Intracellular regulation of TNF activity in health and disease

Mediation analysis for TNF-α as a mediator between multiple metal exposure and kidney function

The association between metal mixtures and kidney function has been reported. However, reports on the mechanism of metal toxicity were limited. Oxidative stress was reported as a possible cause. This study aimed to determine the association between of kidney function and metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), and to explore the possible mediating role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) between metal toxicity and kidney function. In this study, we recruited 421 adults from a health examination. The concentration of blood metals was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We used linear regression models to assess the association between metals and TNF-α. Then, mediation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between metal exposure, TNF-α, and kidney function. In univariate linear regression, blood As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn levels significantly increased TNF-α and decreased kidney function. Higher blood As and Pb levels significantly increased TNF-α in multivariable linear regressions after adjusting for covariates. We found that blood levels of As (coefficients = -0.021, p = 0.011), Pb (coefficients = -0.060, p < 0.001), and Zn (coefficients = -0.230, p < 0.001) showed a significant negative association with eGFR in the multiple-metal model. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that TNF-α mediated 41.7 %, 38.8 %, and 20.8 % of blood Cd, As and Pb, respectively. Among the essential elements, TNF-α mediated 24.5 %, 21.5 % and 19.9 % in the effects of blood Co, Cu, and Zn on kidney function, respectively. TNF-α, acting as a mediator, accounted for 20.1 % of the contribution between the WQS score of metal mixtures and the eGFR (p < 0.001). This study suggested that TNF-α may be a persuasive pathway mediating the association between metals and kidney function. Inflammation and kidney injury could be the underlying mechanisms of metal exposure. However, there is still a need to clarify the biochemical mechanism in follow-up studies.

LncRNA018392 promotes the proliferation of Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts by upregulating CSF1R through binding to SPI1

BACKGROUND

Liaoning cashmere goat is recognized as a valuable genetic resource breed, with restrictions on genetic outflow in China. Hair follicle development in the cashmere goat is influenced by melatonin and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). However, the role of lncRNAs in facilitating melatonin-promoted cashmere growth remains poorly understood. Previous studies have identified a new lncRNA, lncRNA018392, which is involved in the melatonin-promoted proliferation of cashmere skin fibroblasts.

METHOD

Flow cytometry and CCK-8 assays confirmed that silencing lncRNA018392 negates the effects of melatonin on cell proliferation, and that proliferation was reduced when the gene CSF1R, located near lncRNA018392, was inhibited. Further investigation using a dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that lncRNA018392 could positively regulate the promoter of CSF1R.

RESULTS

Results from RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) revealed that lncRNA018392 interacts with the transcription factor SPI1, with CSF1R being a downstream target gene regulated by SPI1. This interaction was confirmed by ChIP-PCR, which demonstrated SPI1's binding to CSF1R.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that the melatonin-responsive lncRNA018392 accelerates the cell cycle and promotes cell proliferation by recruiting SPI1 to upregulate the expression of the neighboring gene CSF1R. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cashmere growth and for the molecular breeding of cashmere goats.

Sex effects on DNA methylation affect discovery in epigenome-wide association study of schizophrenia

Sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia are well-known; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. Further, the potential advantages of sex-stratified meta-analyses of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of schizophrenia have not been investigated. Here, we performed sex-stratified EWAS meta-analyses to investigate whether sex stratification improves discovery, and to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in schizophrenia. Peripheral blood-derived DNA methylation data from 1519 cases of schizophrenia (male n = 989, female n = 530) and 1723 controls (male n = 997, female n = 726) from three publicly available datasets, and the TOP cohort were meta-analyzed to compare sex-specific, sex-stratified, and sex-adjusted EWAS. The predictive power of each model was assessed by polymethylation score (PMS). The number of schizophrenia-associated differentially methylated positions identified was higher for the sex-stratified model than for the sex-adjusted one. We identified 20 schizophrenia-associated DMRs in the sex-stratified analysis. PMS from sex-stratified analysis outperformed that from sex-adjusted analysis in predicting schizophrenia. Notably, PMSs from the sex-stratified and female-only analyses, but not those from sex-adjusted or the male-only analyses, significantly predicted schizophrenia in males. The findings suggest that sex-stratified EWAS meta-analyses improve the identification of schizophrenia-associated epigenetic changes and highlight an interaction between sex and schizophrenia status on DNA methylation. Sex-specific DNA methylation may have potential implications for precision psychiatry and the development of stratified treatments for schizophrenia.

Myrrh Essential Oil Improves DSS-Induced Colitis by Modulating the MAPK Signaling Pathway: In vitro and in vivo Studies

Objective

To explore the mechanism and active components of the anti-colitis effects of myrrh essential oil (MEO).

Methods

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms of MEO on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis with in vitro cell experiments, RNA-seq (RNA Sequencing), Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), combined with "weighting coefficient" network pharmacology, as and in vivo pharmacodynamic experiments. A 3% DSS solution was used to induce colitis in BALB/c mice and MEO was administered orally. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the MEO components. The disease activity index (DAI) was evaluated by observing body weight, fecal characteristics, and blood in the stool of mice. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) in mouse serum were measured using ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits. Additionally, the expression of MAPK-related proteins (JNK, p-JNK, ERK, and p-ERK) in mouse colonic tissues was detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results

MEO (0.0625-0.125µg/g, p.o). significantly inhibited the expression of the inflammatory mediator Nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. After treatment, there was a significant increase in body weight and alleviation of diarrhea and bloody stools in colitis mice. It also reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, it decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and reduced the activity of p-JNK and p-ERK in the MAPK pathway.

Conclusion

MEO relieved DSS-induced colitis by modulating the MAPK pathway. The experimental results indicate that the MAPK pathway might be inhibited by the synergistic effect of gamma-Muurolene, Curzerene, beta-Elemene, and Furanoeudesma 1.3-diene in MEO, which provides a novel idea for subsequent research and development of new anti-colitis drugs.

The ability of microRNAs to regulate the immune response in ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory pathways

MicroRNAs play a crucial role in regulating the immune responses induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Through their ability to modulate gene expression, microRNAs adjust immune responses by targeting specific genes and signaling pathways. This review focuses on the impact of microRNAs on the inflammatory pathways triggered during ischemia/reperfusion injury and highlights their ability to modulate inflammation, playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs contributes to the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury, therefore targeting specific microRNAs offers an opportunity to restore immune homeostasis and improve patient outcomes. Understanding the complex network of immunoregulatory microRNAs could provide novel therapeutic interventions aimed at attenuating excessive inflammation and preserving tissue integrity.

Naringin as a natural candidate for anti-autoimmune hepatitis: Inhibitory potency and hepatoprotective mechanism

BACKGROUND

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primarily mediated by T cells, is characterized by liver inflammation. Despite the advancements in understanding its pathogenesis, effective therapeutic options are limited. Naringin, a flavonoid abundant in citrus fruits, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to protect against various inflammatory diseases, including drug-induced liver injury. However, the exact effects of naringin on AIH and the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood.

PURPOSE

We aim to determine the role of naringin in AIH, exploring its targets and actions in this disease.

METHODS

Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to predict the HUB targets connecting naringin, T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders, and AIH. Cellular thermal shift assays were used to determine the binding abilities of naringin with the HUB targets. An in vivo experiment confirmed the impact of naringin treatment on AIH development and underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

Naringin demonstrated therapeutic effects on ConA-induced AIH. There were 455 shared targets between naringin, T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and AIH. Ten HUB genes (AKT1, ALB, IL-6, IL-1β, CTNNB1, TNF, TP53, MAPK3, VEGFA, and JUN) were identified through the PPI network. Gene ontology analysis revealed involvement in gene expression regulation, lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling, and I-kappa kinase/NFκB signaling. Pathway analysis suggested TNF, Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, and Toll-like receptor pathways, with favorable naringin-HUB gene binding. Molecular docking confirmed albumin (ALB), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF as primary targets for naringin. Molecular dynamics simulations showed stable binding in ALB-naringin, TNF-naringin, and IL-1β-naringin complexes. Naringin's hepatoprotective effect on AIH was supported by increased serum ALB and decreased hepatic inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

CONCLUSION

Our data underscore the potential of naringin as a preventive or therapeutical agent in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases including AIH.

Xiaoer niuhuang qingxin powder alleviates influenza a virus infection by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xiaoer Niuhuang Qingxin Powder (XNQP) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula with significant clinical efficacy for treating febrile convulsions and influenza.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the potential mechanisms of XNQP in combating combating the influenza A virus, providing a theoretical basis for its clinical application.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation employed network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis to determine the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway as a viable target for XNQP intervention in IAV infection.Subsequently, a mouse model of influenza A virus infection was established, and different doses of XNQP were used for intervention. The protein expression levels of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB were detected using HE staining, Elisa, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blot.

