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Pei H, He Z, Du R, Zhu Y, Yang Y. PM2.5 exposure aggravates acute liver injury by creating an inflammatory microenvironment through Kupffer cell. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115264. [PMID: 37467564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM This work aimed to investigate the impact of PM2.5 exposure on acute liver injury METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were used to examine the hepatic histopathological changes in PM2.5-exposed mice, as well as in CCl4-mediated acute liver injury mice after long-term exposure to PM2.5. During in vitro experiments, Kupffer cells were detected for M1 polarization level after treating with PM2.5, and the activation level of NLRP3 inflammasomes were assessed. RESULTS According to our findings, PM2.5 can induce M1 polarization of Kupffer cells in the liver to create an inflammatory microenvironment. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 can aggravate acute liver injury in mice. Treatment with MCC950, an NLRP3 inhibitor, can inhibit the effect of PM2.5. As demonstrated by in vitro analysis, PM2.5 can promote M1 polarization of Kupffer cells. CONCLUSION As suggested by our results, long-term exposure to PM2.5 can create an inflammatory microenvironment to aggravate mouse acute liver injury. The effect is related to NLRP3-mediated M1 polarization in Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 314001, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 314001, China.
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2
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Integrative Metallomics Studies of Toxic Metal(loid) Substances at the Blood Plasma–Red Blood Cell–Organ/Tumor Nexus. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, an estimated 9 million deaths per year are caused by human exposure to environmental pollutants, including toxic metal(loid) species. Since pollution is underestimated in calculations of the global burden of disease, the actual number of pollution-related deaths per year is likely to be substantially greater. Conversely, anticancer metallodrugs are deliberately administered to cancer patients, but their often dose-limiting severe adverse side-effects necessitate the urgent development of more effective metallodrugs that offer fewer off-target effects. What these seemingly unrelated events have in common is our limited understanding of what happens when each of these toxic metal(loid) substances enter the human bloodstream. However, the bioinorganic chemistry that unfolds at the plasma/red blood cell interface is directly implicated in mediating organ/tumor damage and, therefore, is of immediate toxicological and pharmacological relevance. This perspective will provide a brief synopsis of the bioinorganic chemistry of AsIII, Cd2+, Hg2+, CH3Hg+ and the anticancer metallodrug cisplatin in the bloodstream. Probing these processes at near-physiological conditions and integrating the results with biochemical events within organs and/or tumors has the potential to causally link chronic human exposure to toxic metal(loid) species with disease etiology and to translate more novel anticancer metal complexes to clinical studies, which will significantly improve human health in the 21st century.
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3
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Chu L, Du H, Li T, Lu F, Guo M, Dubrow R, Chen K. Short-term associations between particulate matter air pollution and hospital admissions through the emergency room for urinary system disease in Beijing, China: A time-series study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117858. [PMID: 34388554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on the relationship between particulate matter air pollution and urinary system disease (UD) is scarce. This study aims to evaluate the associations between short-term exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 and risk of daily UD inpatient hospital admissions through the emergency room (ER-admissions) in Beijing. We obtained 41,203 weekday UD ER-admissions for secondary and tertiary hospitals in all 16 districts in Beijing during 2013-2018 from the Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center and obtained district-level air pollution concentrations based on 35 fixed monitoring stations in Beijing. We conducted a two-stage time-series analysis, with district-specific generalized linear models for each of Beijing's 16 districts, followed by random effects meta-analysis to obtain pooled risk estimates. We evaluated lagged and cumulative associations up to 30 days. In single-pollutant models, for both PM2.5 and PM10, cumulative exposure averaged over the day of admission and the previous 10 days (lag 0-10 days) showed the strongest association, with per interquartile range increases of PM2.5 or PM10 concentrations associated with a 7.5 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 3.0 %-12.2 %) or 6.0 % (95 % CI: 1.1 %-11.2 %) increased risk of daily UD hospital admissions, respectively. The risk estimates were robust to adjustment for co-pollutants and to a variety of sensitivity analyses. However, due to the strong correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, we were unable to disentangle the respective relationships between these two exposures and UD risk. In this study, we found that short-term exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 are risk factors for UD morbidity and that cumulative exposure to PM pollution over a period of one to two weeks (i.e., 11 days) could be more important for UD risk than transient exposure during each of the respective single days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Chu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
| | - Hang Du
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Feng Lu
- Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Moning Guo
- Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
