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Liu Y, Wang W, Sun J, Li Y, Wu S, Li Q, Dong M, Wang L, Song L. CgDM9CP-5-Integrin-MAPK Pathway Regulates the Production of CgIL-17s and Cgdefensins in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:245-258. [PMID: 36548464 PMCID: PMC9842941 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DM9 domain containing protein (DM9CP) is a family of newly identified recognition receptors exiting in most organisms except plants and mammals. In the current study, to our knowledge, a novel DM9CP-5 (CgDM9CP-5) with two tandem DM9 repeats and high expression level in gill was identified from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgDM9CP-5 shared 62.1% identity with CgDM9CP-1 from C. gigas, and 47.8% identity with OeFAMeT from Ostrea edulis. The recombinant CgDM9CP-5 (rCgDM9CP-5) was able to bind d-mannose, LPS, peptidoglycan, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, as well as fungi Pichia pastoris, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Vibrio splendidus, and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The mRNA transcript of CgDM9CP-5 was highly expressed in gill, and its protein was mainly distributed in gill mucus. After the stimulations with V. splendidus and mannose, mRNA expression of CgDM9CP-5 in oyster gill was significantly upregulated and reached the peak level at 6 and 24 h, which was 13.58-fold (p < 0.05) and 14.01-fold (p < 0.05) of that in the control group, respectively. CgDM9CP-5 was able to bind CgIntegrin both in vivo and in vitro. After CgDM9CP-5 or CgIntegrin was knocked down by RNA interference, the phosphorylation levels of JNK and P38 in the MAPK pathway decreased, and the expression levels of CgIL-17s (CgIL-17-3, -4, -5, and -6), Cg-Defh1, Cg-Defh2, and CgMolluscidin were significantly downregulated. These results suggested that there was a pathway of DM9CP-5-Integrin-MAPK mediated by CgDM9CP-5 to regulate the release of proinflammatory factors and defensins in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Shasha Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; and
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; and
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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2
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Shen C, Liang H, Guo Z, Zhang M. Members of the histone-derived antimicrobial peptide family from the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii: Inhibition of bacterial growth. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108439. [PMID: 36423807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Because it is difficult to isolate standard antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) using traditional biochemical approaches, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of structurally altered histone-derived AMPs (HDAPs) from the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii using molecular cloning approaches. Four histone-homolog genes (PmH2A, PmH2B, PmH3, and PmH4-1) were identified, of which PmH2A and PmH2B had yet to be described. PmH2A and PmH2B were therefore cloned using Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) and characterized. Constitutive PmH2A and PmH2B mRNA expression was detected in all six pearl oyster tissues tested, with comparatively greater transcript abundance in the gonads. Because α-helical content, hydrophilicity index, and the presence of a proline hinge may be the three important factors influencing the antimicrobial efficacy of HDAPs, we synthesized a series of eight N- and C-terminally truncated or amino acid-substituted synthetic candidate HDAP analogs derived from PmH2A, PmH2B, PmH3, and PmH4-1. Only the PmH2A- and PmH4-derived AMPs inhibited bacterial growth. The PmH2A-derived AMPs were α-helical proteins, while the PmH4-derived AMPs were extended strand/random coil proteins. Our results suggested that having an α-helical structure was particularly important for the antibacterial efficacy of the PmH2A-derived peptides; amphipathic structures (hydrophilic index, 0.3 to -0.3) may enhance the antimicrobial function of both the PmH2A- and PmH4-derived peptides. The high antibacterial efficacy of one of the HDAP analogs studied, PmH2A-AMP (5-13) [KLLK]3, indicated that this protein may represent a promising candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections in aquaculture mollusk species. This first study of HDAPs from the pearl oyster P. f. martensii provides new insights into the design and function of highly effective antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Shen
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, PR China
| | - Haiying Liang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, PR China.
| | - Zhijie Guo
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, PR China
| | - Meizhen Zhang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, PR China
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3
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Qu F, She Q, Li J, Zeng X, Li Y, Liu X, Ren L, Liu Z, Gao C, Lu X, Long M, Li X. Molecular Characterization of MyD88 in Anodonta woodiana and Its Involvement in the Innate Immune Response to Bacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925168. [PMID: 35757761 PMCID: PMC9226314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a key adapter molecule in Toll-like receptor signal transduction that triggers downstream immune cascades involved in the host defense response to exogenous pathogens. However, the function of MyD88s in mollusks, especially in freshwater shellfish, remains poorly understood. In this study, a novel freshwater shellfish MyD88 (denoted AwMyD88) was characterized from Anodonta woodiana. The present AwMyD88 protein consists of 474 amino acids and contains a conserved a typical death domain (DD) and a conservative Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain with three typical boxes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that AwMyD88 was broadly expressed in all the examined tissues, and the highest expression level was observed in hemocytes of A. woodiana. When challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the mRNA expression levels of AwMyD88 were significantly induced in hemocytes of A. woodiana in vivo and in vitro. In addition, in vivo injection experiments revealed that MyD88 signaling pathway genes showed strong responsiveness to A. hydrophila challenge, and their expression levels were significantly upregulated in hemocytes. Knockdown of AwMyD88 reduced the transcript levels of immune related transcription factors (AwNF-κB and AwAP-1) and effectors (AwTNF, AwLYZ, AwDefense and AwAIF) during A. hydrophila infection. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis indicated that AwMyD88 was mainly localized to the cytoplasm in HEK293T cells. Finally, luciferase reporter assays revealed that AwMyD88 associates with AwTLR to activate the NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways in HEK293T cells. These results suggested that AwMyD88 might be involved in the host defense response to bacterial challenge, providing new insight into the immune function of the MyD88 signaling pathway in freshwater shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Qu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing She
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialing Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumiao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingxin Ren
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Long
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinya Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
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Jiang K, Nie H, Yin Z, Yan X, Li Q. Apextrin from Ruditapes philippinarum functions as pattern recognition receptor and modulates NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:33-44. [PMID: 35697169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Apextrin belongs to ApeC-containing proteins (ACPs) and features a signal-peptide, an N-terminal membrane attack complex component/perforin (MACPF) domain, and a C-terminal ApeC domain. Recently, apextrin-like proteins were identified as pattern recognition receptor (PRR), which recognize the bacterial cell wall component and participate in innate immunity. Here, an apextrin (Rpape) was identified and characterized in Ruditapes philippinarum. Our results showed that Rpape mRNA was significantly induced under bacterial challenges. The Rpape recombinant protein exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and bound with Vibrio anguillarum, S. aureus and B. subtilis. We found Rpape protein positively activated the NF-κB signaling cascade and increased the activity of Nitric oxide (NO). This study revealed the immunity role of apextrin in R. philippinarum and provided a reference for further study on the role of apextrin in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyin Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
| | - Zhihui Yin
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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5
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Ulagesan S, Krishnan S, Nam TJ, Choi YH. A Review of Bioactive Compounds in Oyster Shell and Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:913839. [PMID: 35733526 PMCID: PMC9208005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.913839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oysters are saltwater bivalves with high nutritional and medicinal value that are consumed widely around the world. As well as being highly nutritious, oysters are a low-calorie, low-cholesterol source of protein and an exceptional source of zinc, which strengthens the immune system; and a rich source of bioactive compounds, which comprise various biological activities. The present review summarizes the biological applications and bioactive compounds from oyster shells, whole tissue, gill tissue, and mantle tissue. The various biological compounds present in an oyster shell, and their chemical constituents, have applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. Bioactive peptides and proteins obtained from the whole, mantle, and gill tissues of oysters exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anticancer, antifatigue, anticoagulant, and anti-wrinkle effects, as well as enhance osteoblast differentiation. This review clearly shows that oysters have great potential for functional food production and that various compounds therein can have pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumari Ulagesan
- Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sathish Krishnan
- School of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao, India
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Youn-Hee Choi,
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6
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Jin Q, Peng D, Zheng Z. Advances in extracting and understanding the bioactivities of marine organism peptides: A review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Hao Jin
- Donghai Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Ding‐Xin Peng
- Food and Pharmacy College Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Zhou‐Jun Zheng
- Donghai Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan P.R. China
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7
