control at one of the two sites. At one of two sites, the positive control and the Whisper-high group displayed an improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in hot carcass weight compared to the negative control. The Whisper On Arrival technology maintained the benefits of a conventional BRD control program yet reduced BRD control antibiotic use by 11% to 43%. This technology maintained the benefits of a conventional BRD control program while reducing antibiotic costs to the producer and supporting judicious antimicrobial use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Nickell
- Allflex Livestock Intelligence, A Subsidiary of Merck Animal Health, Madison, WI 53718
| | | | - David G Renter
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - David A Amrine
- Beef Cattle Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castro MM, Oliveira TESD, Headley SA. Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review. SEMINA: CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS 2021:2081-2110. [DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3supl1p2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mahendran SA. Use of fever detection in combination with thoracic ultrasonography to identify respiratory disease, and compare treatments of antimicrobials and NSAID: a randomised study in dairy calves. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000415. [PMID: 33194211 PMCID: PMC7643518 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study explored the combined use of fever detection and thoracic ultrasonography to identify calves with early onset bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Thoracic ultrasonography was then used to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment for early onset BRD through a randomised study design. Methods Calves were recruited from a single dairy farm in the UK, and fitted with a TempVerified FeverTag, which was activated when a calf developed fever (a temperature of 39.7°C for six hours). On identification of fever, a Wisconsin calf score was used to provide a diagnosis of BRD by exclusion of other causes. Calves were randomly assigned to experimental groups; group 1 (NSAID) received flunixin meglumine, group 2 (antimicrobial) received florfenicol, group 3 (both) received both drugs. A thoracic ultrasound was conducted within 48 hours of fever detection, and again 14 days later to assess lung pathology. Results A total of 152 calves were recruited, with a relative BRD prevalence of 49 per cent (74/152). Thirty-two calves required a secondary treatment (due to continued fever), causing exclusion from statistical analysis of the change in ultrasound score and resulting in the study being underpowered for detecting statistical significance. Initial thoracic ultrasound scores were very low, with 70/74 calves scoring either 0 or 1, indicating few comet tails and no lung consolidation was seen and potential overdiagnosis of BRD. For assessment of therapy efficacy, no effect of experimental group was detected on average daily growth rates (mean 0.85 kg/day, P=0.89). Calves also displayed very few clinical signs at the time of fever detection. These factors combined suggest a high rate of false positive identification (low specificity) for BRD through fever detection alone. Calves given the NSAID only were more likely to require repeat treatments due to fever recurrence (OR=3.10 (95 per cent CI 0.86 to 11.15), P=0.083). Also calves affected by their first case of fever at an older age (21 v 28 days old) were less likely to go on to have further fever episodes (OR=0.95 (95 per cent CI 0.90 to 0.99), P=0.026). Conclusion This study demonstrated calves given only an NSAID at occurrence of fever due to BRD may be more likely to require repeat treatments throughout the preweaning period. The use of fever detection alone for BRD indicated a low specificity for definitive diagnosis as shown by the low thoracic ultrasound scores and lack of clinical signs. The study was underpowered to assess the ultrasonic effects of the different treatment protocols on lung pathology.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schönecker L, Schnyder P, Schüpbach-Regula G, Meylan M, Overesch G. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of opportunistic pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs of veal calves in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105182. [PMID: 33152661 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the bacterial flora in the calf nasopharynx might influence the risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The aims of the present study were, firstly, to investigate the prevalence of bacteria potentially involved in BRD in the nasopharynx of veal calves and to identify associated risk factors for their presence, and, secondly, to provide data on antimicrobial resistance levels in these bacteria. Deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from veal calves on 12 Swiss farms over a period of one year by non-random, but systematic sampling for isolation of Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma (M.) bovis and dispar. Associations of potential risk factors with occurrence of these bacteria were tested in multivariable mixed logistic regression analyses, based on information gained from extensive questionnaires completed with the farmers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for Pasteurellaceae by broth microdilution method to obtain minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Pasteurellaceae, including Pasteurella (P.) multocida, Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica, Bisgaard Taxon 39 and Histophilus (H.) somni, were almost twice as prevalent as M. bovis and dispar in this study. Continuous stocking was a risk factor for the presence of Pasteurellaceae, especially when calves originated