1
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Palamiuc L, Johnson JL, Haratipour Z, Loughran RM, Choi WJ, Arora GK, Tieu V, Ly K, Llorente A, Crabtree S, Wong JCY, Ravi A, Wiederhold T, Murad R, Blind RD, Emerling BM. Hippo and PI5P4K signaling intersect to control the transcriptional activation of YAP. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eado6266. [PMID: 38805583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.ado6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are essential signaling molecules. The PI5P4K family of phosphoinositide kinases and their substrates and products, PI5P and PI4,5P2, respectively, are emerging as intracellular metabolic and stress sensors. We performed an unbiased screen to investigate the signals that these kinases relay and the specific upstream regulators controlling this signaling node. We found that the core Hippo pathway kinases MST1/2 phosphorylated PI5P4Ks and inhibited their signaling in vitro and in cells. We further showed that PI5P4K activity regulated several Hippo- and YAP-related phenotypes, specifically decreasing the interaction between the key Hippo proteins MOB1 and LATS and stimulating the YAP-mediated genetic program governing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistically, we showed that PI5P interacted with MOB1 and enhanced its interaction with LATS, thereby providing a signaling connection between the Hippo pathway and PI5P4Ks. These findings reveal how these two important evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways are integrated to regulate metazoan development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Zeinab Haratipour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA
| | | | - Woong Jae Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Vivian Tieu
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kyanh Ly
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Jenny C Y Wong
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Archna Ravi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Rabi Murad
- Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raymond D Blind
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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2
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Kumar R, Islinger M, Worthy H, Carmichael R, Schrader M. The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 3.0. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 161:99-132. [PMID: 38244103 PMCID: PMC10822820 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as the regulation of cellular redox balance. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe metabolic disorders in humans. Furthermore, peroxisomes also fulfil protective roles in pathogen and viral defence and immunity, highlighting their wider significance in human health and disease. This has sparked increasing interest in peroxisome biology and their physiological functions. This review presents an update and a continuation of three previous review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this remarkable organelle. We continue to highlight recent discoveries, advancements, and trends in peroxisome research, and address novel findings on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, protein import, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle membrane contact sites and organelle cooperation. Furthermore, recent insights into peroxisome organisation through super-resolution microscopy are discussed. Finally, we address new roles for peroxisomes in immune and defence mechanisms and in human disorders, and for peroxisomal functions in different cell/tissue types, in particular their contribution to organ-specific pathologies.
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Grants
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/W015420/1, BB/V018167/1, BB/T002255/1, BB/R016844/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- German Research Foundation
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg
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Affiliation(s)
- Rechal Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harley Worthy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ruth Carmichael
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Michael Schrader
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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3
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Lourdes SR, Gurung R, Giri S, Mitchell CA, McGrath MJ. A new role for phosphoinositides in regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101001. [PMID: 38057188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are a minor group of membrane-associated phospholipids that are transiently generated on the cytoplasmic leaflet of many organelle membranes and the plasma membrane. There are seven functionally distinct phosphoinositides, each derived via the reversible phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol in various combinations on the inositol ring. Their generation and termination is tightly regulated by phosphatidylinositol-kinases and -phosphatases. These enzymes can function together in an integrated and coordinated manner, whereby the phosphoinositide product of one enzyme may subsequently serve as a substrate for another to generate a different phosphoinositide species. This regulatory mechanism not only enables the transient generation of phosphoinositides on membranes, but also more complex sequential or bidirectional conversion pathways, and phosphoinositides can also be transferred between organelles via membrane contacts. It is this capacity to fine-tune phosphoinositide signals that makes them ideal regulators of membrane organization and dynamics, through their recruitment of signalling, membrane altering and lipid transfer proteins. Research spanning several decades has provided extensive evidence that phosphoinositides are major gatekeepers of membrane organization, with roles in endocytosis, exocytosis, autophagy, lysosome dynamics, vesicular transport and secretion, cilia, inter-organelle membrane contact, endosome maturation and nuclear function. By contrast, there has been remarkably little known about the role of phosphoinositides at mitochondria - an enigmatic and major knowledge gap, with challenges in reliably detecting phosphoinositides at this site. Here we review recent significant breakthroughs in understanding the role of phosphoinositides in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Raveena Lourdes
