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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Valenzuela-Pérez L, Castillo C, Solari A. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA Polymerase β Is Phosphorylated In Vivo and In Vitro by Protein Kinase C (PKC) and Casein Kinase 2 (CK2). Cells 2022; 11:cells11223693. [PMID: 36429121 PMCID: PMC9688435 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase β plays a fundamental role in the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi since it participates in the kinetoplast DNA repair and replication. This enzyme can be found in two forms in cell extracts of T. cruzi epimastigotes form. The H form is a phosphorylated form of DNA polymerase β, while the L form is not phosphorylated. The protein kinases which are able to in vivo phosphorylate DNA polymerase β have not been identified yet. In this work, we purified the H form of this DNA polymerase and identified the phosphorylation sites. DNA polymerase β is in vivo phosphorylated at several amino acid residues including Tyr35, Thr123, Thr137 and Ser286. Thr123 is phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 and Thr137 and Ser286 are phosphorylated by protein kinase C-like enzymes. Protein kinase C encoding genes were identified in T. cruzi, and those genes were cloned, expressed in bacteria and the recombinant protein was purified. It was found that T. cruzi possesses three different protein kinase C-like enzymes named TcPKC1, TcPKC2, and TcPKC3. Both TcPKC1 and TcPKC2 were able to in vitro phosphorylate recombinant DNA polymerase β, and in addition, TcPKC1 gets auto phosphorylated. Those proteins contain several regulatory domains at the N-terminus, which are predicted to bind phosphoinositols, and TcPKC1 contains a lipocalin domain at the C-terminus that might be able to bind free fatty acids. Tyr35 is phosphorylated by an unidentified protein kinase and considering that the T. cruzi genome does not contain Tyr kinase encoding genes, it is probable that Tyr35 could be phosphorylated by a dual protein kinase. Wee1 is a eukaryotic dual protein kinase involved in cell cycle regulation. We identified a Wee1 homolog in T. cruzi and the recombinant kinase was assayed using DNA polymerase β as a substrate. T. cruzi Wee1 was able to in vitro phosphorylate recombinant DNA polymerase β, although we were not able to demonstrate specific phosphorylation on Tyr35. Those results indicate that there exists a cell signaling pathway involving PKC-like kinases in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910132, Chile
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Lucía Valenzuela-Pérez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (A.S.)
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Maldonado E, Morales-Pison S, Urbina F, Solari A. Molecular and Functional Characteristics of DNA Polymerase Beta-Like Enzymes From Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670564. [PMID: 34422676 PMCID: PMC8375306 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a group of primitive unicellular eukaryotes that can cause diseases in plants, insects, animals, and humans. Kinetoplast genome integrity is key to trypanosomatid cell survival and viability. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) is usually under attack by reactive oxygen and nitric species (ROS and RNS), damaging the DNA, and the cells must remove and repair those oxidatively generated lesions in order to survive and proliferate. Base excision repair (BER) is a well-conserved pathway for DNA repair after base damage, single-base loss, and single-strand breaks, which can arise from ROS, RSN, environmental genotoxic agents, and UV irradiation. A powerful BER system has been described in the T. cruzi kinetoplast and it is mainly carried out by DNA polymerase β (pol β) and DNA polymerase β-PAK (pol β-PAK), which are kinetoplast-located in T. cruzi as well as in other trypanosomatids. Both pol β and pol β-PAK belong to the X-family of DNA polymerases (pol X family), perform BER in trypanosomatids, and display intrinsic 5-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) lyase and DNA polymerase activities. However, only Pol β-PAK is able to carry out trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) across 8oxoG lesions. T. cruzi cells overexpressing pol β are more resistant to ROS and are also more efficient to repair 8oxoG compared to control cells. Pol β seems to play a role in kDNA replication, since it associates with kinetoplast antipodal sites in those development stages in trypanosomatids which are competent for cell replication. ROS treatment of cells induces the overexpression of pol β, indicating that plays a role in kDNA repair. In this review, we will summarize the main features of trypanosomatid minicircle kDNA replication and the biochemical characteristics of pol β-like enzymes and their involvement in BER and kDNA replication. We also summarize key structural features of trypanosomatid pol β compared to their mammalian (human) counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Morales-Pison
