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Sindi AM. Applications of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in advanced dental materials and therapies. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:403-421. [PMID: 38405382 PMCID: PMC10885788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The graphene family of nanomaterials acquired significant attention in the field of dentistry due to a range of interesting properties. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are the major graphene derivatives that are widely used in dental applications. These derivatives exhibit excellent mechanical properties, superior biocompatibility, good antibacterial properties, extreme chemical stability, and favorable tribological characteristics, thus representing highly materials for dentistry. The amphiphilic nature of GO allows covalent and noncovalent modifications that are favorable for biomedical applications. Graphene can influence the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and enhance the properties of other biomaterials. Here, we review the dental applications of GO or rGO with regards to antimicrobial activity, therapeutic drug delivery, restorative dentistry, implants, pulp regeneration, bone regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, biosensors, and tooth whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M. Sindi
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
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2
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López-García S, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Pagán A, Llena C, Forner L, Sanz JL, García-Bernal D, Sánchez-Bautista S, Ceballos L, Fuentes V, Melo M, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Oñate-Sánchez RE. 3D Graphene/silk fibroin scaffolds enhance dental pulp stem cell osteo/odontogenic differentiation. Dent Mater 2024; 40:431-440. [PMID: 38114344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current in vitro study aims to evaluate silk fibroin with and without the addition of graphene as a potential scaffold material for regenerative endodontics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Silk fibroin (SF), Silk fibroin/graphene oxide (SF/GO) and silk fibroin coated with reduced graphene oxide (SF/rGO) scaffolds were prepared (n = 30). The microarchitectures and mechanical properties of scaffolds were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), pore size and water uptake, attenuated total reflectance fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and mechanical compression tests. Next, the study analyzed the influence of these scaffolds on human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) viability, apoptosis or necrosis, cell adhesion, odontogenic differentiation marker expression and mineralized matrix deposition. The data were analyzed with ANOVA complemented with the Tukey post-hoc test (p < 0.005). RESULTS SEM analysis revealed abundant pores with a size greater than 50 nm on the surface of tested scaffolds, primarily between 50 nm and 600 µm. The average value of water uptake obtained in pure fibroin scaffolds was statistically higher than that of those containing GO or rGO (p < 0.05). ATR-FTIR evidenced that the secondary structures did not present differences between pure fibroin and fibroin coated with graphene oxide, with a similar infrared spectrum in all tested scaffolds. Raman spectroscopy showed a greater number of defects in the links in SF/rGO scaffolds due to the reduction of graphene. In addition, adequate mechanical properties were exhibited by the tested scaffolds. Regarding biological properties, hDPSCs attached to scaffolds were capable of proliferating at a rate similar to the control, without affecting their viability over time. A significant upregulation of ALP, ON and DSPP markers was observed with SF/rGO and SF/GO groups. Finally, SF/GO and SF/rGO promoted a significantly higher mineralization than the control at 21 days. SIGNIFICANCE Data obtained suggested that SF/GO and SF/rGO scaffolds promote hDPSC differentiation at a genetic level, increasing the expression of key osteo/odontogenic markers, and supports the mineralization of the extracellular matrix. However, results from this study are to be interpreted with caution, requiring further in vivo studies to confirm the potential of these scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio López-García
- Departament d'Estomatologia, Facultat de Medicina I Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Salvador D Aznar-Cervantes
- Biotechnology, Genomics and PlantBreedingDepartment, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Pagán
- Biotechnology, Genomics and PlantBreedingDepartment, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Ambiental (IMIDA), La Alberca 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Llena
- Departament d'Estomatologia, Facultat de Medicina I Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Forner
- Departament d'Estomatologia, Facultat de Medicina I Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - José L Sanz
- Departament d'Estomatologia, Facultat de Medicina I Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - David García-Bernal
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Murcia 30120, Spain
| | | | - Laura Ceballos
- IDIBO Research Group, Area of Stomatology, Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fuentes
- IDIBO Research Group, Area of Stomatology, Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Melo
- Departament d'Estomatologia, Facultat de Medicina I Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Francisco J Rodríguez-Lozano
- Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia 30008, Spain.
| | - Ricardo E Oñate-Sánchez
- Department of Dermatology, Stomatology, Radiology and Physical Medicine, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia 30008, Spain
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3
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Roma M, Hegde S. Implications of graphene-based materials in dentistry: present and future. Front Chem 2024; 11:1308948. [PMID: 38495056 PMCID: PMC10941955 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1308948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of nanoscience, nanobiomaterials have been applied in the dental industry. Graphene and its derivatives have attracted the most interest of all of them due to their exceptional look, biocompatibility, multiplication differential, and antibacterial capabilities. We outlined the most recent developments about their applications to dentistry in our review. There is discussion of the synthesis processes, architectures, and characteristics of materials based on graphene. The implications of graphene and its counterparts are then meticulously gathered and described. Finally, in an effort to inspire more excellent research, this paper explores the obstacles and potential of graphene-based nanomaterials for dental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Roma
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shreya Hegde
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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4
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Li Y, Huang X, Fu W, Zhang Z, Xiao K, Lv H. Preparation of PDA-GO/CS composite scaffold and its effects on the biological properties of human dental pulp stem cells. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:157. [PMID: 38297260 PMCID: PMC10832331 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is an graphene oxide (GO) derivative of graphene, which has a large specific surface area and exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. In this experiment, GO was reduced by PDA to generate PDA-GO complex, and then PDA-GO was combined with Chitosan (CS) to synthesize PDA-GO/CS composite scaffold. PDA-GO was added to CS to improve the degradation rate of CS, and it was hoped that PDA-GO/CS composite scaffolds could be used in bone tissue engineering. Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of the different composite scaffolds were examined to find the optimal mass fraction. Besides, we examined the scaffold's biocompatibility by Phalloidin staining and Live and Dead fluorescent staining.Finally, we applied ALP staining, RT-qPCR, and Alizarin red S staining to detect the effect of PDA-GO/CS on the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). The results showed that PDA-GO composite was successfully prepared and PDA-GO/CS composite scaffold was synthesized by combining PDA-GO with CS. Among them, 0.3%PDA-GO/CS scaffolds improves the antibacterial activity and hydrophilicity of CS, while reducing the degradation rate. In vitro, PDA-GO/CS has superior biocompatibility and enhances the early proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. In conclusion, PDA-GO/CS is a new scaffold materialsuitable for cell culture and has promising application prospect as scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihao Fu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuancheng Xiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Lv
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Guo J, Cao G, Wei S, Han Y, Xu P. Progress in the application of graphene and its derivatives to osteogenesis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21872. [PMID: 38034743 PMCID: PMC10682167 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As bone and joint injuries from various causes become increasingly prominent, how to effectively reconstruct and repair bone defects presents a difficult problem for clinicians and researchers. In recent years, graphene and its derivatives have been the subject of growing body of research and have been found to promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. This provides a new idea for solving the clinical problem of bone defects. However, as as numerous articles address various aspects and have not been fully systematized, there is an urgent need to classify and summarize them. In this paper, for the first time, the effects of graphene and its derivatives on stem cells in solution, in 2D and 3D structures and in vivo and their possible mechanisms are reviewed, and the cytotoxic effects of graphene and its derivatives were summarized and analyzed. The toxicity of graphene and its derivatives is further reviewed. In addition, we suggest possible future development directions of graphene and its derivatives in bone tissue engineering applications to provide a reference for further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guihua Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yisheng Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Xu Z, Wang C, Song G, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li X. Covalent binding modes between BMP-2-derived peptides and graphene in 3D scaffolds determine their osteoinductivity and capacity for calvarial defect repair in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124077. [PMID: 36934820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covalent introduction of bioactive molecules is one of main strategies to significantly enhance the biological activities of bone repair materials. In this study, three most-commonly used chemical groups were respectively introduced on graphene (GP), followed by covalent binding with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) -derived peptides, ensuring that the same molar mass of peptides was bound to different functionalized GP (f-GP). Then the same amount of composites composed of different f-GP and peptides were respectively compounded with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) to fabricate 3D scaffolds. In vivo study demonstrated that the scaffolds containing ammonized GP covalently bound with the peptides through amide binding could reach best efficiency of promoting ectopic bone regeneration and repairing calvarial defect probably because the most positive charges on the peptide chain and surface of the ammonized GP could absorb more specific proteins in vivo and have better interactions with them, thereby differentiating most inducible cells into osteogenic cells. Our results indicate that the performances of scaffolds containing covalently bound bioactive molecules can be controlled by the covalent binding mode, and that our prepared scaffold containing ammonized GP covalently bound with the BMP-2-derived peptides through amide binding possess inspiring potential applicable prospects for bone tissue regeneration and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Cunyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guiqin Song