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Cunha SA, Pintado ME. Bioactive peptides derived from marine sources: Biological and functional properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Abbas MN, Kausar S, Gul I, Ke XX, Dong Z, Lu X, Cui H. Suppressor of cytokine signalling 6 is a potential regulator of antimicrobial peptides in the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:12-21. [PMID: 34628136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SOCS/CIS is a family of intracellular proteins distributed widely among living organisms. The members of this family have extensively been studied in mammals and have been shown to regulate various physiological processes. In contrast, the functional roles of SOCS/CIS family proteins are unknown in most invertebrates, including insects. Here, we retrieved a full-length open reading frame (ORF) of SOCS-6 from Chines oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Designated as ApSOCS-6), using the RNA-seq database. The predicted ApSOCS-6 amino acid sequence comprised an N-terminal SH2 domain and a C-terminal SOCS-box domain. It shared the highly conserved structures of the SOCS proteins with other lepidopteran species. ApSOCS-6 mRNA transcript was detected in all the tested tissues of the A. pernyi larvae; however, the highest mRNA levels were found in the larval hemocytes, fat bodies, and integuments. The mRNA transcript levels of ApSOCS-6 were increased in the A. pernyi larval hemocytes and fat bodies after a challenge by the Gram-positive bacteria, M. luteus, Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Virus, ApNPV, and Fungus, B. bassiana. After the knockdown of ApSOCS-6, we found a significant increase in bacterial clearance and a decrease in the relative replication of bacteria. To evaluate the possible cause of enhanced antibacterial activity, we measured antimicrobial peptides expression in the fat body of A. pernyi larvae. The production of AMPs was strongly increased in the B. cereus infected larval fat bodies following silencing of ApSOCS-6. Our data indicate that ApSOCS-6 negatively regulates the expression of AMPs in immune tissues in response to the B. cereus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest University (The Ninth Peoples Hospital of Chongqing), China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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9
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Pacor S, Benincasa M, Musso MV, Krce L, Aviani I, Pallavicini A, Scocchi M, Gerdol M, Mardirossian M. The proline-rich myticalins from Mytilus galloprovincialis display a membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial mode of action. Peptides 2021; 143:170594. [PMID: 34118363 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks are continuously exposed to potentially pathogenic microorganisms living in the marine environment. Not surprisingly, these filter-feeders developed a robust innate immunity to protect themselves, which includes a broad panel of antimicrobial peptides. Among these, myticalins represent a recently discovered family of linear cationic peptides expressed in the gills of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Even though myticalins and insect and mammalian proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) share a similar amino acid composition, we here show that none of the tested mussel peptides use a non-lytic mode of action relying on the bacterial transporter SbmA. On the other hand, all the tested myticalins perturbed and permeabilized the membranes of E. coli BW25113, as shown by flow-cytometry and atomic force microscopy. Circular dichroism spectra revealed that most myticalins did not adopt recognizable secondary structures in the presence of amphipathic environments, such as biological membranes. To explore possible uses of myticalins for biotech, we assessed their biocompatibility with a human cell line. Non-negligible cytotoxic effects displayed by myticalins indicate that their optimization would be required before their further use as lead compounds in the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pacor
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maria Valentina Musso
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lucija Krce
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Soba B3-18, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Aviani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Soba B3-18, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marco Scocchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mario Mardirossian
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Laboratorio Clinica Odontostomatologica, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy.
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10
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Jia Z, Jiang S, Wang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Lv Z, Song X, Li Y, Wang L, Song L. Identification of a Novel Pattern Recognition Receptor DM9 Domain Containing Protein 4 as a Marker for Pro-Hemocyte of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603270. [PMID: 33643289 PMCID: PMC7907646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DM9 refers to an uncharacterized protein domain that is originally discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. Two proteins with DM9 repeats have been recently identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas as mannose-specific binding pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). In the present study, a novel member of DM9 domain containing protein (designated as CgDM9CP-4) was identified from C. gigas. CgDM9CP-4, about 16 kDa with only two tandem DM9 domains, was highly enriched in hemocytes and gill. The transcripts level of CgDM9CP-4 in circulating hemocytes were decreased after LPS, PGN and Vibrio splendidus stimulations. The recombinant protein of CgDM9CP-4 (rCgDM9CP-4) displayed a broad binding spectrum towards various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (LPS, PGN, β-glucan and Mannose) and microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, V. splendidus, V. anguillarum, Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica). CgDM9CP-4 was mostly expressed in gill and some of the hemocytes. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the CgDM9CP-4-positive hemocytes accounted for 7.3% of the total hemocytes, and they were small in size and less in granularity. CgDM9CP-4 was highly expressed in non-phagocytes (~82% of total hemocytes). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression levels of cytokines in CgDM9CP-4-positive hemocytes were much lower than that in CgDM9CP-4-negative hemocytes. The mRNA expression level of CgDM9CP-4 in hemocytes was decreased after RNAi of hematopoietic-related factors (CgGATA, CgRunt, CgSCL, and CgNotch). In addition, CgDM9CP-4-positive cells were found to be much more abundant in hemocytes from gill than that from hemolymph, with most of them located in the gill filament. All these results suggested that CgDM9CP-4 was a novel member of PRR that expressed in undifferentiated pro-hemocytes to mediate immune recognition of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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11
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Benoist L, Houyvet B, Henry J, Corre E, Zanuttini B, Zatylny-Gaudin C. In-Depth In Silico Search for Cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) Antimicrobial Peptides Following Bacterial Challenge of Haemocytes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090439. [PMID: 32847054 PMCID: PMC7551771 DOI: 10.3390/md18090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) haemocytes are potential sources of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To study the immune response to Vibrio splendidus and identify new AMPs, an original approach was developed based on a differential transcriptomic study and an in-depth in silico analysis using multiple tools. Two de novo transcriptomes were retrieved from cuttlefish haemocytes following challenge by V. splendidus or not. A first analysis of the annotated transcripts revealed the presence of Toll/NF-κB pathway members, including newly identified factors such as So-TLR-h, So-IKK-h and So-Rel/NF-κB-h. Out of the eight Toll/NF-κB pathway members, seven were found up-regulated following V. splendidus challenge. Besides, immune factors involved in the immune response were also identified and up-regulated. However, no AMP was identified based on annotation or conserved pattern searches. We therefore performed an in-depth in silico analysis of unannotated transcripts based on differential expression and sequence characteristics, using several tools available like PepTraq, a homemade software program. Finally, five AMP candidates were synthesized. Among them, NF19, AV19 and GK28 displayed antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Each peptide had a different spectrum of activity, notably against Vibrio species. GK28—the most active peptide—was not haemolytic, whereas NF19 and AV19 were haemolytic at concentrations between 50 and 100 µM, 5 to 10 times higher than their minimum inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Benoist
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Baptiste Houyvet
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
- SATMAR, Société ATlantique de MARiculture, Research and Development Department, 50760 Gatteville, France
| | - Joël Henry
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Plateforme ABiMS, Station Biologique de Roscoff (CNRS-Sorbonne Université), 29688 Roscoff, France;
| | - Bruno Zanuttini
- Normandy University, Unicaen, Ensicaen, CNRS, GREYC, 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lv C, Han Y, Yang D, Zhao J, Wang C, Mu C. Antibacterial activities and mechanisms of action of a defensin from manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:266-276. [PMID: 32439511 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defensins represent an evolutionary ancient family of antimicrobial peptides, which played an undeniably important role in host defense. In the present study, a defensin isoform was identified and characterized from manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (designed as Rpdef1α). Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis suggested that Rpdef1α belonged to the defensin family. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Rpdef1α transcripts and the encoding peptide were dominantly expressed in the tissues of gills and mantle. After Vibrio anguillarum challenge, the Rpdef1α transcripts were significantly up-regulated in gills of clams. In addition, rRpdef1α not only showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities towards Vibrio species, but also inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilms. Knockdown of Rpdef1α transcripts caused significant increase in the cumulative mortality of manila clams post V. anguillarum challenge. Membrane integrity, scanning electron microscopy analysis and electrochemical assay indicated that rRpdef1α was capable of causing bacterial membrane permeabilization and then resulted in cell death. Moreover, phagocytosis and chemotactic ability of hemocytes could be significantly enhanced after incubation with rRpdef1α. Overall, these results suggested that Rpdef1α could act as both antibacterial agent and opsonin to defend against the invading microorganisms in manila clam R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Lv
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Yijing Han
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315832, PR China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315832, PR China.