RESULTS

The results showed that treatment with XNQP after IAV infection reduced the mortality and prolonged the survival time of infected mice. It reduced the release of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum and alleviated pathological damage in the lung tissue following infection. Additionally, the levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and p-NF-κB P65 proteins were significantly reduced in lung tissue by XNQP. The inhibitory effect of XNQP on the expression of MyD88 and NF-κB was antagonized when TLR4 signaling was overexpressed. Consequently, the expression levels of MyD88, NF-κB, and p-NF-κB P65 were increased in lung tissue. Conversely, the expression levels of the proteins MyD88, NF-κB, and p-NF-κB P65 were downregulated when TLR4 signaling was inhibited.

CONCLUSIONS

XNQP alleviated lung pathological changes, reduced serum levels of inflammatory factors, reduced mortality, and prolonged survival time in mice by inhibiting the overexpression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in lung tissues after IAV infection.

Evaluation of Cross-Talk and Alleviate Potential of Cytotoxic Factors Induced by Deoxynivalenol in IPEC-J2 Cells Interference with Curcumin

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum, and curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in turmeric. However, the combined treatment of CUR and DON to explore the mitigating effect of CUR on DON and their combined mechanism of action is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we established four treatment groups (CON, CUR, DON and CUR + DON) to investigate their mechanism in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). In addition, the cross-talk and alleviating potential of CUR interfering with DON-induced cytotoxic factors were evaluated by in vitro experiments; the results showed that CUR could effectively inhibit DON-exposed activated TNF-α/NF-κB pathway, attenuate DON-induced apoptosis, and alleviate DON-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress through PERK/CHOP pathways, which were verified at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these promising findings may contribute to the future use of CUR as a novel feed additive to protect livestock from the harmful effects of DON.

Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN2 Alleviates Influenza Virus Infection by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Enhancing Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production

Influenza, a severe respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, has long been a prominent threat to human health. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that oral administration with probiotics may increase the immune response to lung infection via the gut-lung axis leading to the alleviation of the pulmonary disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oral administration of Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN2 (MIANGUAN2) on influenza infection in a mouse model. Our results showed that oral administration of MIANGUAN2 significantly improved weight loss, lung index, and lung pathology, and decreased lung viral load of influenza-infected mice. Additionally, MIANGUAN2-treated mice showed significantly lower levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-12p70 and higher production of IL-4 in the lung. In accordance with this, the transcriptome analysis of the lung indicated that MIANGUAN2-treated mice had reduced expression of inflammation markers, such as TNF, apoptosis, and the NF-Kappa B pathway. Furthermore, the administration of MIANGUAN2 restored the SCFAs profiles through regulating the gut microbiota. SCFA-producing bacteria, such as p_Firmicutes, f_Lachnospiraceae, and f_Ruminococcaceae, were enriched in the MIANGUAN2-treated group compared with PBS-treated group. Consistently, the concentrations of SCFAs in the MIANGUAN2 group were significantly higher than those in the PBS-treated group. In addition, the concentrations of SCFAs were positively correlated with SCFA-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, while being negatively correlated with the virial titers and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, this animal study suggests that Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN2 may alleviate the influenza infection by altering the gut microbiota composition and increasing the levels of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs.

Exploring the potential mechanisms of Danshen against COVID-19 via network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking

Danshen, a prominent herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is known for its potential to enhance physiological functions such as blood circulation, immune response, and resolve blood stasis. Despite the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination efforts, some individuals still face severe complications post-infection, including pulmonary fibrosis, myocarditis arrhythmias and stroke. This study employs a network pharmacology and molecular docking approach to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of candidate components and targets from Danshen in the treatment of complications in COVID-19. Candidate components and targets from Danshen were extracted from the TCMSP Database, while COVID-19-related targets were obtained from Genecards. Venn diagram analysis identified common targets. A Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network and gene enrichment analysis elucidated potential therapeutic mechanisms. Molecular docking evaluated interactions between core targets and candidate components, followed by molecular dynamics simulations to assess stability. We identified 59 potential candidate components and 123 targets in Danshen for COVID-19 treatment. PPI analysis revealed 12 core targets, and gene enrichment analysis highlighted modulated pathways. Molecular docking showed favorable interactions, with molecular dynamics simulations indicating high stability of key complexes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves validated the docking protocol. Our study unveils candidate compounds, core targets, and molecular mechanisms of Danshen in COVID-19 treatment. These findings provide a scientific foundation for further research and potential development of therapeutic drugs.

RyR2 Stabilizer Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Downregulating TNF-α/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway through Inhibiting Calcineurin

The effect of Ryanodine receptor2 (RyR2) and its stabilizer on cardiac hypertrophy is not well known. C57/BL6 mice underwent transverse aortic contraction (TAC) or sham surgery were administered dantrolene, the RyR2 stabilizer, or control drug. Dantrolene significantly alleviated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice, and RNA sequencing was performed implying calcineurin/NFAT3 and TNF-α/NF-κB/NLRP3 as critical signaling pathways. Further expression analysis and Western blot with heart tissue as well as neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (NRCM) model confirmed dantrolene decreases the activation of calcineurin/NFAT3 signaling pathway and TNF-α/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, which was similar to FK506 and might be attenuated by calcineurin overexpression. The present study shows for the first time that RyR2 stabilizer dantrolene attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the calcineurin, therefore downregulating the TNF-α/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.

Targeting the TNF/IAP pathway synergizes with anti-CD3 immunotherapy in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

ABSTRACT

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy. Current treatments, based on intensive chemotherapy regimens provide overall survival rates of ∼85% in children and <50% in adults, calling the search of new therapeutic options. We previously reported that targeting the T-cell receptor (TCR) in T-ALL with anti-CD3 (αCD3) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) enforces a molecular program akin to thymic negative selection, a major developmental checkpoint in normal T-cell development; induces leukemic cell death; and impairs leukemia progression to ultimately improve host survival. However, αCD3 monotherapy resulted in relapse. To find out actionable targets able to re-enforce leukemic cells' vulnerability to αCD3 mAbs, including the clinically relevant teplizumab, we identified the molecular program induced by αCD3 mAbs in patient-derived xenografts derived from T-ALL cases. Using large-scale transcriptomic analysis, we found prominent expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), lymphotoxin α (LTα), and multiple components of the "TNFα via NF-κB signaling" pathway in anti-CD3-treated T-ALL. We show in vivo that etanercept, a sink for TNFα/LTα, enhances αCD3 antileukemic properties, indicating that TNF/TNF receptor (TNFR) survival pathways interferes with TCR-induced leukemic cell death. However, suppression of TNF-mediated survival and switch to TNFR-mediated cell death through inhibition of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1/2 (cIAP1/2) with the second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetic birinapant synergizes with αCD3 to impair leukemia expansion in a receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1-dependent manner and improve mice survival. Thus, our results advocate the use of either TNFα/LTα inhibitors, or birinapant/other SMAC mimetics to improve anti-CD3 immunotherapy in T-ALL.

Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology study on the mechanism of herbal pair of danggui-kushen for treating ischemia heart disease

DangGui-KuShen (DK) is a well-known classic traditional Chinese medicine recipe that improves blood circulation, eliminates moisture, and detoxifies, and is frequently used in the treatment of cardiovascular problems. Some protective effects of DK on cardiovascular disease have previously been identified, but its precise mechanism remains unknown. The goal of this study is to combine metabolomics and network pharmacology to investigate DK's protective mechanism in Ischemic Heart Disease(IHD) rat models. A combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology was used in this study to verify the effect of DK on IHD through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HE staining, and electrocardiogram, and it was determined that DK improves the synergistic mechanism of IHD. In total, 22 serum differential metabolites and 26 urine differential metabolites were discovered, with the majority of them involved in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Furthermore, using network pharmacology, a composite target pathway network of DangGui and KuShen for treating IHD was created, which is primarily associated to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, P53 signaling, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. The combined research indicated that the NF-B signaling pathway and the HIF-1 signaling pathway are critical in DK treatment of IHD. This study clearly confirms and expands on current knowledge of the synergistic effects of DG and KS in IHD.