from more than six suppliers. In young calves (≤ 91 days), feeding of California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive milk was an additional risk factor for the presence of Pasteurellaceae whereas transport of calves by farmers and livestock traders (as opposed to transport only by farmers) increased the risk in older calves (> 91 days). Risk factors for the presence of M. bovis/dispar were higher number of calves per drinking nipple in young calves, and no access to an outside pen and feeding of CMT positive milk in older calves, respectively. While further research will have to investigate the observed associations in more detail, this suggests that management can play an important role in the prevalence of nasopharyngeal bacteria with a potential subsequent involvement in BRD. Antimicrobial resistance differed between the three bacterial species tested in this study and was highest to oxytetracycline and spectinomycin in P. multocida, oxytetracycline and penicillin in M. haemolytica, and ampicillin and penicillin in H. somni. Only two European VetCAST breakpoints (for florfenicol in P. multocida and M. haemolytica) have been published to date, matching the MIC distribution of the present isolate populations well, in contrast to certain commonly applied American Clinical and Laboratory Institute interpretive criteria. This highlights the potential for further refinement of clinical breakpoints in veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Schönecker
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Schnyder
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3097 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Overesch
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oliveira VHS, Dall Agnol AM, Fritzen JTT, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF. Microbial diversity involved in the etiology of a bovine respiratory disease outbreak in a dairy calf rearing unit. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101494. [PMID: 32434101 PMCID: PMC7212942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BALF is a good biological sample for the molecular diagnosis of BRD in dairy calves. Mixed infections of viruses and bacteria were frequent in dairy calves with respiratory disease. BVDV 1d in BALF samples of dairy heifer calves in a BRD outbreak was characterized. The calf rearing unit without prophylactic measures for respiratory infections represent a risk factor for BRD.
The etiological agents involved in a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreak were investigated in a dairy heifer calf rearing unit from southern Brazil. A battery of PCR assays was performed to detect the most common viruses and bacteria associated with BRD, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were taken from 21 heifer calves (symptomatic n = 15; asymptomatic n = 6) that, during the occurrence of the BDR outbreak, were aged between 6 and 90 days. At least one microorganism was detected in 85.7 % (18/21) of the BALF samples. Mixed infections were more frequent (72.2 %) than single infections (27.7 %). The interactions between viruses and bacteria were the most common in coinfections (55.5 %). The frequencies of BRD agents were 38.1 % for BRSV, 28.6 % for BVDV, 33.3 % for BCoV, 42.85 % for P. multocida, 33.3 % for M. bovis, and 19 % for H. somni. BoHV-1, BPIV-3, and M. haemolytica were not identified in any of the 21 BALF samples. Considering that BALF and not nasal swabs were analyzed, these results demonstrate the etiological multiplicity that may be involved in BRD outbreaks in dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor H S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Section for Epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Norway
| | - Alais M Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain, (INCT - LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliana T T Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Masters Degree in Animal Health and Production, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain, (INCT - LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice F Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain, (INCT - LEITE), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang H, Lu S, Ren H, Zhao K, Li Y, Guan Y, Li H, Hu P, Liu Z. Cytotoxicity and degradation product identification of thermally treated ceftiofur. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18407-18417. [PMID: 35517214 PMCID: PMC9053768 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceftiofur (CEF) is a cephalosporin antibiotic and is a commonly used drug in animal food production. As a heat-labile compound, the residual CEF toxicity after thermal treatment has rarely been reported. This study was to investigate the potential toxicity of thermally treated CEF and determine the toxic components. By cytotoxicity tests and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays, the cytotoxicity of the thermally treated CEF (TTC) and the components of TTC was identified, respectively. Our results showed that TTC exhibited significantly increased toxicity compared with CEF towards LO2 cells by inducing apoptosis. Through LC-MS assays, we identified that the toxic compound of TTC was CEF-aldehyde (CEF-1). The IC50 value of CEF-1 on LO2 cells treated for 24 h was 573.1 μg mL−1, approximately 5.3 times lower than CEF (3052.0 μg mL−1) and 3.4 times lower than TTC (1967.0 μg mL−1). Moreover, we found that CEF-1 was also present in thermally treated desfuroylceftiofur (DFC), the primary metabolite of CEF, indicating that residual CEF or DFC could produce CEF-1 during the heating process. These findings suggest that CEF-1 is a newly identified toxic compound, and CEF-1 may pose a potential threat to food safety or public health. Ceftiofur (CEF) is a cephalosporin antibiotic and is a commonly used drug in animal food production. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of thermally treated CEF.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Yuting Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun Jilin 130062 PR China +86-431-8783-6716 +86-431-8783-6703
