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Zhang J, Shen Y, Yang G, Sun J, Tang C, Liang H, Ma J, Wu X, Cao H, Wu M, Ding Y, Li M, Liu Z, Ge L. Commensal microbiota modulates phenotypic characteristics and gene expression in piglet Peyer's patches. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1084332. [PMID: 37035673 PMCID: PMC10073539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1084332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains a complex microbial community. Peyer's patches (PPs) play an important role in inducing mucosal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known about the effect of commensal microbiota on the host's PPs. Here, we analyzed the phenotypic-to-transcriptome changes in the intestine PPs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) piglets (fed in an environment with and without commensal microbiota, respectively) to elucidate the role of commensal microbiota in host intestine mucosal immunity. Analyses of anatomical and histological characteristics showed that commensal microbiota deficiency led to PP hypoplasia, especially regarding B and T cells. A total of 12,444 mRNAs were expressed in 12 libraries; 2,156 and 425 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs were detected in the jejunal PP (JPP) and ileal PP (IPP), respectively (SPF vs. GF). The shared DE mRNAs of the JPP and IPP were mainly involved in basic physiological and metabolic processes, while the specific DE mRNAs were enriched in regulating immune cells in the JPP and microbial responses and cellular immunity in the IPP. Commensal microbiota significantly modulated the expression of genes related to B-cell functions, including activation, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, receptor signaling, germinal center formation, and IgA isotype class switching, particularly in the JPP. TLR4 pathway-related genes were induced in response to microbial colonization and in LPS/SCFA-treated B cells. We also detected 69 and 21 DE lncRNAs in the JPP and IPP, respectively, and four one-to-one lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified. These findings might represent key regulatory axes for host intestine mucosal immunity development during microbial colonization. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that commensal microbiota modulated phenotypic characteristics and gene expression in the piglet intestine PPs and underscored the importance of early microbial colonization for host mucosal immunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Yangling Food Engineering Innovation Center, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Guitao Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuang Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoran Cao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Liangpeng Ge,
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Jørgensen PB, Eriksen LL, Fenton TM, Bailey M, Agace WW, Mörbe UM. The porcine large intestine contains developmentally distinct submucosal lymphoid clusters and mucosal isolated lymphoid follicles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104375. [PMID: 35219758 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) serve as key priming sites for intestinal adaptive immune responses. Most of our understanding of GALT function and development arises from studies in mice. However, the diversity, structure and cellular composition of GALT differs markedly between mammalian species and the developmental window in which distinct GALT structures develop in large mammals remains poorly understood. Given the importance of pigs as models of human disease, as well as their role in livestock production, we adapted a recently developed protocol for the isolation of human GALT to assess the diversity, development and immune composition of large intestinal GALT in neonatal and adult pigs. We demonstrate that the large intestine of adult pigs contains two major GALT types; multifollicular submucosal GALT that we term submucosal lymphoid clusters (SLC) which develop prenatally, and as yet undescribed mucosal isolated lymphoid follicles (M-ILF), which arise after birth. Using confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry, we additionally assess the microanatomy and lymphocyte composition of SLC and M-ILF, compare them to jejunal Peyer's patches (PP), and describe the maturation of these structures. Collectively, our results provide a deeper understanding of the diversity and development of GALT within the porcine large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Jørgensen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lise L Eriksen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Fenton
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - William W Agace
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark; Immunology Section, Lund University, BMC D14, Lund, Sweden
| | - Urs M Mörbe