Signaling controversy and future therapeutical perspectives of targeting sphingolipid network in cancer immune editing and resistance to tumor necrosis factor-α immunotherapy

Anticancer immune surveillance and immunotherapies trigger activation of cytotoxic cytokine signaling, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathways. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α may be secreted by stromal cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and by cancer cells, indicating a prominent role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, tumors manage to adapt, escape immune surveillance, and ultimately develop resistance to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α. The mechanisms by which cancer cells evade host immunity is a central topic of current cancer research. Resistance to TNF-α is mediated by diverse molecular mechanisms, such as mutation or downregulation of TNF/TRAIL receptors, as well as activation of anti-apoptotic enzymes and transcription factors. TNF-α signaling is also mediated by sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2), which are responsible for synthesis of the growth-stimulating phospholipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Multiple studies have demonstrated the crucial role of S1P and its transmembrane receptors (S1PR) in both the regulation of inflammatory responses and progression of cancer. Considering that the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis mediates cancer resistance, this sphingolipid signaling pathway is of mechanistic significance when considering immunotherapy-resistant malignancies. However, the exact mechanism by which sphingolipids contribute to the evasion of immune surveillance and abrogation of TNF-α-induced apoptosis remains largely unclear. This study reviews mechanisms of TNF-α-resistance in cancer cells, with emphasis on the pro-survival and immunomodulatory effects of sphingolipids. Inhibition of SphK/S1P-linked pro-survival branch may facilitate reactivation of the pro-apoptotic TNF superfamily effects, although the role of SphK/S1P inhibitors in the regulation of the TME and lymphocyte trafficking should be thoroughly assessed in future studies.

The effect of indoor air filtration on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Improvement of indoor air quality is beneficial for human health. However, previous studies have not reached consistent conclusions regarding the effects of indoor air filtration on inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the relationship between indoor air filtration and inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. We conducted an electronic search that evaluated the association of indoor air filtration with biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in five databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus) from the beginning to April 23, 2023. Outcomes included the following markers: interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandinF2α (8-isoPGF2α). We extracted data from the included studies according to the system evaluation and the preferred reporting item for meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess bias risk. Our meta-analysis included 15 studies with 678 participants to assess the combined effect size. The meta-analysis demonstrated that indoor air filtration could have a marked reduction in IL-6 (SMD: -0.275, 95% CI: -0.545 to -0.005, p = 0.046) but had no significant effect on other markers of inflammation or oxidative stress. Subgroup analysis results demonstrated a significant reduction in 8-OHdG levels in the subgroup with < 1 day of duration (SMD: -0.916, 95% CI: -1.513 to -0.320; p = 0.003) and using filtrete air filter (SMD: -5.530, 95% CI: -5.962 to -5.099; p < 0.001). Our meta-analysis results depicted that indoor air filtration can significantly reduce levels of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Considering the adverse effects of air pollution on human health, our study provides powerful evidence for applying indoor air filtration to heavy atmospheric pollution.

Alginate Oligosaccharide Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response of Rumen Epithelial Cells through NF-κB Signaling Pathway

AOS alleviates inflammatory responses; however, whether it exerts an effect on the rumen or regulates rumen inflammatory reaction remains unknown. In this study, firstly, the ovine ruminal epithelial cells (ORECs) were treated with 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 µg/mL AOS, hoping to explore whether AOS hurt cell health. The results showed that compared with the AOS-0 group, the AOS-400 group could significantly increase (p < 0.05) cell viability, reduce (p < 0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin (IL)-6 content, and have no adverse effect on cells. Secondly, we used LPS to construct an in vitro inflammatory model of rumen epithelial cells and then explored the protective role of AOS on rumen epithelial cells. The study was divided into three groups: the control group (CON), LPS, and LPS + AOS. The results demonstrated that the LPS + AOS group significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the ROS level in comparison with the LPS group (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with AOS also repressed (p < 0.05) the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A from ORECs in the culture medium following LPS. In terms of tight junction (TJ) proteins, AOS treatment also significantly increased (p < 0.05) the zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and Occludin expression. The apoptosis rate, Caspase3, Caspase9, BAD, and BCL-2/BAX were decreased (p < 0.05) after AOS treatment, and the expression of BCL-2 was increased (p < 0.05). In addition, the expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were inhibited (p < 0.05) with the addition of AOS. At the protein level, pretreatment of AOS decreased (p < 0.05) the expression of MyD88 and the phosphorylation level of inhibitor κB α (IκBα) after the LPS challenge. Taken together, our results indicated that AOS could alleviate the LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response of rumen epithelial cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway, which may be a promising strategy for treating apoptosis and inflammation in sheep breeding.

Exploring the mechanism of action of Shuangyang houbitong granules in the treatment of acute pharyngitis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

BACKGROUND

Acute pharyngitis (AP) refers to the acute inflammation of the pharynx, characterized by swelling and pain in the throat. Shuangyang houbitong granules (SHG), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, have been found to be effective in providing relief from symptoms associated with AP.

METHODS

The chemical components of SHG were screened using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, HERB database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The targets of the granules were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction database. A network was constructed based on the targets of AP obtained from Genecards database, and protein-protein interaction analysis was performed on the intersection targets using STRING database. Key targets were screened for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, and the binding activity of components and targets was predicted using AutoDockTools-1.5.7.

RESULTS

A total of 65 components of SHG that met the screening criteria were retrieved, resulting in 867 corresponding targets. Additionally, 1086 AP target genes were retrieved, and 272 gene targets were obtained from the intersection as potential targets for SHG in the treatment of AP. Molecular docking results showed that the core components genkwanin, acacetin, apigenin, quercetin can stably bind to the core targets glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, serine/threonine protein kinase, tumor protein 53, and epidermal growth factor receptor.

CONCLUSION

The research results preliminarily predict and verify the mechanism of action of SHG in the treatment of AP, providing insights for further in-depth research.

Mangiferin, a Potential Supplement to Improve Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Future Opportunities

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a considerable clinical and public health burden worldwide. Mangiferin (MF), a flavonoid compound present in diverse species such as mango (Mangifera indica L.), papaya (Pseudocydonia sinensis (Thouin) C. K. Schneid.), zhimu (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge), and honeybush tea (Cyclopia genistoides), boasts a broad array of pharmacological effects. It holds promising uses in nutritionally and functionally targeted foods, particularly concerning MetS treatment. It is therefore pivotal to systematically investigate MF's therapeutic mechanism for MetS and its applications in food and pharmaceutical sectors. This review, with the aid of a network pharmacology approach complemented by this experimental studies, unravels possible mechanisms underlying MF's MetS treatment. Network pharmacology results suggest that MF treats MetS effectively through promoting insulin secretion, targeting obesity and inflammation, alleviating insulin resistance (IR), and mainly operating via the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-[Formula: see text]B), microtubule-associated protein kinase (MAPK), and oxidative stress signaling pathways while repairing damaged insulin signaling. These insights provide a comprehensive framework to understand MF's potential mechanisms in treating MetS. These, however, warrant further experimental validation. Moreover, molecular docking techniques confirmed the plausibility of the predicted outcomes. Hereafter, these findings might form the theoretical bedrock for prospective research into MF's therapeutic potential in MetS therapy.

Value of the NF-κB signalling pathway and the DNA repair gene PARP1 in predicting distant metastasis after breast cancer surgery

The DNA repair gene PARP1 and NF-κB signalling pathway affect the metastasis of breast cancer by influencing the drug resistance of cancer cells. Therefore, this study focused on the value of the DNA repair gene PARP1 and NF-κB pathway proteins in predicting the postoperative metastasis of breast cancer. A nested case‒control study was performed. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of these genes in patients. ROC curves were used to analyse the predictive effect of these factors on distant metastasis. The COX model was used to evaluate the effects of PARP1 and TNF-α on distant metastasis. The results showed that the expression levels of PARP1, IKKβ, p50, p65 and TNF-α were significantly increased in the metastasis group (P < 0.001). PARP1 was correlated with IKKβ, p50, p65 and TNF-α proteins (P < 0.001). There was a correlation between IKKβ, p50, p65 and TNF-α proteins (P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis showed that immunohistochemical scores for PARP1 of > 6, IKKβ of > 4, p65 of > 4, p50 of > 2, and TNF-α of > 4 had value in predicting distant metastasis (SePARP1 = 78.35%, SpPARP1 = 79.38%, AUCPARP1 = 0.843; Sep50 = 64.95%, Spp50 = 70.10%, AUCp50 = 0.709; SeTNF-α = 60.82%, SpTNF-α = 69.07%, AUCTNF-α = 0.6884). Cox regression analysis showed that high expression levels of PARP1 and TNF-α were a risk factor for distant metastasis after breast cancer surgery (RRPARP1 = 4.092, 95% CI 2.475-6.766, P < 0.001; RRTNF-α = 1.825, 95% CI 1.189-2.799, P = 0.006). Taken together, PARP1 > 6, p50 > 2, and TNF-α > 4 have a certain value in predicting breast cancer metastasis, and the predictive value is better when they are combined for diagnosis (Secombine = 97.94%, Spcombine = 71.13%).