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saveen Giri
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Meagan J McGrath
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Llorente A, Loughran RM, Emerling BM. Targeting phosphoinositide signaling in cancer: relevant techniques to study lipids and novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1297355. [PMID: 37954209 PMCID: PMC10634348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1297355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides serve as essential players in numerous biological activities and are critical for overall cellular function. Due to their complex chemical structures, localization, and low abundance, current challenges in the phosphoinositide field include the accurate measurement and identification of specific variants, particularly those with acyl chains. Researchers are intensively developing innovative techniques and approaches to address these challenges and advance our understanding of the impact of phosphoinositide signaling on cellular biology. This article provides an overview of recent advances in the study of phosphoinositides, including mass spectrometry, lipid biosensors, and real-time activity assays using fluorometric sensors. These methodologies have proven instrumental for a comprehensive exploration of the cellular distribution and dynamics of phosphoinositides and have shed light on the growing significance of these lipids in human health and various pathological processes, including cancer. To illustrate the importance of phosphoinositide signaling in disease, this perspective also highlights the role of a family of lipid kinases named phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks), which have recently emerged as exciting therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. The ongoing exploration of phosphoinositide signaling not only deepens our understanding of cellular biology but also holds promise for novel interventions in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brooke M. Emerling
- Cancer Metabolism and Microenvironment Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Aldred GG, Rooney TPC, Willems HMG, Boffey HK, Green C, Winpenny D, Skidmore J, Clarke JH, Andrews SP. The rational design of ARUK2007145, a dual inhibitor of the α and γ isoforms of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase (PI5P4K). RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2035-2047. [PMID: 37859710 PMCID: PMC10583824 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00355h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks) are therapeutic targets for diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration and immunological disorders as they are key components in regulating cell signalling pathways. In an effort to make probe molecules available for further exploring these targets, we have previously reported PI5P4Kα-selective and PI5P4Kγ-selective ligands. Herein we report the rational design of PI5P4Kα/γ dual inhibitors, using knowledge gained during the development of selective inhibitors for these proteins. ARUK2007145 (39) is disclosed as a potent, cell-active probe molecule with ADMET properties amenable to conducting experiments in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Aldred
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - Timothy P C Rooney
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - Henriette M G Willems
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - Helen K Boffey
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - Christopher Green
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - David Winpenny
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - John Skidmore
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - Jonathan H Clarke
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
| | - Stephen P Andrews
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0AH UK
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6
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Rameh LE, Blind RD. 25 Years of PI5P. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1272911. [PMID: 37849742 PMCID: PMC10577294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1272911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The accidental discovery of PI5P (phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate) was published 25 years ago, when PIP5K type II (phosphoinositide-4-phosphate 5-kinase) was shown to actually be a 4-kinase that uses PI5P as a substrate to generate PI(4,5)P2. Consequently, PIP5K type II was renamed to PI5P4K, or PIP4K for short, and PI5P became the last of the 7 signaling phosphoinositides to be discovered. Much of what we know about PI5P comes from genetic studies of PIP4K, as the pathways for PI5P synthesis, the downstream targets of PI5P and how PI5P affects cellular function all remain largely enigmatic. Nevertheless, PI5P and PI5P-dependent PI(4,5)P2 synthesis have been clearly implicated in metabolic homeostasis and in diseases such as cancer. Here, we review the past 25 years of PI5P research, with particular emphasis on the impact this small signaling lipid has on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia E. Rameh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Raymond D. Blind
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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7