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- College of Lab Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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7
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Verma R, Kumar Gupta S, Lamba NP, Singh BK, Singh S, Bahadur V, Chauhan MS. Graphene and Graphene Based Nanocomposites for Bio‐Medical and Bio‐safety Applications. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Verma
- Amity University Rajasthan Jaipur India- 303002
| | | | | | | | | | - Vijay Bahadur
- Alliance University Chandapura-Anekal Main Road Bengaluru India- 562106
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological science, University of Houston Houston USA- 77204
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8
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Graphene-Based Materials in Dental Applications: Antibacterial, Biocompatible, and Bone Regenerative Properties. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:8803283. [PMID: 36819211 PMCID: PMC9929215 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8803283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based materials have been shown to have advantageous properties in biomedical and dental applications due to their high mechanical, physiochemical, antibacterial, and stem cell differentiating properties. Although graphene-based materials have displayed appropriate biocompatible properties when used in implant materials for orthopedic applications, little research has been performed to specifically test the biocompatibility of graphene for dental applications. The oral environment, compared to the body, varies greatly and must be considered when evaluating biocompatibility requirements for dental applications. This review will discuss in vitro and in vivo studies that assess graphene's cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, and cell differentiation ability to evaluate the overall biocompatibility of graphene-based materials for dental applications. Particle shape, size, and concentration were found to be major factors that affected overall biocompatibility of graphene.
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Erdinc G. Graphene on dentistry: A bibliometric and scientometric analysis. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:65-72. [PMID: 36751826 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_246_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Today, the development of dental materials is a very important issue. Graphene has been used in dentistry to strengthen many materials. Aim The aim of this study was to analyze leading countries and to identify the preferred journals, the most commonly used keywords, and the most productive authors in the field of graphene. Materials and Methods The search keyword was "graphene" on the Web of Science database; the search was restricted to before 2022. The selected search from the Web of Science database included the title of articles, authors, year of publication, country, citation count, and keywords. An analysis was performed regarding citations and documents, authors, journals, and keywords using a bibliometric software program. All articles were evaluated and subjected to scientometric analysis. Results Twenty six articles were included in the study. There has been a remarkable increase in published articles from past to present, and a regular increase is observed in the number of citations. Dental Materials has highest number of publications among the articles included in the present study. Dr. Rosa, who had the highest number of citations, is also the most effective author. Graphene has many studies in dentistry with different materials. As per the data obtained, graphene, graphene oxide, and peri-implantitis are the most used keywords and Singapore and China are at the forefront of the countries where the articles are published. Conclusion This bibliometric analysis reveals the progress and trend of research on graphene in dentistry and extensive collaborations between authors, countries, and institutions. The findings of this study can help inspire researchers to plan new studies and collaborate on graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Erdinc
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
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10
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Hui Y, Yan Z, Yang H, Xu X, Yuan WE, Qian Y. Graphene Family Nanomaterials for Stem Cell Neurogenic Differentiation and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4741-4759. [PMID: 36102324 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve scaffolds fabricated by specific materials can help induce the neurogenic differentiation of stem cells. Therefore, it is a potential strategy to enhance therapeutic efficiency. Graphene family nanomaterials are widely applied in repairing peripheral nerves. However, the mechanism underlying the pro-regeneration effects remains elusive. In this review, we first discuss the properties of graphene family nanomaterials, including monolayer and multilayer graphene, few-layer graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots. We also introduce their applications in regulating stem cell differentiation. Then, we review the potential mechanisms of the neurogenic differentiation of stem cells facilitated by the materials. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in this field to advance the development of nerve biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hui
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiwen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xingxing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 201306, China
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Nizami MZI, Yin IX, Lung CYK, Niu JY, Mei ML, Chu CH. In Vitro Studies of Graphene for Management of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Concise Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101997. [PMID: 36297434 PMCID: PMC9611330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a single-layer two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial. It presents as a thin and strong material that has attracted many researchers’ attention. This study provides a concise review of the potential application of graphene materials in caries and periodontal disease management. Pristine or functionalized graphene and its derivatives exhibit favorable physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties applicable to biomedical applications. They can be activated and functionalized with metal and metal nanoparticles, polymers, and other small molecules to exhibit multi-differentiation activities, antimicrobial activities, and biocompatibility. They were investigated in preventive dentistry and regenerative dentistry. Graphene materials such as graphene oxide inhibit cariogenic microbes such as Streptococcus mutans. They also inhibit periodontal pathogens that are responsible for periodontitis and root canal infection. Graphene-fluorine promotes enamel and dentin mineralization. These materials were also broadly studied in regenerative dental research, such as dental hard and soft tissue regeneration, as well as periodontal tissue and bone regeneration. Graphene oxide-based materials, such as graphene oxide-fibroin, were reported as promising in tissue engineering for their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and ability to enhance cell proliferation properties in periodontal ligament stem cells. Laboratory research showed that graphene can be used exclusively or by incorporating it into existing dental materials. The success of laboratory studies can translate the application of graphene into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | | | - John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Hu S, Muniraj G, Mishra A, Hong K, Lum JL, Hong CHL, Rosa V, Sriram G. Characterization of silver diamine fluoride cytotoxicity using microfluidic tooth-on-a-chip and gingival equivalents. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1385-1394. [PMID: 35778310 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to characterize the cytotoxicity potential of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and gingival equivalents. METHODS DPSC cultured on 96-well plates was exposed directly to SDF (0.0001-0.01%) and cell viability (IC50) quantified. Effect of SDF on DPSC viability under flow (with dentin barrier) conditions was evaluated using a custom-designed microfluidic "tooth-on-a-chip". Permeability of dentin discs (0.5-1.5 mm thickness) was evaluated using lucifer yellow permeation assay. Dentin discs were treated with 38% SDF (up to 3 h), and cell viability (live/dead assay) of the DPSC cultured in the inlet (unexposed) and outlet (exposed) regions of the pulp channel was evaluated. To assess the mucosal corrosion potential, gingival equivalents were treated with 38% SDF for 3 or 60 min (OECD test guideline 431) and characterized by MTT assay and histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS DPSC exposed directly to SDF showed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability (IC50: 0.001%). Inlet channels (internal control) of the tooth-on-a-chip exposed to PBS and SDF-exposed dentin discs showed> 85% DPSC viability. In contrast, the outlet channels of SDF-exposed dentin discs showed a decreased viability of< 31% and 0% (1.5 and ≤1.0 mm thick dentin disc, respectively) (p < 0.01). The gingiva equivalents treated with SDF for 3 and 60 min demonstrated decreased epithelial integrity, loss of intercellular cohesion and corneal layer detachment with significant reduction in intact epithelial thickness (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE SDF penetrated the dentin (≤1 mm thick) inducing significant death of the pulp cells. SDF also disrupted gingival epithelial integrity resulting in mucosal corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Hu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Apurva Mishra
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kanglun Hong
- National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jing Li Lum
- National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Li X, Liang X, Wang Y, Wang D, Teng M, Xu H, Zhao B, Han L. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Dental Applications: Principles, Current Advances, and Future Outlook. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:804201. [PMID: 35360406 PMCID: PMC8961302 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.804201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been used in dental fields over the past years. Among them, graphene and its derivatives have attracted great attentions, owing to their excellent physicochemical property, morphology, biocompatibility, multi-differentiation activity, and antimicrobial activity. In our review, we summarized the recent progress about their applications on the dentistry. The synthesis methods, structures, and properties of graphene-based materials are discussed. Then, the dental applications of graphene-based materials are emphatically collected and described. Finally, the challenges and outlooks of graphene-based nanomaterials on the dental applications are discussed in this paper, aiming at inspiring more excellent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Liang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dashan Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Minhua Teng