Developmental Toxicity of PEDOT:PSS in Zebrafish: Effects on Morphology, Cardiac Function, and Intestinal Health

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a conductive polymer commonly used in various technological applications. However, its impact on aquatic ecosystems remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the toxicity effects of PEDOT:PSS on zebrafish. We first determined the lethal concentration (LC50) of PEDOT:PSS in zebrafish and then exposed AB-type zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of PEDOT:PSS for 120 h. Our investigation elucidated the toxicity effects of zebrafish development, including morphological assessments, heart rate measurements, behavioral analysis, transcriptome profiling, and histopathological analysis. We discovered that PEDOT:PSS exhibited detrimental effects on the early developmental stages of zebrafish, exacerbating the oxidative stress level, suppressing zebrafish activity, impairing cardiac development, and causing intestinal cell damage. This study adds a new dimension to the developmental toxicity of PEDOT:PSS in zebrafish. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the ecological repercussions of PEDOT:PSS and highlight the importance of responsible development and application of novel materials in our rapidly evolving technological landscape.

Identification of immune-related regulatory networks and diagnostic biomarkers in thyroid eye disease

BACKGROUND

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an orbit-associated autoimmune inflammatory disorder intricately linked to immune dysregulation. Complete pathogenesis of TED remains elusive. This work aimed to mine pathogenesis of TED from immunological perspective and identify diagnostic genes.

METHODS

Gene expression microarray data for TED patients were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, immune-related genes (IRGs) were from ImmPort database, and TED-related transcription factors (TFs) were from Cirtrome Cancer database. Differential analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. Regulatory networks of TFs and IRGs were constructed with Cytoscape. Diagnostic biomarkers in TED were identified through LASSO. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed using CIBERSORT.

RESULTS

Twenty-three immune-related DEmRNAs were revealed and were primarily enriched in humoral immune response, positive regulation of inflammatory response, IL-17, and TNF pathways. Co-expression regulatory network included four TFs and 16 immune-related DEmRNAs. Seven diagnostic genes were identified, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.993 for training set and AUC value of 0.836 for validation set. TED patients exhibited elevated infiltration levels by macrophages M2, mast cells, and CD8 T cells among 22 immune cell types, whereas macrophages M2 and mast cells resting were significantly lower than normal group.

CONCLUSIONS

The seven feature genes had high diagnostic value for TED patients. Our work explored regulatory network and diagnostic biomarkers, laying theoretical basis for TED diagnosis and treatment.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the pulmonary inflammation induced by inhalation of subway fine particles

People generally take the subway and inevitably inhale the fine particles (PM2.5) on subway platforms. This study revealed whether and how subway PM2.5 causes lung inflammation. Herein, the pulmonary inflammatory response to subway PM2.5 was observed in mice, manifesting as the inflammatory cells infiltration and collagen deposition in tissue, inflammatory cytokine enhancement in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and Toll-like receptors signal pathway activation in the lungs. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing unearthed subway PM2.5-induced cell-specific responses in the lungs. Twenty immune subsets were identified by the molecular and functional properties. Specific cell populations of CD4+ T and γδ T cells were regarded as the predominant sources of pneumonitis induced by subway PM2.5. Moreover, we demonstrated that the lung inflammatory injury was significantly more attenuated in Rag1-/- mice lacking functional T cells and B cells than that in wild type mice. We proved the slight inflammation of lung tissue in Rag1-/- mice may be dependent on monocytes and neutrophils by activation of the intracellular molecular network. This is the first experimental study on subway PM2.5 causing pulmonary inflammatory damage. It will set an alarm for people who usually travel by subway and efficient measures to reduce PM2.5 should be developed in subway stations.

Cyclic stretch-induced exosomes from periodontal ligament cells promote osteoblasts osteogenic differentiation via the miR-181d-5p/TNF signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of cyclic stretch-induced periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) exosomes on osteoblast differentiation, and to explore their regulatory role in mechanical force-related periodontal tissue remodeling.

DESIGN

After applying 20 % cyclic stretch loading to PDLCs, exosomes were extracted from the supernatant and co-cultured with osteoblasts to detect their effects on osteogenic differentiation. Meanwhile, the exosomes were sequenced by high-throughput microRNA sequencing for bioinformatic analysis and validation to explore exosome signaling pathways through miRNAs.

RESULTS

Cyclic stretch-induced PDLC exosomes could be taken up by osteoblasts and promoted osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts, as demonstrated by the increased expression levels of osteogenesis-related factors and enhanced alkaline phosphatase (Alp) staining. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs between exosomes from cyclic stretch group and control group, miRNA-181d-5p was up-regulated significantly. The expression levels of osteogenesis-related factors and Alp staining were also increased in osteoblasts transfected with miR-181d-5p, and this effect might be related to the inhibitory role of exosomal miR-181d-5p on tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

CONCLUSIONS

Cyclic stretch-induced PDLC exosomes exhibited a promoting effect on osteogenic differentiation, which might result from the inhibition of TNF via exosomal miR-181d-5p.

Low-energy LED red light inhibits the NF-κB pathway and promotes hPDLSCs proliferation and osteogenesis in a TNF-α environment in vitro

There are few studies on the effect of low-energy LED red light on periodontal tissue regeneration in an inflammatory environment. In this study, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to detect the effects of TNF-α at three different concentrations (0, 10 ng/ml, and 20 ng/ml) on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), and 10 ng/ml was selected as the subsequent experimental stimulation concentration. CCK-8 assays were used to detect the effect of LED red light with energy density of 1 J/ cm2, 3 J/ cm2, and 5 J/cm2 on the proliferation of hPDLSCs. The promotion effect of energy density of 5 J/cm2 on the proliferation of hPDLSCS was the most obvious (p < 0.05). Set CON group, ODM group, ODM + 10 ng/ml TNF-α group, and ODM + 10 ng/ml TNF-α + 5 J/ cm2 LED red light group. Alkaline phosphatase staining and activity detection, alizarin red staining and calcium nodules quantitative detection of osteoblast differentiation products, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection of osteoblast gene expression (Runx2, Col-I, OPN, OCN). The results showed that ODM showed the strongest osteoblast ability, followed by ODM + 10 ng/ml TNF-α + 5 J/ cm2 LED red light group. The osteoblast ability of ODM + 10 ng/ml TNF-α was decreased, but was not found in CON group. Western blot was used to detect the expression of NF-κB pathway protein and osteoblast-related proteins (Runx2, Col-I, OPN, OCN) after addition of PDTC inhibitor. The results showed that the expression of p-IκBα was increased and the expression of IκBα was decreased (p < 0.05). The expression of osteoblast protein increased after the addition of inhibitor (p < 0.05). Therefore, in an inflammatory environment constructed by 10 ng/ml TNF-α, 5 J/cm2 LED red light can upregulate the proliferation and osteogenesis of hPDLSCs by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Modified Bovine Colostrum, Whey, and Their Combination with Other Natural Products: Effects on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Background

Many natural products have immunomodulatory properties. However, the mechanism of immunomodulatory activities are poorly understood.

Objectives

This study evaluated the influence of bovine colostrum products, a whey product, or their combinations with other natural products on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells' (PBMC) ability to produce cytokines upon activation.

Methods

PBMCs were pretreated with ultrafiltered colostrum, nano-filtered bovine colostrum, egg yolk extract, a botanical blend, colostrum + egg yolk extract, colostrum + egg yolk + botanical blend, and fermented whey and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or phytohemagglutinin. Cytokine production was measured by the Luminex assay.

Results

All study products demonstrated immunomodulatory properties by regulating cytokines production by activated PBMCs. Ultrafiltered colostrum alone displayed the highest immune stimulatory activity. It stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-activated PBMCs and suppressed cytokine production by phytohemagglutinin-activated cells. Other study products mainly suppressed cytokine release by both cell types. The immunomodulatory properties depended upon the dose of the products used in the study.

Conclusions

All tested products modulated innate and adaptive immune cell activities. Most of the products demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, except ultrafiltered colostrum, which stimulated the lipopolysaccharide-activated PBMC production of inflammatory cytokines. These products can be potentially used to support overall immune health.