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Furukawa M, Ito S, Suzuki S, Fuchimoto D, Onishi A, Niimi K, Usami K, Wu G, Bazer FW, Ogasawara K, Watanabe K, Aso H, Nochi T. Organogenesis of Ileal Peyer's Patches Is Initiated Prenatally and Accelerated Postnatally With Comprehensive Proliferation of B Cells in Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604674. [PMID: 33424851 PMCID: PMC7793923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and differentiation of organs is required for subsequent functional maturation. The morphological features of Peyer's patches vary among species. In pigs, they develop extensively in the ileum as ileal Peyer's patches (IPPs). However, the role of IPPs in the porcine immune system remains to be elucidated because of a lack of complete understanding of IPP organogenesis. Results of the present study revealed that development of porcine IPPs is initiated prenatally between embryonic days 76 and 91. The process of IPP organogenesis is concomitant with increased transcriptional patterns of CXCL13 and CCL19. IPPs undergo further development postnatally by forming central, marginal, and subepithelial zones. Importantly, a large number of proliferating B cells and apoptotic cells are found in porcine IPPs postnatally, but not prenatally. The expression level of IgM in proliferating B cells depends on the zone in which distinct B cells are separately localized after birth. Specifically, IgM+ cells are predominantly found in the central zone, whereas IgM-/low cells are abundant in the marginal zone. Importantly, the cellular feature of IPPs differs from that of mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) where such distinct zones are not formed both prenatally and postnatally. Our findings suggest that IPPs (not MLNs) in postnatal pigs are involved in complementing functions of the primary lymphoid tissue that promotes the differentiation and maturation of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Furukawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Ito
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunichi Suzuki
- Division of Animal Science, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Fuchimoto
- Division of Animal Science, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Onishi
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kanae Niimi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuki Usami
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Immunobiology, Tohoku University Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouichi Watanabe
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Modulate Gut Inflammatory Response and Improve Duodenal Villi Height in Post-Weaning Piglets Improving Feed Efficiency. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081283. [PMID: 32731342 PMCID: PMC7459834 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Postweaning is a stressful period for piglets, accompanied by several modifications of the gastrointestinal tract, which can impair both animal health and performance. Nowadays, some classes of feed additives are under evaluation to benefit health status and promote growth in farm animals, modulating the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the residing microflora, and ameliorating the immune response during stressful situations. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to support gut health and improve growth performance. Our results suggest that MOS can exert beneficial effects on gut health, improving duodenal morphology and modulating the expression of inflammation-related genes, which are accompanied by improved feed efficiency. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on gut health and performance in post-weaning piglets. In total, 40 piglets were divided into two experimental groups and fed a basal diet with (TRT) or without (CON) 0.2% mannan oligosaccharides for 35 days. Growth performance was determined weekly and faecal microbial composition on days 0, 14 and 35. On day 36, histometrical evaluations were performed on duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and colon samples. mRNA gene expression of inflammation-related genes was evaluated in samples of ileal Peyer’s patches (IPP). MOS administration improved feed efficiency in the last two weeks of the trial (p < 0.05), and a decreased clostridia content was found in faeces at day 14 (p = 0.05). TRT piglets showed increased duodenal villi height (p < 0.05), and reduced mRNA levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor α (p < 0.05) and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (p < 0.01) in IPP. Our results suggest beneficial effects of MOS supplementation on gut morphology and the expression of inflammation-related genes in post-weaning piglets, accompanied by increased feed efficiency.
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Prims S, Jurgens B, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Casteleyn C. The porcine tonsils and Peyer's patches: A stereological morphometric analysis in conventionally and artificially reared piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:9-15. [PMID: 30502915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selection for prolificacy in modern pig farming has resulted in increasing litter sizes. Since rearing large litters is challenging, artificial rearing of piglets with a milk replacer is an alternative strategy. It is hypothesized that the development of the piglets' mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) is affected by these artificial conditions. Therefore, the stereologically estimated volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate, and the lingual, nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, as well as the jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches were statistically compared at day 21 postpartum between six conventionally reared piglets and six piglets that were artificially reared from day 7 onwards. In addition, six 7-day-old sow-fed piglets were examined to evaluate the effect of age. All tonsils and Peyer's patches significantly increased in volume with age. The rearing strategy had no significant effect on the volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate and the lingual tonsil. The former tonsil was by far the largest with a mean volume of 967.2 ± 122.4 mm3 and 822.3 ± 125.4 mm3 in the conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The lingual tonsil only measured 9.4 ± 6.4 mm3 and 6.3 ± 2.6 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared groups, respectively. In contrast, the rearing strategy did affect the