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Huang D, Chen S, Xiong D, Wang H, Zhu L, Wei Y, Li Y, Zou S. Mitochondrial Dynamics: Working with the Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Organelles to Mediate Mechanotransduction. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1511-1532. [PMID: 37196113 PMCID: PMC10529762 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to various mechanical environments; therefore, it is important that they are able to sense and adapt to changes. It is known that the cytoskeleton plays a critical role in mediating and generating extra- and intracellular forces and that mitochondrial dynamics are crucial for maintaining energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which cells integrate mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood. In this review, we first discuss the interaction between mitochondrial dynamics and cytoskeletal components, followed by the annotation of membranous organelles intimately related to mitochondrial dynamic events. Finally, we discuss the evidence supporting the participation of mitochondria in mechanotransduction and corresponding alterations in cellular energy conditions. Notable advances in bioenergetics and biomechanics suggest that the mechanotransduction system composed of mitochondria, the cytoskeletal system, and membranous organelles is regulated through mitochondrial dynamics, which may be a promising target for further investigation and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Wills RC, Doyle CP, Zewe JP, Pacheco J, Hansen SD, Hammond GRV. A novel homeostatic mechanism tunes PI(4,5)P2-dependent signaling at the plasma membrane. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261494. [PMID: 37534432 PMCID: PMC10482388 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid molecule phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] controls all aspects of plasma membrane (PM) function in animal cells, from its selective permeability to the attachment of the cytoskeleton. Although disruption of PI(4,5)P2 is associated with a wide range of diseases, it remains unclear how cells sense and maintain PI(4,5)P2 levels to support various cell functions. Here, we show that the PIP4K family of enzymes, which synthesize PI(4,5)P2 via a minor pathway, also function as sensors of tonic PI(4,5)P2 levels. PIP4Ks are recruited to the PM by elevated PI(4,5)P2 levels, where they inhibit the major PI(4,5)P2-synthesizing PIP5Ks. Perturbation of this simple homeostatic mechanism reveals differential sensitivity of PI(4,5)P2-dependent signaling to elevated PI(4,5)P2 levels. These findings reveal that a subset of PI(4,5)P2-driven functions might drive disease associated with disrupted PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Wills
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Colleen P. Doyle
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James P. Zewe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jonathan Pacheco
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Scott D. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Gerald R. V. Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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9
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Triscott J, Reist M, Küng L, Moselle FC, Lehner M, Gallon J, Ravi A, Arora GK, de Brot S, Lundquist M, Gallart-Ayala H, Ivanisevic J, Piscuoglio S, Cantley LC, Emerling BM, Rubin MA. PI5P4Kα supports prostate cancer metabolism and exposes a survival vulnerability during androgen receptor inhibition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8641. [PMID: 36724278 PMCID: PMC9891700 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)regulating enzymes are frequently altered in cancer and have become a focus for drug development. Here, we explore the phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4K), a family of lipid kinases that regulate pools of intracellular PI, and demonstrate that the PI5P4Kα isoform influences androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which supports prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival. The regulation of PI becomes increasingly important in the setting of metabolic stress adaptation of PCa during androgen deprivation (AD), as we show that AD influences PI abundance and enhances intracellular pools of PI-4,5-P2. We suggest that this PI5P4Kα-AR relationship is mitigated through mTORC1 dysregulation and show that PI5P4Kα colocalizes to the lysosome, the intracellular site of mTORC1 complex activation. Notably, this relationship becomes prominent in mouse prostate tissue following surgical castration. Finally, multiple PCa cell models demonstrate marked survival vulnerability following stable PI5P4Kα inhibition. These results nominate PI5P4Kα as a target to disrupt PCa metabolic adaptation to castrate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Triscott
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Reist
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Küng
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Francielle C. Moselle
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marika Lehner
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - John Gallon
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Archna Ravi
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gurpreet K. Arora
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simone de Brot
- COMPATH, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Lundquist
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hector Gallart-Ayala
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brooke M. Emerling
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern 3008, Switzerland
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10