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Kao CL, Fang GC, Gao WS, Zhuang YJ. Concentrations, sizes distributions, and seasonal variations of ambient air pollutants (particulates, trace metals) in Daya/Xitun District, Taichung, Central Taiwan: a case study at Taichung Science Park. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:824-834. [PMID: 34125005 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1936988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Taichung Science Park in central Taiwan releases ambient air pollutants to the atmosphere. This issue has attracted much attention over the past few years. This study concerns seasonal concentrations of atmospheric particles and metallic elements and particle size distributions. A M.O.U.D.I sampler is used at a Taichung Science Park sampling site to obtain relevant data. Fe, followed by Al, had the highest average metallic element concentrations in particles of various sizes (PM18, PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and PM<1(0.3)); Cd had the lowest. The average concentrations of metallic elements in particles of various sizes were lowest in the summer. Fe, Al and Cr had the three highest concentrations among all metallic elements for all particles sizes in all seasons. Ambient air particulate pollutants (crustal and anthropogenic metallic elements) were released from a single emission source at Taichung Science Park site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lang Kao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shun Gao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Shalu District, Taichung, Taiwan
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5
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Tavera Busso I, Mateos AC, González Peroni A, Graziani NS, Carreras HA. Hepatic alterations associated with fine particulate matter exposure. Toxicol Res 2019; 36:139-148. [PMID: 32257926 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have pointed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as the main responsible for air pollution toxic effects. Indeed, PM2.5 may not only cause respiratory and cardiovascular abnormalities but it may also affect other organs such as the liver. Be that as it may, only a few studies have evaluated the PM2.5 effects on hepatic tissue. Moreover, most of them have not analyzed the relationship between particles composition and toxicological effects. In this study, healthy rats were subjected to urban levels of PM2.5 particles in order to assess their structural and functional effects on the liver. During the exposure periods, mean PM2.5 concentrations were slightly higher than the value suggested by the daily guideline of the World Health Organization. The exposed rats showed a hepatic increase of Cr, Zn, Fe, Ba, Tl and Pb levels. This group also showed leukocyte infiltration, sinusoidal dilation, hydropic inclusions and alterations in carbohydrates distribution. These histologic lesions were accompanied by serological changes, such as increase of total cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as genotoxic damage in their nuclei. We also observed significant associations between several biomarkers and PM2.5 composition. Our results show that exposure to low levels of PM2.5 might cause histologic and serological changes in liver tissue, suggesting that PM2.5 toxicity is influenced not only by their concentration but also by their composition and the exposure frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Tavera Busso
- 1Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina.,J. Robert Cade Foundation, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Carolina Mateos
- 1Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia González Peroni
- 1Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Soledad Graziani
- 1Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hebe Alejandra Carreras
- 1Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
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Dadzie EK, Ephraim RK, Afrifa J, Quaicoe R, Bediako BS, Duku BI, Adjetey T, Dadzie I. Persistent exposure to wood smoke is associated with variations in biochemical and hematological indices among regular wood burners in the Cape Coast metropolis, Ghana. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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7
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Pejhan A, Agah J, Adli A, Mehrabadi S, Raoufinia R, Mokamel A, Abroudi M, Ghalenovi M, Sadeghi Z, Bolghanabadi Z, Bazghandi MS, Hamidnia M, Salimi F, Pajohanfar NS, Dadvand P, Rad A, Miri M. Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and newborn liver function. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:447-453. [PMID: 30951939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. However, the available evidence on the impact of air pollution exposures on liver enzymes is still scarce. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between exposure to ambient PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 during pregnancy and serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in cord blood samples of newborns. Moreover, the association between total street length in different buffers and distance to major roads at the maternal residential address and liver enzymes were investigated. This cross-sectional study was based on data from a sample of 150 newborns, from Sabzevar, Iran. Land use regression models were used to estimate concentrations of air pollutants at home during pregnancy. Multiple linear regression was developed to estimate association of AST, ALT, ALP and GGT with air pollution controlled for relevant covariates. In fully adjusted models, increase in PM1 and PM2.5 as well as PM10 were associated with higher levels of AST, ALT and GGT. Moreover, there was a significant association between total street length in a 100 m buffer at residential address with AST, ALT and GGT. Each meter increase in distance to major roads was associated with -0.017 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.028, -0.006) decrease in AST. Overall, our findings were supportive for association between PMs exposure during pregnancy and increase in liver enzymes in newborns. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other settings and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Pejhan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Jila Agah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Adli
- Department of Genetic, Sabzevar Branch, Izlami Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Saide Mehrabadi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ramin Raoufinia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Adel Mokamel
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, KhalKhal, Iran
| | - Mina Abroudi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mina Ghalenovi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadeghi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Bolghanabadi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Malihe Sadat Bazghandi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Masoud Hamidnia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salimi
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nasim Sadat Pajohanfar