volumes of the nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, which had a mean volume of 137.1 ± 32.4 mm3 and 84.4 ± 26.9 mm3, and 30.7 ± 7.8 mm3 and 20.0 ± 3.9 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The rearing strategy did not affect the development of the Peyer's patches. At day 21, the jejunal Peyer's patches of the conventionally and artificially reared piglets presented a volume of 1.6 ± 0.4 cm3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. The volumes of the ileal Peyer's patch amounted to 15.1 ± 3.0 cm³ in conventionally reared piglets and 12.0 ± 2.6 cm³ in artificially reared piglets at day 21. The results showed that artificial rearing hampers the morphological development of the tonsils that are exposed to inhaled antigens, but the voluminous lymphoid tissues that sample oral antigens are not influenced. Since it is unlikely that the observed differences in both tonsils are due to the milk replacer, artificial rearing could be a valuable alternative for raising large litters. In addition, the presence of developing MALT in piglets allows for investigating the value of nasal and oral vaccination in this species for human or veterinary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Vanden Hole
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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6
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Maroilley T, Berri M, Lemonnier G, Esquerré D, Chevaleyre C, Mélo S, Meurens F, Coville JL, Leplat JJ, Rau A, Bed'hom B, Vincent-Naulleau S, Mercat MJ, Billon Y, Lepage P, Rogel-Gaillard C, Estellé J. Immunome differences between porcine ileal and jejunal Peyer's patches revealed by global transcriptome sequencing of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9077. [PMID: 29899562 PMCID: PMC5998120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the intestinal mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) constitute an essential physical and immunological barrier against pathogens. In order to study the specificities of the GALT transcriptome in pigs, we compared the transcriptome profiles of jejunal and ileal Peyer’s patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and peripheral blood (PB) of four male piglets by RNA-Seq. We identified 1,103 differentially expressed (DE) genes between ileal PPs (IPPs) and jejunal PPs (JPPs), and six times more DE genes between PPs and MLNs. The master regulator genes FOXP3, GATA3, STAT4, TBX21 and RORC were less expressed in IPPs compared to JPPs, whereas the transcription factor BCL6 was found more expressed in IPPs. In comparison between IPPs and JPPs, our analyses revealed predominant differential expression related to the differentiation of T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17 and iTreg in JPPs. Our results were consistent with previous reports regarding a higher T/B cells ratio in JPPs compared to IPPs. We found antisense transcription for respectively 24%, 22% and 14% of the transcripts detected in MLNs, PPs and PB, and significant positive correlations between PB and GALT transcriptomes. Allele-specific expression analyses revealed both shared and tissue-specific cis-genetic control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maroilley
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Berri
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - G Lemonnier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Esquerré
- GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castenet-Tolosan, France
| | - C Chevaleyre
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - S Mélo
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - F Meurens
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - J L Coville
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J J Leplat
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Rau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B Bed'hom
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Vincent-Naulleau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M J Mercat
- BIOPORC and IFIP-Institut du porc, La Motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35651, Le Rheu, France
| | - Y Billon
- GENESI, INRA, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - P Lepage
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Rogel-Gaillard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - J Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of myricetin: Formulation development, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:101-109. [PMID: 28917148 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite various pharmacological effects, myricetin (Myr) shows low oral bioavailability (<10%) due to its poor solubility, which limits its applications. To address this problem, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were developed by investigating the solubility of Myr in various excipients, constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and optimizing based on droplet size and emulsification efficacy after drug loading. The obtained Myr-SNEDDS were F04 (Capryol 90/Cremophor RH 40/PEG 400 4:3:3), F08 (Capryol 90/CremophorRH40/1,2-propanediol 4:3:3), F13 (Capryol 90/Cremophor EL/Transcutol HP 4:3:3) and F15 (Capryol 90/Cremephor RH 40/Transcutol HP 2:7:1), with droplet sizes less than 200nm. Additional evaluations showed that these Myr-SNEDDS formulations had fast release properties (over 90% in 1min), low cytotoxicity, and improved permeability and solubility compared with the free drug. Consequently, the oral bioavailabilities of Myr were 5.13, 6.33, 4.69 and 2.53-fold for F04, F08, F13 and F15, respectively, relative to Myr alone. The present study demonstrated that SNEDDS is a viable platform for the oral delivery of insoluble drugs such as Myr.