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana, Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Urbina F, Solari A. T. cruzi DNA polymerase beta (Tcpolβ) is phosphorylated in vitro by CK1, CK2 and TcAUK1 leading to the potentiation of its DNA synthesis activity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009588. [PMID: 34260580 PMCID: PMC8312956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causing agent of Chagas disease which affects several millions of people around the world. The components of the cell signaling pathways in this parasite have not been well studied yet, although its genome can encode several components able to transduce the signals, such as protein kinases and phosphatases. In a previous work we have found that DNA polymerase β (Tcpolβ) can be phosphorylated in vivo and this modification activates the synthesis activity of the enzyme. Tcpolβ is kinetoplast-located and is a key enzyme in the DNA base excision repair (BER) system. The polypeptide possesses several consensus phosphorylation sites for several protein kinases, however, a direct phosphorylation of those sites by specific kinases has not been reported yet. Tcpolβ has consensus phosphorylation sites for casein kinase 1 (CK1), casein kinase 2 (CK2) and aurora kinase (AUK). Genes encoding orthologues of those kinases exist in T. cruzi and we were able to identify the genes and to express them to investigate whether or no Tcpolβ could be a substrate for in vitro phosphorylation by those kinases. Both CK1 and TcAUK1 have auto-phosphorylation activities and they are able to phosphorylate Tcpolβ. CK2 cannot perform auto-phosphorylation of its subunits, however, it was able to phosphorylate Tcpolβ. Pharmacological inhibitors used to inhibit the homologous mammalian kinases can also inhibit the activity of T. cruzi kinases, although, at higher concentrations. The phosphorylation events carried out by those kinases can potentiate the DNA polymerase activity of Tcpolβ and it is discussed the role of the phosphorylation on the DNA polymerase and lyase activities of Tcpolβ. Taken altogether, indicates that CK1, CK2 and TcAUK1 can play an in vivo role regulating the function of Tcpolβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (EM); (AS)
| | - Diego A. Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (EM); (AS)
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Gonçalves CS, Catta-Preta CMC, Repolês B, Mottram JC, De Souza W, Machado CR, Motta MCM. Importance of Angomonas deanei KAP4 for kDNA arrangement, cell division and maintenance of the host-bacterium relationship. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9210. [PMID: 33911164 PMCID: PMC8080567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angomonas deanei coevolves in a mutualistic relationship with a symbiotic bacterium that divides in synchronicity with other host cell structures. Trypanosomatid mitochondrial DNA is contained in the kinetoplast and is composed of thousands of interlocked DNA circles (kDNA). The arrangement of kDNA is related to the presence of histone-like proteins, known as KAPs (kinetoplast-associated proteins), that neutralize the negatively charged kDNA, thereby affecting the activity of mitochondrial enzymes involved in replication, transcription and repair. In this study, CRISPR-Cas9 was used to delete both alleles of the A. deanei KAP4 gene. Gene-deficient mutants exhibited high compaction of the kDNA network and displayed atypical phenotypes, such as the appearance of a filamentous symbionts, cells containing two nuclei and one kinetoplast, and division blocks. Treatment with cisplatin and UV showed that Δkap4 null mutants were not more sensitive to DNA damage and repair than wild-type cells. Notably, lesions caused by these genotoxic agents in the mitochondrial DNA could be repaired, suggesting that the kDNA in the kinetoplast of trypanosomatids has unique repair mechanisms. Taken together, our data indicate that although KAP4 is not an essential protein, it plays important roles in kDNA arrangement and replication, as well as in the maintenance of symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Silva Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IBCCF, CCS, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-590, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Repolês
- Laboratório de Genética Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Wanderley De Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IBCCF, CCS, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-590, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Laboratório de Genética Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cristina M Motta
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, IBCCF, CCS, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-590, Brazil.