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leme RA, Dall Agnol AM, Balbo LC, Pereira FL, Possatti F, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Molecular characterization of Brazilian wild-type strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus reveals genetic diversity and a putative new subgroup of the virus. Vet Q 2020; 40:83-96. [PMID: 32083983 PMCID: PMC7067174 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1733704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine orthopneumovirus, formerly known as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), is frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Aim To perform the molecular characterization of the G and F proteins of Brazilian wild-type BRSV strains derived from bovine respiratory infections in both beef and dairy cattle. Materials and Methods Ten BRSV strains derived from a dairy heifer rearing unit (n = 3) in 2011 and steers of three other feedlots (n = 7) in 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. For the BRSV G and F partial gene amplifications, RT-nested-PCR assays were performed with sequencing in both directions with forward and reverse primers used. Results The G gene-based analysis revealed that two strains were highly similar to the BRSV sequences representative of subgroup III, including the Bayovac vaccine strain. However, the remaining seven Brazilian BRSV strains were diverse when compared with strains representative of the BRSV I to VIII subgroups. The central hydrophobic region of the Brazilian BRSV G gene showed the replacement of conserved cysteines and other residues of importance to antibody reactivity. The deduced F gene amino acid sequences from the Brazilian BRSV strains showed changes that were absent in the representative sequences of the known subgroups. Viral isolation on the nasopharyngeal swab suspensions failed to isolate BRSV. Conclusion Results suggest that these strains represent a putative new subgroup of BRSV with mutations observed in the immunodominant region of the G protein. However, further studies on these Brazilian BRSV strains should be performed to establish their pathogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Arruda Leme
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Carvalho Balbo
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Louise Pereira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Possatti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Population Dynamics of Salmonella enterica within Beef Cattle Cohorts Followed from Single-Dose Metaphylactic Antibiotic Treatment until Slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01386-19. [PMID: 31519659 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01386-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in cattle can select for multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica, which is considered a serious threat by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A randomized controlled longitudinal field trial was designed to determine the long-term effects of a single dose of ceftiofur or tulathromycin on Salmonella population characteristics in cattle feces and peripheral lymph nodes and on hides. A total of 134 beef cattle from two sources were divided among 12 pens, with cattle in each of the 3-pen blocks receiving a single dose of either ceftiofur or tulathromycin or neither (control) on day 0. Fecal samples were collected before treatment (day 0) and repeatedly following treatment until slaughter (day 99+). Hide and lymph node samples were collected at slaughter age. Salmonella prevalence, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, serotype, and phylogenetic relationships were examined. Multilevel mixed logistic regression models indicated no significant effects (P ≥ 0.218) of metaphylactic antibiotics on the prevalence of Salmonella across sample types. However, there was a significant time effect observed, with prevalence increasing from spring through the midsummer months (P < 0.0001) in feces. The majority of Salmonella isolates were pansusceptible to a panel of 14 antibiotics both before and after treatment. Highly prevalent Salmonella serotypes were Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo, Salmonella enterica serovar Anatum, Salmonella enterica serovar Cerro, and Salmonella enterica serovar Lubbock across all sample types. Strong pen and cattle source serotype clustering effects were observed among Salmonella isolates originating from fecal, lymph node, and hide samples; however, the potential role of Salmonella isolates from the pen environment prior to animal placement was not assessed in this study.IMPORTANCE Salmonella is a leading bacterial foodborne pathogen, causing a significant number of human infections and deaths every year in the United States. Macrolides and 3rd-generation cephalosporins play critical roles in the treatment of human salmonellosis. Use of these antibiotics in beef cattle can select for resistant bacteria that may enter the food chain or spread from the farm via manure. There is a lack of longitudinal research concerning the long-term effects of metaphylactic antibiotic administration. Here, we assessed Salmonella population dynamics during the feeding period until slaughter following single-dose antibiotic treatment. We found no long-term effects of antibiotic use early in the cattle-feeding period on Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance at slaughter. We identified the pens in which cattle were housed as the factor that contributed most to Salmonella serotypes being shared; importantly, the dominant strain in each pen changed repeatedly over the entire feeding period.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rajamanickam K, Yang J, Sakharkar MK. Phytochemicals as alternatives to antibiotics against major pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease(BRD)and bovine mastitis(BM). Bioinformation 2019; 15:32-35. [PMID: 31359996 PMCID: PMC6651029 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and bovine mastitis (BM) are the most common and costly infectious diseases in beef cattle and dairy