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8
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Abstract
The regional specialization of intestinal immune cells is affected by the longitudinal heterogeneity of environmental factors. Although the distribution of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) is well characterized in the lamina propria, it is poorly defined in Peyer’s patches (PPs) along the intestine. Given that PP ILC3s are closely associated with mucosal immune regulation, it is important to characterize the regulatory mechanism of ILC3s. Here, we found that terminal ileal PPs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice have fewer NKp46+ ILC3s than jejunal PPs, while there was no difference in NKp46+ ILC3 numbers between terminal ileal and jejunal PPs in antibiotics (ABX)-treated mice. We also found that butyrate levels in the terminal ileal PPs of SPF mice were higher than those in the jejunal PPs of SPF mice and terminal ileal PPs of ABX-treated mice. The reduced number of NKp46+ ILC3s in terminal ileal PPs resulted in a decrease in Csf2 expression and, in turn, resulted in reduced regulatory T cells and enhanced antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. Thus, we suggest that NKp46+ ILC3s are negatively regulated by microbiota-derived butyrate in terminal ileal PPs and the reduced ILC3 frequency is closely associated with antigen-specific immune induction in terminal ileal PPs.
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9
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Inoue R, Tsukahara T, Nakatani M, Okutani M, Nishibayashi R, Ogawa S, Harayama T, Nagino T, Hatanaka H, Fukuta K, Romero-Pérez GA, Ushida K, Kelly D. Weaning Markedly Affects Transcriptome Profiles and Peyer's Patch Development in Piglet Ileum. Front Immunol 2015; 6:630. [PMID: 26697021 PMCID: PMC4678207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses were conducted on the ileal mucosa of 14- to 35-day-old piglets to investigate postnatal gut development during suckling and postweaning. The transcriptome profiles of 14-day-old suckling piglets showed a considerably higher number of differentially expressed genes than did those of 21-, 28-, and 35-day olds, indicating an intensive gut development during the first 14–21 postnatal days. In addition, the analysis of biological pathways indicated that Chemotaxis Leucocyte chemotaxis was the most significantly affected pathway in suckling piglets between 14 and 21 days of age. Weaning negatively affected pathways associated with acquired immunity, but positively affected those associated with innate immunity. Interestingly, pathway Chemotaxis Leucocyte chemotaxis was found positively affected when comparing 14- and 21-day-old suckling piglets, but negatively affected in 28-day-old piglets weaned at 21 days of age, when compared with 28-day-old suckling piglets. Genes CXCL13, SLA-DOA (MHC class II), ICAM1, VAV1, and VCAM1 were involved in the pathway Chemotaxis Leukocyte chemotaxis and they were found to significantly change between 14- and 21-day-old suckling piglets and between groups of suckling and weaned piglets. The expression of these genes significantly declined after weaning at 14, 21, and 28 days of age. This decline indicated that CXCL13, SLA-DOA, ICAM1, VAV1, and VCAM1 may be involved in the development of Peyer’s patches (PP) because lower gene expression clearly corresponded with smaller areas of PP in the ileal mucosa of piglets. Moreover, weaning piglets prior to a period of intensive gut development, i.e., 14 days of age, caused significant adverse effects on the size of PP, which were not reverted even 14 days postweaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan ; Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan ; Kyoto Institute of Nutrition and Pathology , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masako Nakatani
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mie Okutani
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | | | - Shohei Ogawa
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Tomoko Harayama
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagino
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hironori Hatanaka
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kikuto Fukuta
- Technical Center, Toyohashi Feed Mills , Shinshiro , Japan
| | | | - Kazunari Ushida
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Denise Kelly
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
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10
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Mach N, Berri M, Estellé J, Levenez F, Lemonnier G, Denis C, Leplat JJ, Chevaleyre C, Billon Y, Doré J, Rogel-Gaillard C, Lepage P. Early-life establishment of the swine gut microbiome and impact on host phenotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:554-69. [PMID: 25727666 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Early bacterial colonization and succession within the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested to be crucial in the establishment of specific microbiota composition and the shaping of host phenotype. Here, the composition and dynamics of faecal microbiomes were studied for 31 healthy piglets across five age strata (days 14, 36, 48, 60 and 70 after birth) together with their mothers. Faecal microbiome composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene 454-pyrosequencing. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the predominant phyla present at each age. For all piglets, luminal secretory IgA concentration was measured at day 70, and body weight was recorded until day 70. The microbiota of suckling piglets was mainly represented by Bacteroides, Oscillibacter, Escherichia/Shigella, Lactobacillus and unclassified Ruminococcaceae genera. This pattern contrasted with that of Acetivibrio, Dialister, Oribacterium, Succinivibrio and Prevotella genera, which appeared increased after weaning. Lactobacillus fermentum might be vertically transferred via breast milk or faeces. The microbiota composition coevolved with their hosts towards two different clusters after weaning, primarily distinguished by unclassified Ruminococcaceae and Prevotella abundances. Prevotella was positively correlated with luminal secretory IgA concentrations, and body weight. Our study opens up new possibilities for health and feed efficiency manipulation via genetic selection and nutrition in the agricultural domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- UMR1282 ISP, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 ISP, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jordi Estellé