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Poveda A, Méndez MÁ, Armijos-Jaramillo V. Analysis of DNA Polymerases Reveals Specific Genes Expansion in Leishmania and Trypanosoma spp. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:570493. [PMID: 33117729 PMCID: PMC7576959 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.570493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are largely neglected diseases prevailing in tropical and subtropical conditions. These are an arthropod-borne zoonosis that affects humans and some animals and is caused by infection with protozoan of the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma, respectively. These parasites present high genomic plasticity and are able to adapt themselves to adverse conditions like the attack of host cells or toxicity induced by drug exposure. Different mechanisms allow these adapting responses induced by stress, such as mutation, chromosomal rearrangements, establishment of mosaic ploidies, and gene expansion. Here we describe how a subset of genes encoding for DNA polymerases implied in repairing/translesion (TLS) synthesis are duplicated in some pathogenic species of the Trypanosomatida order and a free-living species from the Bodonida order. These enzymes are both able to repair DNA, but are also error-prone under certain situations. We discuss about the possibility that these enzymes can act as a source of genomic variation promoting adaptation in trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Poveda
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Méndez
- Grupo de Química Computacional y Teórica, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Vinicio Armijos-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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Marco Antônio Salgado Martins T, de Figueiredo Peloso E, Costa-Silva HM, Rajão MA, Van Houten B, Machado CR, Ramos Gadelha F. Mitochondrial behavior during nuclear and mitochondrial DNA repair in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108016. [PMID: 33035543 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different genotoxic agents can lead to DNA single- and double-strand breaks, base modification and oxidation. As most living organisms, Trypanosoma cruzi is subjected to oxidative stress during its life cycle; thus, DNA repair is essential for parasite survival and establishment of infection. The mitochondrion plays important roles beyond the production of ATP. For example, it is a source of signaling molecules, such as the superoxide anion and H2O2. Since T. cruzi has only one mitochondrion, the integrity of this organelle is pivotal for parasite viability. H2O2 and methyl methanesulfonate cause DNA lesions in T. cruzi that are repaired by different DNA repair pathways. Herein, we evaluate mitochondrial involvement during the repair of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in T. cruzi epimastigotes incubated with these two genotoxic agents under conditions that induce repairable DNA damage. Overall, in both treatments, an increase in oxygen consumption rates and in mitochondrial H2O2 release was observed, as well as maintenance of ATP levels compared to control. Interestingly, these changes coincided with DNA repair kinetics, suggesting the importance of the mitochondrion for this energy-consuming process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matheus Andrade Rajão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bennet Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Rose E, Carvalho JL, Hecht M. Mechanisms of DNA repair in Trypanosoma cruzi: What do we know so far? DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 91-92:102873. [PMID: 32505694 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas Disease, which affects 6-7 million people worldwide. Since the early stages of infection and throughout its life cycle, the parasite is exposed to several genotoxic agents. Furthermore, DNA damage is also part of the mechanism of action of at least a few trypanocidal drugs, including Benznidazole. Thus, it is paramount for the parasite to count on an efficient DNA repair machinery to guarantee genome integrity and survival. The present work provides an up-to-date review of both the conserved and peculiar DNA repair mechanisms described in T. cruzi against oxidative stress, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, DNA adduct-inducing agents, and Benznidazole. The comprehension of the DNA repair mechanisms of the parasite may shed light on the parasite evolution and possibly pave the way for the development of novel and more effective trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Rose
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Abstract
Pathological processes such as bacterial, viral and parasitic infections can generate a plethora of responses such as, but not restricted to, oxidative stress that can be harmful to the host and the pathogen. This stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species produced and antioxidant factors produced in response to the infection. This imbalance can lead to DNA lesions in both infected cells as well as in the pathogen. The effects of the host response on the parasite lead to several kinds of DNA damage, causing alterations in the parasite's metabolism; the reaction and sensitivity of the parasite to these responses are related to the DNA metabolism and life cycle of each parasite. The present review will discuss the survival strategies developed by host cells and Trypanosoma cruzi, focusing on the DNA repair mechanisms of these organisms throughout infection including the relationship between DNA damage, stress response features, and the unique characteristics of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Repolês
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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Catarina Teodoro Castro B, Cançado de Faria R, Faria BF, Azevedo V, Lara Dos Santos L, Júnior MC, Machado CR, de Oliveira Lopes D. UvrB protein of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis complements the phenotype of knockout Escherichia coli and recognizes DNA damage caused by UV radiation but not 8-oxoguanine in vitro. Gene 2018; 639:34-43. [PMID: 28974474 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In prokaryotic cells, the UvrB protein plays a central role in nucleotide excision repair, which is involved in the recognition of bulky DNA lesions generated by chemical or physical agents. The present investigation aimed to characterize the uvrB gene of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (CpuvrB) and evaluate its involvement in the DNA repair system of this pathogenic organism. In computational analysis, the alignment of the UvrB protein sequences of Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus caldotenax and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis showed