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Kembou-Ringert JE, Hotio FN, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Surachetpong W, Rakus K, Daly JM, Goonawardane N, Adamek M. Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease. Virulence 2024; 15:2329568. [PMID: 38555518 PMCID: PMC10984141 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of infection, immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fortune N. Hotio
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Dinakaran C, Prasad KP, Bedekar MK, Jeena K, Acharya A, Poojary N. In vitro analysis of the expression of inflammasome, antiviral, and immune genes in an Oreochromis niloticus liver cell line following stimulation with bacterial ligands and infection with tilapia lake virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:148. [PMID: 38888759 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that plays a vital role in the defence against pathogens and is therefore considered an essential component of the innate immune system. In this study, the expression patterns of inflammasome genes (NLRC3, ASC, and CAS-1), antiviral genes (IFNγ and MX), and immune genes (IL-1β and IL-18) were analysed in Oreochromis niloticus liver (ONIL) cells following stimulation with the bacterial ligands peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and infection with TiLV. The cells were stimulated with PGN and LPS at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 µg/ml. For viral infection, 106 TCID50 of TiLV per ml was used. After LPS stimulation, all seven genes were found to be expressed at specific time points at each of the three doses tested. However, at even higher doses of LPS, NLRC3 levels decreased. Following TiLV infection, all of the genes showed significant upregulation, especially at early time points. However, the gene expression pattern was found to be unique in PGN-treated cells. For instance, NLRC3 and ASC did not show any response to PGN stimulation, and the expression of IFNγ was downregulated at 25 and 50 µg of PGN per ml. CAS-1 and IL-18 expression was downregulated at 25 µg of PGN per ml. At a higher dose (50 µg/ml), IL-1β showed downregulation. Overall, our results indicate that these genes are involved in the immune response to viral and bacterial infection and that the degree of response is ligand- and dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Dinakaran
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Megha K Bedekar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kezhedath Jeena
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arpit Acharya
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nalini Poojary
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Mazur M, Rakus K, Adamek M, Surachetpong W, Chadzinska M, Pijanowski L. Effects of light and circadian clock on the antiviral immune response in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108979. [PMID: 37532067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock mechanism, which is evolutionarily conserved across various organisms, plays a crucial role in synchronizing physiological responses to external conditions, primarily in response to light availability. By maintaining homeostasis of biological processes and behavior, the circadian clock serves as a key regulator. This biological mechanism also coordinates diurnal oscillations of the immune response during infections. However there is limited information available regarding the influence of circadian oscillation on immune regulation, especially in lower vertebrates like teleost fish. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of light and the timing of infection induction on the antiviral immune response in zebrafish. To explore the relationship between the timing of infection and the response activated by viral pathogens, we used a zebrafish model infected with tilapia lake virus (TiLV). Our findings demonstrated that light availability significantly affects the antiviral immune response and the functioning of the molecular clock mechanism during TiLV infection. This is evident through alterations in the expression of major core clock genes and the regulation of TiLV replication and type I IFN pathway genes in the kidney of fish maintained under LD (light-dark) conditions compared to constant darkness (DD) conditions. Moreover, infection induced during the light phase of the LD cycle, in contrast to nocturnal infection, also exhibited similar effects on the expression of genes associated with the antiviral response. This study indicates a more effective mechanism of the zebrafish antiviral response during light exposure, which inherently involves modification of the expression of key components of the molecular circadian clock. It suggests that the zebrafish antiviral response to infection is regulated by both light and the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Mazur
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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Susceptibility and Permissivity of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae to Cypriniviruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030768. [PMID: 36992477 PMCID: PMC10051318 DOI: 10.3390/v15030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly important model organism in virology. We evaluated its utility in the study of economically important viruses from the genus Cyprinivirus (anguillid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)). This revealed that zebrafish larvae were not susceptible to these viruses after immersion in contaminated water, but that infections could be established using artificial infection models in vitro (zebrafish cell lines) and in vivo (microinjection of larvae). However, infections were transient, with rapid viral clearance associated with apoptosis-like death of infected cells. Transcriptomic analysis of CyHV-3-infected larvae revealed upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes, in particular those encoding nucleic acid sensors, mediators of programmed cell death and related genes. It was notable that uncharacterized non-coding RNA genes and retrotransposons were also among those most upregulated. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the zebrafish gene encoding protein kinase R (PKR) and a related gene encoding a protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domains (PKZ) had no impact on CyHV-3 clearance in larvae. Our study strongly supports the importance of innate immunity-virus interactions in the adaptation of cypriniviruses to their natural hosts. It also highlights the potential of the CyHV-3-zebrafish model, versus the CyHV-3-carp model, for study of these interactions.