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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Gasparotto J, Chaves PR, da Boit Martinello K, da Rosa-Siva HT, Bortolin RC, Silva LFO, Rabelo TK, da Silva J, da Silva FR, Nordin AP, Soares K, Borges MS, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF. Obese rats are more vulnerable to inflammation, genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by coal dust inhalation than non-obese rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:44-51. [PMID: 30179764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an important nutritional disorder worldwide. Its association with environmental pollution may trigger an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters. Coal is a resource used throughout the world as an important fuel source for generating electricity. The ashes released by the coal combustion cause serious problems for human health due to their high toxicity and their capacity to bioaccumulate. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of coal dust inhalation in the organs of obese and non-obese Wistar rats. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, histological analysis, comet assay, and micronuclei were investigated. Both obesity and coal dust inhalation increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α and decreased HSP70 levels in serum, however, in obese animals that inhaled coal dust these changes were more pronounced. Liver histological analysis showed severe microvesicular steatosis in obese animals that inhaled coal dust. Lung histologic investigation showed abnormalities in lung structure of animals exposed to coal dust and showed severe lung distensibility in obese animals exposed to coal dust. The comet assay showed DNA damage in animals subjected to coal. In addition, there were modulations in enzymatic activities and damage to protein and lipids. Based on our results, the coal dust inhalation can potentiate the pro-inflammatory profile present in obese rats. We also observed an increase in the protein oxidative damage in obese rats that inhaled coal dust. Taken together, our results suggest that the combination of obesity and coal inhalation increased the risks of the development of diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paloma Rodrigues Chaves
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Boit Martinello
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental - Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental - Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, CP 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Helen Tais da Rosa-Siva
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calixto Bortolin
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental - Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental - Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, CP 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Luis Felipe Oliveira Silva
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental - Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental - Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, CP 080002 Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Thallita Kelly Rabelo
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Ensaios Farmacológicos, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica. PPGBIOSAÚDE & PPGGTA-MP, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Adriane Perachi Nordin
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica. PPGBIOSAÚDE & PPGGTA-MP, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Malu Siqueira Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Park J, Bae S. Formation of Fe nanoparticles on water-washed coal fly ash for enhanced reduction of p-nitrophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:733-741. [PMID: 29604560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) by coal fly ash (FA) washed with water was investigated in this study. A significant increase in pH (from 7.0 to 10.1) was observed in the suspension of raw fly ash (RFA), while water-washed fly ash (WFA) showed a relatively lower increase in pH (7.2), which was caused by the dissolution of Ca species during the water-washing process. Almost 33.4% of p-NP reduction was observed in the RFA suspension with NaBH4 in 1 h, while the enhanced reduction of p-NP (87.2%) was observed in the WFA suspension. The catalytic reduction of p-NP was inhibited by addition of CaO and Ca(OH)2, indicating that higher amount of CaO dissolved from RFA resulted in the inhibition effect. Similar experiments using different oxides (i.e., Al2O3, SiO2, CaO and MgO) revealed no significant reduction of p-NP, which was comparable with Fe2O3 (75.8%). Results from various surface analyses revealed that iron oxides on the surface of WFA can be reduced to elemental Fe nanoparticles, which can effectively reduce p-NP with NaBH4. No significant leaching of heavy metals such as Cr, Pb, and As was observed during the catalytic reduction of p-NP and in the suspension of WFA after reaction at pH 3, 5, 7, and 9 for 24 h, which can solve the toxic effect when the FA is used for environmental applications. We also observed a good reusability of WFA during the recycling test, indicating the potential use of WFA for the treatment of wastewater containing reductively degradable pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyeong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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León-Mejía G, Machado MN, Okuro RT, Silva LFO, Telles C, Dias J, Niekraszewicz L, Da Silva J, Henriques JAP, Zin WA. Intratracheal instillation of coal and coal fly ash particles in mice induces DNA damage and translocation of metals to extrapulmonary tissues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:589-599. [PMID: 29291573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous exposure to coal mining particles can cause a variety of lung diseases. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of exposure to detailed characterized coal and coal fly ash (CFA) particles on DNA, lung and extrapulmonary tissues. Coal samples (COAL11 and COAL16) and CFA samples (CFA11 and CFA16) were included in this study. Intending to enhance the combustion process COAL16 was co-fired with a mixture of fuel oil and diesel oil, producing CFA16. Male BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with coal and CFA particles. Measurements were done 24h later. Results showed significant rigidity and obstruction of the central airways only for animals acutely exposed to coal particles. The COAL16 group also showed obstruction of the peripheral airways. Mononuclear cells were recruited in all treatment groups and expression of cytokines, particularly TNF-α and IL-1β, was observed. Only animals exposed to COAL16 showed a significant expression of IL-6 and recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells. DNA damage was demonstrated by Comet assay for all groups. Cr, Fe and Ni were detected in liver, spleen and brain, showing the efficient translocation of metals from the bloodstream to extrapulmonary organs. These effects were associated with particle composition (oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, sulfides, sulphates, silciates, organic-metalic compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hidrocarbons) rather than their size. This work provides state of knowledge on the effects of acute exposure to coal and CFA particles on respiratory mechanics, DNA damage, translocation of metals to other organs and related inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethel León-Mejía