Macrophage autophagy contributes to immune liver injury in trichloroethylene sensitized mice: Critical role of TNF-α mediating mTOR pathway

Trichloroethylene (TCE) induces occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis due to TCE (OMDT) with immune liver injury, and TNF-α plays an important role in macrophage polarization and liver injury. However, TNF-α regulating macrophage polarization in liver injury induced by TCE is still unknown. Thus, on the basis of our previous research, we established the TCE-sensitized BALB/c mouse model with R7050, a specific inhibitor of TNFR1. Then, we observed significant decreases in autophagy related protein and gene levels in M1 macrophage in TCE positive group, and R7050 can relieve M1 macrophage autophagy. We also found the phosphorylated form of mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) was activated and the expression of p-mTOR protein increased induce by TCE. In vitro, we found TNFR1 and CD11c were increased in RAW264.7 cell line with TNF-α. And then we use Zafirlukast (Zaf), an TNFR1 antagonist, CD11c and TNFR1 reduced significantly, we also found p-mTOR expression increased after TNF-α treatment, but decreased in TNF-α + Zaf group. Further, we used Rapamycin (RAP), a mTOR-specific inhibitor, to establish a TCE-sensitized mice model and found the expression levels of p62 and p-mTOR proteins increased and LC3B decreased in the TCE positive group, while RAP treatment reversed the trends of all of these proteins. Rapamycin prevented the TNF-α-induced p-mTOR increase and dramatically downregulated IL-1β expression in the RAW264.7 cell line with TNF-α treatment. The results uncover a novel role for TNF-α/TNFR1, which promotes M1 polarization of macrophage and suppresses macrophage autophagy via the mTOR pathway.

Associative gene networks reveal novel candidates important for ADHD and dyslexia comorbidity

BACKGROUND

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with developmental dyslexia (DD), which are both prevalent and complicated pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders that have a significant influence on children's learning and development. Clinically, the comorbidity incidence of DD and ADHD is between 25 and 48%. Children with DD and ADHD may have more severe cognitive deficiencies, a poorer level of schooling, and a higher risk of social and emotional management disorders. Furthermore, patients with this comorbidity are frequently treated for a single condition in clinical settings, and the therapeutic outcome is poor. The development of effective treatment approaches against these diseases is complicated by their comorbidity features. This is often a major problem in diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we developed bioinformatical methodology for the analysis of the comorbidity of these two diseases. As such, the search for candidate genes related to the comorbid conditions of ADHD and DD can help in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the comorbid condition, and can also be useful for genotyping and identifying new drug targets.

RESULTS

Using the ANDSystem tool, the reconstruction and analysis of gene networks associated with ADHD and dyslexia was carried out. The gene network of ADHD included 599 genes/proteins and 148,978 interactions, while that of dyslexia included 167 genes/proteins and 27,083 interactions. When the ANDSystem and GeneCards data were combined, a total of 213 genes/proteins for ADHD and dyslexia were found. An approach for ranking genes implicated in the comorbid condition of the two diseases was proposed. The approach is based on ten criteria for ranking genes by their importance, including relevance scores of association between disease and genes, standard methods of gene prioritization, as well as original criteria that take into account the characteristics of an associative gene network and the presence of known polymorphisms in the analyzed genes. Among the top 20 genes with the highest priority DRD2, DRD4, CNTNAP2 and GRIN2B are mentioned in the literature as directly linked with the comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia. According to the proposed approach, the genes OPRM1, CHRNA4 and SNCA had the highest priority in the development of comorbidity of these two diseases. Additionally, it was revealed that the most relevant genes are involved in biological processes related to signal transduction, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, chemical synaptic transmission, response to drugs, ion transmembrane transport, nervous system development, cell adhesion, and neuron migration.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of methods of reconstruction and analysis of gene networks is a powerful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of comorbid conditions. The method put forth to rank genes by their importance for the comorbid condition of ADHD and dyslexia was employed to predict genes that play key roles in the development of the comorbid condition. The results can be utilized to plan experiments for the identification of novel candidate genes and search for novel pharmacological targets.

Identification of bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of scutellariae radix-coptidis rhizoma in the treatment of atherosclerosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation

OBJECTIVE

This study aims at investigating the potential targets and functional mechanisms of Scutellariae Radix-Coptidis Rhizoma (QLYD) against atherosclerosis (AS) through network pharmacology, molecular docking, bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation.

METHODS

The compositions of QLYD were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and literature, where the main active components of QLYD and corresponding targets were identified. The potential therapeutic targets of AS were excavated using the OMIM database, DrugBank database, DisGeNET database, CTD database and GEO datasets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common targets was constructed and visualized by Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to analyze the function of core targets in the PPI network. Molecular docking was carried out using AutoDockTools, AutoDock Vina, and PyMOL software to verify the correlation between the main components of QLYD and the core targets. Mouse AS model was established and the results of network pharmacology were verified by in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Totally 49 active components and 225 corresponding targets of QLYD were obtained, where 68 common targets were identified by intersecting with AS-related targets. Five hub genes including IL6, VEGFA, AKT1, TNF, and IL1B were screened from the PPI network. GO functional analysis reported that these targets had associations mainly with cellular response to oxidative stress, regulation of inflammatory response, epithelial cell apoptotic process, and blood coagulation. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that these targets were correlated to AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Results of molecular docking indicated good binding affinity of QLYD to FOS, AKT1, and TNF. Animal experiments showed that QLYD could inhibit inflammation, improve blood lipid levels and reduce plaque area in AS mice to prevent and treat AS.

CONCLUSION

QLYD may exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway to treat AS.

Construction of Metastasis-Specific Regulation Network in Ovarian Cancer Based on Prognostic Stemness-Related Signatures

WE aimed to reveal the correlation between ovarian cancer (OV) metastasis and cancer stemness in OV. RNA-seq data and clinical information of 591 OV samples (551 without metastasis and 40 with metastasis) were obtained from TCGA. The edgeR method was used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factors (DETFs). Then, mRNA expression-based stemness index was calculated using one-class logistic regression (OCLR). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to define stemness-related genes (SRGs). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression were conducted to identify the prognostic SRGs (PSRGs). PSRGs, DETFs, and 50 hallmark pathways quantified by gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were integrated into Pearson co-expression analysis. Significant co-expression interactions were utilized to construct an OV metastasis-specific regulation network. Cell communication analysis was carried out based on single cell RNA sequencing data to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of OV. Eventually, assay for targeting accessible-chromatin with high throughout sequencing (ATAC), chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) validation, and multiple data sets were used to validate the expression levels and prognostic values of key stemness-related signatures. Moreover, connectivity map (CMap) was used to identify potential inhibitors of stemness-related signatures. Based on edgeR, WGCNA, and Cox proportional hazard regression, 22 PSRGs were defined to construct a prognostic prediction model for metastatic OV. In the metastasis-specific regulation network, key TF-PSRS interaction pair was NR4A1-EGR3 (correlation coefficient = 0.81, p < 0.05, positive), and key PSRG-hallmark pathway interaction pair was EGR3-TNFα signaling via NFκB (correlation coefficient = 0.44, p < 0.05, positive), which were validated in multi-omics databases. Thioridazine was postulated to be the most significant compound in treatment of OV metastasis. PSRGs played critical roles in OV metastasis. Specifically, EGR3 was the most significant PSRG, which was positively regulated by DETF NR4A1, inducing metastasis via TNFα signaling.

RNF167-mediated ubiquitination of Tollip inhibits TNF-α-triggered NF-κB and MAPK activation

Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) is a multifunctional regulator in cellular activities. However, whether its functions are subjected to post-translational modifications remains elusive. Here, we identified ubiquitination as a post-translational modification on Tollip. We found that Tollip interacted with ring finger protein 167 (RNF167) through its C-terminal coupling of ubiquitin to ER degradation (CUE) domain, and RNF167 functioned as the potential E3 ligase to attach K33-linked poly-ubiquitin chains to the Lys235 (K235) site of Tollip. Furthermore, we discovered Tollip could inhibit TNF-α-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and substitution of Lys235 on Tollip to arginine failed to suppress TNF-α-NF-κB/MAPK (JNK) cascades, revealing the role of Tollip and its ubiquitination in NF-κB/MAPK pathways. Thus, our study reveals the novel biological function of Tollip and RNF167-dependent ubiquitination of Tollip in TNF-α signaling.