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Jeyasanta I, Sathish N, Patterson J. Identification of Bioactive Peptides in Mussel Species of Kanyakumari Coast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbkr.2020.75.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Oyanedel D, Labreuche Y, Bruto M, Amraoui H, Robino E, Haffner P, Rubio T, Charrière GM, Le Roux F, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Vibrio splendidus O-antigen structure: a trade-off between virulence to oysters and resistance to grazers. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4264-4278. [PMID: 32219965 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A major debate in evolutionary biology is whether virulence is maintained as an adaptive trait and/or evolves to non-virulence. In the environment, virulence traits of non-obligatory parasites are subjected to diverse selective pressures and trade-offs. Here, we focus on a population of Vibrio splendidus that displays moderate virulence for oysters. A MARTX (Multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin) and a type-six secretion system (T6SS) were found to be necessary for virulence toward oysters, while a region (wbe) involved in O-antigen synthesis is necessary for resistance to predation against amoebae. Gene inactivation within the wbe region had major consequences on the O-antigen structure, conferring lower immunogenicity, competitive advantage and increased virulence in oyster experimental infections. Therefore, O-antigen structures that favour resistance to environmental predators result in an increased activation of the oyster immune system and a reduced virulence in that host. These trade-offs likely contribute to maintaining O-antigen diversity in the marine environment by favouring genomic plasticity of the wbe region. The results of this study indicate an evolution of V. splendidus towards moderate virulence as a compromise between fitness in the oyster as a host, and resistance to its predators in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oyanedel
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Labreuche
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F-29280, Plouzané, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Maxime Bruto
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F-29280, Plouzané, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Hajar Amraoui
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Robino
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Haffner
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Tristan Rubio
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France.,Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (UMR 5086). CNRS, University of Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- IHPE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, F-29280, Plouzané, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, France
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15
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Contreras G, Shirdel I, Braun MS, Wink M. Defensins: Transcriptional regulation and function beyond antimicrobial activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103556. [PMID: 31747541 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are one the largest group of antimicrobial peptides and are part of the innate defence. Defensins are produced by animals, plants and fungi. In animals and plants, defensins can be constitutively or differentially expressed both locally or systemically which confer defence before and a stronger response after infection. Immune signalling pathways regulate the gene expression of defensins. These pathways include cellular receptors, which recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are found both in plants and animals. After recognition, signalling pathways and, subsequently, transcriptional factors are activated. There is an increasing number of novel functions in defensins, such as immunomodulators and immune cell attractors. Identification of defensin triggers could help us to elucidate other new functions. The present article reviews the different elicitors of defensins with a main focus on human, fish and marine invertebrate defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Contreras
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Iman Shirdel
- Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Maiorova MA, Satoh N, Khalturin K, Odintsova NA. Transcriptomic profiling of the mussel Mytilus trossulus with a special emphasis on integrin-like genes during development. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1626774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia A. Maiorova
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomcs Unit, Okinawa Institute Science & Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Nelly A. Odintsova
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- Marine Invertebrate Biology Interfaculty Laboratory, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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17
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Wu Z, Sun J, Wang L, Zong Y, Han Z, Yang W, Liu Z, Wang L, Song L. CgSOCS6 negatively regulates the expression of CgIL17s and CgDefh1 in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:1084-1092. [PMID: 31449980 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a family of negatively feedback regulating factors, the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) can depress cytokine signal transduction, and eventually modulate growth, development, differentiation, and immune response. In the present study, a SOCS homologue (designated as CgSOCS6) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgSOCS6 cDNA was of 1167 bp encoding a peptide of 388 amino acid residues with a central Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, a conserved C-terminal SOCS box, and a nucleus localization sequence (NLS) in its N-terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgSOCS6 shared 37.9-45.5% similarity with other SOCS6/7 family members. In the unrooted phylogenetic tree, CgSOCS6 was clustered with EsSOCS6 from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and assigned into the SOCS6/7 group. The mRNA transcripts of CgSOCS6 were constitutively distributed in all the tested tissues, with the highest level in hemocytes. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgSOCS6 in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated to the highest level at 6 h (8.48-fold compared to the control group, p < 0.01), and then kept at a relatively higher level from 12 h to 72 h. CgSOCS6 protein could be translocated into the hemocyte nucleus after LPS stimulation. The mRNA expressions of interleukin 17-4 (CgIL17-4), CgIL17-5, and defensin (CgDefh1) in the hemocytes of CgSOCS6-knockdown oysters increased significantly (2.55-fold, 2.68-fold, 4.68-fold of that in EGFP-RNAi oysters, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively) after LPS stimulation. These findings suggested that CgSOCS6 was involved in the oyster immune response by regulating the expressions of CgIL17-4, CgIL17-5, and CgDefh1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zirong Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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18
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Yao T, Lu J, Ye L, Wang J. Molecular characterization and immune analysis of a defensin from small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 235:1-7. [PMID: 31078702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As one of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), defensins are involved in invertebrate innate immunity against invading pathogens. In this study, a member of the invertebrate defensins was cloned and characterized from the small abalone Haliotis diversicolor, designated HdDef-2. The HdDef-2 cDNA contained a 201 bp open reading frame encoding 66 amino acids including a signal peptide of 18 amino acids and a mature peptide of 48 amino acids. The mature peptide of HdDef-2 possessed similar features to other AMPs, such as lower molecular mass, net positive charge (+1), and a high hydrophobic residue ratio (45%). In addition, six cysteines in the mature peptide were arranged in the pattern C-X16-C-X3-C-X9-C-X4-C-X1-C and stabilized the α-helix/β-sheet motif (CSαβ) with three disulfide bonds (C1-C4, C2-C5 and C3-C6) in the predicted tertiary structure. Moreover, the similar three-dimensional structure to Anopheles gambiae defensin and a phylogenetic analysis suggest that HdDef-2 may be a new member of the arthropod defensin family. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that HdDef-2 transcripts were constitutively expressed in the mantle, gill, hepatopancreas, and foot, with the highest level in the hepatopancreas. It was observed that HdDef-2 transcripts were significantly induced in the hepatopancreas after infection by Vibrio harveyi. These results indicate that HdDef-2 may be involved in the immune response against invading pathogenic bacteria, but future work is needed to verify its antimicrobial activity in protein level and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Lingtong Ye
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou Guangdong 510300, PR China
| | - Jiangyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou Guangdong 510300, PR China.