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baodong Zhao
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Baodong Zhao, ; Lei Han,
| | - Lei Han
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Baodong Zhao, ; Lei Han,
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14
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Graphene for Antimicrobial and Coating Application. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010499. [PMID: 35008923 PMCID: PMC8745297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a versatile compound with several outstanding properties, providing a combination of impressive surface area, high strength, thermal and electrical properties, with a wide array of functionalization possibilities. This review aims to present an introduction of graphene and presents a comprehensive up-to-date review of graphene as an antimicrobial and coating application in medicine and dentistry. Available articles on graphene for biomedical applications were reviewed from January 1957 to August 2020) using MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The selected articles were included in this study. Extensive research on graphene in several fields exists. However, the available literature on graphene-based coatings in dentistry and medical implant technology is limited. Graphene exhibits high biocompatibility, corrosion prevention, antimicrobial properties to prevent the colonization of bacteria. Graphene coatings enhance adhesion of cells, osteogenic differentiation, and promote antibacterial activity to parts of titanium unaffected by the thermal treatment. Furthermore, the graphene layer can improve the surface properties of implants which can be used for biomedical applications. Hence, graphene and its derivatives may hold the key for the next revolution in dental and medical technology.
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15
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Mousavi SM, Yousefi K, Hashemi SA, Afsa M, BahranI S, Gholami A, Ghahramani Y, Alizadeh A, Chiang WH. Renewable Carbon Nanomaterials: Novel Resources for Dental Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2800. [PMID: 34835565 PMCID: PMC8622722 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental tissue engineering (TE) is undergoing significant modifications in dental treatments. TE is based on a triad of stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffolds that must be understood and calibrated with particular attention to specific dental sectors. Renewable and eco-friendly carbon-based nanomaterials (CBMs), including graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene quantum dots (GQD), carbon nanotube (CNT), MXenes and carbide, have extraordinary physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition to having high surface area and mechanical strength, CBMs have greatly influenced dental and biomedical applications. The current study aims to explore the application of CBMs for dental tissue engineering. CBMs are generally shown to have remarkable properties, due to various functional groups that make them ideal materials for biomedical applications, such as dental tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Khadije Yousefi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran; (K.Y.); (M.A.)
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre, Shiraz Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Marzie Afsa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran; (K.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Sonia BahranI
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran; (K.Y.); (M.A.)
| | - Yasmin Ghahramani
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Ali Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
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16
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Liu H, Chen J, Qiao S, Zhang W. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4718-4735. [PMID: 34586781 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As the main load-bearing structure in the human body, bone and cartilage are susceptible to damage in sports and other activities. The repair and regeneration of bone and articular cartilage have been extensively studied in the past decades. Traditional approaches have been widely applied in clinical practice, but the effect varies from person to person and may cause side effects. With the rapid development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, various biomaterials show great potential in the regeneration of bone and cartilage. Carbon-based nanomaterials are solid materials with different structures and properties composed of allotropes of carbon, which are classified into zero-, one-, and two-dimensional ones. This Review systemically summarizes the different types of carbon-based nanomaterials, including zero-dimensional (fullerene, carbon dots, nanodiamonds), one-dimensional (carbon nanotubes), and two-dimensional (graphenic materials) as well as their applications in bone, cartilage, and osteochondral regeneration. Current limitations and future perspectives of carbon-based nanomaterials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Liu
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Sen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058 Hangzhou, China
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17
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Chen C, Huang X, Zhu W, Ding C, Huang P, Li R. H2O2 gel bleaching induces cytotoxicity and pain conduction in dental pulp stem cells via intracellular reactive oxygen species on enamel/dentin disc. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257221. [PMID: 34506603 PMCID: PMC8432789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bleaching is widely accepted for improving the appearance of discolored teeth; however, patient compliance is affected by bleaching-related complications, especially bleaching sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cytotoxicity and pain conduction activated by experimental tooth bleaching. Methods Dental pulp stem cells with or without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, were cultured on the dentin side of the enamel/dentin disc. Subsequently, 15% (90 min) and 40% (30 min) bleaching gels were painted on the enamel surface. Cell viability, intracellular ROS, Ca2+, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and extracellular ATP levels were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, CellROX, fura-3AM fluorescence assay, and ATP measurement kit. The rat incisor model was used to evaluate in vivo effects after 0, 1, 3, 7, and 30 days of bleaching. Changes in gene and protein expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and Pannexin1 (PANX1) in dental pulp stem cells and pulp tissue were detected through RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Results The bleaching gel suppressed dental pulp stem cell viability and extracellular ATP levels and increased intracellular ROS, Ca2+, and intracellular ATP levels. The mRNA and protein expression of IL-6, TNFα, TRPA1, and PANX1 were up-regulated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the 40% gel had a stronger effect than the 15% gel, and NAC ameliorated the gel effects. Conclusions Our findings suggest that bleaching gels induce cytotoxicity and pain conduction in dental pulp stem cells via intracellular ROS, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for alleviating tooth bleaching nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiansheng Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Piaopiao Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wu M, Zou L, Jiang L, Zhao Z, Liu J. Osteoinductive and antimicrobial mechanisms of graphene-based materials for enhancing bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:915-935. [PMID: 34469046 DOI: 10.1002/term.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GMs) have great application prospects in bone tissue engineering due to their osteoinductive ability and antimicrobial activity. GMs induce osteogenic differentiation through several mechanisms and pathways in bone tissue engineering. First of all, the surface and high hardness of the porous folds of graphene or graphene oxide (GO) can generate mechanical stimulation to initiate a cascade of reactions that promote osteogenic differentiation without any chemical inducers. In addition, change of the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulation of macrophage polarization, the oncostatin M (OSM) signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the BMP signaling pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and other pathways are involved in GMs' regulation of osteogenesis. In bone tissue engineering, GMs prevent the formation of microbial biofilms mainly through preventing microbial adhesion and killing them. The former is mainly achieved by reducing surface free energy (SFE) and increasing hydrophobicity. The latter mainly includes oxidative stress and photothermal/photodynamic effects. Graphene and its derivatives (GDs) are mainly combined with bioactive ceramic materials, metal materials and macromolecular polymers to play an antimicrobial effect in bone tissue engineering. Concentration, number of layers, and type of GDs often affect the antimicrobial activity of GMs. In this paper, we reviewed relevant osteoinductive and antimicrobial mechanisms of GMs and their applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linli Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Zare P, Aleemardani M, Seifalian A, Bagher Z, Seifalian AM. Graphene Oxide: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedicine. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051083. [PMID: 33922153 PMCID: PMC8143506 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Desirable carbon allotropes such as graphene oxide (GO) have entered the field with several biomedical applications, owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological features, including extreme strength, found to be 200 times stronger than steel; remarkable light weight; large surface-to-volume ratio; chemical stability; unparalleled thermal and electrical conductivity; and enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation properties. The presence of functional groups on graphene oxide (GO) enhances further interactions with other molecules. Therefore, recent studies have focused on GO-based materials (GOBMs) rather than graphene. The aim of this research was to highlight the physicochemical and biological properties of GOBMs, especially their significance to biomedical applications. The latest studies of GOBMs in biomedical applications are critically reviewed, and in vitro and preclinical studies are assessed. Furthermore, the challenges likely to be faced and prospective future potential are addressed. GOBMs, a high potential emerging material, will dominate the materials of choice in the repair and development of human organs and medical devices. There is already great interest among academics as well as in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Mina Aleemardani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK;
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- Watford General Hospital, Watford WD18 0HB, UK;
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zohreh Bagher
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Centre and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1445413131, Iran
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (A.M.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-2076911122 (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd.), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Correspondence: (Z.B.); (A.M.S.); Tel.: +44-(0)-2076911122 (A.M.S.)