Short Peptides of Innate Immunity Protein Tag7 (PGLYRP1) Selectively Induce Inhibition or Activation of Tumor Cell Death via TNF Receptor

In this study, we have found two peptides of Tag7 (PGLYRP1) protein-17.1A (HRDVQRT) and 17.1B (RSNYVLKG), that have different affinities to the TNFR1 receptor and the Hsp70 protein. Peptide 17.1A is able to inhibit signal transduction through the TNFR1 receptor, and peptide 17.1B can activate this receptor in a complex with Hsp70. Thus, it is possible to modulate the activity of the TNFR1 receptor and further perform its specific inhibition or activation in the treatment of various autoimmune or oncological diseases.

The host transcriptome change involved in the inhibitory effect of exogenous interferon-γ on Getah virus replication

Introduction

Getah virus (GETV) has become a growing potential threat to the global livestock industry and public health. However, little is known about the viral pathogenesis and immune escape mechanisms, leading to ineffective control measures.

Methods

In this study, the antiviral activity of exogenous interferons (IFNs) was assessed by using western blotting (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The comparative transcriptomics among mock- and GETV-infected (MOI = 0.1) ST cells with or without IFN-γ was performed by RNA-seq, and then the transcriptome profiling of GETV-infected ST cells and key pathways and putative factors involved in inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on GETV replication were analyzed by bioinformatics methods and RT-qPCR.

Results

The results showed that treatment with IFN-γ could suppress GETV replication, and the inhibitory effect lasted for at least 48 h, while the exogenous IFN-α/ω and IFN-λ3 treatments failed to inhibit the viral infection and early replication in vitro. Furthermore, the blueprint of virus-host interaction was plotted by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, showing systemic activation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and antiviral pathways in response to GETV infection, indicating viral hijacking and inhibition of innate host immunity such as IFN-I/III responses. Last and most importantly, activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades may be a primary driver for IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of GETV replication.

Discussion

These findings revealed that GETV possessed the capability of viral immune escape and indicated that IFN-γ aided in the prevention and control of GETV, implying the potential molecular mechanism of suppression of GETV by IFN-γ, all of which warrant emphasis or further clarification.

Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics to Explore the Potential Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Deer Antler

The use of deer antlers dates back thousands of years in Chinese history. Deer antlers have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties and can be used in treating neurological diseases. However, only a few studies have reported the immunomodulatory mechanism of deer antler active compounds. Using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation techniques, we analyzed the underlying mechanism by which deer antlers regulate the immune response. We identified 4 substances and 130 core targets that may play immunomodulatory roles, and the beneficial and non-beneficial effects in the process of immune regulation were analyzed. The targets were enriched in pathways related to cancer, human cytomegalovirus infection, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, human T cell leukemia virus 1 infection, and lipids and atherosclerosis. Molecular docking showed that AKT1, MAPK3, and SRC have good binding activity with 17 beta estradiol and estrone. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation of the molecular docking result using GROMACS software (version: 2021.2) was performed and we found that the AKT1-estrone complex, 17 beta estradiol-AKT1 complex, estrone-MAPK3 complex, and 17 beta estradiol-MAPK3 complex had relatively good binding stability. Our research sheds light on the immunomodulatory mechanism of deer antlers and provides a theoretical foundation for further exploration of their active compounds.

Glycolaldehyde-derived advanced glycation end products promote macrophage proliferation via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are heterogeneous proinflammatory molecules produced by a non-enzymatic glycation reaction between reducing sugars (and their metabolites) and biomolecules with amino groups, such as proteins. Although increases in and the accumulation of AGEs have been implicated in the onset and exacerbation of lifestyle- or age-related diseases, including diabetes, their physiological functions have not yet been elucidated in detail.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The present study investigated the cellular responses of the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 stimulated by glycolaldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycol-AGEs) known as representative toxic AGEs. The results obtained showed that Glycol-AGEs significantly promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells at a low concentration range (1-10 µg/mL) in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, neither TNF-α production nor cytotoxicity were induced by the same concentrations of Glycol-AGEs. The increases observed in cell proliferation by low concentrations of Glycol-AGEs were also detected in receptor triple knockout (RAGE-TLR4-TLR2 KO) cells as well as in wild-type cells. Increases in cell proliferation were not affected by various kinase inhibitors, including MAP kinase inhibitors, but were significantly suppressed by JAK2 and STAT5 inhibitors. In addition, the expression of some cell cycle-related genes was up-regulated by the stimulation with Glycol-AGEs.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest a novel physiological role for AGEs in the promotion of cell proliferation via the JAK-STAT pathway.

Integration of Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking to Analyse the Mechanism of Action of Oregano Essential Oil in the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis

The active components, potential targets, and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil in the treatment of bovine mastitis disease were investigated using network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. The TCMSP and literature databases were examined for the main compounds in oregano essential oil. Afterward, the physical, chemical, and bioavailability characteristics of the components were evaluated. The PubChem, BATMAN, PharmMapper, and Uniprot databases were utilized to predict the target genes of the major components of oregano essential oil. Via the databases of DrugBank, OMIM, GeneCards, TTD, and DisGenet, the disease targets of bovine mastitis were discovered. We analyzed common targets and built protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks using the STRING database. Key genes were analyzed, obtained, and compound-target-pathway-disease visualization networks were created using Cytoscape. For the GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the DAVID database was utilized. Molecular docking via Autodock Tools was utilized to evaluate the reliability of the interactions between oregano essential oil and hub targets. Thymol, carvacrol, and p-cymene are the three major components found in oregano essential oil. The potential targets (TNF, TLR4, ALB, IL-1β, TLR2, IL-6, IFNG, and MyD88) were screened according to the visual network. The enrichment analysis suggested that the major signaling pathways in network pharmacology may include PI3K-Akt, MAPK, IL-17, and NF-κ B. Molecular docking analysis shows that thymol had good docking activity with TNF, IL-6, and MyD88, carvacrol had good docking activity with TNF, and p-cymene had good docking activity with ALB. This study clarified the mechanism of action of oregano essential oil in the treatment of bovine mastitis, thus providing data supporting the potential for the use of oregano essential oil in the development of new therapeutics for bovine mastitis.

Identification of the characteristics of infiltrating immune cells in pulpitis and its potential molecular regulation mechanism by bioinformatics method

OBJECTIVE

The inflammation of dental pulp will also trigger an immune response. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the immune cell's function and explore their regulatory molecules and signal pathways in pulpitis.

METHOD

The CIBERSORTx method was used to quantitatively analyze 22 types of immune cells infiltrating in the GSE77459 dataset of dental pulp tissues. The immune-related differential genes (IR-DEGs) were further screened and enriched for the GO and KEGG pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed and the hub IR-DEGs were screened. Finally, we constructed the regulatory network of hub genes.

RESULTS

The GSE77459 dataset screened 166 IR-DEGs and was enriched for three signal pathways involved in pulpitis development: chemokine signaling, TNF signaling, and NF-κB signaling. Significant differences in immune cell infiltration were observed between normal and inflamed dental pulp. The proportions of M0 macrophages, neutrophils, and follicular helper T cells were significantly higher than that of the normal dental pulp, while the proportions of resting mast cells, resting dendritic cells, CD8 T cells, and monocytes were significantly lower. The random forest algorithm concluded that M0 macrophages and neutrophils were the two most important immune cells. We identified five immune-related hub genes IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL8, and CCL2. In addition, IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL8 are highly correlated with M0 macrophages and neutrophils, and the five hub genes have many shared regulatory molecules: four miRNAs and two lncRNAs, three transcription factors.

CONCLUSION

Immune cell infiltration plays an important role in pulpitis among which M0 macrophages and neutrophils are the most significant immune cells. IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, CXCL8, and CCL2 may be essential molecule of the immune response regulation network in pulpitis. This will help us understand the immune regulatory network in pulpitis.

Sequential treatment with a TNFR2 agonist and a TNFR1 antagonist improves outcomes in a humanized mouse model for MS

TNF signaling is an essential regulator of cellular homeostasis. Through its two receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2, soluble versus membrane-bound TNF enable cell death or survival in a variety of cell types. TNF-TNFRs signaling orchestrates important biological functions such as inflammation, neuronal activity as well as tissue de- and regeneration. TNF-TNFRs signaling is a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but animal and clinical studies yielded conflicting findings. Here, we ask whether a sequential modulation of TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling is beneficial in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental mouse model that recapitulates inflammatory and demyelinating aspects of MS. To this end, human TNFR1 antagonist and TNFR2 agonist were administered peripherally at different stages of disease development in TNFR-humanized mice. We found that stimulating TNFR2 before onset of symptoms leads to improved response to anti-TNFR1 therapeutic treatment. This sequential treatment was more effective in decreasing paralysis symptoms and demyelination, when compared to single treatments. Interestingly, the frequency of the different immune cell subsets is unaffected by TNFR modulation. Nevertheless, treatment with only a TNFR1 antagonist increases T-cell infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) and B-cell cuffing at the perivascular sites, whereas a TNFR2 agonist promotes Treg CNS accumulation. Our findings highlight the complicated nature of TNF signaling which requires a timely balance of selective activation and inhibition of TNFRs in order to exert therapeutic effects in the context of CNS autoimmunity.