- Unidad de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia; Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Nascimento Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Tiemi Okuro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Pró-Reitoria de Ensino, de Pesquisa e de Extensão, Pedra Branca, 88137900 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Telles
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Química Ambiental e Oleoquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande dos Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Johnny Dias
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liana Niekraszewicz
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Pêgas Henriques
- Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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11
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González Rendón ES, Cano GG, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Garibay-Huarte T, Fortoul TI. Lead inhalation and hepatic damage: Morphological and functional evaluation in mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:128-138. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233717750981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that plays an unknown biological role and is very toxic even at low concentrations. The main sources of Pb are Pb-contaminated areas in industrial areas or landfills. Inhalation is one of the most common routes of exposure to this metal, but there is little information on its effect on the liver. Thirty male mice were exposed to 0.1 M Pb acetate by inhalation for 8 weeks, twice a week for 1h. A recovery group was free of exposure for 4 weeks. Histological evaluation showed an increase in the inflammatory infiltrate and in the percentage of meganuclei in the liver. This was observed since the first week and throughout the whole exposure time. A significant increase in the aspartate aminotransferase concentration was observed in the liver function tests; yet, the alanine aminotransferase concentration did not show significant changes. The 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and nitrotyrosine levels in Pb-exposed mice, identified by immunohistochemistry, showed a significant increment compared to the controls. This effect was observed throughout Pb exposure. After a 4-week period of suspended exposure, recovery time, the concentration of 4-HNE and nitrotyrosine decreased to similar levels of those previously observed in controls, this suggests a decrease in the generation of oxidative stress by Pb inhalation. Although our results suggest that the lungs are the first contact organs and filters during Pb inhalation, this metal eventually reaches the liver and might cause damage by oxidative stress. This damage can decrease in time if exposure is discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S González Rendón
- Cellular and Tissular Biology Department, School of Medicine, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gumaro Gutierrez Cano
- Cellular and Tissular Biology Department, School of Medicine, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Alcaraz-Zubeldia
- Department of Neurochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Garibay-Huarte
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa I Fortoul
- Cellular and Tissular Biology Department, School of Medicine, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Laitinen J, Koponen H, Sippula O, Korpijärvi K, Jumpponen M, Laitinen S, Aatamila M, Tissari J, Karhunen T, Ojanen K, Jokiniemi J, Korpinen L. Peak exposures to main components of ash and gaseous diesel exhausts in closed and open ash loading stations at biomass-fuelled power plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:183-191. [PMID: 28697424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fly and bottom ashes are collected at power plants to reduce the environmental effects of energy production. However, handling the ashes causes health problems for operators, maintenance workers and truck drivers at the power plants. Hence, we evaluated ash loaders' peak inhalation exposures to the chemical components of ash and diesel exhausts in open and closed ash loading stations at biomass-fuelled combined heat and power plants. We also carried out chemical and morphological analyses of the ashes to evaluate their health hazard potential in order to find practical technical measures to reduce workers' exposure. On the basis of X-ray diffraction analyses, the main respirable crystalline ash compounds were SiO2, CaSO4, CaO, Ca2Al2SiO7, NaCl and Ca3Al2O6 in the fly ashes and SiO2, KAlSi3O8, NaAlSi3O8 and Ca2Al2SiO7 in the bottom ashes. The short-term exposure levels of respirable crystalline silica, inhalable inorganic dust, Cr, Mn, Ni and nitric oxide exceeded their Finnish eight hours occupational exposure limit values in the closed ash loading station. According to our observations, more attention should be paid to the ash-moistening process, the use of tank trucks instead of open cassette flatbed trucks, and the sealing of the loading line from the silo to the truck which would prevent spreading the ash into the air. The idling time of diesel trucks should also be limited, and ash loading stations should be equipped with exhaust gas ventilators. If working conditions make it impossible to keep to the OEL values, workers must use respirators and protect their eyes and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Korpijärvi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1603, FI-40101 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mika Jumpponen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjaleena Aatamila
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tommi Karhunen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Ojanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 310, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leena Korpinen
- The Clinical Physiology and Neurophysiology Unit, The North Karelia Central Hospital and Honkalampi Centre, Tikkamäentie 16, FIN-80210 Joensuu, Finland