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19
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Yang D, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Cong M, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Zhao J. A defensin-like antimicrobial peptide from the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Investigation of the antibacterial activities and mode of action. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:274-280. [PMID: 29902560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins that are ubiquitously present in both vertebrates and invertebrates and constitute the front line of host innate immunity. In the present study, a defensin-like antimicrobial peptide (designed as RpdefB) was identified and characterized from the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The open reading frame of RpdefB encoded a 70-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 7.5 kDa and isoelectric point of 8.16. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpdefB was a new member of the defensin family. In non-stimulated clams, RpdefB transcripts were constitutively expressed in all five tested tissues, especially in the hepatopancreas. After Vibrio anguillarum challenge, expression of RpdefB mRNA in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 6 h, 12 h and 72 h. The synthetic peptide RpdefB showed high antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio splendidus. Moreover, membrane integrity analysis revealed that RpdefB increased the membrane permeability of Escherichia coli and then resulted in cell death. Overall, our results suggested that RpdefB played an important role in the elimination of invading bacterium, perhaps through membrane-disruptive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environmental Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Cui P, Wang Y, Zhang S. Identification and bioactivity analysis of a newly identified defensin from the oyster Magallana gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 85:177-187. [PMID: 29733023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The relatively conserved sequences of signal peptides and proregions that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) contain have been successfully used to search for and identify novel AMPs from databases within the same lineages of fish and amphibians and across different animal classes. If such an approach is applicable to invertebrate species such as oyster has not yet been tested so far. In this study, we found a cDNA from the digestive gland of the oyster Magallana gigas, designated Mgdefdg, which contains two exons interspaced by one intron. Mgdefdg coded for a protein with features characteristic of defensins. The mature peptide had the cysteine-stabilized α-helix/β-sheet motif (CSαβ) and the consensus pattern C-X5-6-C-X3-C-X4-6-C-X3-4-C-X7-8-C-X-C-X2-C forming potential disulfide linkages C1-C5, C2-C6, C3-C7 and C4-C8 in the predicted tertiary structure. Functional assays revealed that recombinant mature MgDefdg (rmMgDefdg) was able to kill the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and to induce bacterial membrane/cytoplasmic damage. ELISA showed that rmMgDefdg had high affinity to both A. hydrophila and S. aureus as well as the microbe-associated molecular pattern molecules LPS and LTA. Moreover, rmMgDefdg was capable of causing bacterial membrane permeabilization and depolarization, and intracellular ROS increase. Additionally, rmMgDefdg was not cytotoxic to human red blood cells and murine RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that MgDefdg is a previously uncharacterized defensin with membrane selectivity towards bacterial cells. It also shows that the use of conserved sequences of signal peptides of defensins can be an effective tool to identify potential defensins across different animal genera in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yashuo Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Shi Q, Wang C, Hu Z, Li H. Identification and characterization of a novel defensin from Asian green mussel Perna viridis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:242-249. [PMID: 29278736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Defensin is one of the most diversified groups of antimicrobial peptides in invertebrate. In the present study, a novel defensin member referred as Pv-Def was identified and characterized from Asian green mussel Perna viridis. Using in silico survey of several EST databases released from diverse tissues of P. viridis, a single peptide referred as Pv-Def was predicted as defensin homologue with Mytilus counterparts. Further analysis on gene structure revealed that Pv-Def was 1001 nt in length and consisted of 3 exons and 2 introns. The precursor of Pv-Def was composed of a signal peptide of 19 amino acids and a mature peptide of 45 amino acids. The mature Pv-Def peptide contains 6 cysteines which formed 3 disulfide bonds at 27C1- 54C4, 40C2- 60C5 and 44C3- 62C6. Like most of the defensin family members, mature Pv-Def peptide included an alpha helix and 2 beta strands. Pv-Def showed significantly tissue-specific expression pattern, while highest transcription level was observed in hepatopancreas, which was about 900 folds to that in hemocytes. Moreover, the expression of Pv-Def mRNA in hemocytes was significantly and accurately up-regulated at different time intervals by Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the Pv-Def possesses closest relationships with arthropods counterparts rather than other mollusk defensins. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a defensin member was reported in Asian green mussel P. viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Fisheries, BGI, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Fisheries, BGI, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Chaogang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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22
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Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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23
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Hasanuzzaman AFM, Rubiolo JA, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Álvarez-Dios JA, Fernández-Boo S, Cao A, Villalba A, Pardo BG, Martínez P. Gene expression analysis of Ruditapes philippinarum haemocytes after experimental Perkinsus olseni zoospore challenge and infection in the wild. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:611-621. [PMID: 29162545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is seriously threatened by the protistan parasite Perkinsus olseni. We characterized and compared gene expression of Manila clam haemocytes in response to P. olseni in a time-course (10 h, 24 h, 8 d) controlled laboratory challenge (LC), representing the first step of infection, and in a more complex infection in the wild (WI), using a validated oligo-microarray containing 11,232 transcripts, mostly annotated. Several immune-genes involved in NIK/NF-kappaB signalling, Toll-like receptor signalling and apoptosis were activated at LC-10 h. However, down-regulation of genes encoding lysozyme, histones, cathepsins and heat shock proteins indicated signals of immunodepression, which persisted at LC-24 h, when only down-regulated genes were detected. A rebound of haemocyte activity occurred at LC-8 d as shown by up-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeleton organization and cell survival. The WI study showed a more complex picture, and several immune-relevant processes including cytoskeleton organization, cell survival, apoptosis, encapsulation, cell redox- and lipid-homeostasis were activated, illustrating the main mechanism of host response. Our results provide useful information, including potential biomarkers, to develop strategies for controlling Manila clam perkinsosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Farah Md Hasanuzzaman
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Juan Andrés Rubiolo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Diego Robledo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Antonio Gómez-Tato
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Álvarez-Dios
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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24
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Müller GDAES, de Lima D, Zacchi FL, Piazza RS, Lüchmann KH, Mattos JJ, Schlenk D, Bainy ACD. Analysis of transcriptional responses of normalizing genes on Crassostrea brasiliana under different experimental conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2190-2198. [PMID: 28160493 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves show remarkable plasticity to environmental changes and have been proposed as sentinel organisms in biomonitoring. Studies related to transcriptional analysis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in these organisms have notably increased, imposing a need to identify and validate adequate reference genes for an accurate and reliable analysis. In the present study, 9 reference genes were selected from transcriptome data of Crassostrea brasiliana to identify their suitability as qRT-PCR normalizer genes. The transcriptional patterns were analyzed in gills of oysters under 3 different conditions: different temperatures (18, 24, or 32 °C) and phenanthrene (100 µg L-1 ) combined exposure; different salinities (10, 25, or 35‰) and phenanthrene combined exposure; and 10% of diesel fuel water-accommodated fraction (diesel-WAF) exposure. Reference gene stability was calculated using 5 algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, RefFinder). Transcripts of ankyrin-like (ANK), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like (GAPDH), and α-tubulin-like (TUBA) genes showed minor changes in different temperature/phenanthrene treatment. Transcripts of ANK, β-actin-like, and β-tubulin-like genes showed better stability at salinity/phenanthrene treatment, and ANK, TUBA, and 28S ribosomal protein-like genes showed the most stable transcription pattern in oysters exposed to diesel-WAF exposure. The present study constitutes the first systematic analysis of reference gene selection for qRT-PCR normalization in C. brasiliana. These genes could be employed in studies using qRT-PCR analysis under similar experimental conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2190-2198. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daína de Lima
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Flávia Lucena Zacchi
- Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rômi Sharon Piazza
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Karim Hahn Lüchmann
- Fishery Engineering Department, Santa Catarina State University, Laguna, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jacó Joaquim Mattos
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside California, United States
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Liu G, Chen M, Yu C, Wang W, Yang L, Li Z, Wang W, Chen J. Molecular cloning, characterization and functional analysis of a putative mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MEKK4) from blood clam Tegillarca granosa. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:372-381. [PMID: 28476674 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades stand for one of the most important signaling mechanisms in response to environmental stimuli. In the present study, we cloned and identified for the first time the full-length cDNA of MAPK kinase kinase 4 (TgMEKK4) from Blood clam Tegillarca granosa using rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. The full-length cDNA of TgMEKK4 was of 1605 bp in length, encoding a polypeptide of 364 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 41.22 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 6.29. The conserved MEKK4-domain was identified in TgMEKK4 by SMART program analysis. Homology analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of TgMEKK4 with other known sequences revealed that TgMEKK4 shared 58%-80% identity to MEKK4s from other species. TgMEKK4 mRNA transcripts could be detected in all tissues examined with the highest expression level in the gill by qRT-PCR. The mRNA expression of TgMEKK4 was up-regulated significantly in hemocytes after Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. Overexpression of TgMEKK4 in HEK 293T cells resulted in the activation of JNK and ERK, but not p38. Consistently, In vivo study indicated that LPS stimulation enhanced JNK, ERK and p38 phosphorylation in blood clams. These results suggest that TgMEKK4 is a powerful factor in the regulation of genes that may be involved in innate immune response of blood clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China.
| | - Chen Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Zengpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005 Fujian, China.