cattle, respectively. In the current study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of seven phytochemicals against twelve BRD- and/or BMcausing
bacterial pathogens. Our results show that allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocynate, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol are effective
against most of the BRD- and/or BM-causing bacterial pathogens and could be repurposed as alternatives to antibiotics for the
prevention/elimination of BRD and BM in feedlots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Rajamanickam
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajamanickam K, Yang J, Sakharkar MK. Gallic Acid Potentiates the Antimicrobial Activity of Tulathromycin Against Two Key Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Causing-Pathogens. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1486. [PMID: 30662404 PMCID: PMC6328469 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common infectious disease in dairy and beef cattle. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and causes a huge economic loss each year. In western Canada, a one-time injection of tulathromycin is commonly used as a metaphylactic procedure to reduce BRD incidence and eliminate potential BRD outbreak. With increased global concern on antimicrobial usage in dairy and beef products and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials, it is important to develop a novel strategy to eliminate the usage or decrease the dosage of antimicrobials. In this study, we showed that gallic acid was active against both Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, two key BRD associated-pathogens, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured at 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Co-administration of tulathromycin and gallic acid exhibited a strong additive or weak synergistic effect toward both M. haemolytic and P. multocida. Tulathromycin, gallic acid and their combination were also effective against the mixed culture of M. haemolytic and P. multocida. Furthermore, we showed that pre-exposure to tulathromycin generated bacterial resistance to the antimicrobial in M. haemolytica but not in P. multocida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Rajamanickam
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sakharkar MK, Rajamanickam K, Chandra R, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Yang J. Identification of novel drug targets in bovine respiratory disease: an essential step in applying biotechnologic techniques to develop more effective therapeutic treatments. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:1135-1146. [PMID: 29765203 PMCID: PMC5944452 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s163476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a major problem in cattle production which causes substantial economic loss. BRD has multifactorial aetiologies, is multi-microbial, and several of the causative pathogens are unknown. Consequently, primary management practices such as metaphylactic antimicrobial injections for BRD prevention are used to reduce the incidence of BRD in feedlot cattle. However, this poses a serious threat in the form of development of antimicrobial resistance and demands an urgent need to find novel interventions that could reduce the effects of BRD drastically and also delay/prevent bacterial resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have employed a subtractive genomics approach that helps delineate essential, host-specific, and druggable targets in pathogens responsible for BRD. We also proposed antimicrobials from FDA green and orange book that could be repositioned for BRD. RESULTS We have identified 107 putative targets that are essential, selective and druggable. We have also confirmed the susceptibility of two BRD pathogens to one of the proposed antimicrobials - oxytetracycline. CONCLUSION This approach allows for repositioning drugs known for other infections to BRD, predicting novel druggable targets for BRD infection, and providing a new direction in developing more effective therapeutic treatments for BRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Correspondence: Meena Kishore Sakharkar; Jian Yang, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada, Email ;
| | - Karthic Rajamanickam
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Haseeb A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Correspondence: Meena Kishore Sakharkar; Jian Yang, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Evolving views on bovine respiratory disease: An appraisal of selected key pathogens - Part 1. Vet J 2016; 217:95-102. [PMID: 27810220 PMCID: PMC7110489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of morbidity and mortality in cattle and interactions of factors associated with the animal, the pathogen and the environment are central to its pathogenesis. Emerging knowledge of a role for pathogens traditionally assumed to be minor players in the pathogenesis of BRD reflects an increasingly complex situation that will necessitate regular reappraisal of BRD pathogenesis and control. This review appraises the role of selected key pathogens implicated in BRD pathogenesis to assess how our understanding of their role has evolved in recent years.