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Robertson GL, Riffle S, Patel M, Bodnya C, Marshall A, Beasley HK, Garza-Lopez E, Shao J, Vue Z, Hinton A, Stoll MS, de Wet S, Theart RP, Chakrabarty RP, Loos B, Chandel NS, Mears JA, Gama V. DRP1 mutations associated with EMPF1 encephalopathy alter mitochondrial membrane potential and metabolic programs. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260370. [PMID: 36763487 PMCID: PMC10657212 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are dynamic signaling organelles that constantly undergo fission, driven by the large GTPase dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1; encoded by DNM1L). Patients with de novo heterozygous missense mutations in DNM1L present with encephalopathy due to defective mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission (EMPF1) - a devastating neurodevelopmental disease with no effective treatment. To interrogate the mechanisms by which DRP1 mutations cause cellular dysfunction, we used human-derived fibroblasts from patients who present with EMPF1. In addition to elongated mitochondrial morphology and lack of fission, patient cells display lower coupling efficiency, increased proton leak and upregulation of glycolysis. Mitochondrial hyperfusion also results in aberrant cristae structure and hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. Peroxisomes show a severely elongated morphology in patient cells, which is associated with reduced respiration when cells are reliant on fatty acid oxidation. Metabolomic analyses revealed impaired methionine cycle and synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Our study provides insight into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cristae maintenance and the metabolic capacity of the cell, as well as the disease mechanism underlying EMPF1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stellan Riffle
- Vanderbilt University, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mira Patel
- Vanderbilt University, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caroline Bodnya
- Vanderbilt University, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Marshall
- Vanderbilt University, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Vanderbilt University, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Edgar Garza-Lopez
- Vanderbilt University, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jianqiang Shao
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Vanderbilt University, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Vanderbilt University, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maria S. Stoll
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pharmacology and Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sholto de Wet
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rensu P. Theart
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ram Prosad Chakrabarty
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ben Loos
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jason A. Mears
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pharmacology and Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Vanderbilt University, Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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11
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Gao L, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Wu D, Chen X, Lan H, Zheng X, Wu H, Li S. Glycine regulates lipid peroxidation promoting porcine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac425. [PMID: 36573588 PMCID: PMC9904182 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro-cultured oocytes are separated from the follicular micro-environment in vivo and are more vulnerable than in vivo oocytes to changes in the external environment. This vulnerability disrupts the homeostasis of the intracellular environment, affecting oocyte meiotic completion, and subsequent embryonic developmental competence in vitro. Glycine, one of the main components of glutathione (GSH), plays an important role in the protection of porcine oocytes in vitro. However, the protective mechanism of glycine needs to be further clarified. Our results showed that glycine supplementation promoted cumulus cell expansion and oocyte maturation. Detection of oocyte development ability showed that glycine significantly increased the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate during in vitro fertilization (IVF). SMART-seq revealed that this effect was related to glycine-mediated regulation of cell membrane structure and function. Exogenous addition of glycine significantly increased the levels of the anti-oxidant GSH and the expression of anti-oxidant-related genes (glutathione peroxidase 4 [GPX4], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD1], superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2], and mitochondrial solute carrier family 25, member 39 [SLC25A39]), decreased the lipid peroxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) by enhancing the functions of mitochondria, peroxisomes and lipid droplets (LDs) and the levels of lipid metabolism-related factors (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha [PGC-1α], peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ [PPARγ], sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 [SREBF1], autocrine motility factor receptor [AMFR], and ATP). These effects further reduced ferroptosis and maintained the normal structure and function of the cell membrane. Our results suggest that glycine plays an important role in oocyte maturation and later development by regulating ROS-induced lipid metabolism, thereby protecting against biomembrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Deyi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hainan Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hao Wu
- COFCO Corporation, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Suo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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12