high similarity and the catalytic amino acid residues and functional domains are preserved. A CpUvrB model was constructed by comparative modeling and presented structural similarity with the UvrB of E. coli. Moreover, in molecular docking analysis CpUvrB showed favorable interaction with EcUvrA and revealed a preserved ATP incorporation site. Heterologous functional complementation assays using E. coli uvrB-deficient cells exposed to UV irradiation showed that the CpUvrB protein contributed to an increased survival rate in relation to those in the absence of CpUvrB. Damaged oligonucleotides containing thymine dimer or 8-oxoguanine lesion were synthesized and incubated with CpUvrB protein, which was able to recognize and excise UV irradiation damage but not 8-oxoguanine. These results suggest that CpUvrB is involved in repairing lesions derived from UV light and encodes a protein orthologous to EcUvrB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Catarina Teodoro Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Cançado de Faria
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Franciele Faria
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Lara Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Moacyr Comar Júnior
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Débora de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
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Kunrath-Lima M, Repolês BM, Alves CL, Furtado C, Rajão MA, Macedo AM, Franco GR, Pena SDJ, Valenzuela L, Wisnovsky S, Kelley SO, Galanti N, Cabrera G, Machado CR. Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi MutY DNA glycosylase ortholog and its role in oxidative stress response. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 55:332-342. [PMID: 28970112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease. Like most living organisms, it is susceptible to oxidative stress, and must adapt to distinct environments. Hence, DNA repair is essential for its survival and the persistence of infection. Therefore, we studied whether T. cruzi has a homolog counterpart of the MutY enzyme (TcMYH), important in the DNA Base Excision Repair (BER) mechanism. Analysis of T. cruzi genome database showed that this parasite has a putative MutY DNA glycosylase sequence. We performed heterologous complementation assays using this genomic sequence. TcMYH complemented the Escherichia coli MutY- strain, reducing the mutation rate to a level similar to wild type. In in vitro assays, TcMYH was able to remove an adenine that was opposite to 8-oxoguanine. We have also constructed a T. cruzi lineage that overexpresses MYH. Although in standard conditions this lineage has similar growth to control cells, the overexpressor is more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and glucose oxidase than the control, probably due to accumulation of AP sites in its DNA. Localization experiments with GFP-fused TcMYH showed this enzyme is present in both nucleus and mitochondrion. QPCR and MtOX results reinforce the presence and function of TcMYH in these two organelles. Our data suggest T. cruzi has a functional MYH DNA glycosylase, which participates in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA Base Excision Repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kunrath-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Marçal Repolês
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Ceres Luciana Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Andrade Rajão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrea Mara Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Danilo Junho Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon Wisnovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil.
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de Faria RC, Vila-Nova LG, Bitar M, Resende BC, Arantes LS, Rebelato AB, Azevedo VAC, Franco GR, Machado CR, Santos LLD, de Oliveira Lopes D. Adenine Glycosylase MutY of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis presents the antimutator phenotype and evidences of glycosylase/AP lyase activity in vitro. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 44:318-329. [PMID: 27456281 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis, a disease that predominantly affects small ruminants, causing significant economic losses worldwide. As a facultative intracellular pathogen, this bacterium is exposed to an environment rich in reactive oxygen species (ROS) within macrophages. To ensure its genetic stability, C. pseudotuberculosis relies on efficient DNA repair pathways for excision of oxidative damage such as 8-oxoguanine, a highly mutagenic lesion. MutY is an adenine glycosylase involved in adenine excision from 8-oxoG:A mismatches avoiding genome mutation incorporation. The purpose of this study was to characterize MutY protein from C. pseudotuberculosis and determine its involvement with DNA repair. In vivo functional complementation assay employing mutY gene deficient Escherichia coli transformed with CpmutY showed a 13.5-fold reduction in the rate of spontaneous mutation, compared to cells transformed with empty vector. Also, under oxidative stress conditions, CpMutY protein favored the growth of mutY deficient E. coli, relative to the same strain in the absence of CpMutY. To demonstrate the involvement of this enzyme in recognition and excision of 8-oxoguanine lesion, an in vitro assay was performed. CpMutY protein was capable of recognizing and excising 8-oxoG:A but not 8-oxoG:C presenting evidences of glycosylase/AP lyase activity in vitro. In silico structural characterization revealed the presence of preserved motifs related to the MutY activity on DNA repair, such as catalytic residues involved in glycosylase/AP lyase activity and structural DNA-binding elements, such as the HhH motif and the [4Fe-4S] cluster. The three-dimensional structure of CpMutY, generated by comparative modeling, exhibits a catalytic domain very similar to that of E. coli MutY. Taken together, these results indicate that the CpmutY encodes a functional protein homologous to MutY from E. coli and is involved in the prevention of mutations and the repair of oxidative DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cançado de Faria
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Liliane Gonçalves Vila-Nova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Mainá Bitar
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Carvalho Resende
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Sousa Arantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Arnaldo Basso Rebelato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Vasco Ariston Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Lara Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Débora de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (CCO), Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG 35501-296, Brazil.