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20
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Santos J, Moschetta M, Rodrigues J, Alpuim P, Capasso A. Interactions Between 2D Materials and Living Matter: A Review on Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Coatings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:612669. [PMID: 33585432 PMCID: PMC7873463 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.612669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional material (2DM) coatings exhibit complex and controversial interactions with biological matter, having shown in different contexts to induce bacterial cell death and contribute to mammalian cell growth and proliferation in vitro and tissue differentiation in vivo. Although several reports indicate that the morphologic and electronic properties of the coating, as well as its surface features (e.g., crystallinity, wettability, and chemistry), play a key role in the biological interaction, these kinds of interactions have not been fully understood yet. In this review, we report and classify the cellular interaction mechanisms observed in graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) coatings. Graphene and hBN were chosen as study materials to gauge the effect of two atomic-thick coatings with analogous lattice structure yet dissimilar electrical properties upon contact with living matter, allowing to discern among the observed effects and link them to specific material properties. In our analysis, we also considered the influence of crystallinity and surface roughness, detailing the mechanisms of interaction that make specific coatings of these 2DMs either hostile toward bacterial cells or innocuous for mammalian cells. In doing this, we discriminate among the material and surface properties, which are often strictly connected to the 2DM production technique, coating deposition and post-processing method. Building on this knowledge, the selection of 2DM coatings based on their specific characteristics will allow to engineer desired functionalities and devices. Antibacterial coatings to prevent biofouling, biocompatible platforms suitable for biomedical applications (e.g., wound healing, tissue repairing and regeneration, and novel biosensing devices) could be realized in the next future. Overall, a clear understanding on how the 2DM coating's properties may modulate a specific bacterial or cellular response is crucial for any future innovation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Santos
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Matteo Moschetta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - João Rodrigues
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alpuim
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
- Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrea Capasso
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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21
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Daneshmandi L, Barajaa M, Tahmasbi Rad A, Sydlik SA, Laurencin CT. Graphene-Based Biomaterials for Bone Regenerative Engineering: A Comprehensive Review of the Field and Considerations Regarding Biocompatibility and Biodegradation. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001414. [PMID: 33103370 PMCID: PMC8218309 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have continued to garner worldwide interest due to their unique characteristics. Having expanded into biomedical applications, there have been efforts to employ their exceptional properties for the regeneration of different tissues, particularly bone. This article presents a comprehensive review on the usage of graphene-based materials for bone regenerative engineering. The graphene family of materials (GFMs) are used either alone or in combination with other biomaterials in the form of fillers in composites, coatings for both scaffolds and implants, or vehicles for the delivery of various signaling and therapeutic agents. The applications of the GFMs in each of these diverse areas are discussed and emphasis is placed on the characteristics of the GFMs that have implications in this regard. In tandem and of importance, this article evaluates the safety and biocompatibility of the GFMs and carefully elucidates how various factors influence the biocompatibility and biodegradability of this new class of nanomaterials. In conclusion, the challenges and opportunities regarding the use of the GFMs in regenerative engineering applications are discussed, and future perspectives for the developments in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Daneshmandi
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Mohammed Barajaa
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Armin Tahmasbi Rad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Stefanie A Sydlik
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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22
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Agarwalla SV, Ellepola K, Silikas N, Castro Neto AH, Seneviratne CJ, Rosa V. Persistent inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm and hyphae growth on titanium by graphene nanocoating. Dent Mater 2020; 37:370-377. [PMID: 33358443 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Candida albicanscolonizes biomaterial surfaces and are highly resistant to therapeutics. Graphene nanocoating on titanium compromises initial biofilm formation. However, its sustained antibiofilm potential is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of graphene nanocoating to decrease long-term fungal biofilm development and hyphae growth on titanium. METHODS Graphene nanocoating was deposited twice (TiGD) or five times (TiGV) on grade 4 titanium with vacuum assisted technique and characterized with Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. The biofilm formation and hyphae growth of C. albicans was monitored for seven days by CFU, XTT, confocal, mean cell density and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Uncoated titanium was the Control. All tests had three independent biological samples and were performed in independent triplicates. Data was analyzed with one- or two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α = 0.05). RESULTS Both TiGD and TiGV presented less biofilms at all times points compared with Control. The confocal and SEM images revealed few adhered cells on graphene coated samples, absence of hyphae and no features of a mature biofilm architecture. The increase in number of layers of graphene nanocoating did not improve its antibiofilm potential. SIGNIFICANCE The graphene nanocoating exerted a long-term persistent inhibitory effect on the biofilm formation on titanium. The fewer cells that were able to attach on graphene coated titanium were scattered and unable to form a mature biofilm with hyphae elements. The findings open opportunities to prevent microbial attachment and proliferation on implantable materials without the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, USA
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A H Castro Neto
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- National Dental Centre Singapore, SingHealth, Duke NUS Medical School, 05, Hospital Avenue, National Dental Centre Singapor, Singapore.
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore; Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Craniofacial Research and Innovation Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Ghaemi A, Javadi S, Heidari MK, Rashedi H, Yazdian F, Omidi M, Tavakoli Z, Sheikhpour M. Graphene-based materials in drug delivery and growth factor release: A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wndm.2020.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nanotechnology in dentistry: Present and future perspectives on dental nanomaterials. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1365-1378. [PMID: 32981749 PMCID: PMC7516471 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of dental nanomaterials has increased significantly over the past years. A variety of commercial dental nanomaterials are available and researched. Nevertheless, how these nanomaterials work, what makes them special and whether they are superior to traditional dental materials is not always clear to dentists and researchers. The objective of this review paper is, therefore, to give an overview of the principles of nanomaterials and basic research and applications of dental nanomaterials. METHODS The fundamentals of materials science of nanomaterials as well as their advantages and disadvantages are elaborated. The most important dental nanomaterials are discussed. This is mainly based on a survey of the literature and a review of the most frequently cited scientific papers in the international peer reviewed journal Dental Materials over the past five years. The developments of commercial dental nanomaterials as well as aspects of their clinical use are considered in this review. RESULTS Nanomaterials have unique structures and properties that distinguish them from other materials. The journal Dental Materials is the journal with the highest numbers of articles and citations on the subject of dental nanomaterials. The most frequently reported dental nanomaterials are nanocomposites, nanoparticles, antimicrobial nanomaterials and bio-mineralization systems. Hallmarks of dental nanomaterials include a set of unique properties and challenges in the preparation of these materials. SIGNIFICANCE By understanding the physical principles of dental nanomaterials, their strengths, limitations and their specific benefits will be better appreciated. Dental nanomaterials have potential for the future but currently do not always exhibit superior properties, for example in clinical situations.