High expression of RNF31 is associated with tumor immune cell infiltration and leads to poor prognosis in liver hepatocellular carcinoma

Ring finger protein 31 (RNF31) has been found to play an important role in tumor immunity. However, the role of RNF31 in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of RNF31 in patients with LIHC and explored its relationship with immune cell infiltration. The Cancer Genome Atlas liver hepatocellular carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) dataset was downloaded to analyse the impact of RNF31 on the prognosis and immune cell infiltration of LIHC. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database was used to analyse the correlation between RNF31 and tumor immune cell infiltration in LIHC. Additionally, we analysed the relationship between RNF31 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as well as the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signaling pathway. The expression of RNF31 in LIHC was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. Increased RNF31 expression was associated with decreased overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). An increase in RNF31 expression was closely related to the infiltration levels of immune cells (e.g., natural killer (NK) cells, CD8 + T cells, and B cells). RNF31 was also positively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint genes in LIHC. Moreover, RNF31 may participate in TNF and IFN-γ signaling pathways. In conclusion, RNF31 is a potentially valuable prognostic biomarker in LIHC. RNF31 is also associated with immune cell infiltration in LIHC. RNF31 may be a potential target for immunotherapy of LIHC.

Biseugenol from Ocotea cymbarum (Lauraceae) attenuates inflammation, angiogenesis and collagen deposition of sponge-induced fibrovascular tissue in mice

Several species of the genus Ocotea are used in traditional medicine due to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In this work we sought to investigate the effects of biseugenol, the main component of the hexane extract from the leaves of Ocotea cymbarum (Lauraceae), during a chronic inflammatory process induced by polyester-polyurethane sponge in mice. In addition to the inflammatory component, sponge discs also allowed us to evaluate parameters associated with the formation of new blood vessels and the deposition and organization of the extracellular matrix, processes that are related to the chronification of the inflammatory response. Daily treatment with biseugenol (0.1, 1 or 10 µg in 10 µl of 0.5% DMSO) inhibited the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL-1 and CCL2) and the neutrophil and macrophage infiltrate into to the implants, indirectly evaluated by the activity of myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glycosaminidase enzymes, respectively. In implants treated with biseugenol, we observed a reduction in angiogenesis, assessed through histological quantification of mean number of blood vessels, the levels of the pro-angiogenic cytokines FGF and VEGF and the activity of metalloproteinases. Except for VEGF levels, all mentioned parameters showed significant reductions after treatment with biseugenol. Finally, the administration of the compound also reduced TGF-β1 levels, collagen synthesis and deposition, in addition to modifying the organization of the newly formed matrix, presenting a potential anti-fibrotic effect. Therefore, our results demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of biseugenol for the treatment of a series of pathological conditions, where parameters associated with inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis are deregulated.

Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanism of Sijunzi Decoction in the Treatment of Non-Segmental Vitiligo Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Background

Non-segmental vitiligo is a common decolorized skin disease. The purpose of this study was to reveal the active components of Sijunzi decoction (SJZD) and the target genes for the treatment of non-segmental vitiligo.

Methods

Based on TCMSP and GEO databases, effective components and targets of SJZD in the treatment of non-segmental vitiligo were revealed by network pharmacology. GO and KEGG were used to analyze the biological functions of SJZD targets. The Cytoscape-cytoHubba plugin was used to identify hub target genes. SsGSEA method was used to analyze the infiltration level of immune cells in non-segmental vitiligo. Molecular docking was performed to predict the interaction between active compounds and hub target genes. Finally, real-time PCR detection was also performed.

Results

It was found that 104 active compounds may be effective ingredients in the treatment of non-segmental vitiligo. These 104 compounds acted on 42 differentially expressed target genes. KEGG analysis showed that target genes were significantly enriched in immune-related pathways such as MAPK and TNF signaling pathways. A total of 6 hub target genes (AKT1, CASP3, PPARG, SIRT1, TNF and TP53) were identified using the Cytoscape-cytoHubba plugin. Molecular docking showed that active compounds quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin and naringenin had good binding to hub target genes. We also found that Type 2 T helper cells, CD56bright natural killer cell and CD56dim natural killer cell infiltration levels were abnormal in non-segmental vitiligo and correlated with AKT1.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin and naringenin in SJZD may play an important role in the treatment of non-segmental vitiligo by acting on AKT1, CASP3, PPARG, SIRT1, TNF and TP53 to regulate immune cell infiltration and multiple signaling pathways.

Linear ubiquitination induces NEMO phase separation to activate NF-κB signaling

The NF-κB essential modulator NEMO is the core regulatory component of the inhibitor of κB kinase complex, which is a critical checkpoint in canonical NF-κB signaling downstream of innate and adaptive immune receptors. In response to various stimuli, such as TNF or IL-1β, NEMO binds to linear or M1-linked ubiquitin chains generated by LUBAC, promoting its oligomerization and subsequent activation of the associated kinases. Here we show that M1-ubiquitin chains induce phase separation of NEMO and the formation of NEMO assemblies in cells after exposure to IL-1β. Phase separation is promoted by both binding of NEMO to linear ubiquitin chains and covalent linkage of M1-ubiquitin to NEMO and is essential but not sufficient for its phase separation. Supporting the functional relevance of NEMO phase separation in signaling, a pathogenic NEMO mutant, which is impaired in both binding and linkage to linear ubiquitin chains, does not undergo phase separation and is defective in mediating IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation.

Deletion of Gpatch2 does not alter Tnf expression in mice

The cytokine TNF has essential roles in immune defence against diverse pathogens and, when its expression is deregulated, it can drive severe inflammatory disease. The control of TNF levels is therefore critical for normal functioning of the immune system and health. We have identified GPATCH2 as a putative repressor of Tnf expression acting post-transcriptionally through the TNF 3' UTR in a CRISPR screen for novel regulators of TNF. GPATCH2 is a proposed cancer-testis antigen with roles reported in proliferation in cell lines. However, its role in vivo has not been established. We have generated Gpatch2^-/- mice on a C57BL/6 background to assess the potential of GPATCH2 as a regulator of Tnf expression. Here we provide the first insights into Gpatch2^-/- animals and show that loss of GPATCH2 affects neither basal Tnf expression in mice, nor Tnf expression in intraperitoneal LPS and subcutaneous SMAC-mimetic injection models of inflammation. We detected GPATCH2 protein in mouse testis and at lower levels in several other tissues, however, the morphology of the testis and these other tissues appears normal in Gpatch2^-/- animals. Gpatch2^-/- mice are viable, appear grossly normal, and we did not detect notable aberrations in lymphoid tissues or blood cell composition. Collectively, our results suggest no discernible role of GPATCH2 in Tnf expression, and the absence of an overt phenotype in Gpatch2^-/- mice warrants further investigation of the role of GPATCH2.

Neuronal Prosurvival Role of Ceramide Synthase 2 by Olidogendrocyte-to-Neuron Extracellular Vesicle Transfer

Ageing is associated with notorious alterations in neurons, i.e., in gene expression, mitochondrial function, membrane degradation or intercellular communication. However, neurons live for the entire lifespan of the individual. One of the reasons why neurons remain functional in elderly people is survival mechanisms prevail over death mechanisms. While many signals are either pro-survival or pro-death, others can play both roles. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can signal both pro-toxicity and survival. We used young and old animals, primary neuronal and oligodendrocyte cultures and neuroblastoma and oligodendrocytic lines. We analysed our samples using a combination of proteomics and artificial neural networks, biochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches. We found an age-dependent increase in ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2) in cortical EVs, expressed by oligodendrocytes. In addition, we show that CerS2 is present in neurons via the uptake of oligodendrocyte-derived EVs. Finally, we show that age-associated inflammation and metabolic stress favour CerS2 expression and that oligodendrocyte-derived EVs loaded with CerS2 lead to the expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl2 in inflammatory conditions. Our study shows that intercellular communication is altered in the ageing brain, which favours neuronal survival through the transfer of oligodendrocyte-derived EVs containing CerS2.