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Chen XR, Igumenova TI. Regulation of eukaryotic protein kinases by Pin1, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100938. [PMID: 36496344 PMCID: PMC9992314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 cooperates with proline-directed kinases and phosphatases to regulate multiple oncogenic pathways. Pin1 specifically recognizes phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs in proteins and catalyzes their cis-trans isomerization. The Pin1-catalyzed conformational changes determine the stability, activity, and subcellular localization of numerous protein substrates. We conducted a survey of eukaryotic protein kinases that are regulated by Pin1 and whose Pin1 binding sites have been identified. Our analyses reveal that Pin1 target sites in kinases do not fall exclusively within the intrinsically disordered regions of these enzymes. Rather, they fall into three groups based on their location: (i) within the catalytic kinase domain, (ii) in the C-terminal kinase region, and (iii) in regulatory domains. Some of the kinases downregulated by Pin1 activity are tumor-suppressing, and all kinases upregulated by Pin1 activity are functionally pro-oncogenic. These findings further reinforce the rationale for developing Pin1-specific inhibitors as attractive pharmaceuticals for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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13
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Llorente A, Arora GK, Grenier SF, Emerling BM. PIP kinases: A versatile family that demands further therapeutic attention. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100939. [PMID: 36517396 PMCID: PMC9992244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are membrane-localized phospholipids that regulate a plethora of essential cellular processes. These lipid signaling molecules are critical for cell homeostasis and therefore their levels are strictly regulated by the coordinated action of several families of lipid kinases and phosphatases. In this review, we provide a focused perspective on the phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) family and the three subfamilies that compose it: Type I PIPKs or phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI4P5Ks), Type II PIPKs or phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks), and Type III PIPKs or phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinases (PIKfyve). Each subfamily is responsible for catalyzing a hydroxyl phosphorylation on specific phosphoinositide species to generate a double phosphorylated lipid, therefore regulating the levels of both substrate and product. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about the functions and regulation of each PIPK subfamily. Further, we highlight the roles of these kinases in various in vivo genetic models and give an overview of their involvement in multiple pathological conditions. The phosphoinositide field has been long focused on targeting PI3K signaling, but growing evidence suggests that it is time to draw attention to the other phosphoinositide kinases. The discovery of the involvement of PIPKs in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases has prompted substantial efforts to turn these enzymes into pharmacological targets. An increasingly refined knowledge of the biology of PIPKs in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models will facilitate the development of effective approaches for therapeutic intervention with the potential to translate into meaningful clinical benefits for patients suffering from cancer, immunological and infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Llorente
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gurpreet K Arora
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shea F Grenier
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brooke M Emerling
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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14
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Burke JE, Triscott J, Emerling BM, Hammond GRV. Beyond PI3Ks: targeting phosphoinositide kinases in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 22:357-386. [PMID: 36376561 PMCID: PMC9663198 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid phosphoinositides are master regulators of almost all aspects of a cell's life and death and are generated by the tightly regulated activity of phosphoinositide kinases. Although extensive efforts have focused on drugging class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), recent years have revealed opportunities for targeting almost all phosphoinositide kinases in human diseases, including cancer, immunodeficiencies, viral infection and neurodegenerative disease. This has led to widespread efforts in the clinical development of potent and selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide kinases. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular basis for the involvement of phosphoinositide kinases in disease and assesses the preclinical and clinical development of phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Burke
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanna Triscott
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brooke M. Emerling
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Gerald R. V. Hammond
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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15
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PI(4,5)P2: signaling the plasma membrane. Biochem J 2022; 479:2311-2325. [PMID: 36367756 PMCID: PMC9704524 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the almost 70 years since the first hints of its existence, the phosphoinositide, phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate has been found to be central in the biological regulation of plasma membrane (PM) function. Here, we provide an overview of the signaling, transport and structural roles the lipid plays at the cell surface in animal cells. These include being substrate for second messenger generation, direct modulation of receptors, control of membrane traffic, regulation of ion channels and transporters, and modulation of the cytoskeleton and cell polarity. We conclude by re-evaluating PI(4,5)P2's designation as a signaling molecule, instead proposing a cofactor role, enabling PM-selective function for many proteins.