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25
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Bonilla-Represa V, Abalos-Labruzzi C, Herrera-Martinez M, Guerrero-Pérez MO. Nanomaterials in Dentistry: State of the Art and Future Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1770. [PMID: 32906829 PMCID: PMC7557393 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are commonly considered as those materials in which the shape and molecular composition at a nanometer scale can be controlled. Subsequently, they present extraordinary properties that are being useful for the development of new and improved applications in many fields, including medicine. In dentistry, several research efforts are being conducted, especially during the last decade, for the improvement of the properties of materials used in dentistry. The objective of the present article is to offer the audience a complete and comprehensive review of the main applications that have been developed in dentistry, by the use of these materials, during the last two decades. It was shown how these materials are improving the treatments in mainly all the important areas of dentistry, such as endodontics, periodontics, implants, tissue engineering and restorative dentistry. The scope of the present review is, subsequently, to revise the main applications regarding nano-shaped materials in dentistry, including nanorods, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanospheres/nanoparticles, and zeolites and other orders porous materials. The results of the bibliographic analysis show that the most explored nanomaterials in dentistry are graphene and carbon nanotubes, and their derivatives. A detailed analysis and a comparative study of their applications show that, although they are quite similar, graphene-based materials seem to be more promising for most of the applications of interest in dentistry. The bibliographic study also demonstrated the potential of zeolite-based materials, although the low number of studies on their applications shows that they have not been totally explored, as well as other porous nanomaterials that have found important applications in medicine, such as metal organic frameworks, have not been explored. Subsequently, it is expected that the research effort will concentrate on graphene and zeolite-based materials in the coming years. Thus, the present review paper presents a detailed bibliographic study, with more than 200 references, in order to briefly describe the main achievements that have been described in dentistry using nanomaterials, compare and analyze them in a critical way, with the aim of predicting the future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bonilla-Represa
- Departamento de Operatoria Dental y Endodoncia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain; (V.B.-R.); (M.H.-M.)
| | | | - Manuela Herrera-Martinez
- Departamento de Operatoria Dental y Endodoncia, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain; (V.B.-R.); (M.H.-M.)
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Amiryaghoubi N, Noroozi Pesyan N, Fathi M, Omidi Y. Injectable thermosensitive hybrid hydrogel containing graphene oxide and chitosan as dental pulp stem cells scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1338-1357. [PMID: 32561280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we fabricated thermosensitive injectable hydrogel containing poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-based copolymer/graphene oxide (GO) composite with different feed ratio to chitosan (CS) as a natural polymer through physical and chemical crosslinking for the proliferation and differentiation of the human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to the osteoblasts. The PNIPAAm copolymer/GO composite was synthesized by free-radical copolymerization of (N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAAm), itaconic acid (IA) and maleic anhydride-modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the presence of GO and used for the preparation of the hydrogels. The formulated hydrogels were evaluated for the porous architecture, rheological behavior, compressive strength, swelling property, in vitro degradation, hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and differentiation. The hydrogel could enhance the deposition of minerals and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in large part attributable to the oxygen and amine-containing functional groups of GO and CS. The engineered hydrogel could also upregulate the expression of the Runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin in the hDPSCs cultivated in both the normal and osteogenic media. It seems to promote the absorption of osteogenic inducer too. Based on our findings, the engineered hydrogel demonstrated the osteogenic potential, upon which it is proposed as a constructing scaffold in bone tissue engineering for the transplantation of hDPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Amiryaghoubi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, 57159 Urmia, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader Noroozi Pesyan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, 57159 Urmia, Iran.
| | - Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Malhotra R, Han YM, Morin JLP, Luong-Van EK, Chew RJJ, Castro Neto AH, Nijhuis CA, Rosa V. Inhibiting Corrosion of Biomedical-Grade Ti-6Al-4V Alloys with Graphene Nanocoating. J Dent Res 2020; 99:285-292. [PMID: 31905311 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519897003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of metal ions and particles in the vicinity of failed implants has raised the concern that biomedical titanium alloys undergo corrosion in healthy and infected tissues. Various surface modifications and coatings have been investigated to prevent the deterioration and biocorrosion of titanium alloys but so far with limited success. Graphene is a cytocompatible atom-thick film made of carbon atoms. It has a very high surface area and can be deposited onto metal objects with complex shapes. As the carbon lattice has a very small pore size, graphene has promising impermeability capacity. Here, we show that graphene coating can effectively protect Ti-6Al-4V from corrosion. Graphene nanocoatings were produced on Ti-6Al-4V grade 5 and 23 discs and subjected to corrosive challenge (0.5M NaCl supplemented with 2-ppm fluoride, pH of 2.0) up to 30 d. The linear polarization resistance curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the graphene-coated samples presented higher corrosion resistance and electrochemical stability at all time points. Moreover, the corrosion rate of the graphene-coated samples was very low and stable (~0.001 mm/y), whereas that of the uncoated controls increased up to 16 and 5 times for grade 5 and 23 (~0.091 mm/y) at the end point, respectively. The surface oxidation, degradation (e.g., crevice defects), and leaching of Ti, Al, and V ions observed in the uncoated controls were prevented by the graphene nanocoating. The Raman mappings confirmed that the graphene nanocoating presented high structural stability and resistance to mechanical stresses and chemical degradation, keeping >99% of coverage after corrosion challenge. Our findings open the avenues for the use of graphene as anticorrosion coatings for metal biomedical alloys and implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malhotra
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y M Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J L P Morin
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E K Luong-Van
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - R J J Chew
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - A H Castro Neto
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - C A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - V Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Funda G, Taschieri S, Bruno GA, Grecchi E, Paolo S, Girolamo D, Del Fabbro M. Nanotechnology Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010201. [PMID: 31947750 PMCID: PMC6982209 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In oral biology, tissue engineering aims at regenerating functional tissues through a series of key events that occur during alveolar/periodontal tissue formation and growth, by means of scaffolds that deliver signaling molecules and cells. Due to their excellent physicochemical properties and biomimetic features, nanomaterials are attractive alternatives offering many advantages for stimulating cell growth and promoting tissue regeneration through tissue engineering. The main aim of this article was to review the currently available literature to provide an overview of the different nano-scale scaffolds as key factors of tissue engineering for alveolar bone regeneration procedures. In this narrative review, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Cochrane electronic databases were searched using key words like “tissue engineering”, “regenerative medicine”, “alveolar bone defects”, “alveolar bone regeneration”, “nanomaterials”, “scaffolds”, “nanospheres” and “nanofibrous scaffolds”. No limitation regarding language, publication date and study design was set. Hand-searching of the reference list of identified articles was also undertaken. The aim of this article was to give a brief introduction to review the role of different nanoscaffolds for bone regeneration and the main focus was set to underline their role for alveolar bone regeneration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goker Funda
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-9950
| | - Silvio Taschieri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano MI, Italy;
| | - Giannì Aldo Bruno
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Emma Grecchi
- Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Savadori Paolo
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano MI, Italy;
| | - Donati Girolamo
- ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco Hospital, Dentistry Department, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi, 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.T.); (G.A.B.); (M.D.F.)