Elucidating the potential pharmaceutical mechanism of Gyejibokryeong-hwan on rosacea using network analysis

Rosacea is a chronic erythematous disease with telangiectasia that affects the central area of the face. However, because of the ambiguity in the pathophysiology of rosacea, its treatment has not been clearly elucidated; therefore, new therapeutic options need to be developed. Gyejibokryeong-hwan (GBH) is widely used in clinical practice for various blood circulation disorders, including hot flushes. Therefore, we explored the potential pharmaceutical mechanism of GBH on rosacea and investigated the therapeutic points exclusive to GBH through comparative analysis with chemical drugs recommended in 4 guidelines for rosacea based on network analysis. The active compounds in GBH were identified, and the proteins targeted by these compounds and the genes related to rosacea were searched. Additionally, the proteins targeted by the guideline drugs were also searched to compare their effects. And the pathway/term analysis of common genes was conducted. Ten active compounds were obtained for rosacea. There were 14 rosacea-related genes targeted by GBH, with VEGFA, TNF, and IL-4, which were suggested as core genes. The pathway/term analysis of the 14 common genes revealed that GBH could potentially act on rosacea via 2 pathways: the "interleukin 17 signaling pathway" and the "neuroinflammatory response." Comparison and analysis of the protein targets between GBH and guideline drugs revealed that only GBH separately acts on the "vascular wound healing pathway." GBH has the potential to act on IL-17 signaling pathway, neuroinflammatory response and vascular wound healing pathway. Further studies are needed to determine the potential mechanism of GBH in rosacea.

The efficacy of anti-proteolytic peptide R7I in intestinal inflammation, function, microbiota, and metabolites by multi-omics analysis in murine bacterial enteritis

Increased antibiotic resistance poses a major limitation in tackling inflammatory bowel disease and presents a large challenge for global health care. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a potential class of antimicrobial agents. Here, we have designed the potential oral route for antimicrobial peptide R7I with anti-proteolytic properties to deal with bacterial enteritis in mice. The results revealed that R7I protected the liver and gut from damage caused by inflammation. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that R7I promoted digestion and absorption in the small intestine by upregulating transmembrane transporter activity, lipid and small molecule metabolic processes and other pathways, in addition to upregulating hepatic steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. For the gut microbiota, Clostridia were significantly reduced in the R7I-treated group, and Odoribacteraceae, an efficient isoalloLCA-synthesizing strain, was the main dominant strain, protecting the gut from potential pathogens. In addition, we further discovered that R7I reduced the accumulation of negative organic acid metabolites. Overall, R7I exerted better therapeutic and immunomodulatory potential in the bacterial enteritis model, greatly reduced the risk of disease onset, and provided a reference for the in vivo application of antimicrobial peptides.

Past, Present and (Foreseeable) Future of Biological Anti-TNF Alpha Therapy

Due to the key role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of immunoinflammatory diseases, TNF-α inhibitors have been successfully developed and used in the clinical treatment of autoimmune disorders. Currently, five anti-TNF-α drugs have been approved: infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept. Anti-TNF-α biosimilars are also available for clinical use. Here, we will review the historical development as well as the present and potential future applications of anti-TNF-α therapies, which have led to major improvements for patients with several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), psoriasis (PS) and chronic endogenous uveitis. Other therapeutic areas are under evaluation, including viral infections, e.g., COVID-19, as well as chronic neuropsychiatric disorders and certain forms of cancer. The search for biomarkers able to predict responsiveness to anti-TNF-α drugs is also discussed.

Deciphering the protective effect of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction on osteoporotic fracture through network pharmacology and experimental validation

BACKGROUND

Osteoporotic fracture (OPF) is one of the most common skeletal diseases in an aging society. The Chinese medicine formula Buzhong Yiqi Decoction (BZYQD) is commonly used for treating OPF. However, the essential bioactive compounds and the underlying molecular mechanisms that promote fracture repair remain unclear.

METHODS

We used network pharmacology and experimental animal validation to address this issue. First, 147 bioactive BZYQD compounds and 32 target genes for treating OPF were screened and assessed. A BZYQD-bioactive compound-target gene-disease network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. Functional enrichment showed that the candidate target genes were enriched in oxidative stress- and inflammation-related biological processes and multiple pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Furthermore, an OPF rat model was established and treated with BZYQD.

RESULTS

The results revealed that BZYQD ameliorated OPF characteristics, including femoral microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and histopathological changes, in a dose-dependent manner. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that BZYQD reduced the serum's pro-inflammatory cytokines [Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6] and improved oxidative stress-related factors [glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)]. BZYQD significantly decreased the protein expression of NF-κB in OPF rat femurs, suppressed NF-κB activation, and activated the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and p38 MAPK as well ERK pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that BZYQD could improve inflammation and oxidative stress during fracture repair by suppressing NF-κB and activating Nrf2/MAPK signaling pathways.

Fullerene C60 Attenuates Heart Tissue Inflammation by Modulating COX-2 and TNF-Alpha Signaling Pathways in DMBA Induced Breast Cancer in Rats

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of fullerene C₆₀ nanoparticle against heart tissue damage caused by 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) in female rats. Female Wistar albino rats, 8 weeks old (n = 60) weighing around (150 ± 10 g) were used for the study. These rats were divided into 4 groups and each group included 15 rats. Groups: (i) Control Group: Fed with standard diet; (ii) C₆₀ Group: C₆₀ (1.7 mg/kg bw, oral gavage); (iii) DMBA Group: DMBA (45 mg/kg bw, oral gavage); (iv) C₆₀ and DMBA Group: C₆₀ (1.7 mg/kg bw, oral gavage) and DMBA (45 mg/kg bw, oral gavage) group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis, catalase activity (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) in heart tissue were determined by spectrophotometer. In addition, heart tissue DNA damage was investigated. Caspase-3, p53, HO-1, COX-2, and TNF-α protein expression levels in heart tissue were determined by western blotting. As a result, Caspase-3, p53, HO-1 protein expression, GSH levels and CAT activity increased, COX-2, TNF-α protein expression, and MDA levels were significantly decreased in the C₆₀ + DMBA group compared to the DMBA group. Therefore, the fullerene C₆₀ nanoparticle may be a promising and effective therapy for the treatment of heart diseases associated with inflammation.

NEMO- and RelA-dependent NF-κB signaling promotes small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive type of lung cancer driven by combined loss of the tumor suppressors RB1 and TP53. SCLC is highly metastatic and despite good initial response to chemotherapy patients usually relapse, resulting in poor survival. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms driving SCLC pathogenesis is required to identify new therapeutic targets. Here we identified a critical role of the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in SCLC development. Using a relevant mouse model of SCLC, we found that ablation of NEMO/IKKγ, the regulatory subunit of the IKK complex that is essential for activation of canonical NF-κB signaling, strongly delayed the onset and growth of SCLC resulting in considerably prolonged survival. In addition, ablation of the main NF-κB family member p65/RelA also delayed the onset and growth of SCLC and prolonged survival, albeit to a lesser extent than NEMO. Interestingly, constitutive activation of IKK/NF-κB signaling within the tumor cells did not exacerbate the pathogenesis of SCLC, suggesting that endogenous NF-κB levels are sufficient to fully support tumor development. Moreover, TNFR1 deficiency did not affect the development of SCLC, showing that TNF signaling does not play an important role in this tumor type. Taken together, our results revealed that IKK/NF-κB signaling plays an important role in promoting SCLC, identifying the IKK/NF-κB pathway as a promising therapeutic target.

New insights into mechanisms of berberine in alleviating reproductive disorders of polycystic ovary syndrome: Anti-inflammatory properties

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive disorder that seriously harms female reproductive health and decreases quality of life. Although spontaneous or assisted ovulation occurs, women with PCOS suffer from poor-quality oocytes and embryos and lower fertilization and final pregnancy rates. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new pathological mechanisms and discover the underlying therapeutic targets for reproductive disorders associated with PCOS. Berberine, one of the famous traditional Chinese medicines, has been shown to improve ovulation and live birth rates in women with PCOS. The effects of berberine on insulin resistance and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism for restoring the reproductive health of women with PCOS are well recognized and have been widely studied, but much less attention has been given to its anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic low-grade inflammation is the unifying feature of PCOS and may contribute to reproductive disorders in PCOS. Berberine can modulate the inflammatory state of the ovaries and uterus in PCOS. The anti-inflammatory properties of berberine may provide new insight into the mechanisms by which berberine alleviates reproductive disorders associated with PCOS. Here, we summarized the most recent insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of berberine in PCOS reproductive disorders to inspire researchers to pursue new study directions involving berberine.