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12
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Ormeño F, Barrientos C, Ramirez S, Ponce I, Valenzuela L, Sepúlveda S, Bitar M, Kemmerling U, Machado CR, Cabrera G, Galanti N. Expression and the Peculiar Enzymatic Behavior of the Trypanosoma cruzi NTH1 DNA Glycosylase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157270. [PMID: 27284968 PMCID: PMC4902261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, presents three cellular forms (trypomastigotes, epimastigotes and amastigotes), all of which are submitted to oxidative species in its hosts. However, T. cruzi is able to resist oxidative stress suggesting a high efficiency of its DNA repair machinery.The Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway is one of the main DNA repair mechanisms in other eukaryotes and in T. cruzi as well. DNA glycosylases are enzymes involved in the recognition of oxidative DNA damage and in the removal of oxidized bases, constituting the first step of the BER pathway. Here, we describe the presence and activity of TcNTH1, a nuclear T. cruzi DNA glycosylase. Surprisingly, purified recombinant TcNTH1 does not remove the thymine glycol base, but catalyzes the cleavage of a probe showing an AP site. The same activity was found in epimastigote and trypomastigote homogenates suggesting that the BER pathway is not involved in thymine glycol DNA repair. TcNTH1 DNA-binding properties assayed in silico are in agreement with the absence of a thymine glycol removing function of that parasite enzyme. Over expression of TcNTH1 decrease parasite viability when transfected epimastigotes are submitted to a sustained production of H2O2.Therefore, TcNTH1 is the only known NTH1 orthologous unable to eliminate thymine glycol derivatives but that recognizes and cuts an AP site, most probably by a beta-elimination mechanism. We cannot discard that TcNTH1 presents DNA glycosylase activity on other DNA base lesions. Accordingly, a different DNA repair mechanism should be expected leading to eliminate thymine glycol from oxidized parasite DNA. Furthermore, TcNTH1 may play a role in the AP site recognition and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ormeño
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Barrientos
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Santiago Ramirez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mainá Bitar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GC); (NG)
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GC); (NG)
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13
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Arantes LS, Nova LGV, Resende BC, Bitar M, Coelho IEV, Miyoshi A, Azevedo VA, Lara dos Santos L, Machado CR, de Oliveira Lopes D. The Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis genome contains two formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase enzymes, only one of which recognizes and excises 8-oxoguanine lesion. Gene 2016; 575:233-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Machado-Silva A, Cerqueira PG, Grazielle-Silva V, Gadelha FR, Peloso EDF, Teixeira SMR, Machado CR. How Trypanosoma cruzi deals with oxidative stress: Antioxidant defence and DNA repair pathways. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2016; 767:8-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Maldonado E, Rojas DA, Moreira-Ramos S, Urbina F, Miralles VJ, Solari A, Venegas J. Expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of recombinant DNA polymerase beta of the Trypanosoma cruzi TcI lineage: requirement of additional factors and detection of phosphorylation of the native form. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1313-26. [PMID: 25566774 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major parasitic disease that affects millions of people in America. However, despite the high impact of this disease on human health, no effective and safe treatment has been found that eliminates the infecting parasite from human patients. Among the possible chemotherapeutic targets that could be considered for study in T. cruzi are the DNA polymerases, in particular DNA polymerase beta (polß), which previous studies have shown to be involved in kinetoplast DNA replication and repair. In this paper, we describe the expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of the Miranda clone polß, corresponding to lineage T. cruzi I (TcI). The recombinant enzyme purified to homogeneity displayed specific activity in the range described for a highly purified mammalian polß. However, the trypanosome enzyme exhibited important differences in biochemical properties compared to the mammalian enzymes, specifically an almost absolute dependency on KCl, high sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), and low sensitivity to ddTTP. Immuno-affinity purification of T. cruzi polymerase beta (Tcpolß) from epimastigote extracts showed that the native enzyme was phosphorylated. In addition, it was demonstrated that Tcpolß interacts with some proteins in a group of about 15 proteins which are required to repair 1-6 bases of gaps of a double strand damaged DNA. It is possible that these proteins form part of a DNA repair complex, analogous to that described in mammals and some trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edio Maldonado
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Bienstock RJ, Beard WA, Wilson SH. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary origins of DNA polymerase X-family members. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 22:77-88. [PMID: 25112931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian DNA polymerase (pol) β is the founding member of a large group of DNA polymerases now termed the X-family. DNA polymerase β has been kinetically, structurally, and biologically well characterized and can serve as a phylogenetic reference. Accordingly, we have performed a phylogenetic analysis to understand the relationship between pol β and other members of the X-family of DNA polymerases. The bacterial X-family DNA polymerases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae pol IV, and four mammalian X-family polymerases appear to be directly related. These enzymes originated from an ancient common ancestor characterized in two Bacillus species. Understanding distinct functions for each of the X-family polymerases, evolving from a common bacterial ancestor is of significant interest in light of the specialized roles of these enzymes in DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle J Bienstock