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13
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Ku T, Zhang Y, Ji X, Li G, Sang N. PM 2.5-bound metal metabolic distribution and coupled lipid abnormality at different developmental windows. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:354-362. [PMID: 28551565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a serious threat to human health. As a toxicant constituent, metal leads to significant health risks in a population, but exposure to PM2.5-bound metals and their biological impacts are not fully understood. In this study, we determined the metal contents of PM2.5 samples collected from a typical coal-burning city and then investigated the metabolic distributions of six metals (Zn, Pb, Mn, As, Cu, and Cd) following PM2.5 inhalation in mice in different developmental windows. The results indicate that fine particles were mainly deposited in the lung, but PM2.5-bound metals could reach and gather in secondary off-target tissues (the lung, liver, heart and brain) with a developmental window-dependent property. Furthermore, elevations in triglycerides and cholesterol levels in sensitive developmental windows (the young and elderly stages) occurred, and significant associations between metals (Pb, Mn, As and Cd) and cholesterol in the heart, brain, liver and lung were observed. These findings suggest that PM2.5 inhalation caused selective metal metabolic distribution in tissues with a developmental window-dependent property and that the effects were associated with lipid alterations. This provides a foundation for the underlying systemic toxicity following PM2.5 exposure based on metal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ku
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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14
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de Souza Predes F, da Silva Diamante MA, Foglio MA, Camargo CDA, Aoyama H, Miranda SC, Cruz B, Gomes Marcondes MCC, Dolder H. Hepatoprotective effect of Arctium lappa root extract on cadmium toxicity in adult Wistar rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:250-7. [PMID: 24929543 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the effects of Arctium lappa (Al) to protect against cadmium damage in the rat liver. Male rats received a single i.p. dose of CdCl2 (1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW)) with or without Al extract administered daily by gavage (300 mg/kg BW) for 7 or 56 days. After 7 days, Al caused plasma transaminase activity to diminish in groups Al (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT)) and CdAl (GPT). After 56 days, GOT and GPT plasma activities were reduced in the Cd group. No alteration in plasma levels of creatinine, total bilirubin, and total protein were observed. GOT liver activity increased in the Cd group. No alteration was observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) dosage. In the Cd group, hepatocyte proportion decreased and sinusoid capillary proportion increased. In the Al and CdAl groups, the nuclear proportion increased and the cytoplasmic proportion decreased. The hepatocyte nucleus density reduced in Cd and increased in the Al group. After 56 days, there was no alteration in the Cd group. In Al and CdAl groups, the nuclear proportion increased without cytoplasmic proportion variation, but the sinusoid capillary proportion was reduced. The hepatocyte nucleus density decreased in the Cd group and increased in the Al and CdAl groups. In conclusion, the liver function indicators showed that A. lappa protected the liver against cadmium toxicity damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricia de Souza Predes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Paraná/Campus Paranaguá, Rua Comendador Correia Junior, 117-Centro, Paranaguá, Paraná, 83203-560, Brazil,
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15
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Kim JW, Park S, Lim CW, Lee K, Kim B. The role of air pollutants in initiating liver disease. Toxicol Res 2014; 30:65-70. [PMID: 25071914 PMCID: PMC4112066 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2014.30.2.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent episodes of severe air pollution in eastern Asia have been reported in the scientific literature and news media. Therefore, there is growing concern about the systemic effects of air pollution on human health. Along with the other well-known harmful effects of air pollution, recently, several animal models have provided strong evidence that air pollutants can induce liver toxicity and act to accelerate liver inflammation and steatosis. This review briefly describes examples where exposure to air pollutants was involved in liver toxicity, focusing on how particulate matter (PM) or carbon black (CB) may be translocated from lung to liver and what liver diseases are closely associated with these air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Surim Park
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Korea ; Human and Environment Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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16
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Jumpponen M, Rönkkömäki H, Pasanen P, Laitinen J. Occupational exposure to solid chemical agents in biomass-fired power plants and associated health effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 104:25-31. [PMID: 24289933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to aluminium, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and manganese can increase the risk of numerous neurophysiological changes in workers, and may lead to conditions resembling Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. However, although the health hazard aspect of these agents has been examined, biomass-fired power plant workers' exposure to them remains a neglected issue. The purpose of this study was to measure maintenance and ash removal workers' multiple exposures to inhalable dust, metals, and crystalline silica during their work tasks in biomass-fired power plants. Maintenance and ash removal workers were exposed to high inhalable dust concentrations inside biomass-fired boilers. The median air inhalable dust concentration in workers' breathing zones were 33 mg m(-3) and 120 mg m(-3) in ash removal and maintenance tasks, respectively. The median concentration of manganese (0.31 mg m(-3)) exceeded the occupational exposure limit in worker's breathing zone samples in maintenance tasks. The most evident exposure-associated health risk from multiple exposures to metals was that of cancer, followed by central nervous system disorders, lower respiratory tract irritation, and finally upper respiratory tract irritation. To avoid the above mentioned health effects, powered air respirators with ABEK+P3 cartridges and carbon monoxide gas detectors are recommended as the minimum requirement for these work tasks. A compressed air breathing apparatus is the best form of protection for the most demanding work phases inside boilers in biomass-fired power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jumpponen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - H Rönkkömäki