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16
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The PIP4K2 inhibitor THZ-P1-2 exhibits antileukemia activity by disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:151. [PMID: 36347832 PMCID: PMC9643393 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute leukemia is challenging because of the genetic heterogeneity between and within patients. Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are relatively drug-resistant and frequently relapse. Their plasticity and capacity to adapt to extracellular stress, in which mitochondrial metabolism and autophagy play important roles, further complicates treatment. Genetic models of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type 2 protein (PIP4K2s) inhibition have demonstrated the relevance of these enzymes in mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagic flux. Here, we uncovered the cellular and molecular effects of THZ-P1-2, a pan-inhibitor of PIP4K2s, in acute leukemia cells. THZ-P1-2 reduced cell viability and induced DNA damage, apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles. Protein expression analysis revealed that THZ-P1-2 impaired autophagic flux. In addition, THZ-P1-2 induced cell differentiation and showed synergistic effects with venetoclax. In primary leukemia cells, LC-MS/MS-based proteome analysis revealed that sensitivity to THZ-P1-2 is associated with mitochondrial metabolism, cell cycle, cell-of-origin (hematopoietic stem cell and myeloid progenitor), and the TP53 pathway. The minimal effects of THZ-P1-2 observed in healthy CD34+ cells suggest a favorable therapeutic window. Our study provides insights into the pharmacological inhibition of PIP4K2s targeting mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy, shedding light on a new class of drugs for acute leukemia.
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17
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Zalckvar E, Schuldiner M. Beyond rare disorders: A new era for peroxisomal pathophysiology. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2228-2235. [PMID: 35714584 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is emerging as a central influencer of multiple disease states in humans. Peroxisomes are central metabolic organelles whose decreased function gives rise to severe peroxisomal diseases. Recently, it is becoming clear that, beyond such rare inborn errors, the deterioration of peroxisomal functions contributes to multiple and prevalent diseases such as cancer, viral infection, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Despite the clear importance of peroxisomes in common pathophysiological processes, research on the mechanisms underlying their contributions is still sparse. Here, we highlight the timeliness of focusing on peroxisomes in current research on central, abundant, and society-impacting human pathologies. As peroxisomes are now coming into the spotlight, it is clear that intensive research into these important organelles will enable a better understanding of their contribution to human health, serving as the basis to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Zalckvar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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18
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Muresanu C, Khalchitsky S. Updated Understanding of the Causes of Cancer, and a New Theoretical Perspective of Combinational Cancer Therapies, a Hypothesis. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:342-355. [PMID: 35262416 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an integrative understanding of cancer as a metabolic multifactorial, multistage disease. We focus on underlying genetics-environmental interactions, evidenced by telomere changes. A range of genetic and epigenetic factors, including physical agents and predisposing factors such as diet and lifestyle are included. We present a structured model of the causes of cancer, methods of investigations, approaches to cancer prevention, and polypharmaceutical multidisciplinary complex treatment within a framework of personalized medicine. We searched PubMed, National Cancer Institute online, and other databases for publications regarding causes of cancer, reports of novel mitochondrial reprogramming, epigenetic, and telomerase therapies and state-of-the-art investigations. We focused on multistep treatment protocols to enhance early detection of cancer, and elimination or neutralization of the causes and factors associated with cancer formation and progression.Our aim is to suggest a model therapeutic protocol that incorporates the patient's genome, metabolism, and immune system status; stage of tumor development; and comorbidity(ies), if any. Investigation and treatment of cancer is a challenge that requires further holistic studies that improve the quality of life and survival rates, but are most likely to aid prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Muresanu
- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergei Khalchitsky
- H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Children's Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Carmichael RE, Schrader M. Determinants of Peroxisome Membrane Dynamics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834411. [PMID: 35185625 PMCID: PMC8853631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles within the cell are highly dynamic entities, requiring dramatic morphological changes to support their function and maintenance. As a result, organelle membranes are also highly dynamic, adapting to a range of topologies as the organelle changes shape. In particular, peroxisomes—small, ubiquitous organelles involved in lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis—display a striking plasticity, for example, during the growth and division process by which they proliferate. During this process, the membrane of an existing peroxisome elongates to form a tubule, which then constricts and ultimately undergoes scission to generate new peroxisomes. Dysfunction of this plasticity leads to diseases with developmental and neurological phenotypes, highlighting the importance of peroxisome dynamics for healthy cell function. What controls the dynamics of peroxisomal membranes, and how this influences the dynamics of