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Zannella C, Mosca F, Mariani F, Franci G, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Tiscar PG, Galdiero M. Microbial Diseases of Bivalve Mollusks: Infections, Immunology and Antimicrobial Defense. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629124 PMCID: PMC5484132 DOI: 10.3390/md15060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) constitute a prominent commodity in fisheries and aquacultures, but are also crucial in order to preserve our ecosystem’s complexity and function. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, are relevant bred species, and their global farming maintains a high incremental annual growth rate, representing a considerable proportion of the overall fishery activities. Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders; therefore by filtering a great quantity of water, they may bioaccumulate in their tissues a high number of microorganisms that can be considered infectious for humans and higher vertebrates. Moreover, since some pathogens are also able to infect bivalve mollusks, they are a threat for the entire mollusk farming industry. In consideration of the leading role in aquaculture and the growing financial importance of bivalve farming, much interest has been recently devoted to investigate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of these mollusks in order to be prepared for public health emergencies and to avoid dreadful income losses. Several bacterial and viral pathogens will be described herein. Despite the minor complexity of the organization of the immune system of bivalves, compared to mammalian immune systems, a precise description of the different mechanisms that induce its activation and functioning is still missing. In the present review, a substantial consideration will be devoted in outlining the immune responses of bivalves and their repertoire of immune cells. Finally, we will focus on the description of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified and characterized in bivalve mollusks. Their structural and antimicrobial features are also of great interest for the biotechnology sector as antimicrobial templates to combat the increasing antibiotic-resistance of different pathogenic bacteria that plague the human population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mariani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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Wang W, Li M, Wang L, Chen H, Liu Z, Jia Z, Qiu L, Song L. The granulocytes are the main immunocompetent hemocytes in Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:221-228. [PMID: 27693685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes comprise diverse cell types with morphological and functional heterogeneity and play indispensable roles in immunological homeostasis of invertebrates. The morphological classification of different hemocytes in mollusk has been studied since the 1970's, yet the involvement of the different sub-populations in immune functions is far from clear. In the present study, three types of hemocytes were morphologically identified and separated as agranulocytes, semi-granulocytes and granulocytes by flow cytometry and Percoll® density gradient centrifugation. The granulocytes were characterized functionally as the main phagocytic and encapsulating population, while semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes exhibited low or no such capacities, respectively. Meanwhile, the lysosome activity and the productions of ROS and NO were all mainly concentrated in granulocytes under both normal and immune-activated situations. Further, the mRNA transcripts of some immune related genes, including CgTLR, CgClathrin, CgATPeV, CgLysozyme, CgDefensin and CgIL-17, were mainly expressed in granulocytes, lower in semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes. These results collectively suggested that the granulocytes were the main immunocompetent hemocytes in oyster C. gigas, and a differentiation relationship among these three sub-population hemocytes was inferred based on the gradual changes in morphological, functional and molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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28
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Pauletto M, Segarra A, Montagnani C, Quillien V, Faury N, Le Grand J, Miner P, Petton B, Labreuche Y, Fleury E, Fabioux C, Bargelloni L, Renault T, Huvet A. Long dsRNAs promote an anti-viral response in Pacific oyster hampering ostreid herpesvirus 1 replication. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3671-3685. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Double stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference (RNAi) is a widely used reverse genetic tool for determining the loss-of-function phenotype of a gene. Here, the possible induction of an immune response by long dsRNA was tested in a marine bivalve, i.e. Crassostrea gigas, as well as the specific role of the subunit 2 of the nuclear factor κB inhibitor (IκB2). This gene is a candidate of particular interest for functional investigations in the context of massive mortality oyster events as Cg-IκB2 mRNA levels exhibited significant variation depending on the amount of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) DNA detected. In the present study, dsRNAs targeting Cg-IκB2 and Green Fluorescence Protein genes were injected in vivo into oysters before being challenged by OsHV-1. Survival appeared close to 100% in both dsRNA injected conditions associated with a low detection of viral DNA and a low expression of a panel of 39 OsHV-1 genes as compared to infected control. Long dsRNA molecules, both Cg-IκB2- and GFP-dsRNA, may have induced an anti-viral state controlling the OsHV-1 replication and precluding the understanding of the Cg-IκB2 specific role. Immune-related genes including Cg-IκB1, Cg-Rel1, Cg-IFI44, Cg-PKR, and Cg-IAP appeared activated in dsRNA-injected condition potentially hampering viral replication and thus conferring a better resistance to OsHV-1 infection. We revealed that long dsRNA-mediated genetic interference triggered an anti-viral state in the oyster, emphasizing the need of new reverse genetics tools for assessing immune gene function and avoiding off-target effects in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science. University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Amélie Segarra
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- Ifremer, IHPE UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Virgile Quillien
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | | | - Philippe Miner
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Bruno Petton
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Yannick Labreuche
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Elodie Fleury
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science. University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Jiang S, Jia Z, Zhang T, Wang L, Qiu L, Sun J, Song L. Functional characterisation of phagocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2590. [PMID: 27994957 PMCID: PMC5160923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates lack canonical adaptive immunity and mainly rely on innate immune system to fight against pathogens. The phagocytes, which could engulf and kill microbial pathogens, are likely to be of great importance and have to undertake significant roles in invertebrate immune defense. In the present study, flow cytometry combined with histological and lectin staining was employed to characterise functional features of phagocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Based on the cell size and cellular contents, haemocytes were categorised into three cell types, i.e., granulocytes, semigranulocytes and agranulocytes. Agranulocytes with smaller cell volume and lower cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio did not show phagocytic activity, while semigranulocytes and agranulocytes exhibited larger cell volume, higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio and phagocytic activity. In addition, granulocytes with higher side scatter (SSC) exhibited higher phagocytic activity than that of semigranulocytes. When β-integrin and lectin-like receptors were blocked by RGD tripeptide and carbohydrates, respectively, the phagocytic activity of both granulocytes and semigranulocytes was significantly inhibited, indicating that β-integrin and certain lectin-like receptors were involved in phagocytosis towards microbes. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide but not peptidylglycan could enhance phagocytic activity of granulocytes and semigranulocytes towards Vibrio splendidus and Staphylococcus aureus. Lectin staining analysis revealed that Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (LEL), binding the epitope polylactosamine, was highly distributed on the extracellular cell surface of phagocytes, and could be utilized as a potential molecular marker to differentiate phagocytes from non-phagocytic haemocytes. The results, collectively, provide knowledge on the functional characters of oyster phagocytes, which would contribute to deep investigation of cell typing and cellular immunity in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin , China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University , Dalian , Liaoning , China
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Guo X, Ford SE. Infectious diseases of marine molluscs and host responses as revealed by genomic tools. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0206. [PMID: 26880838 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more infectious diseases affect marine molluscs. Some diseases have impacted commercial species including MSX and Dermo of the eastern oyster, QPX of hard clams, withering syndrome of abalone and ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections of many molluscs. Although the exact transmission mechanisms are not well understood, human activities and associated environmental changes often correlate with increased disease prevalence. For instance, hatcheries and large-scale aquaculture create high host densities, which, along with increasing ocean temperature, might have contributed to OsHV-1 epizootics in scallops and oysters. A key to understanding linkages between the environment and disease is to understand how the environment affects the host immune system. Although we might be tempted to downplay the role of immunity in invertebrates, recent advances in genomics have provided insights into host and parasite genomes and revealed surprisingly sophisticated innate immune systems in molluscs. All major innate immune pathways are found in molluscs with many immune receptors, regulators and effectors expanded. The expanded gene families provide great diversity and complexity in innate immune response, which may be key to mollusc's defence against diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Further advances in host and parasite genomics should improve our understanding of genetic variation in parasite virulence and host disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
| | - Susan E Ford
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
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Hart CE, Lauth MJ, Hunter CS, Krasny BR, Hardy KM. Effect of 4-nonylphenol on the immune response of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas following bacterial infection with Vibrio campbellii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:449-461. [PMID: 27693202 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP) is a ubiquitous aquatic pollutant and has been shown to impair reproduction, development, growth and, more recently, immune function in marine invertebrates. We investigated the effects of short-term (7 d) exposure to low (2 μg l-1) and high (100 μg l-1) levels of NP on cellular and humoral elements of the innate immune response of Crassostrea gigas to a bacterial challenge. To this end, we measured 1) total hemocyte counts (THC), 2) relative transcript abundance of ten immune-related genes (defh1, defh2, bigdef1, bigdef2, bpi, lysozyme-1, galectin, C-type lectin 2, timp, and transglutaminase) in the hemocytes, gill and mantle, and 3) hemolymph plasma lysozyme activity, following experimental Vibrio campbellii infection. Both low and high levels of NP were found to repress a bacteria-induced increase in THC observed in the control oysters. While several genes were differentially expressed following bacterial introduction (bigdef2, bpi, lysozyme-1, timp, transglutaminase), only two genes (bpi in the hemocytes, transglutaminase in the mantle) exhibited a different bacteria-induced expression profile following NP exposure, relative to the control oysters. Independently of infection-status, exposure to NP also altered mRNA transcript abundance of several genes (bpi, galectin, C-type lectin 2) in naïve, saline-injected oysters. Finally, plasma lysozyme activity levels were significantly higher in low dose NP-treated oysters (both naïve and bacteria challenged) relative to control oysters. Combined, these results suggest that exposure to ecologically-relevant (low) and extreme (high) levels of NP can alter both cellular and humoral elements of the innate immune response in C. gigas, an aquaculture species of global economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Hart
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States
| | - Michael J Lauth
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States
| | - Cassidy S Hunter
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States
| | - Brennan R Krasny
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States
| | - Kristin M Hardy
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States.