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161 Milano MI, Italy;
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Li J, Liu X, Crook JM, Wallace GG. Electrical stimulation-induced osteogenesis of human adipose derived stem cells using a conductive graphene-cellulose scaffold. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110312. [PMID: 31761174 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The versatile properties of graphene-based materials are enabling various tissue regeneration, towards meeting an ever increasing demand for replacement tissues due to injury through trauma and disease. In particular, an innate ability for graphene to promote osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, combined with the potential to enhance the biological activity of cells through electrical stimulation (ES) using graphene, supports its use for osteoinduction or reconstruction. In this paper, we describe a miniaturized graphene-cellulose (G-C) scaffold-based device that incorporates electroactive G-C 'paper' within a polystyrene chamber for concomitant cell culture and ES. The G-C electrodes possessed lower impedance and higher charge injection capacity than gold (Au) electrodes, with high stability. By coupling ES with previously reported properties of the G-C scaffolds, we have advanced the platform for improved adipose derived stem cell (ADSC) support and osteogenic differentiation. We anticipate using the G-C scaffold-based ES device for in vitro modelling of osteogenic induction, bone tissue engineering and in vivo bone regeneration towards new therapeutic strategies for bone injury and disease. Furthermore, the device could reasonably be used for ES and culture of other cell types and engineering other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Xiao Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia.
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia.
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Yang X, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Fu Y, Lu S, Yu X, Yu D, Zhao W. Effects of graphene oxide and graphene oxide quantum dots on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:822-832. [PMID: 30873880 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1576706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), have recently attracted much attention as bioactive factors in differentiating stem cells towards osteoblastic lineage. The stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) possess the properties of self-renewal, extensive proliferation, and multiple differentiation potential, and have gradually become one of the most promising mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone tissue engineering. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of GO and GOQDs on the osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs. In this study, GO and GOQDs facilitated SHED proliferation up to 7 days in vitro at the concentration of 1 μg/ml. Because of their excellent fluorescent properties, GOQD uptake by SHEDs was confirmed and distributed in the SHED cytoplasm. Calcium nodules formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and RNA and protein expression increased significantly in SHEDs treated with osteogenic induction medium containing GOQDs but decreased with osteogenic induction medium containing GO. Interestingly, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway appeared to be involved in osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs induced with GOQDs. In summary, GO and GOQDs at the concentration of 1 μg/ml promoted SHED proliferation. GOQDs induced the osteogenic differentiation of SHEDs, whilst GO slightly inhibited it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qi Zhao
- b Xianning Central Hospital , The First Affiliated Hospital Of Hubei University Of Science And Technology , Xianning , China
| | - Yijing Chen
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yuanxiang Fu
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Shushen Lu
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Xinlin Yu
- d International Department , The Affiliated High School of SCNU , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wei Zhao
- a Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Nejaim Y, Farias Gomes A, Queiroz PM, da Silva Siqueira A, Muñoz PAR, Fechine GJM, Haiter-Neto F. Artifact expression of polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide nanocomposite in CBCT: a promising dental material. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1695-1700. [PMID: 31338631 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the artifact expression of a new material-polylactic acid (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite-and compare it with that of commonly used dental materials, using cone-beam computed tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cylinders of amalgam alloy, metal alloy, titanium, gutta-percha, and PLA/HA/GO were individually placed in the center of an acrylic phantom. Three images of each phantom + cylinder set were acquired using a Picasso Trio unit (Vatech, Hwaseong, South Korea) set at 90 kVp, 3.7 mA, 0.2 mm3 voxel size, and 12 × 8.5 cm FOV. Three images of a control group (sound phantom) were also obtained. Eight ROIs were established in each image to evaluate the standard deviation (S.D.) of gray values in the ImageJ Software. The Kruskal-Wallis test with the Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc was employed, considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS There were no significant differences in S.D. between the control and PLA/HA/GO images (p = 0.712). Both control and PLA/HA/GO showed fewer image artifacts than the other materials (p < 0.05). The images of the amalgam alloy did not differ from the metal alloy images (p = 0.691), showing more artifacts than the gutta-percha (p = 0.028) and titanium (p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS The PLA/HA/GO produced fewer artifacts and a better-quality image than the other tested materials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The PLA/HA/GO has physical and biological properties similar to those of dental materials. Since it has produced fewer image artifacts, this new nanocomposite may be employed in the near future, enhancing the diagnosis in CBCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nejaim
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Farias Gomes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Polyane Mazucatto Queiroz
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - André da Silva Siqueira
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Andrés Riveros Muñoz
- MackGraphe - Graphene and Nanomaterials Research Center, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil
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Geetha Bai R, Muthoosamy K, Manickam S, Hilal-Alnaqbi A. Graphene-based 3D scaffolds in tissue engineering: fabrication, applications, and future scope in liver tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5753-5783. [PMID: 31413573 PMCID: PMC6662516 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s192779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering embraces the potential of recreating and replacing defective body parts by advancements in the medical field. Being a biocompatible nanomaterial with outstanding physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, graphene-based materials were successfully employed in creating the perfect scaffold for a range of organs, starting from the skin through to the brain. Investigations on 2D and 3D tissue culture scaffolds incorporated with graphene or its derivatives have revealed the capability of this carbon material in mimicking in vivo environment. The porous morphology, great surface area, selective permeability of gases, excellent mechanical strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity, good optical properties, and biodegradability enable graphene materials to be the best component for scaffold engineering. Along with the apt microenvironment, this material was found to be efficient in differentiating stem cells into specific cell types. Furthermore, the scope of graphene nanomaterials in liver tissue engineering as a promising biomaterial is also discussed. This review critically looks into the unlimited potential of graphene-based nanomaterials in future tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Geetha Bai
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Kasturi Muthoosamy
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (NATAM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi
- Electromechanical Technology, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Llena C, Collado-González M, García-Bernal D, Oñate-Sánchez RE, Martínez CM, Moraleda JM, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Forner L. Comparison of diffusion, cytotoxicity and tissue inflammatory reactions of four commercial bleaching products against human dental pulp stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7743. [PMID: 31123303 PMCID: PMC6533274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple side effects related to bleaching were found to occur in the dental pulp tissue, including decreased cell metabolism and viability. In this work we evaluated the in vitro diffusion capacity, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of four commercial bleaching products on stem cells from human dental pulp (hDPSCs). Two commercial bleaching gels hydrogen peroxide-based (HP), Norblanc Office 37.5% (Nor-HP) and Opalescence Boost 40% (Opal-HP) were applied for 30 min to enamel/dentine discs. Another two gels from the same manufacturers, 16% carbamide peroxide-based (CP), Norblanc Home (Nor-CP) and Opalescence CP 16% (Opal-CP), were applied for 90 min. The diffusion of HP was analysed by fluorometry. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT assays, the determination of apoptosis, immunofluorescence assays and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Tissue inflammatory reactions were evaluated histopathologically in rats. Statistical differences were performed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test (α < 0.05). Normon products showed lower cytotoxicity and diffusion capacity than the Ultradent products. A high intracellular ROS level was measured in hDPSCs after exposure to Opal-HP. Finally, a severe necrosis of both coronal and radicular pulp was observed with Opal-HP. Similar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide in a variety of bleaching products exhibited different responses in cells and dental pulp tissue, suggesting that bleaching products contain unknown agents that could influence their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Llena
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Collado-González
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Unit of Special Care in Dentistry and Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Internal Medicine Department, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - D García-Bernal
- Unit of Special Care in Dentistry and Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Internal Medicine Department, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - R E Oñate-Sánchez