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Pasanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Sciences, Yliopistoranta 1, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Shim I, Oh E, Yang S, Ryu T, Soh J, Sul D, Kim P. Subacute inhalation toxicity assessment of fly ash from industrial waste incinerators. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 24:741-50. [PMID: 22954398 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.716869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fly ash from industrial waste incinerators has been a significant concern because of their constituent toxic heavy metals and organic compounds. The objective of this study was to identify the subacute inhalation toxicity of fly ash from industrial waste incinerators, using whole body inhalation exposure chambers. Male and female groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to fly ash by inhalation of concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200 mg/m(3), for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. There was no significant difference in body weight, and relative organ weight to body weight, between the exposure groups and the control group. Hematological examinations revealed a significant increase of monocyte counts in fly ash exposed rats and brown pigment laden macrophage was found in the lungs of rats exposed to high concentration of fly ash. A decrease of blood glucose levels and an increase in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity were observed in fly ash treated rats. There was also a significant increase of lactate dehydrogenase levels in rat blood exposed fly ash. A significant dose-dependent increase of DNA damage was found in lymphocytes, spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage, liver, lung, and thymus of rats exposed to fly ash. In addition, the level of lipid peroxidation was increased in the plasma of rats exposed to a high concentration of fly ash. These results suggest that inhalation of fly ash from industrial waste incinerators can induce histopathologic, hematological, and serum biochemical changes and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilseob Shim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Jumpponen M, Rönkkömäki H, Pasanen P, Laitinen J. Occupational exposure to gases, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds in biomass-fired power plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1289-1293. [PMID: 23123113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of fuels produces air pollutants in the form of gases, organic compounds, and particulate matter. However, although the environmental aspect of these agents has been examined, workers' exposure to them is still a neglected issue. The purpose of this study was to measure maintenance and ash removal workers' multiple exposures to gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during their work tasks in biomass-fired power plants. Our hygienic measurements revealed that carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, ammonia and sulfur dioxide were the most common gases that the workers were exposed to during their tasks. Their average concentrations were 0.45 ppm, 0.06 ppm, 0.11 ppm and 0.42 ppm, respectively. Phenanthrene and naphthalene were the most prominent PAHs. At the same sampling points, the most commonly found VOCs were aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and turpentines. The calculated total PAH concentrations were less than 7% of benzo[a]pyrene's eight-hour occupational exposure limit, and the total VOC concentrations were below the Finnish reference value for the normal industrial level in all measured work tasks. The most evident health effect caused by multiple exposures to gases was upper respiratory track irritation, followed by the disruption of oxygen transport, and finally central nervous system disorders. We recommend powered air respirators with ABEK+P3 cartridges and carbon monoxide gas detectors as the minimum requirement for those working inside biomass-fired power plant boilers, and compressed air breathing apparatus as the best form of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jumpponen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70101 Kuopio, Finland.
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19
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Mahajan VE, Yadav RR, Dakshinkar NP, Dhoot VM, Bhojane GR, Naik MK, Shrivastava P, Naoghare PK, Krishnamurthi K. Influence of mercury from fly ash on cattle reared nearby thermal power plant. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7365-7372. [PMID: 22270591 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cattle grazing nearby coal-fired power stations are exposed to fly ash. The present investigation aims to assess the environmental and health impacts of fly ash containing mercury emitted from thermal power plant. The health effect of fly ash were studied using 20 lactating cattle reared within a 5-km radius of s thermal power plant for the possible effect of fly ash such as the alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters of blood, milk, and urine. Results indicated that the hemoglobin levels (6.65 ± 0.40 g/dl) were significantly reduced in all the exposed animals. Biochemical parameters viz., blood urea nitrogen (27.35 ± 1.19 mg/dl), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (43.39 ± 3.08 IU/l), albumin, and creatinine were found to be increased, whereas serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase (29.26 ± 2.02) and Ca(2+) were observed to be statistically insignificant in exposed animals. Mercury concentrations estimated in the blood, milk, and urine of exposed (n = 20) and control (n = 20) animals were 7.41 ± 0.86, 4.75 ± 0.57, 2.08 ± 0.18, and 1.05 ± 0.07, 0.54 ± 0.03, 0.20 ± 0.02 μg/kg, respectively. The significant increase (P < 0.01) in the levels of mercury in blood, milk, and urine of exposed animals in comparison to control indicated that the alterations of biochemical parameters in exposed cattle could be due to their long term exposure to fly ash mercury which may have direct or indirect impact on human populations via food chain.