Collapse
|
26
|
Toaff-Rosenstein RL, Gershwin LJ, Tucker CB. Fever, feeding, and grooming behavior around peak clinical signs in bovine respiratory disease1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:3918-3932. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
27
|
The sickness response in steers with induced bovine respiratory disease before and after treatment with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
28
|
Schaffer AP, Larson RL, Cernicchiaro N, Hanzlicek GA, Bartle SJ, Thomson DU. The association between calfhood bovine respiratory disease complex and subsequent departure from the herd, milk production, and reproduction in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:1157-64. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.10.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Calvo-Lorenzo MS, Hulbert LE, Fowler AL, Louie A, Gershwin LJ, Pinkerton KE, Ballou MA, Klasing KC, Mitloehner FM. Wooden hutch space allowance influences male Holstein calf health, performance, daily lying time, and respiratory immunity. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4678-4692. [PMID: 27016829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy calves in the western United States are commonly raised individually in wooden hutches with a space allowance of 1.23m(2)/calf. Recent legislative initiatives in California and across the United States were passed regarding concern over space allowance for farm animals. The objective of this study was to determine if rearing male Holstein calves in wooden hutches modified to increase space allowance would influence measures of performance, lying time per day, health, and respiratory immunocompetence. At 4d of age, 60 calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3housing treatments: (1) conventional housing (CONV; 1.23m(2)/calf), (2) 1.5 × CONV (MOD; 1.85m(2)/calf), or (3) 3 × CONV (MAX; 3.71m(2)/calf). Intakes of milk and solid feed were recorded daily and body weight was measured at 0, 3, 6, 10, and 12 wk of age. For the first 3 wk of the trial, calves were scored daily for fecal consistency, hydration, and hide cleanliness. In addition, calves were scored for respiratory health (i.e., nasal and eye discharge, ear position) until 7 wk of age. The total lying duration per day was recorded using data loggers at 3, 6, and 10 wk of age. Eight clinically healthy calves from each treatment were sensitized with subcutaneous ovalbumin (OVA) and then challenged with aerosolized OVA to assess calf respiratory immunity at 11 wk of age. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 4d after the OVA challenge and analyzed for leukocyte differentials and OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, IgA, and IgE. Calf average daily gain and body weight were positively associated with space allowance at approximately 3 wk before weaning and throughout postweaning, respectively. A greater space allowance decreased lying time after 46d. Space allowance did not influence fecal consistency, but there was a tendency for MAX calves to take 1d longer to recover from loose feces than MOD calves. The MAX calves had the fewest (%) observations with feces on their body compared with CONV or MOD. At 3 wk of age, peripheral eosinophil concentrations decreased with increased space allowance. However, observations (%) of eye discharge increased with greater space allowance. Among calves challenged with OVA, MOD calves had the least BALF OVA-IgE, and the percent of BALF eosinophils decreased with increased space allowance. Increased space allowance for calves raised in wooden hutches may improve some measures of calf performance, health, and respiratory immunocompetence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Calvo-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Science, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - L E Hulbert
- Department of Animal Science, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A L Fowler
- Department of Animal Science, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A Louie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - L J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - K E Pinkerton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - K C Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - F M Mitloehner
- Department of Animal Science, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis 95616.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
White BJ, Goehl DR, Amrine DE, Booker C, Wildman B, Perrett T. Bayesian evaluation of clinical diagnostic test characteristics of visual observations and remote monitoring to diagnose bovine respiratory disease in beef calves. Prev Vet Med 2016; 126:74-80. [PMID: 26879058 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle is a critical facet of therapeutic programs through promotion of prompt treatment of diseased calves in concert with judicious use of antimicrobials. Despite the known inaccuracies, visual observation (VO) of clinical signs is the conventional diagnostic modality for BRD diagnosis. Objective methods of remotely monitoring cattle wellness could improve diagnostic accuracy; however, little information exists describing the accuracy of this method compared to traditional techniques. The objective of this research is to employ Bayesian methodology to elicit diagnostic characteristics of conventional VO compared to remote early disease identification (REDI) to diagnose BRD. Data from previous literature on the accuracy of VO were combined with trial data consisting of direct comparison between VO and REDI for BRD in two populations. No true gold standard diagnostic test exists for BRD; therefore, estimates of diagnostic characteristics of each test were generated using Bayesian latent class analysis. Results indicate a 90.0% probability that the sensitivity of REDI (median 81.3%; 95% probability interval [PI]: 55.5, 95.8) was higher than VO sensitivity (64.5%; PI: 57.9, 70.8). The specificity of REDI (median 92.9%; PI: 88.2, 96.9) was also higher compared to VO (median 69.1%; PI: 66.3, 71.8). The differences in sensitivity and specificity resulted in REDI exhibiting higher positive and negative predictive values in both high (41.3%) and low (2.6%) prevalence situations. This research illustrates the potential of remote cattle monitoring to augment conventional methods of BRD diagnosis resulting in more accurate identification of diseased cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad J White
- Precision Animal Solutions, Manhattan, KS 66503, United States; Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Dan R Goehl
- Precision Animal Solutions, Manhattan, KS 66503, United States