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - William A Beard
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Rajão MA, Furtado C, Alves CL, Passos-Silva DG, de Moura MB, Schamber-Reis BL, Kunrath-Lima M, Zuma AA, Vieira-da-Rocha JP, Garcia JBF, Mendes IC, Pena SDJ, Macedo AM, Franco GR, de Souza-Pinto NC, de Medeiros MHG, Cruz AK, Motta MCM, Teixeira SMR, Machado CR. Unveiling benznidazole's mechanism of action through overexpression of DNA repair proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. Environ Mol Mutagen 2014; 55:309-21. [PMID: 24347026 DOI: 10.1002/em.21839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benznidazole (BZ) is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of Chagas disease. Although BZ is known to induce the formation of free radicals and electrophilic metabolites within the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, its precise mechanisms of action are still elusive. Here, we analyzed the survival of T. cruzi exposed to BZ using genetically modified parasites overexpressing different DNA repair proteins. Our results indicate that BZ induces oxidation mainly in the nucleotide pool, as heterologous expression of the nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase MutT (but not overexpression of the glycosylase TcOgg1) increased drug resistance in the parasite. In addition, electron microscopy indicated that BZ catalyzes the formation of double-stranded breaks in the parasite, as its genomic DNA undergoes extensive heterochromatin unpacking following exposure to the drug. Furthermore, the overexpression of proteins involved in the recombination-mediated DNA repair increased resistance to BZ, reinforcing the idea that the drug causes double-stranded breaks. Our results also show that the overexpression of mitochondrial DNA repair proteins increase parasite survival upon BZ exposure, indicating that the drug induces lesions in the mitochondrial DNA as well. These findings suggest that BZ preferentially oxidizes the nucleotide pool, and the extensive incorporation of oxidized nucleotides during DNA replication leads to potentially lethal double-stranded DNA breaks in T. cruzi DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Andrade Rajão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
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18
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Furtado C, Kunrath-Lima M, Rajão MA, Mendes IC, de Moura MB, Campos PC, Macedo AM, Franco GR, Pena SDJ, Teixeira SMR, Van Houten B, Machado CR. Functional characterization of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42484. [PMID: 22876325 PMCID: PMC3411635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative lesion 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is removed during base excision repair by the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (Ogg1). This lesion can erroneously pair with adenine, and the excision of this damaged base by Ogg1 enables the insertion of a guanine and prevents DNA mutation. In this report, we identified and characterized Ogg1 from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (TcOgg1), the causative agent of Chagas disease. Like most living organisms, T. cruzi is susceptible to oxidative stress, hence DNA repair is essential for its survival and improvement of infection. We verified that the TcOGG1 gene encodes an 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase by complementing an Ogg1-defective Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Heterologous expression of TcOGG1 reestablished the mutation frequency of the yeast mutant ogg1(-/-) (CD138) to wild type levels. We also demonstrate that the overexpression of TcOGG1 increases T. cruzi sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Analysis of DNA lesions using quantitative PCR suggests that the increased susceptibility to H(2)O(2) of TcOGG1-overexpressor could be a consequence of uncoupled BER in abasic sites and/or strand breaks generated after TcOgg1 removes 8-oxoG, which are not rapidly repaired by the subsequent BER enzymes. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that TcOGG1-overexpressors have reduced levels of 8-oxoG both in the nucleus and in the parasite mitochondrion. The localization of TcOgg1 was examined in parasite transfected with a TcOgg1-GFP fusion, which confirmed that this enzyme is in both organelles. Taken together, our data indicate that T. cruzi has a functional Ogg1 ortholog that participates in nuclear and mitochondrial BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Furtado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marianna Kunrath-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Andrade Rajão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cecília Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michelle Barbi de Moura