- Unit of Special Care in Dentistry and Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Internal Medicine Department, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - C M Martínez
- Experimental Pathology Unit, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M Moraleda
- Unit of Special Care in Dentistry and Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Internal Medicine Department, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Rodríguez-Lozano
- Unit of Special Care in Dentistry and Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Internal Medicine Department, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - L Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Di Carlo R, Zara S, Ventrella A, Siani G, Da Ros T, Iezzi G, Cataldi A, Fontana A. Covalent Decoration of Cortical Membranes with Graphene Oxide as a Substrate for Dental Pulp Stem Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040604. [PMID: 31013705 PMCID: PMC6523176 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to optimize, through a cheap and facile protocol, the covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO)-decorated cortical membrane (Lamina®) in order to promote the adhesion, the growth and the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs (Dental Pulp Stem Cells); (2) Methods: GO-coated Laminas were fully characterized by Scannsion Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analyses. In vitro analyses of viability, membrane integrity and calcium phosphate deposition were performed; (3) Results: The GO-decorated Laminas demonstrated an increase in the roughness of Laminas, a reduction in toxicity and did not affect membrane integrity of DPSCs; and (4) Conclusions: The GO covalent functionalization of Laminas was effective and relatively easy to obtain. The homogeneous GO coating obtained favored the proliferation rate of DPSCs and the deposition of calcium phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Di Carlo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Susi Zara
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alessia Ventrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Xie H, Cao T, Franco-Obregón A, Rosa V. Graphene-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation Is Mediated by the Integrin/FAK Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030574. [PMID: 30699966 PMCID: PMC6387117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is capable of promoting osteogenesis without chemical induction. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism(s) remain largely unknown. The objectives here were: (i) to assess whether graphene scaffolds are capable of supporting osteogenesis in vivo and; (ii) to ascertain the participation of the integrin/FAK mechanotransduction axis during the osteogenic differentiation induced by graphene. MSC-impregnated graphene scaffolds (n = 6) were implanted into immunocompromised mice (28 days). Alternatively, MSCs were seeded onto PDMS substrates (modulus of elasticity = 130, 830 and 1300 kPa) coated with a single monomolecular layer of graphene and cultured in basal medium (10 days). The ensuing expressions of FAK-p397, integrin, ROCK1, F-actin, Smad p1/5, RUNX2, OCN and OPN were evaluated by Western blot (n = 3). As controls, MSCs were plated onto uncoated PDMS in the presence of mechanotransduction inhibitors (echistatin, Y27632 and DMH1). MSC-impregnated graphene scaffolds exhibited positive immunoexpression of bone-related markers (RUNX2 and OPN) without the assistance of osteogenic inducers. In vitro, regardless of the stiffness of the underlying PDMS substrate, MSCs seeded onto graphene-coated PDMS substrates demonstrated higher expressions of all tested osteogenic and integrin/FAK proteins tested compared to MSCs seeded onto PDMS alone. Hence, graphene promotes osteogenesis via the activation of the mechanosensitive integrin/FAK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119085, Singapore.
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119085, Singapore.
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119085, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk EA, #03-09 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore.
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Agarwalla SV, Ellepola K, Costa MCFD, Fechine GJM, Morin JLP, Castro Neto AH, Seneviratne CJ, Rosa V. Hydrophobicity of graphene as a driving force for inhibiting biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Dent Mater 2019; 35:403-413. [PMID: 30679015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the surface and wettability characteristics and the microbial biofilm interaction of graphene coating on titanium. METHODS Graphene was deposited on titanium (Control) via a liquid-free technique. The transfer was performed once (TiGS), repeated two (TiGD) and five times (TiGV) and characterized by AFM (n=10), Raman spectroscopy (n=10), contact angle and SFE (n=5). Biofilm formation (n=3) to Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans was evaluated after 24h by CV assay, CFU, XTT and confocal microscopy. Statistics were performed by one-way Anova, Tukey's tests and Pearson's correlation analysis at a pre-set significance level of 5 %. RESULTS Raman mappings revealed coverage yield of 82 % for TiGS and ≥99 % for TiGD and TiGV. Both TiGD and TiGV presented FWHM>44cm-1 and ID/IG ratio<0.12, indicating multiple graphene layers and occlusion of defects. The contact angle was significantly higher for TiGD and TiGV (110° and 117°) comparing to the Control (70°). The SFE was lower for TiGD (13.8mN/m) and TiGV (12.1mN/m) comparing to Control (38.3mN/m). TiGD was selected for biofilm assays and exhibited significant reduction in biofilm formation for all microorganisms compared to Control. There were statistical correlations between the high contact angle and low SFE of TiGD and decreased biofilm formation. SIGNIFICANCE TiGD presented high quality and coverage and decreased biofilm formation for all species. The increased hydrophobicity of graphene films was correlated with the decreased biofilm formation for various species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Julien Luc Paul Morin
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - A H Castro Neto
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Cheng X, Wan Q, Pei X. Graphene Family Materials in Bone Tissue Regeneration: Perspectives and Challenges. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:289. [PMID: 30229504 PMCID: PMC6143492 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have witnessed abundant breakthroughs in research on the bio-applications of graphene family materials in current years. Owing to their nanoscale size, large specific surface area, photoluminescence properties, and antibacterial activity, graphene family materials possess huge potential for bone tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and biological sensing/imaging applications. In this review, we retrospect recent progress and achievements in graphene research, as well as critically analyze and discuss the bio-safety and feasibility of various biomedical applications of graphene family materials for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Qianbing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xibo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
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38
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Gu M, Lv L, Du F, Niu T, Chen T, Xia D, Wang S, Zhao X, Liu J, Liu Y, Xiong C, Zhou Y. Effects of thermal treatment on the adhesion strength and osteoinductive activity of single-layer graphene sheets on titanium substrates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8141. [PMID: 29802306 PMCID: PMC5970187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, dental implants have become the preferred approach for the restoration of missing teeth. At present, most dental implants are made of pure titanium, and are affected by peri-implantitis and bone resorption, which usually start from the implant neck, due to the complex environment in this region. To address these issues, in this study we modified the surface of titanium (Ti) implants to exploit the antibacterial and osteoinductive effects of single-layer graphene sheets. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown single-layer graphene sheets were transferred to titanium discs, and a method for improving the adhesion strength of graphene on Ti was developed due to compromised adhesion strength between graphene and titanium surface. A thermal treatment of 2 h at 160 °C was found to enhance the adhesion strength of graphene on Ti to facilitate clinical transformation. Graphene coatings of Ti enhanced cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, and imparted antibacterial activity to Ti substrate; these favorable effects were not affected by the thermal treatment. In summary, the present study elucidated the effects of a thermal treatment on the adhesion strength and osteoinductive activity of single-layer graphene sheets on titanium substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Feng Du
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Tianxiao Niu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jianzhang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing, 100081, PR China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
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Guazzo R, Gardin C, Bellin G, Sbricoli L, Ferroni L, Ludovichetti FS, Piattelli A, Antoniac I, Bressan E, Zavan B. Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering in the Dental Field. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E349. [PMID: 29783786 PMCID: PMC5977363 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The world of dentistry is approaching graphene-based nanomaterials as substitutes for tissue engineering. Apart from its exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity and thermal stability, graphene and its derivatives can be functionalized with several bioactive molecules. They can also be incorporated into different scaffolds used in regenerative dentistry, generating nanocomposites with improved characteristics. This review presents the state of the art of graphene-based nanomaterial applications in the dental field. We first discuss the interactions between cells and graphene, summarizing the available in vitro and in vivo studies concerning graphene biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. We then highlight the role of graphene-based nanomaterials in stem cell control, in terms of adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Particular attention will be given to stem cells of dental origin, such as those isolated from dental pulp, periodontal ligament or dental follicle. The review then discusses the interactions between graphene-based nanomaterials with cells of the immune system; we also focus on the antibacterial activity of graphene nanomaterials. In the last section, we offer our perspectives on the various opportunities facing the use of graphene and its derivatives in associations with titanium dental implants, membranes for bone regeneration, resins, cements and adhesives as well as for tooth-whitening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Guazzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 10132 Torino, Italy.