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, France
| | - Florence Levenez
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëtan Lemonnier
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, France
| | - Catherine Denis
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Leplat
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, France
- CEA, DSV-IRCM-LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Chevaleyre
- UMR1282 ISP, INRA, Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 ISP, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Joël Doré
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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11
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Effects of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on nutrient digestibility, ileum histology and expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets. Animal 2015; 9:417-26. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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The effect of T-2 toxin on percentages of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD8+ and CD21+ lymphocytes, and mRNA expression levels of selected cytokines in porcine ileal Peyer’s patches. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 16:341-9. [DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2013-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe immune system is one of the main toxicity targets of the T-2 toxin. In view of scant research data demonstrating the effect of T-2 on cellular and humoral responses in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), this study set out to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to low doses of the T-2 toxin (200 μg T-2 toxin kg-1 feed) on percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+double-positive T lymphocytes, CD21+B cells, and IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression levels in porcine ileal Peyer’s patches. The investigated material comprised ileum sections sampled from piglets (aged 8-10 weeks, body weight of 15-18 kg) on days 14, 28 and 42 of the experiment.After 42 days of exposure to T-2, a significant drop in the quantity of the IL-10 product was observed (R=0.94; S.E. 0.49-0.79; p<0.001). A gradual decrease in the amount of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokine transcripts was found throughout the experiment, but the reported trend was not significant. On experimental days 14 and 42, a significant increase in the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes was observed in comparison with the control (p=0.04 and p=0.05, respectively), whereas on day 28, a significant decrease in the percentage of the above subpopulation was noted (p=0.00). The percentage of CD21+B cells in the experimental group decreased steadily in comparison with the control, and the observed drop was significant on days 28 and 42 (p=0.06 and p=0.00, respectively). On days 14 and 28, the percentages of CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes were lower in the experimental animals than in the control group, and the drop reported on day 28 was statistically significant (p=0.03).
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Delgado L, Marín JFG, Muñoz M, Benavides J, Juste RA, García-Pariente C, Fuertes M, González J, Ferreras MC, Pérez V. Pathological findings in young and adult sheep following experimental infection with 2 different doses of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:857-66. [PMID: 23390077 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813476066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map) is assumed to infect young ruminants; however, little is known concerning the possibility of adult animals becoming infected. An experimental infection was conducted to establish the effect of age and doses of Map on susceptibility to paratuberculosis in sheep. Sixteen of twenty-four 1.5-month-old Churra lambs and 23 of 30 adult ewes (from 2-11 years old) were orally challenged with an ovine field strain of Map. Thirteen ewes and 8 lambs were infected with a high dose (HD) and 10 adult sheep and 8 lambs with a low dose (LD) of Map. The remaining animals were unchallenged controls. Animals were euthanized at 110 to 120 and 210 to 220 days postinfection. Histological, bacteriological, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies were conducted in samples of intestine and related lymphoid tissue (Peyer patches, lymph nodes). Animals were classified according to their lesions. The number of granulomas was counted in 3 tissue sections from each sample. Only the HD groups showed lesions associated with paratuberculosis (92.3% of ewes and 100% of lambs). Adults had lesions characterized by few small demarcated focal granulomas restricted to the lymphoid tissue, whereas granulomas were more numerous and larger, appearing in the lamina propria unrelated to lymphoid tissue, in the lambs. Only HD-infected lambs were positive to culture, whereas nested PCR also detected positive HD ewes and some LD animals. These results suggest that adult sheep can become infected by Map, as seen by the development of lesions, but they are focal and restricted to the lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Delgado
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, Spain.
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Quereda JJ, Ramis G, Pallarés FJ, Chapat L, Goubier A, Joisel F, Charreyre C, Villar D, Muõoz A. Interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 gene expression in cultured mononuclear cells from porcine circovirus type 2–vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with porcine circovirus type 2 open reading frame 2 antigen. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:110-4. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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