the peroxisomes themselves, is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we consider how the composition, biophysical properties, and protein-lipid interactions of peroxisomal membranes impacts on their dynamics, and in turn on the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes. In particular, we focus on the effect of the peroxin PEX11 on the peroxisome membrane, and its function as a major regulator of growth and division. Understanding the roles and regulation of peroxisomal membrane dynamics necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing knowledge across a range of model species and a number of fields including lipid biochemistry, biophysics and computational biology. Here, we present an integrated overview of our current understanding of the determinants of peroxisome membrane dynamics, and reflect on the outstanding questions still remaining to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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20
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Ravi A, Palamiuc L, Emerling BM. Crucial Players for Inter-Organelle Communication: PI5P4Ks and Their Lipid Product PI-4,5-P 2 Come to the Surface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:791758. [PMID: 35071233 PMCID: PMC8776650 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.791758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While organelles are individual compartments with specialized functions, it is becoming clear that organellar communication is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. This cooperation is carried out by various interactions taking place on the membranes of organelles. The membranes themselves contain a multitude of proteins and lipids that mediate these connections and one such class of molecules facilitating these relations are the phospholipids. There are several phospholipids, but the focus of this perspective is on a minor group called the phosphoinositides and specifically, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2). This phosphoinositide, on intracellular membranes, is largely generated by the non-canonical Type II PIPKs, namely, Phosphotidylinositol-5-phosphate-4-kinases (PI5P4Ks). These evolutionarily conserved enzymes are emerging as key stress response players in cells. Further, PI5P4Ks have been shown to modulate pathways by regulating organelle crosstalk, revealing roles in preserving metabolic homeostasis. Here we will attempt to summarize the functions of the PI5P4Ks and their product PI-4,5-P2 in facilitating inter-organelle communication and how they impact cellular health as well as their relevance to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Ravi
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lavinia Palamiuc
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brooke M Emerling
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Arora GK, Palamiuc L, Emerling BM. Expanding role of PI5P4Ks in cancer: A promising druggable target. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:3-16. [PMID: 34822164 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are challenged by a myriad of microenvironmental stresses, and it is their ability to efficiently adapt to the constantly changing nutrient, energy, oxidative, and/or immune landscape that allows them to survive and proliferate. Such adaptations, however, result in distinct vulnerabilities that are attractive therapeutic targets. Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks) are a family of druggable stress-regulated phosphoinositide kinases that become conditionally essential as a metabolic adaptation, paving the way to targeting cancer cell dependencies. Further, PI5P4Ks have a synthetic lethal interaction with the tumor suppressor p53, the loss of which is one of the most prevalent genetic drivers of malignant transformation. PI5P4K's emergence as a crucial axis in the expanding landscape of phosphoinositide signaling in cancer has already stimulated the development of specific inhibitors. Thus, a better understanding of the biology of the PI5P4Ks will allow for targeted and effective therapeutic interventions. Here, we attempt to summarize the mounting roles of the PI5P4Ks in cancer, including evidence that targeting them is a therapeutic vulnerability and promising next-in-line treatment for multiple cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet K Arora
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lavinia Palamiuc
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brooke M Emerling
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA, USA
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22
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Renne MF, Hariri H. Lipid Droplet-Organelle Contact Sites as Hubs for Fatty Acid Metabolism, Trafficking, and Metabolic Channeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726261. [PMID: 34595176 PMCID: PMC8477659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells prepare for fluctuations in nutrient availability by storing energy in the form of neutral lipids in organelles called Lipid Droplets (LDs). Upon starvation, fatty acids (FAs) released from LDs are trafficked to different cellular compartments to be utilized for membrane biogenesis or as a source of energy. Despite the biochemical pathways being known in detail, the spatio-temporal regulation of FA synthesis, storage, release, and breakdown is not completely understood. Recent studies suggest that FA trafficking and metabolism are facilitated by inter-organelle contact sites that form between LDs and other cellular compartments such as the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lysosomes. LD-LD contact sites are also sites where FAs are transferred in a directional manner to support LD growth and expansion. As the storage site of neutral lipids, LDs play a central role in FA homeostasis. In this mini review, we highlight the role of LD contact sites with other organelles in FA trafficking, channeling, and metabolism and discuss the implications for these pathways on cellular lipid and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike F. Renne
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hanaa Hariri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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