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Huan P, Wang H, Liu B. Assessment of housekeeping genes as internal references in quantitative expression analysis during early development of oyster. Genes Genet Syst 2016; 91:257-265. [PMID: 27582049 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.16-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The early development of mollusks exhibits important characteristics from the developmental and evolutionary perspective. With the increasing number of genome-wide studies, accurate analyses of quantitative gene expression during development are impeded by the lack of validated reference genes. To improve the situation, in this study, we analyzed the expression stability of seven candidate housekeeping genes during early development of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), α subunit of elongation factor 1 (elf1α), adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein q, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme e2d2 and ribosomal protein s18. We focused on 11 stages from oocyte to D-veliger, which include crucial developmental processes such as axis determination, gastrulation and shell formation. Gene expression stabilities were assessed with the three commonly used programs geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Although the results obtained with the three programs varied to some extent, in general, arf1, elf1α and gapdh were highly ranked and actin was poorly ranked. This analysis also indicated that multiple genes should be used for normalization, and we concluded that arf1-elf1α-gapdh should be used as internal references. The findings of this study will help researchers to obtain accurate results in future quantitative gene expression analysis of development in bivalve mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Huan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Song X, Wang H, Xin L, Xu J, Jia Z, Wang L, Song L. The immunological capacity in the larvae of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:461-469. [PMID: 26806166 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As the immune system has not fully developed during early developmental stages, bivalve larvae are more susceptible for pathogens, which frequently leads to the significant mortality in hatcheries. In the present study, the development of immune system and its response against bacteria challenge were investigated in order to characterize the repertoire of immunological capacity of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas during the ontogenesis. The phagocytosis was firstly observed in the early D-veliger larvae (17 hpf), especially in their velum site, which indicated the appearance of functional hemocytes during early D-veliger larvae stage. The whole-mount immunofluorescence assay of three pattern recognition receptors (integrin β-1, caspase-3 and C-type lectin 3) and one immune effector gene (IL17-5) was performed in blastula, early D-veliger and umbo larvae, suggested that velum and digestive gland were the potential sites of immune system in the larvae. The lowest activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme), as well as descended expression levels of 12 immune genes at the transition between embryogenesis and planktonic, indicated that the larvae at hatching (9 hpf) were in hypo-immunity. While the ascending activities of enzymes and expression levels of seven immune genes during the trochophore stage (15 hpf) suggested the initiation of immune system. The steadily increasing trend of all the 12 candidate genes at the early umbo larvae (120 h) hinted that the immune system was well developed at this stage. After bacterial challenge, some immune recognition (TLR4) and immune effector (IL17-5 and defh2) genes were activated in blastula stage (4 hpf), and other immune genes were up regulated in D-veliger larvae, indicating that the zygotic immune system could respond earlier against the bacterial challenge during its development. These results indicated that the cellular and humoral immune components appeared at trochophore stage, and the cellular immune system was activated with its occurrence, while the humoral immune system executed until the early umbo larval stage. The immune system emerged earlier to aid larvae in defending bacterial challenge during the early stages of oyster development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Pales Espinosa E, Koller A, Allam B. Proteomic characterization of mucosal secretions in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. J Proteomics 2015; 132:63-76. [PMID: 26612663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The soft body surface of marine invertebrates is covered by a layer of mucus, a slippery gel secreted by mucocytes lining epithelia. The functions of this gel are diverse including locomotion, cleansing, food particles processing and defense against physicochemical injuries and infectious agents. In oysters, mucus covering pallial organs has been demonstrated to have a major importance in the processing of food particles and in the interactions with waterborne pathogens. Given the limited information available on mucus in bivalves and the apparent wide spectra of activity of bioactive molecules present in this matrix, the characterization of these mucosal secretions has become a research priority. In this study, mucus was separately collected from the mantle, gills and labial palps of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and analyzed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed the presence of a wide variety of molecules involved in host-microbe interactions, including putative adhesion molecules (e.g. c-type lectins) confirming that transcripts previously identified in epithelial cells are translated into proteins secreted in mucus. Mucus composition was different among samples collected from different organs. These results generate a reference map for C. virginica pallial mucus to better characterize the various physiological functions of mucosal secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States.
| | - Antonius Koller
- Proteomics Center, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Yang D, Yu Q, Li F, Cong M, Ji C, Wu H, Zhao J. Molecular diversity and evolution of defensins in the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:302-312. [PMID: 26363232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four types of defensins were identified in Manila clam and designated as Rpdef1, Rpdef2, Rpdef3 and Rpdef4, which encoded a polypeptide of 49, 46, 45 and 42 amino acids, respectively. Sequence alignments indicated that Rpdef1 shared 46.9% identity with Rpdef2, 40.8% with Rpdef3, and 34.7% with Rpdef4. Analysis of transcript polymorphism showed that Rpdef3 accounted for about 60% frequency of Rpdefs occurrence in clams from three geographic origins (Dalian, Qingdao and Hangzhou). By quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the transcripts of Rpdefs were mainly detected in hemocytes and they responded sensitively to bacterial challenge in hemocytes. Evolutionary analysis indicated that all Rpdefs were under positive selection with positively selected basic amino acid residues detected in the C-terminal regions, which perhaps have a functional relevance by modifying the charge distribution of Rpdefs. The results also showed some lineages with dN/dS > 1, suggesting positive selection pressures existed in some lineages of phylogeny tree constructed by mollusk defensins. Overall, our results suggest that Rpdefs perhaps played important roles in host defense and positive selection is the major driving force in generating high diversity of defensins in the Manila clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Oppedijk SF, Martin NI, Breukink E. Hit 'em where it hurts: The growing and structurally diverse family of peptides that target lipid-II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:947-57. [PMID: 26523408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mode of action of antibiotics is becoming more and more important in the time that microorganisms start to develop resistance. One very well validated target of several classes of antibiotics is the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II. In this review different classes of lipid II targeting antibiotics will be discussed in detail, including the lantibiotics, human invertebrate defensins and the recently discovered teixobactin. By hitting bacteria where it hurts, at the level of lipid II, we expect to be able to develop efficient antibacterial agents in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antimicrobial peptides edited by Karl Lohner and Kai Hilpert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine F Oppedijk
- Membrane biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane biochemistry and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Zhang G, Li L, Meng J, Qi H, Qu T, Xu F, Zhang L. Molecular Basis for Adaptation of Oysters to Stressful Marine Intertidal Environments. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 4:357-81. [PMID: 26515272 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oysters that occupy estuarine and intertidal habitats have well-developed stress tolerance mechanisms to tolerate harsh and dynamically changing environments. In this review, we summarize common pathways and genomic features in oyster that are responsive to environmental stressors such as temperature, salinity, hypoxia, air exposure, pathogens, and anthropogenic pollutions. We first introduce the key genes involved in several pathways, which constitute the molecular basis for adaptation to stress. We use genome analysis to highlight the strong cellular homeostasis system, a unique adaptive characteristic of oysters. Next, we provide a global view of features of the oyster genome that contribute to stress adaptation, including oyster-specific gene expansion, highly inducible expression, and functional divergence. Finally, we review the consequences of interactions between oysters and the environment from ecological and evolutionary perspectives by discussing mass mortality and adaptive divergence among populations and related species of the genus Crassostrea. We conclude with prospects for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
| | - Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
| | - Haigang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
| | - Tao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 China;
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Schmitt P, Rosa RD, Destoumieux-Garzón D. An intimate link between antimicrobial peptide sequence diversity and binding to essential components of bacterial membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:958-70. [PMID: 26498397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) are widespread in the living kingdom. They are key effectors of defense reactions and mediators of competitions between organisms. They are often cationic and amphiphilic, which favors their interactions with the anionic membranes of microorganisms. Several AMP families do not directly alter membrane integrity but rather target conserved components of the bacterial membranes in a process that provides them with potent and specific antimicrobial activities. Thus, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and the peptidoglycan precursor Lipid II are targeted by a broad series of AMPs. Studying the functional diversity of immune effectors tells us about the essential residues involved in AMP mechanism of action. Marine invertebrates have been found to produce a remarkable diversity of AMPs. Molluscan defensins and crustacean anti-LPS factors (ALF) are diverse in terms of amino acid sequence and show contrasted phenotypes in terms of antimicrobial activity. Their activity is directed essentially against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria due to their specific interactions with Lipid II or Lipid A, respectively. Through those interesting examples, we discuss here how sequence diversity generated throughout evolution informs us on residues required for essential molecular interaction at the bacterial membranes and subsequent antibacterial activity. Through the analysis of molecular variants having lost antibacterial activity or shaped novel functions, we also discuss the molecular bases of functional divergence in AMPs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antimicrobial peptides edited by Karl Lohner and Kai Hilpert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rafael D Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- CNRS, Ifremer, UPVD, Université de Montpellier. Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR5244, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France.