| | - David E Amrine
- Adams Land and Cattle Company, Broken Bow, NE 68822, United States
| | - Calvin Booker
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian Wildman
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tye Perrett
- Feedlot Health Management Services, Okotoks, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lubbers BV, Turnidge J. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for bovine respiratory disease: Getting more from diagnostic results. Vet J 2015; 203:149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
32
|
Plessers E, Wyns H, Watteyn A, Pardon B, De Backer P, Croubels S. Characterization of an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in calves with respect to the acute-phase response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 163:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Fraser BC, Anderson DE, White BJ, Miesner MD, Lakritz J, Amrine D, Mosier DA. Associations of various physical and blood analysis variables with experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:200-7. [PMID: 24471757 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine associations of blood analysis variables and orbit and nasal planum surface temperatures with the onset and severity of Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in calves. Animals-28 healthy calves. PROCEDURES Calves were challenged with M bovis (n = 24) on day 0 or not challenged (4). Blood samples were obtained for cardiac troponin I, CBC, and serum biochemical analyses on various days. Orbit and nasal planum surface temperatures were determined with infrared thermography on various days. Calves were euthanized, gross necropsies were performed, heart and lung samples were collected for histologic evaluation, and microbial cultures of lung samples were performed on day 14. Pneumonia severity was categorized as mild (< 10% lung consolidation) or moderate (≥ 10% lung consolidation). Associations between measured variables and severity of pneumonia or sample collection day were determined. RESULTS Plasma cardiac troponin I concentration for the 28 calves was significantly higher on day 14 than it was on day 0 or 7 (least squares mean, 0.02, 0, and 0 ng/mL, respectively). No other variables changed significantly during the study. No substantial gross or histologic abnormalities were identified in cardiac muscle samples. Day 14 plasma fibrinogen concentration was significantly different between calves with mild pneumonia and those with moderate pneumonia (mean, 0.44 and 0.74 g/dL, respectively). Calves with moderate pneumonia had significantly lower least squares mean surface temperature of the dorsal aspect of the nasal planum (18.7°C) versus calves with mild pneumonia (22.9°C). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated the evaluated variables had low value for assessment of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Fraser
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Amrine DE, White BJ, Larson RL, Mosier DA. Pulmonary lesions and clinical disease response to Mannheimia haemolytica challenge 10 days following administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:311-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Amrine
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B. J. White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R. L. Larson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - D. A. Mosier
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Theurer ME, Anderson DE, White BJ, Miesner MD, Mosier DA, Coetzee JF, Lakritz J, Amrine DE. Effect of Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia on behavior and physiologic responses of calves during high ambient environmental temperatures1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3917-29. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Theurer
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - D. E. Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan 66506
| | - B. J. White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan 66506
| | - M. D. Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan 66506
| | - D. A. Mosier
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. F. Coetzee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - D. E. Amrine
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Amrine DE, White BJ, Larson R, Anderson DE, Mosier DA, Cernicchiaro N. Precision and accuracy of clinical illness scores, compared with pulmonary consolidation scores, in Holstein calves with experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:310-5. [PMID: 23363359 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the precision of a clinical illness score (CIS) system for identification of clinical signs in calves with experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia and to evaluate the accuracy of CISs in relation to pulmonary consolidation scores assigned at necropsy. ANIMALS 178 Holstein bull calves that were 52 to 91 days of age at the time of pneumonia induction. PROCEDURES 5 trials involved calves challenged with M bovis and scheduled for euthanasia and necropsy 12 to 24 days afterward. Nine veterinarian observers with various degrees of experience simultaneously assigned CISs to calves within 48 hours before necropsy. The precision of the CIS system among observers was evaluated via the Cohen κ statistic. The accuracy of each observer's CISs relative to 6 cutoffs (≥ 5%, ≥ 10%, ≥ 15%, ≥ 20%, ≥ 25%, and ≥ 30%) of percentage pulmonary consolidation was determined by comparing prenecropsy CISs with the gross pulmonary consolidation scores assigned at necropsy. Estimates for sensitivity and specificity were calculated relative to the 6 pulmonary consolidation cutoffs. RESULTS A slight level of agreement was evident among observers (κ range, 0.10 to 0.21 for the individual trials) and overall (κ = 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.24). Median sensitivity and specificity changed with pulmonary consolidation score cutoff. Median sensitivity for all observers ranged from 81.7% to 98.9%, and median specificity ranged from 80.8% to 94.9% over all cutoff values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Agreement among observers assigning CISs to calves was low; the accuracy of the CIS system in relation to that of pulmonary consolidation scoring varied with the severity of consolidation considered to represent bovine respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Amrine
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Doyle MP, Loneragan GH, Scott HM, Singer RS. Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Doyle