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Yang Z, Yu Y, Wang L, Wong SM, Yue GH. Silencing Asian Seabass gab3 Inhibits Nervous Necrosis Virus Replication. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1084-1093. [PMID: 36227511 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes the viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease in aquatic animals and has been a major threat in aquaculture. Thus, it is essential for the development of a prevention method to minimize economic losses caused by NNV such as the identification of NNV resistance genes and application of these genes in molecular breeding to increase disease resistance. gab3 is an important NNV resistance gene in Asian seabass. However, the mechanism of gab3 in NNV resistance has not been elucidated. In this study, knockdown of gab3 in NNV-infected Asian seabass cells resulted in a significant decrease in viral RNA and virus titers. Knockout of gab3 in zebrafish led to an increased survival rate and resistant time after NNV infection. Cellular localization of the GAB3 and NNV by immunofluorescence staining showed that the GAB3 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and finally reached the cell membrane of SB cells after 48 h post NNV infection. Our study suggests that gab3 plays an important role in NNV replication and silencing gab3 can inhibit virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zituo Yang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yepin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Liu R, Li H, Liu X, Liang B, Qi Y, Meng F, Yang G, Shan S. TRIM25 inhibits spring viraemia of carp virus replication by positively regulating RIG-I signaling pathway in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:306-317. [PMID: 35753558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most widely cultivated fish in China. Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is a highly pathogenic virus and has often caused excessive losses in carp pond fisheries. Innate immune play important roles against virus infection. To better understand the immune response of common carp against SVCV infection, transcriptome analysis was performed using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform. It was showed that a total of 3953 differentially expressed unigenes were identified, and the RLR signaling pathway were significantly enriched after SVCV infection. Subsequently, the role of RLR signaling pathway in SVCV infection was studied. The results showed that common carp RIG-I (CcRIG-I) and TRIM25 (CcTRIM25) significantly decreased the replication of SVCV by inducing the phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3 and p65 and the expression of ifn-1, viperin, isg15 and mx. Further studies illustrated that CcTRIM25 could positive regulate CcRIG-I mediated downstream signaling pathway. Finally, the mechanism of CcTRIM25 promoting CcRIG-I-mediated signaling was investigated. CcTRIM25 could interact with the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of CcRIG-I and promoted K63-linked polyubiquitination of CcRIG-I. Altogether, the study revealed a mechanism of CcTRIM25 regulating CcRIG-I mediated immune response in SVCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Boyu Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No.88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Fish Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection-An Overview of Five Major Antiviral Genes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071546. [PMID: 35891526 PMCID: PMC9317989 DOI: 10.3390/v14071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish viral diseases represent a constant threat to aquaculture production. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing an antiviral state associated with protection against virus replication and pathogenesis is paramount for a sustainable aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on five selected host innate immune-related genes in response to the most relevant viral pathogens in fish farming. Viruses have been classified as ssRNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA according to their genomes, in order to shed light on what those viruses may share in common and what response may be virus-specific, both in vitro (cell culture) as well as in vivo. Special emphasis has been put on trying to identify markers of resistance to viral pathogenesis. That is, those genes more often associated with protection against viral disease, a key issue bearing in mind potential applications into the aquaculture industry.