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Campos A, Apraiz I, da Fonseca RR, Cristobal S. Shotgun analysis of the marine musselMytilus edulishemolymph proteome and mapping the innate immunity elements. Proteomics 2015; 15:4021-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Campos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Itxaso Apraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rute R. da Fonseca
- The Bioinformatics Centre; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of the Basque Country; Leioa Spain
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40
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Guo X, He Y, Zhang L, Lelong C, Jouaux A. Immune and stress responses in oysters with insights on adaptation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:107-119. [PMID: 25989624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient against harsh environmental conditions including wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity as well as prolonged air exposure. Oysters have no adaptive immunity but can thrive in microbe-rich estuaries as filter-feeders. These unique adaptations make oysters interesting models to study the evolution of host-defense systems. Recent advances in genomic studies including sequencing of the oyster genome have provided insights into oyster's immune and stress responses underlying their amazing resilience. Studies show that the oyster genomes are highly polymorphic and complex, which may be key to their resilience. The oyster genome has a large gene repertoire that is enriched for immune and stress response genes. Thousands of genes are involved in oyster's immune and stress responses, through complex interactions, with many gene families expanded showing high sequence, structural and functional diversity. The high diversity of immune receptors and effectors may provide oysters with enhanced specificity in immune recognition and response to cope with diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Some members of expanded immune gene families have diverged to function at different temperatures and salinities or assumed new roles in abiotic stress response. Most canonical innate immunity pathways are conserved in oysters and supported by a large number of diverse and often novel genes. The great diversity in immune and stress response genes exhibited by expanded gene families as well as high sequence and structural polymorphisms may be central to oyster's adaptation to highly stressful and widely changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08345, USA.
| | - Yan He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christophe Lelong
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Aude Jouaux
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
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41
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Bachère E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Poirier AC, Merou N, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:50-64. [PMID: 25753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. In such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. We give here cellular and molecular insights into the Crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). This review highlights the central role of the hemocytes in the modulation and control of oyster antimicrobial response. As vehicles for AMPs and other antimicrobial effectors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and together with epithelia, hemocytes provide the oyster with local defense reactions instead of systemic humoral ones. These reactions are largely based on phagocytosis but also, as recently described, on the extracellular release of antimicrobial histones (ETosis) which is triggered by ROS. Thus, ROS can signal danger and activate cellular responses in the oyster. From the current literature, AMP production/release could serve similar functions. We provide also new lights on the oyster genetic background that underlies a great diversity of AMP sequences but also an extraordinary individual polymorphism of AMP gene expression. We discuss here how this polymorphism could generate new immune functions, new pathogen resistances or support individual adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aurore C Poirier
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Merou
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Zhang L, Yang D, Wang Q, Yuan Z, Wu H, Pei D, Cong M, Li F, Ji C, Zhao J. A defensin from clam Venerupis philippinarum: Molecular characterization, localization, antibacterial activity, and mechanism of action. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:29-38. [PMID: 25697801 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important mediators of the primary host defense system against microbial invasion. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a member of the invertebrate defensin from the clam Venerupis philippinarum, designated VpDef. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that VpDef was similar to defensins from marine mollusks and ticks. In non-stimulated clams, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both VpDef mRNA and the encoding peptide were constitutively expressed in hemocytes and mantles, as well as in other major tissues. VpDef transcripts were significantly induced in hemocytes at different time intervals post Vibrio anguillarum infection. The recombinant VpDef (rVpDef) showed the highest activity against Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and less effective to Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, incubation of rVpDef with M. luteus at 1 × and 3 × MIC could induce an obvious decrease of the membrane potential and notable changes of membrane permeability in a dose-dependent manner. Membrane integrity and bacterial viability analysis also revealed that rVpDef increased the membrane permeability of M. luteus and then resulted in cell death at 2 × and 10 × MIC. Overall, these results suggest that VpDef has an important function in host defense against invasive pathogens, probably killing microbes by inducing membrane lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zeyi Yuan
- National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin 300171, China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Dong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environment Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, China.
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43
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Nam BH, Seo JK, Lee MJ, Kim YO, Kim DG, An CM, Park NG. Functional analysis of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) β-thymosin: Focus on antimicrobial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:167-174. [PMID: 25842181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An antimicrobial peptide, ∼5 kDa in size, was isolated and purified in its active form from the mantle of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas by C18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight analysis revealed 4656.4 Da of the purified and unreduced peptide. A comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of oyster antimicrobial peptide with deduced amino acid sequences in our local expressed sequence tag (EST) database of C. gigas (unpublished data) revealed that the oyster antimicrobial peptide sequence entirely matched the deduced amino acid sequence of an EST clone (HM-8_A04), which was highly homologous with the β-thymosin of other species. The cDNA possessed a 126-bp open reading frame that encoded a protein of 41 amino acids. To confirm the antimicrobial activity of C. gigas β-thymosin, we overexpressed a recombinant β-thymosin (rcgTβ) using a pET22 expression plasmid in an Escherichia coli system. The antimicrobial activity of rcgTβ was evaluated and demonstrated using a bacterial growth inhibition test in both liquid and solid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyoung National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyoung National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Immune responses to infectious diseases in bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:121-36. [PMID: 26003824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function. These crucial roles mean that considerable attention has been paid to the immune responses of bivalves such as oysters, clams and mussels against infectious diseases that can threaten the viability of entire populations. As with many invertebrates, bivalves have a comprehensive repertoire of immune cells, genes and proteins. Hemocytes represent the backbone of the bivalve immune system. However, it is clear that mucosal tissues at the interface with the environment also play a critical role in host defense. Bivalve immune cells express a range of pattern recognition receptors and are highly responsive to the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. Their responses to infection include chemotaxis, phagolysosomal activity, encapsulation, complex intracellular signaling and transcriptional activity, apoptosis, and the induction of anti-viral states. Bivalves also express a range of inducible extracellular recognition and effector proteins, such as lectins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, thioester bearing proteins, lipopolysaccharide and β1,3-glucan-binding proteins, fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and antimicrobial proteins. The identification of FREPs and other highly diversified gene families in bivalves leaves open the possibility that some of their responses to infection may involve a high degree of pathogen specificity and immune priming. The current review article provides a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, description of these factors and how they are regulated by infectious agents. It concludes that one of the remaining challenges is to use new "omics" technologies to understand how this diverse array of factors is integrated and controlled during infection.