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20
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Shannahan JH, Kodavanti UP, Brown JM. Manufactured and airborne nanoparticle cardiopulmonary interactions: a review of mechanisms and the possible contribution of mast cells. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:320-39. [PMID: 22486349 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.668229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human inhalation exposures to manufactured nanoparticles (NP) and airborne ultrafine particles (UFP) continues to increase in both occupational and environmental settings. UFP exposures have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, while ongoing research supports adverse systemic and cardiovascular health effects after NP exposures. Adverse cardiovascular health effects include alterations in heart rate variability, hypertension, thrombosis, arrhythmias, increased myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. Exactly how UFP and NP cause these negative cardiovascular effects is poorly understood, however a variety of mediators and mechanisms have been proposed. UFP and NP, as well as their soluble components, are known to systemically translocate from the lung. Translocated particles could mediate cardiovascular toxicity through direct interactions with the vasculature, blood, and heart. Recent study suggests that sensory nerve stimulation within the lung may also contribute to UFP- and NP-induced acute cardiovascular alterations. Activation of sensory nerves, such as C-fibers, within the lung may result in altered cardiac rhythm and function. Lastly, release of pulmonary-derived mediators into systemic circulation has been proposed to facilitate cardiovascular effects. In general, these proposed pulmonary-derived mediators include proinflammatory cytokines, oxidatively modified macromolecules, vasoactive proteins, and prothrombotic factors. These pulmonary-derived mediators have been postulated to contribute to the subsequent prothrombotic, atherogenic, and inflammatory effects after exposure. This review will evaluate the potential contribution of individual mediators and mechanisms in facilitating cardiopulmonary toxicity following inhalation of UFP and NP. Lastly, we will appraise the literature and propose a hypothesis regarding the possible role of mast cells in contributing to these systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Shannahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Lou L, Luo L, Wang W, Xu X, Hou J, Xun B, Chen Y. Impact of black carbon originated from fly ash and soot on the toxicity of pentachlorophenol in sediment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:474-479. [PMID: 21536378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The widely existing fly ash and soot produced during the process of combustion, which are often known as waste but also an important source of black carbon (BC) in the environment, were treated by HCl and HF solution for this study, and recorded as FC and SC, respectively. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in sediment, influence of various BCs in sediment with different contents (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%) on the extractability and toxicity of PCP (50mg/kg), and toxicity of various BC in sediment. The results demonstrated that the PCP exposure to wheat seed exhibited a dose-dependent behavior, and the extractability and toxicity of PCP decreased with the increasing content of BC in sediment. The PCP extractable rate was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the higher content of BCs. Noticeably, each BC had no toxic but stimulative effect on root elongation and early seedling growth. Furthermore, it was found that the inhibitive effect on the extractability and toxicity of PCP and the stimulative effect on root elongation and early seedling growth caused by SC were more evident than FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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22
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Tan HH, Fiel MI, Sun Q, Guo J, Gordon RE, Chen LC, Friedman SL, Odin JA, Allina J. Kupffer cell activation by ambient air particulate matter exposure may exacerbate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Immunotoxicol 2010. [PMID: 19908945 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903241704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to increased obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent liver disease in the United States. NAFLD is considered a component of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of disorders that also includes diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. Exposure to ambient air particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis and lung disease, but its effect on NAFLD is unknown. PM(2.5) induces pulmonary dysfunction via Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation on alveolar macrophages. TLR activation of Kupffer cells, resident hepatic macrophages, and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been shown to play a key role in NAFLD progression. We hypothesized that PM(2.5) exposure is a significant risk factor for the progression of NAFLD. Thus, following exposure of male C57BL/6 mice fed high fat chow (HFC) to concentrated air particulate matter (CAPs) or filtered air for 6 weeks, progression of NAFLD was evaluated by standardized histological assessment of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In mice fed HFC, the hepatic inflammatory grade (3.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 1.50 +/- 0.71, P < 0.001) and fibrosis stage (1.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.52, P = 0.023) were both significantly higher in mice exposed to CAPs versus filtered air, respectively. Increased numbers of Kupffer cells contained PM in CAPs-exposed mice scores of (2.00 +/- 0.94 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.42, respectively, P < 0.001). PM exposure increased IL-6 secretion up to seven-fold in a dose-dependent manner by isolated wild-type but not TLR4(-/-) Kupffer cells (P < 0.050). In conclusion, ambient PM(2.5) exposure may be a significant risk factor for NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Tan
