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Ahmad F, Ahmad S, Husain A, Pandey N, Khubaib M, Sharma R. Role of inflammatory cytokine burst in neuro-invasion of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection: an immunotherapeutic approaches. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01212-z. [PMID: 38842651 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis remains a significant global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually worldwide. Microglial cells, as key innate immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit intricate cellular structures and possess molecular phenotypic plasticity, playing pivotal roles in immune responses during CNS viral infections. Particularly under viral inflammatory conditions, microglial cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate viral invasion and dampen inflammatory reactions. This review article comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiology of viral invasion into the CNS and the cellular interactions involved, elucidating the roles of various immune mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, in neuroinflammation. Leveraging this knowledge, strategies for modulating inflammatory responses and attenuating hyperactivation of glial cells to mitigate viral replication within the brain are discussed. Furthermore, current chemotherapeutic and antiviral drugs are examined, elucidating their mechanisms of action against viral replication. This review aims to provide insights into therapeutic interventions for Japanese Encephalitis and related viral infections, ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmad
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shad Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, 224001 Uttar Pradesh, India., 224001, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adil Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niharika Pandey
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Khubaib
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rolee Sharma
- IIRC-3 Immunobiochemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, CSJM University, Kanpur, 228024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Chen M, Kang L, Zhang T, Zheng J, Chen D, Shao D, Li Z, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Feng X, Ma Z, Liu K. Circular RNA network plays a potential antiviral role in the early stage of JEV infection in mouse brain. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1165378. [PMID: 38249464 PMCID: PMC10797004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important insect-borne infectious disease with public health concern. The virus can break the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. Viral encephalitis is an important clinical feature of JEV infection. In recent studies, CircRNAs and related ceRNAs data illustrated the regulative role in many aspects of biological process and disease duration. It is believed that CircRNA regulates JEV infection in a ceRNA-dependent mechanism. In this study, brain tissues of experimental mice were sequenced and analysised. 61 differentially expressed circRNAs, 172 differentially expressed miRNAs and 706 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified by RNA-Sequencing and statistical analysis. CX3CR1 was determined as a key host factor impact JEV infection by microRNA interference measurement. CX3CR1 interaction network indicated circStrbp/miR709/CX3CR1 as a functional regulation axis. Further sequencing in BV2 cell shown CX3CR1 is a special target of miR-709 only during JEV infection. In summary, our study presented a new ceRNA pathway that impact JEV infection in vivo and in vitro, which could be a therapeutic target to fight against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
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Garg A, Lim JK. A Pocket Guide to CCR5-Neurotropic Flavivirus Edition. Viruses 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 38257729 PMCID: PMC10820758 DOI: 10.3390/v16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is among the most studied chemokine receptors due to its profound significance in human health and disease. The notion that CCR5 is a functionally redundant receptor was challenged through the demonstration of its unique protective role in the context of West Nile virus in both mice and humans. In the nearly two decades since this initial discovery, numerous studies have investigated the role of CCR5 in the context of other medically important neurotropic flaviviruses, most of which appear to support a broad neuroprotective role for this receptor, although how CCR5 exerts its protective effect has been remarkably varied. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which CCR5 controls neurotropic flaviviruses, as well as results from human studies evaluating a genetic link to CCR5, and propose unexplored areas of research that are needed to unveil even more exciting roles for this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Conde JN, Sanchez-Vicente S, Saladino N, Gorbunova EE, Schutt WR, Mladinich MC, Himmler GE, Benach J, Kim HK, Mackow ER. Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell during Direct Isolation from Ixodes Ticks and Persistently Infect Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Pericytes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0168221. [PMID: 34643436 PMCID: PMC8754205 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01682-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Powassan viruses (POWVs) are neurovirulent tick-borne flaviviruses emerging in the northeastern United States, with a 2% prevalence in Long Island (LI) deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). POWVs are transmitted within as little as 15 min of a tick bite and enter the central nervous system (CNS) to cause encephalitis (10% of cases are fatal) and long-term neuronal damage. POWV-LI9 and POWV-LI41 present in LI Ixodes ticks were isolated by directly inoculating VeroE6 cells with tick homogenates and detecting POWV-infected cells by immunoperoxidase staining. Inoculated POWV-LI9 and LI41 were exclusively present in infected cell foci, indicative of cell to cell spread, despite growth in liquid culture without an overlay. Cloning and sequencing establish POWV-LI9 as a phylogenetically distinct lineage II POWV strain circulating in LI deer ticks. Primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and pericytes form a neurovascular complex that restricts entry into the CNS. We found that POWV-LI9 and -LI41 and lineage I POWV-LB productively infect hBMECs and pericytes and that POWVs were basolaterally transmitted from hBMECs to lower-chamber pericytes without permeabilizing polarized hBMECs. Synchronous POWV-LI9 infection of hBMECs and pericytes induced proinflammatory chemokines, interferon-β (IFN-β) and proteins of the IFN-stimulated gene family (ISGs), with delayed IFN-β secretion by infected pericytes. IFN inhibited POWV infection, but despite IFN secretion, a subset of POWV-infected hBMECs and pericytes remained persistently infected. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for POWVs (LI9/LI41 and LB) to infect hBMECs, spread basolaterally to pericytes, and enter the CNS. hBMEC and pericyte responses to POWV infection suggest a role for immunopathology in POWV neurovirulence and potential therapeutic targets for preventing POWV spread to neuronal compartments. IMPORTANCE We isolated POWVs from LI deer ticks (I. scapularis) directly in VeroE6 cells, and sequencing revealed POWV-LI9 as a distinct lineage II POWV strain. Remarkably, inoculation of VeroE6 cells with POWV-containing tick homogenates resulted in infected cell foci in liquid culture, consistent with cell-to-cell spread. POWV-LI9 and -LI41 and lineage I POWV-LB strains infected hBMECs and pericytes that comprise neurovascular complexes. POWVs were nonlytically transmitted basolaterally from infected hBMECs to lower-chamber pericytes, suggesting a mechanism for POWV transmission across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). POWV-LI9 elicited inflammatory responses from infected hBMEC and pericytes that may contribute to immune cell recruitment and neuropathogenesis. This study reveals a potential mechanism for POWVs to enter the CNS by infecting hBMECs and spreading basolaterally to abluminal pericytes. Our findings reveal that POWV-LI9 persists in cells that form a neurovascular complex spanning the BBB and suggest potential therapeutic targets for preventing POWV spread to neuronal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas N. Conde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Santiago Sanchez-Vicente
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Saladino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Elena E. Gorbunova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - William R. Schutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Megan C. Mladinich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Grace E. Himmler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Benach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Erich R. Mackow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Blockade of Autocrine CCL5 Responses Inhibits Zika Virus Persistence and Spread in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. mBio 2021; 12:e0196221. [PMID: 34399621 PMCID: PMC8406327 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01962-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurovirulent flavivirus that uniquely causes fetal microcephaly, is sexually transmitted, and persists in patients for up to 6 months. ZIKV persistently infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enables viral spread to neuronal compartments. We found that CCL5, a chemokine with prosurvival effects on immune cells, was highly secreted by ZIKV-infected hBMECs. Although roles for CCL5 in endothelial cell (EC) survival remain unknown, the presence of the CCL5 receptors CCR3 and CCR5 on ECs suggested that CCL5 could promote ZIKV persistence in hBMECs. We found that exogenous CCL5 induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in hBMECs and that ERK1/2 cell survival signaling was similarly activated by ZIKV infection. Neutralizing antibodies to CCL5, CCR3, or CCR5 inhibited persistent ZIKV infection of hBMECs. While knockout (KO) of CCL5 failed to prevent ZIKV infection of hBMECs, at 3 days postinfection (dpi), we observed a >90% reduction in ZIKV-infected CCL5-KO hBMECs and a multilog reduction in ZIKV titers. In contrast, the addition of CCL5 to CCL5-KO hBMECs dose-dependently rescued ZIKV persistence in hBMECs. Inhibiting CCL5 responses using CCR3 (UCB35625) and CCR5 (maraviroc) receptor antagonists reduced the number of ZIKV-infected hBMECs and ZIKV titers (50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50s] of 2.5 to 12 μM), without cytotoxicity (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] of >80 μM). These findings demonstrate that ZIKV-induced CCL5 directs autocrine CCR3/CCR5 activation of ERK1/2 survival responses that are required for ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs. Our results establish roles for CCL5 in ZIKV persistence and suggest the potential for CCL5 receptor antagonists to therapeutically inhibit ZIKV spread and neurovirulence.
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Alves ADCS, Bruinsmann FA, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR. Organic Nanocarriers for Bevacizumab Delivery: An Overview of Development, Characterization and Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:4127. [PMID: 34299401 PMCID: PMC8305806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab (BCZ) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against the vascular endothelial growth factor, which is involved in the angiogenesis process. Pathologic angiogenesis is observed in several diseases including ophthalmic disorders and cancer. The multiple administrations of BCZ can cause adverse effects. In this way, the development of controlled release systems for BCZ delivery can promote the modification of drug pharmacokinetics and, consequently, decrease the dose, toxicity, and cost due to improved efficacy. This review highlights BCZ formulated in organic nanoparticles providing an overview of the physicochemical characterization and in vitro and in vivo biological evaluations. Moreover, the main advantages and limitations of the different approaches are discussed. Despite difficulties in working with antibodies, those nanocarriers provided advantages in BCZ protection against degradation guaranteeing bioactivity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Cristo Soares Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (F.A.B.); (S.S.G.)
| | | | | | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (F.A.B.); (S.S.G.)