- Center for Food Safety; The Univ. of Georgia; 1109 Experiment St. Griffin; GA 30223; USA
| | - Guy H. Loneragan
- Intl. Center for Food Industry Excellence; Texas Tech Univ., Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences; P.O. Box 42141; Lubbock; TX 79409; U.S.A
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology; Kansas State Univ.; 332 Coles Hall; Manhattan; KS 66506; USA
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Univ. of Minnesota; 1971 Commonwealth Ave.; St. Paul; MN 55108; USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
White BJ, Anderson DE, Renter DG, Larson RL, Mosier DA, Kelly LL, Theurer ME, Robért BD, Walz ML. Clinical, behavioral, and pulmonary changes in calves following inoculation withMycoplasma bovis. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:490-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.4.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Risk factors for death and unwanted early slaughter in Swiss veal calves kept at a specific animal welfare standard. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
40
|
Cross protection of a Mannheimia haemolytica A1 Lkt-/Pasteurella multocida ΔhyaE bovine respiratory disease vaccine against experimental challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica A6 in calves. Vaccine 2012; 30:2320-8. [PMID: 22306859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease causes significant economic losses in both beef and dairy calf industries. Although multi-factorial in nature, the disease is characterized by an acute fibrinous lobar pneumonia typically associated with the isolation of Mannheimia haemolytica. M. haemolytica A1 and A6 are the two most commonly isolated serotypes from cattle, however, the majority of vaccines have not demonstrated cross-serotype protection. In the current study, the efficacy of a novel, attenuated live vaccine, containing both M. haemolytica serotype A1 and Pasteurella multocida, was evaluated in calves challenged with M. haemolytica serotype A6. Although the challenge was more severe than expected, vaccinated calves had reduced clinical scores, lower mortality, and significantly lower lung lesion scores compared to the placebo-vaccinated control group. The results demonstrate that vaccination with an attenuated live vaccine containing M. haemolytica serotype A1 can protect calves against clinical disease following challenge with M. haemolytica serotype A6.
Collapse
|
41
|
Lamm CG, Love BC, Krehbiel CR, Johnson NJ, Step DL. Comparison of antemortem antimicrobial treatment regimens to antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of postmortem lung isolates from feedlot cattle with bronchopneumonia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:277-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711428149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study was performed to compare the treatment regimens in feedlot cattle that died with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the microorganisms isolated from lungs. Forty-three cattle submitted by the Willard Sparks Beef Research Center (WSBRC) to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for postmortem examination during 2007 had bronchopneumonia (acute = 16, subacute = 5, or chronic = 22). Lungs from cattle were cultured aerobically (40 cattle) and for Mycoplasma spp. (34 cattle). Susceptibility panels were performed. At least 1 BRD pathogen ( Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, or Arcanobacterium pyogenes) was isolated from 39 cattle, and 77% (30/39) had multiple organisms recovered. Mycoplasmal infections were common (25/34) and a major component of mixed infections (24/25). The majority (60%) of the M. haemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Most of the H. somni isolates (67%) were susceptible to tilmicosin (Ti), enrofloxacin (En), ceftiofur (Ce), and florfenicol, despite extensive treatment with Ti, En, and Ce (75% of isolates were from cattle that received each antimicrobial once). Most of the M. haemolytica (65%) and P. multocida (79%) isolates were susceptible to En and Ce, despite antemortem treatment of cattle with these antimicrobials. Hence, the current study reports a discrepancy between the antemortem treatment of clinical BRD and the susceptibility patterns of the bacteria isolated from lungs postmortem. Based on these findings, factors other than antimicrobial resistance are playing a role in the death of feedlot cattle with BRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G. Lamm
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (Lamm)
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Love), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Department of Animal Science (Krehbiel), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences (Johnson, Step), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Brenda C. Love
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (Lamm)
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Love), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Department of Animal Science (Krehbiel), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences (Johnson, Step), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Clint R. Krehbiel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (Lamm)
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Love), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Department of Animal Science (Krehbiel), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences (Johnson, Step), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Nicholas J. Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (Lamm)
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Love), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Department of Animal Science (Krehbiel), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences (Johnson, Step), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Douglas L. Step
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (Lamm)