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Tan HH, Fiel MI, Sun Q, Guo J, Gordon RE, Chen LC, Friedman SL, Odin JA, Allina J. Kupffer cell activation by ambient air particulate matter exposure may exacerbate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 6:266-75. [PMID: 19908945 DOI: 10.1080/15476910903241704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to increased obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent liver disease in the United States. NAFLD is considered a component of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of disorders that also includes diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. Exposure to ambient air particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis and lung disease, but its effect on NAFLD is unknown. PM(2.5) induces pulmonary dysfunction via Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation on alveolar macrophages. TLR activation of Kupffer cells, resident hepatic macrophages, and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been shown to play a key role in NAFLD progression. We hypothesized that PM(2.5) exposure is a significant risk factor for the progression of NAFLD. Thus, following exposure of male C57BL/6 mice fed high fat chow (HFC) to concentrated air particulate matter (CAPs) or filtered air for 6 weeks, progression of NAFLD was evaluated by standardized histological assessment of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In mice fed HFC, the hepatic inflammatory grade (3.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 1.50 +/- 0.71, P < 0.001) and fibrosis stage (1.00 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.52, P = 0.023) were both significantly higher in mice exposed to CAPs versus filtered air, respectively. Increased numbers of Kupffer cells contained PM in CAPs-exposed mice scores of (2.00 +/- 0.94 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.42, respectively, P < 0.001). PM exposure increased IL-6 secretion up to seven-fold in a dose-dependent manner by isolated wild-type but not TLR4(-/-) Kupffer cells (P < 0.050). In conclusion, ambient PM(2.5) exposure may be a significant risk factor for NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Tan
- Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Koriem KMM, Farrag ARH, Badawy MA, El-Toumy SA. Role of some Egyptian medicinal plants against liver and kidney toxicity induced by cadmium chloride. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:524-34. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510903121145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Systemic translocation of (70)zinc: kinetics following intratracheal instillation in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 234:25-32. [PMID: 18973770 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of particulate matter (PM)-induced cardiotoxicity are not fully understood. Direct translocation of PM-associated metals, including zinc, may mediate this effect. We hypothesized that following a single intratracheal instillation (IT), zinc directly translocates outside of the lungs, reaching the heart. To test this, we used high resolution magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure levels of five stable isotopes of zinc ((64)Zn, (66)Zn, (67)Zn, (68)Zn, (70)Zn), and copper in lungs, plasma, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney of male Wistar Kyoto rats (13 weeks old, 250-300 g), 1, 4, 24, and 48 h following a single IT or oral gavage of saline or 0.7 micromol/rat (70)Zn, using a solution enriched with 76.6% (70)Zn. Natural abundance of (70)Zn is 0.62%, making it an easily detectable tracer following exposure. In IT rats, lung (70)Zn was highest 1 h post IT and declined by 48 h. Liver endogenous zinc was increased 24 and 48 h post IT. (70)Zn was detected in all extrapulmonary organs, with levels higher following IT than following gavage. Heart (70)Zn was highest 48 h post IT. Liver, spleen and kidney (70)Zn peaked 4 h following gavage, and 24 h following IT. (70)Zn IT exposure elicited changes in copper homeostasis in all tissues. IT instilled (70)Zn translocates from lungs into systemic circulation. Route of exposure affects (70)Zn translocation kinetics. Our data suggests that following pulmonary exposure, zinc accumulation and subsequent changes in normal metal homeostasis in the heart and other organs could induce cardiovascular injury.
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Subchronic inhalation of zinc sulfate induces cardiac changes in healthy rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:69-77. [PMID: 18601943 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a common metal in most ambient particulate matter (PM), and has been proposed to be a causative component in PM-induced adverse cardiovascular health effects. Zinc is also an essential metal and has the potential to induce many physiological and nonphysiological changes. Most toxicological studies employ high levels of zinc. We hypothesized that subchronic inhalation of environmentally relevant levels of zinc would cause cardiac changes in healthy rats. To address this, healthy male WKY rats (12 weeks age) were exposed via nose only inhalation to filtered air or 10, 30 or 100 microg/m(3) of aerosolized zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)), 5 h/day, 3 days/week for 16 weeks. Necropsies occurred 48 h after the last exposure to ensure effects were due to chronic exposure rather than the last exposure. No significant changes were observed in neutrophil or macrophage count, total lavageable cells, or enzyme activity levels (lactate dehydrogenase, n-acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase, gamma-glutamyl transferase) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, indicating minimal pulmonary effect. In the heart, cytosolic glutathione peroxidase activity decreased, while mitochondrial ferritin levels increased and succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased, suggesting a mitochondria-specific effect. Although no cardiac pathology was seen, cardiac gene array analysis indicated small changes in genes involved in cell signaling, a pattern concordant with known zinc effects. These data indicate that inhalation of zinc at environmentally relevant levels induces cardiac effects. While changes are small in healthy rats, these may be especially relevant in individuals with pre-existent cardiovascular disease.
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