| | - Gloria Bellin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 10132 Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Sbricoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Pia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 10132 Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Adriano Piattelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Iulian Antoniac
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060032 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Eriberto Bressan
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Ravenna, Italy.
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Mohammadrezaei D, Golzar H, Rezai Rad M, Omidi M, Rashedi H, Yazdian F, Khojasteh A, Tayebi L. In vitroeffect of graphene structures as an osteoinductive factor in bone tissue engineering: A systematic review. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2284-2343. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Mohammadrezaei
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Golzar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Rezai Rad
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, GC, Velenjak; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Rashedi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering; Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Khojasteh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine; Stanford University; Palo Alto California
- Marquette University School of Dentistry; Milwaukee Wisconsin
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41
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Isseroff R, Chen J, Khan Z, Guha A, Lin S, Li J, Fang KC, Zhang L, Simon M, Rafailovich M. Creating a Novel Graphene Oxide/Iron/Polylactic Acid Composite that Promotes Dental Pulp Stem Cell Proliferation and Mineralization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Sun L, Yan Z, Duan Y, Zhang J, Liu B. Improvement of the mechanical, tribological and antibacterial properties of glass ionomer cements by fluorinated graphene. Dent Mater 2018; 34:e115-e127. [PMID: 29567317 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties, wear resistance and antibacterial properties of conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) by fluorinated graphene (FG), under the premise of not influencing their solubility and fluoride ion releasing property. MATERIALS AND METHODS FG with bright white color was prepared using graphene oxide by a hydrothermal reaction. Experimental modified GICs was prepared by adding FG to the traditional GICs powder with four different weight ratios (0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt% and 4wt%) using mechanical blending. Compressive and flexural strength of each experimental and control group materials were investigated using a universal testing machine. The Vickers microhardness of all the specimens was measured by a Vicker microhardness tester. For tribological properties of the composites, specimens of each group were investigated by high-speed reciprocating friction tester. Fluoride ion releasing was measured by fluoride ion selective electrode methods. The antibacterial effect of GICs/FG composites on selected bacteria (Staphylococci aureus and Streptococcus mutans) was tested with pellicle sticking method. RESULTS The prepared GICs/FG composites with white color were successfully fabricated. Increase of Vickers microhardness and compressive strength and decrease of friction coefficient of the GICs/FG composites were achieved compared to unreinforced materials. The colony count against S. aureus and S. mutans decreased with the increase of the content of FG. And the antibacterial rate of S. mutans can be up to 85.27% when the FG content was 4wt%. Additionally, fluoride ion releasing property and solubility did not show significant differences between unreinforced and FG reinforced GICs. SIGNIFICANCE Adding FG to traditional GICs could not only improve mechanical and tribological properties of the composites, but also improve their antibacterial properties. In addition, the GICs/FG composites had no negative effect on the color, solubility and fluoride ion releasing properties, which will open up new roads for the application of dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhuanjun Yan
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Youxin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Dubey N, Ellepola K, Decroix FED, Morin JLP, Castro Neto AH, Seneviratne CJ, Rosa V. Graphene onto medical grade titanium: an atom-thick multimodal coating that promotes osteoblast maturation and inhibits biofilm formation from distinct species. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:274-289. [PMID: 29409364 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1434911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The time needed for the osseointegration of titanium implants is deemed too long. Moreover, the bacterial colonization of their surfaces is a major cause of failure. Graphene can overcome these issues but its wet transfer onto substrates employs hazardous chemicals limiting the clinical applications. Alternatively, dry transfer technique has been developed, but the biological properties of this technique remain unexplored. Here, a dry transfer technique based on a hot-pressing method allowed to coat titanium substrates with high-quality graphene and coverage area >90% with a single transfer. The graphene-coated titanium is cytocompatible, did not induce cell membrane damage, induced human osteoblast maturation (gene and protein level), and increased the deposition of mineralized matrix compared to titanium alone. Moreover, graphene decreased the formation of biofilms from Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and even from whole saliva on titanium without killing the bacteria. These findings confirm that coating of titanium with graphene via a dry transfer technique is a promising strategy to improve osseointegration and prevent biofilm formation on implants and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileshkumar Dubey
- a Faculty of Dentistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- a Faculty of Dentistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Fanny E D Decroix
- b Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Julien L P Morin
- b Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - A H Castro Neto
- b Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | | | - Vinicius Rosa
- a Faculty of Dentistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore.,b Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre , National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
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Xie H, Dubey N, Shim W, Ramachandra C, Min K, Cao T, Rosa V. Functional Odontoblastic-Like Cells Derived from Human iPSCs. J Dent Res 2017; 97:77-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034517730026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have an intrinsic capability for indefinite self-renewal and large-scale expansion and can differentiate into all types of cells. Here, we tested the potential of iPSCs from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to differentiate into functional odontoblasts. DPSCs were reprogrammed into iPSCs via electroporation of reprogramming factors OCT-4, SOX2, KLF4, LIN28, and L-MYC. The iPSCs presented overexpression of the reprogramming genes and high protein expressions of alkaline phosphatase, OCT4, and TRA-1-60 in vitro and generated tissues from 3 germ layers in vivo. Dentin discs with poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds containing iPSCs were implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. After 28 d from implantation, the iPSCs generated a pulp-like tissue with the presence of tubular dentin in vivo. The differentiation potential after long-term expansion was assessed in vitro. iPSCs and DPSCs of passages 4 and 14 were treated with either odontogenic medium or extract of bioactive cement for 28 d. Regardless of the passage tested, iPSCs expressed putative markers of odontoblastic differentiation and kept the same mineralization potential, while DPSC P14 failed to do the same. Analysis of these data collectively demonstrates that human iPSCs can be a source to derive human odontoblasts for dental pulp research and test bioactivity of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Xie
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - N. Dubey
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - W. Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - C.J.A. Ramachandra
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - K.S. Min
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - T. Cao
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - V. Rosa
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Xie H, Cao T, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Luong-Van EK, Rosa V. Graphene for the development of the next-generation of biocomposites for dental and medical applications. Dent Mater 2017; 33:765-774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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46
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Li G, Zhou T, Lin S, Shi S, Lin Y. Nanomaterials for Craniofacial and Dental Tissue Engineering. J Dent Res 2017; 96:725-732. [PMID: 28463533 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517706678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - T. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - S. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - S. Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Y. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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