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Love), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Department of Animal Science (Krehbiel), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences (Johnson, Step), Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lorenz I, Earley B, Gilmore J, Hogan I, Kennedy E, More SJ. Calf health from birth to weaning. III. housing and management of calf pneumonia. Ir Vet J 2011; 64:14. [PMID: 22018053 PMCID: PMC3220626 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-64-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. A three part review series has been developed focusing on calf health from birth to weaning. In this paper, the last of the three part series, we review disease prevention and management with particular reference to pneumonia, focusing primarily on the pre-weaned calf. Pneumonia in recently weaned suckler calves is also considered, where the key risk factors are related to the time of weaning. Weaning of the suckler calf is often combined with additional stressors including a change in nutrition, environmental change, transport and painful husbandry procedures (castration, dehorning). The reduction of the cumulative effects of these multiple stressors around the time of weaning together with vaccination programmes (preconditioning) can reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality in the feedlot. In most studies, calves housed individually and calves housed outdoors with shelter, are associated with decreased risk of disease. Even though it poses greater management challenges, successful group housing of calves is possible. Special emphasis should be given to equal age groups and to keeping groups stable once they are formed. The management of pneumonia in calves is reliant on a sound understanding of aetiology, relevant risk factors, and of effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Early signs of pneumonia include increased respiratory rate and fever, followed by depression. The single most important factor determining the success of therapy in calves with pneumonia is early onset of treatment, and subsequent adequate duration of treatment. The efficacy and economical viability of vaccination against respiratory disease in calves remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lorenz
- Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - John Gilmore
- Emlagh Lodge Veterinary Centre, Elphin, Co. Roscommon, Ireland
| | - Ian Hogan
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by the bacterial pathogens discussed in this article is the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality of the BRDC. Most of these infectious bacteria are not capable of inducing significant disease without the presence of other predisposing environmental factors, physiologic stressors, or concurrent infections. Mannheimia haemolytica is the most common and serious of these bacterial agents and is therefore also the most highly characterized. There are other important bacterial pathogens of BRD, such as Pasteurella multocida, Histophulus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Mixed infections with these organisms do occur. These pathogens have unique and common virulence factors but the resulting pneumonic lesions may be similar. Although the amount and quality of research associated with BRD has increased, vaccination and therapeutic practices are not fully successful. A greater understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the infecting bacteria and pathogenesis of pneumonia, as well as the characteristics of the organisms that allow tissue persistence, may lead to improved management, therapeutics, and vaccines.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ferrari S, Piccinini R, Silva M, Exadaktylos V, Berckmans D, Guarino M. Cough sound description in relation to respiratory diseases in dairy calves. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:276-80. [PMID: 20633937 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cough can be a biomarker in case of respiratory diseases. By monitoring and analyzing cough sounds through automatic devices, the farmer can obtain an early warning about a developing outbreak of respiratory infections. Cough sounds can be characterized by particular acoustic features (amplitude, frequency and duration) that are obtained by sound recording, labeling and analytic procedures. Based on these features, it might be possible to develop an automated cough recognition system. The aim of the study described in this paper is to investigate whether it is possible to discriminate cough sounds from other frequently occurring sounds in youngstock stables. Nasal swabs and blood were taken to identify the microbiological agents responsible for the respiratory problems. The collected cough sounds were compared to metal rack sounds, which are very common sounds in cattle farming, to identify acoustic differences between them. Results show that the length of cough sounds was significantly different from metal rack sounds (0.34 versus 0.37 s, P<0.05). Also, the analysis of amplitude and fundamental frequency showed significant differences between both types of sounds (resp. 0.21 and 0.18; 1326 and 3868 HZ). This indicates that it is possible discriminate cough sounds from other sounds and that cough sound can be used as a non-invasively diagnostic tool for respiratory diseases in youngstock groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Griffin D. Bovine pasteurellosis and other bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26:57-71, table of contents. [PMID: 20117542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite technological, biologic, and pharmacologic advances the bacterial component of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex continues to have a major adverse effect on the health and wellbeing of stocker and feeder cattle. Overlooked in this disappointing assessment is evaluation of the effects that working with younger, lighter-weight cattle have on managing the bacterial component of the BRD complex. Most problems associated with BRD come from cattle taken from and comingled with cattle operations that have inconsistent or nonexistent cattle health management. This article reviews the biologic, clinical, and management aspects of Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, primarily as related to current production management considerations of stocker and feeder cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dee Griffin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska, Clay Center, NE 68933-0148, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hanzlicek GA, White BJ, Mosier D, Renter DG, Anderson DE. Serial evaluation of physiologic, pathological, and behavioral changes related to disease progression of experimentally inducedMannheimia haemolyticapneumonia in postweaned calves. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:359-69. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
47
|
White TL, Moore DA. Reasons for whole carcass condemnations of cattle in the United States and implications for producer education and veterinary intervention. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:937-41. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.8.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|