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Priscila Carneiro Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Mara Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Danilo Junho Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Santuza Maria Ribeiro Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Schamber-Reis BLF, Nardelli S, Régis-Silva CG, Campos PC, Cerqueira PG, Lima SA, Franco GR, Macedo AM, Pena SDJ, Cazaux C, Hoffmann JS, Motta MCM, Schenkman S, Teixeira SMR, Machado CR. DNA polymerase beta from Trypanosoma cruzi is involved in kinetoplast DNA replication and repair of oxidative lesions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 183:122-31. [PMID: 22369885 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific DNA repair pathways from Trypanosoma cruzi are believed to protect genomic DNA and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from mutations. Particular pathways are supposed to operate in order to repair nucleotides oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during parasite infection, being 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) a frequent and highly mutagenic base alteration. If unrepaired, 8oxoG can lead to cytotoxic base transversions during DNA replication. In mammals, DNA polymerase beta (Polβ) is mainly involved in base excision repair (BER) of oxidative damage. However its biological role in T. cruzi is still unknown. We show, by immunofluorescence localization, that T. cruzi DNA polymerase beta (Tcpolβ) is restricted to the antipodal sites of kDNA in replicative epimastigote and amastigote developmental stages, being strictly localized to kDNA antipodal sites between G1/S and early G2 phase in replicative epimastigotes. Nevertheless, this polymerase was detected inside the mitochondrial matrix of trypomastigote forms, which are not able to replicate in culture. Parasites over expressing Tcpolβ showed reduced levels of 8oxoG in kDNA and an increased survival after treatment with hydrogen peroxide when compared to control cells. However, this resistance was lost after treating Tcpolβ overexpressors with methoxiamine, a potent BER inhibitor. Curiously, a presumed DNA repair focus containing Tcpolβ was identified in the vicinity of kDNA of cultured wild type epimastigotes after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Taken together our data suggest participation of Tcpolβ during kDNA replication and repair of oxidative DNA damage induced by genotoxic stress in this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Luiz Fonseca Schamber-Reis
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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20
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Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has a heterogeneous population composed of a pool of strains that circulate in the domestic and sylvatic cycles. Genome sequencing of the clone CL Brener revealed a highly repetitive genome of about 110Mb containing an estimated 22,570 genes. Because of its hybrid nature, sequences representing the two haplotypes have been generated. In addition, a repeat content close to 50% made the assembly of the estimated 41 pairs of chromosomes quite challenging. Similar to other trypanosomatids, the organization of T. cruzi chromosomes was found to be very peculiar, with protein-coding genes organized in long polycistronic transcription units encoding 20 or more proteins in one strand separated by strand switch regions. Another remarkable feature of the T. cruzi genome is the massive expansion of surface protein gene families. Because of the high genetic diversity of the T. cruzi population, sequencing of additional strains and comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses are in progress. Five years after its publication, the genome data have proven to be an essential tool for the study of T. cruzi and increasing efforts to translate this knowledge into the development of new modes of intervention to control Chagas disease are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santuza M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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21
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Campos PC, Silva VG, Furtado C, Machado-Silva A, Darocha WD, Peloso EF, Gadelha FR, Medeiros MHG, Lana GDC, Chen Y, Barnes RL, Passos-Silva DG, McCulloch R, Machado CR, Teixeira SMR. Trypanosoma cruzi MSH2: Functional analyses on different parasite strains provide evidences for a role on the oxidative stress response. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 176:8-16. [PMID: 21073906 PMCID: PMC3142612 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Components of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway are major players in processes known to generate genetic diversity, such as mutagenesis and DNA recombination. Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease has a highly heterogeneous population, composed of a pool of strains with distinct characteristics. Studies with a number of molecular markers identified up to six groups in the T. cruzi population, which showed distinct levels of genetic variability. To investigate the molecular basis for such differences, we analyzed the T. cruzi MSH2 gene, which encodes a key component of MMR, and showed the existence of distinct isoforms of this protein. Here we compared cell survival rates after exposure to genotoxic agents and levels of oxidative stress-induced DNA in different parasite strains. Analyses of msh2 mutants in both T. cruzi and T. brucei were also used to investigate the role of Tcmsh2 in the response to various DNA damaging agents. The results suggest that the distinct MSH2 isoforms have differences in their activity. More importantly, they also indicate that, in addition to its role in MMR, TcMSH2 acts in the parasite response to oxidative stress through a novel mitochondrial function that may be conserved in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Passos-Silva DG, Rajão MA, Nascimento de Aguiar PH, Vieira-da-Rocha JP, Machado CR, Furtado C. Overview of DNA Repair in Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania major. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010:840768. [PMID: 20976268 PMCID: PMC2952945 DOI: 10.4061/2010/840768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of DNA lesions arise due to environmental agents, normal cellular metabolism, or intrinsic weaknesses in the chemical bonds of DNA. Diverse cellular mechanisms have evolved to maintain genome stability, including mechanisms to repair damaged DNA, to avoid the incorporation of modified nucleotides, and to tolerate lesions (translesion synthesis). Studies of the mechanisms related to DNA metabolism in trypanosomatids have been very limited. Together with recent experimental studies, the genome sequencing of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major, three related pathogens with different life cycles and disease pathology, has revealed interesting features of the DNA repair mechanism in these protozoan parasites, which will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gomes Passos-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