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45
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Periyasamy N, Srinivasan M, Balakrishnan S. Antimicrobial activities of the tissue extracts of Babylonia spirata Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Thazhanguda, southeast coast of India. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:36-40. [PMID: 23569831 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial activity of the tissue extracts of Babylonia spirata (B. spirata) against nine bacterial and three fungal pathogens. METHODS Crude extract of gastropod was tested for inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth. Antibacterial assay was carried out by disc diffusion method and in vitro antifungal activity was determined against Czapex Dox agar. The antimicrobial activity was measured accordingly based on the inhibition zone around the disc impregnated with gastropod extract. Molecular size of muscle protein was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). And fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectro photometry analysis was also studied. RESULTS The maximum inhibition zone (12 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the crude ethanol extract of B. spirata and the minimum inhibition zone (2 mm) was noticed against Staphylococcus aureus in the crude methanol extract of B. spirata. Water extract of B. spirata showed the highest activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanol, acetone, methanol, chloroform and water extracts showed antimicrobial activity against almost all the bacteria and fungus. Compared with water extracts, ethanol and methanol extracts showed higher activity against all pathogens. The molecular weight of protein of the gastropod sample ranged from 2-110 kDa on SDS-PAGE. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds signals at different ranges. CONCLUSIONS The research shows that the great medicinal value of the gastropod muscle of B. spirata may be due to high quality of antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Periyasamy
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
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46
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Tassanakajon A, Somboonwiwat K, Amparyup P. Sequence diversity and evolution of antimicrobial peptides in invertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:324-341. [PMID: 24950415 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are evolutionarily ancient molecules that act as the key components in the invertebrate innate immunity against invading pathogens. Several AMPs have been identified and characterized in invertebrates, and found to display considerable diversity in their amino acid sequence, structure and biological activity. AMP genes appear to have rapidly evolved, which might have arisen from the co-evolutionary arms race between host and pathogens, and enabled organisms to survive in different microbial environments. Here, the sequence diversity of invertebrate AMPs (defensins, cecropins, crustins and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors) are presented to provide a better understanding of the evolution pattern of these peptides that play a major role in host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Tassanakajon
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piti Amparyup
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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47
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Li J, Li T, Jiang Y. Chemical aspects of the preservation and safety control of sea foods. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in biopreservation of food has prompted the quest for new natural antimicrobial compounds from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Li
- Research Institute of Food Science
- Bohai University
- Food Safety Key Lab of Liaoning Province
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage
- Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Science
- Dalian Nationalities University
- Dalian 116029
- China
- College of Food Science
| | - Yang Jiang
- Research Institute of Food Science
- Bohai University
- Food Safety Key Lab of Liaoning Province
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage
- Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products
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48
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Allam B, Pales Espinosa E, Tanguy A, Jeffroy F, Le Bris C, Paillard C. Transcriptional changes in Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in response to Brown Ring Disease. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:2-11. [PMID: 24882017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown Ring Disease (BRD) is a bacterial infection affecting the economically-important clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The disease is caused by a bacterium, Vibrio tapetis, that colonizes the edge of the mantle, altering the biomineralization process and normal shell growth. Altered organic shell matrices accumulate on the inner face of the shell leading to the formation of the typical brown ring in the extrapallial space (between the mantle and the shell). Even though structural and functional changes have been described in solid (mantle) and fluid (hemolymph and extrapallial fluids) tissues from infected clams, the underlying molecular alterations and responses remain largely unknown. This study was designed to gather information on clam molecular responses to the disease and to compare focal responses at the site of the infection (mantle and extrapallial fluid) with systemic (hemolymph) responses. To do so, we designed and produced a Manila clam expression oligoarray (15K Agilent) using transcriptomic data available in public databases and used this platform to comparatively assess transcriptomic changes in mantle, hemolymph and extrapallial fluid of infected clams. Results showed significant regulation in diseased clams of molecules involved in pathogen recognition (e.g. lectins, C1q domain-containing proteins) and killing (defensin), apoptosis regulation (death-associated protein, bcl-2) and in biomineralization (shell matrix proteins, perlucin, galaxin, chitin- and calcium-binding proteins). While most changes in response to the disease were tissue-specific, systemic alterations included co-regulation in all 3 tested tissues of molecules involved in microbe recognition and killing (complement-related factors, defensin). These results provide a first glance at molecular alterations and responses caused by BRD and identify targets for future functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | | | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UPMC-CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Fanny Jeffroy
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
| | - Cedric Le Bris
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
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Toubiana M, Rosani U, Giambelluca S, Cammarata M, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Venier P, Roch P. Toll signal transduction pathway in bivalves: complete cds of intermediate elements and related gene transcription levels in hemocytes of immune stimulated Mytilus galloprovincialis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:300-312. [PMID: 24709052 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on protein domain structure and organization deduced from mRNA contigs, 15 transcripts of the Toll signaling pathway have been identified in the bivalve, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Identical searches performed on publicly available Mytilus edulis ESTs revealed 11 transcripts, whereas searches performed in genomic and new transcriptome sequences of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, identified 21 Toll-related transcripts. The remarkable molecular diversity of TRAF and IKK coding sequences of C. gigas, suggests that the sequence data inferred from Mytilus cDNAs may not be exhaustive. Most of the Toll pathway genes were constitutively and ubiquitously expressed in M. galloprovincialis, although at different levels, and clearly induced after in vivo injection with bacteria. Such over-transcription was more rapid and intense with Gram-negative than with Gram-positive bacteria. Injection of a fungus modulated the transcription of few Toll pathway genes, with the induction levels of TLR/MyD88 complex being always less intense. Purified LPS and β-glucans had marginal effect whereas peptidoglycans were ineffective. At the moment, we found no evidence of an IMD transcript in bivalves. In conclusion, mussels possess a complete Toll pathway which can be triggered either by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Toubiana
- Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (EcoSym), CNRS-Université de Montpellier 2-IRD, cc 093, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sonia Giambelluca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| | - Philippe Roch
- Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (EcoSym), CNRS-Université de Montpellier 2-IRD, cc 093, place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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50
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Jemaà M, Morin N, Cavelier P, Cau J, Strub JM, Delsert C. Adult somatic progenitor cells and hematopoiesis in oysters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3067-77. [PMID: 24948634 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived animals show a non-observable age-related decline in immune defense, which is provided by blood cells that derive from self-renewing stem cells. The oldest living animals are bivalves. Yet, the origin of hemocytes, the cells involved in innate immunity, is unknown in bivalves and current knowledge about mollusk adult somatic stem cells is scarce. Here we identify a population of adult somatic precursor cells and show their differentiation into hemocytes. Oyster gill contains an as yet unreported irregularly folded structure (IFS) with stem-like cells bathing into the hemolymph. BrdU labeling revealed that the stem-like cells in the gill epithelium and in the nearby hemolymph replicate DNA. Proliferation of this cell population was further evidenced by phosphorylated-histone H3 mitotic staining. Finally, these small cells, most abundant in the IFS epithelium, were found to be positive for the stemness marker Sox2. We provide evidence for hematopoiesis by showing that co-expression of Sox2 and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, a hemocyte-specific enzyme, does not occur in the gill epithelial cells but rather in the underlying tissues and vessels. We further confirm the hematopoietic features of these cells by the detection of Filamin, a protein specific for a sub-population of hemocytes, in large BrdU-labeled cells bathing into gill vessels. Altogether, our data show that progenitor cells differentiate into hemocytes in the gill, which suggests that hematopoiesis occurs in oyster gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jemaà
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France CRBM CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, 34293 France
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France CRBM CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, 34293 France
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France IGMM CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, 34293 France
| | - Julien Cau
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France IGH CNRS UPR 1142, Montpellier, 34396, France
| | - Jean Marc Strub
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67081 France IPHC CNRS UMR7178, Strasbourg, 67037 France
| | - Claude Delsert
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Montpellier, 34095 France CRBM CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, 34293 France IFREMER, LGP, La Tremblade, 17390 France
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