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7
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Chang CY, Wu CC, Wang JD, Li JR, Wang YY, Lin SY, Chen WY, Liao SL, Chen CJ. DHA attenuated Japanese Encephalitis virus infection-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death in cultured rat Neuron/glia. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:194-205. [PMID: 33486004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a neurotropic virus and its Central Nervous System (CNS) infection causes fatal encephalitis with high mortality and morbidity. Microglial activation and consequences of bystander damage appear to be the dominant mechanisms for Japanese Encephalitis and complications. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential fatty acid and a major component of brain cell membranes, possesses additional biological activities, including anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection. Through this study, we have provided experimental evidence showing the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-viral effects of DHA against JEV infection in rat Neuron/glia cultures. By Neuron/glia and Neuron cultures, DHA protected against neuronal cell death upon JEV infection and reduced JEV amplification. In Neuron/glia and Microglia cultures, the effects of DHA were accompanied by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory M1 microglia, upregulation of anti-inflammatory M2 microglia, and reduction of neurotoxic cytokine expression, which could be attributed to its interference in the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), and Interferon/Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (Stat), along with the NF-κB, AP-1, and c-AMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) controlled transcriptional programs. Parallel anti-inflammatory effects against JEV infection were duplicated by G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPR120) and GPR40 agonists and a reversal of DHA-mediated anti-inflammation was seen in the presence of GPR120 antagonist, while the GPR40 was less effectiveness. Since increasing evidence indicates its neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases, DHA is a proposed anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammation-accompanied viral pathogenesis such as Japanese Encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jiaan-Der Wang
- Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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Singh S, Singh G, Tiwari S, Kumar A. CCR2 Inhibition Reduces Neurotoxic Microglia Activation Phenotype After Japanese Encephalitis Viral Infection. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:230. [PMID: 32903799 PMCID: PMC7439097 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the proinflammatory response of microglia by targeting chemokines (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) could be an important therapeutic approach for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Here, through JEV infection to BV2 microglia and young BALB/c mice, we investigated that CCR2 is highly upregulated after JEV infection and plays a key role in determining microglia activation phenotype and associated with neurotoxic proinflammatory mediators of TNF-α and IFNγ. In addition, we found JEV infection to BV2 microglia causes an increase in microglial proliferation and cell body area at day 1 and day 3. Using the agonist molecule of CCR2 inhibition; RS102895, significantly reduces microglia reactive phenotype and nitric oxide production. Further, to define the role of CCR2 in functional responses of microglia and their activation phenotype, we performed in vitro cell scratch functional assay and ImageJ analysis. When compared with control, microglia cells showed a significant increase in elongated or rod-like activated phenotype in JEV-infected cells at 24 h post-infection and CCR2 inhibition significantly reduced the elongated activation phenotype induced by JEV infection, suggesting that CCR2 acts as a critical regulator for microglia activation phenotype after JEV infection. We found that JEV-infected mice treated with RS102895 had less microglia activation and reduced mRNA expression of CCR2 and proinflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ in cortical tissue. Collectively, our data indicate that CCR2 drives reactive phenotype of microglia and its inhibition reduces microglia activation and neurotoxic proinflammatory mediators after JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Gajendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Zhang X, Chen L, Dang WQ, Cao MF, Xiao JF, Lv SQ, Jiang WJ, Yao XH, Lu HM, Miao JY, Wang Y, Yu SC, Ping YF, Liu XD, Cui YH, Zhang X, Bian XW. CCL8 secreted by tumor-associated macrophages promotes invasion and stemness of glioblastoma cells via ERK1/2 signaling. J Transl Med 2020; 100:619-629. [PMID: 31748682 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a large population of glioblastoma and facilitate tumor growth and invasion of tumor cells, but the underlying mechanism remains undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8) is highly expressed by TAMs and contributes to pseudopodia formation by GBM cells. The presence of CCL8 in the glioma microenvironment promotes progression of tumor cells. Moreover, CCL8 induces invasion and stem-like traits of GBM cells, and CCR1 and CCR5 are the main receptors that mediate CCL8-induced biological behavior. Finally, CCL8 dramatically activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation in GBM cells, and blocking TAM-secreted CCL8 by neutralized antibody significantly decreases invasion of glioma cells. Taken together, our data reveal that CCL8 is a TAM-associated factor to mediate invasion and stemness of GBM, and targeting CCL8 may provide an insight strategy for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei-Qi Dang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mian-Fu Cao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing-Fang Xiao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Jie Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hui-Min Lu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing-Ya Miao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin-Dong Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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11
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Xi S, Liu K, Xiao C, Hameed M, Ou A, Shao D, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Miao D, Ma Z. Establishment and characterization of the pig tonsil epithelial (PT) cell line as a new model for persist infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108587. [PMID: 32122591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes a serious zoonotic disease worldwide, pig is the reservoir and amplifying host of JEV. JEV can persist infect tonsil in pig, but the relation between persist infection in tonsil and reservoir are not clear until now. A stable pig tonsil cell line is necessary for JEV persist infection research. In this study, we established a continuous epithelial cell line, named PT cell, from the pig tonsil. This cell is susceptible to JEV. We determined the growth characteristics, molecular properties, microstructure profiles of PT cell. JEV is easy to enter PT cell which may partly explain the reason of persist infection. We further determined that LMAN2L, a mannose lectin proteins, is the primary viral receptors for JEV entry in PT cell. IFITM3, an cellular surface antiviral factor, is underexpression in PT cell after JEV infection. All these results provide solid evidence that PT cell will promote additional research on JEV persist infection in pig tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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12
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Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030111. [PMID: 31357540 PMCID: PMC6789543 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.
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