A total of 100 years have passed since the discovery of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas’ disease. Since its discovery, the molecular and cellular biology of this early divergent eukaryote, as well as its interactions with the mammalian and insect hosts, has progressed substantially. It is now clear that this parasite presents unique mechanisms controlling gene expression, DNA replication, cell cycle and differentiation, generating several morphological forms that are adapted to survive in different hosts. In recent years, the relationship between the chromatin structure and nuclear organization with the unusual transcription, splicing, DNA replication and DNA repair mechanisms have been investigated in T. cruzi. This article reviews the relevant aspects of these mechanisms in relation to chromatin and nuclear organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila Cristina Nardelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862 8a, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862 8a, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
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Campos FM, Liarte DB, Mortara RA, Romanha AJ, Murta SM. Characterization of a gene encoding alcohol dehydrogenase in benznidazole-susceptible and -resistant populations of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2009; 111:56-63. [PMID: 19426664 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) are a class of oxidoreductases that catalyse the reversible oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. In the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi the TcADH gene was identified through microarray analysis as having reduced transcription in an in vitro induced benznidazole (BZ)-resistant population. In the present study, we have extended these results by characterizing the TcADH gene from 11 strains of T. cruzi that were either susceptible or naturally resistant to benznidazole and nifurtimox or had in vivo selected or in vitro induced resistance to BZ. Sequence comparisons showed that TcADH was more similar to prokaryotic ADHs than to orthologs identified Leishmania spp. Immunolocalisation using confocal microscopy revealed that TcADH is present in the kinetoplast region and along the parasite body, consistent with the mitochondrial localization predicted by sequence analysis. Northern blots showed a 1.9kb transcript with similar signal intensity in all T. cruzi samples analysed, except for the in vitro selected resistant population, where transcript levels were 2-fold lower. These findings were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. In Western blot analysis, anti-TcADH polyclonal antisera recognised a 42kDa protein in all T. cruzi strains tested. The level of expression of this polypeptide was approximately 2-fold lower in the in vitro induced benznidazole-resistant strain, than in the susceptible parental strain. The chromosomal location of the TcADH gene was variable, but was not associated with the zymodeme or with the drug resistance phenotype. The data presented here show that the TcADH enzyme has a decreased level of expression in the in vitro induced BZ-resistant T. cruzi population, a situation that has not been observed in the in vivo selected BZ-resistant and naturally resistant strains.
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de Moura MB, Schamber-Reis BLF, Passos Silva DG, Rajão MA, Macedo AM, Franco GR, Pena SDJ, Teixeira SMR, Machado CR. Cloning and characterization of DNA polymerase eta from Trypanosoma cruzi: roles for translesion bypass of oxidative damage. Environ Mol Mutagen 2009; 50:375-386. [PMID: 19229999 DOI: 10.1002/em.20450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of the DNA polymerase eta gene from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcPoleta), the causative agent of Chagas disease. This protein, which can bypass cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, contains motifs that are conserved between Y family polymerases. In vitro assays showed that the recombinant protein is capable of synthesizing DNA in undamaged primer-templates. Intriguingly, T. cruzi overexpressing TcPoleta does not increase its resistance to UV-light (with or without caffeine) or cisplatin, despite the ability of the protein to enhance UV resistance in a RAD30 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Parasites overexpressing TcPoleta are also unable to restore growth after treatment with zeocin or gamma irradiation. T. cruzi overexpressing TcPoleta are more resistant to treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) compared to nontransfected cells. The observed H(2)O(2) resistance could be associated with its ability to bypass 8-oxoguanine lesions in vitro. The results presented here suggest that TcPoleta is able to bypass UV and oxidative lesions. However the overexpression of the gene only interferes in response to oxidative lesions, possibly due to the presence of these lesions during the S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Barbi de Moura
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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Rajão MA, Passos-Silva DG, DaRocha WD, Franco GR, Macedo AM, Pena SDJ, Teixeira SM, Machado CR. DNA polymerase kappa fromTrypanosoma cruzilocalizes to the mitochondria, bypasses 8-oxoguanine lesions and performs DNA synthesis in a recombination intermediate. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:185-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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