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Mojzesz M, Widziolek M, Adamek M, Orzechowska U, Podlasz P, Prajsnar TK, Pooranachandran N, Pecio A, Michalik A, Surachetpong W, Chadzinska M, Rakus K. Tilapia Lake Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation in Zebrafish: Microglia Activation and Sickness Behavior. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760882. [PMID: 34707620 PMCID: PMC8544261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the relationship between the immune system and behavior is widely studied. In fish, however, the knowledge concerning the brain immune response and behavioral changes during brain viral infection is very limited. To further investigate this subject, we used the model of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which was previously developed in our laboratory. We demonstrated that TiLV persists in the brain of adult zebrafish for at least 90 days, even when the virus is not detectable in other peripheral organs. The virions were found in the whole brain. During TiLV infection, zebrafish displayed a clear sickness behavior: decreased locomotor activity, reduced food intake, and primarily localizes near the bottom zone of aquaria. Moreover, during swimming, individual fish exhibited also unusual spiral movement patterns. Gene expression study revealed that TiLV induces in the brain of adult fish strong antiviral and inflammatory response and upregulates expression of genes encoding microglia/macrophage markers. Finally, using zebrafish larvae, we showed that TiLV infection induces histopathological abnormalities in the brain and causes activation of the microglia which is manifested by changes in cell shape from a resting ramified state in mock-infected to a highly ameboid active state in TiLV-infected larvae. This is the first study presenting a comprehensive analysis of the brain immune response associated with microglia activation and subsequent sickness behavior during systemic viral infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Urszula Orzechowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz K Prajsnar
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Invertebrate Development and Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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TLR5-Mediated Reactivation of Quiescent Ranavirus FV3 in Xenopus Peritoneal Macrophages. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00215-21. [PMID: 33827949 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00215-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses such as frog virus 3 (FV3) are large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses causing emerging infectious diseases leading to extensive morbidity and mortality of amphibians and other ectothermic vertebrates worldwide. Among the hosts of FV3, some are highly susceptible, whereas others are resistant and asymptomatic carriers that can take part in disseminating the infectious virus. To date, the mechanisms involved in the processes of FV3 viral persistence associated with subclinical infection transitioning to lethal outbreaks remain unknown. Investigation in Xenopus laevis has revealed that in asymptomatic FV3 carrier animals, inflammation induced by heat-killed (HK) Escherichia coli stimulation can provoke the relapse of active infection. Since Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for recognizing microbial molecular patterns, we investigated their possible involvement in inflammation-induced FV3 reactivation. Among the 10 different TLRs screened for changes in expression levels following FV3 infection and HK E. coli stimulation, only TLR5 and TLR22, both of which recognize bacterial products, showed differential expression, and only the TLR5 ligand flagellin was able to induce FV3 reactivation similarly to HK E. coli Furthermore, only the TLR5 ligand flagellin induced FV3 reactivation in peritoneal macrophages both in vitro and in vivo These data indicate that the TLR5 signaling pathway can trigger FV3 reactivation and suggest a role of secondary bacterial infections or microbiome alterations (stress or pollution) in initiating sudden deadly disease outbreaks in amphibian populations with detectable persistent asymptomatic ranavirus.IMPORTANCE This study in the amphibian Xenopus laevis provides new evidence of the critical role of macrophages in the persistence of ranaviruses in a quiescent state as well as in the reactivation of these pathogens into a virulent infection. Among the multiple microbial sensors expressed by macrophages, our data underscore the preponderant involvement of TLR5 stimulation in triggering the reactivation of quiescent FV3 in resident peritoneal macrophages, unveiling a mechanistic connection between the reactivation of persisting ranavirus infection and bacterial coinfection. This suggests a role for secondary bacterial infections or microbiome alterations (stress or pollution) in initiating sudden deadly disease outbreaks in amphibian populations with detectable persistent asymptomatic ranavirus.
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