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Guo J, Bo X, Xie Y, Tang L, Xu J, Zhang Z, Wan R, Xu H, Mi Z. Health effects of future dioxins emission mitigation from Chinese municipal solid waste incinerators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118805. [PMID: 37659366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins (including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, as Group 1 Carcinogen) in the atmosphere mainly originate from incomplete combustion during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. To significantly reduce dioxins emission from the MSW incineration industry, China has promulgated a set of ambitious plans regulating MSW-related pollution; however, the emission reduction potentials and concomitant environmental and health impacts associated with the implementation of these programs on a national scale remain unknown. Here, we use real measurements from official environmental impact assessment systems and continuous emissions monitoring systems (covering 96.6% of national MSW incinerators) to estimate unit-level dioxins emission and concomitant environmental and health impacts. We find that in 2018, 99.3% and 66.7% of Chinese incinerators met such concentration and temperature standards, respectively, controlling the total emissions to 19.6 g toxic equivalency quantity and maintaining carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks significantly below safety levels nationwide. Fully achieving both current standards and future regulations will reduce emissions and health risks by 67.7% and 62.6%, respectively, with waste sorting program contributing the majority. This study reveals substantial benefits from curbing MSW-related dioxins pollution and underscores the promise of ongoing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Center for Carbon Neutrality, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, China; School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Bo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; BUCT Institute for Carbon-Neutrality of Chinese Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Tang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruxing Wan
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
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2
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Li HR, Liu MY, Hu JJ, Song AM, Peng PA, Ying GG, Yan B, Chen T. Occurrence and carcinogenic potential of airborne PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs around a large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator: A long-term passive air sampling study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108104. [PMID: 37490788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) not only is deemed one of the uppermost sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), but also produces substantial amount of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) owing to the existence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the waste. So far, however, PBDD/Fs in the vicinal environments of MSWI and their associated risks remain rarely studied. Based on a one-year passive air sampling (PAS) scheme, we investigated airborne PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs around a large-scale MSWI that has been operated for multi-years. Both the concentrations of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs showed spatially decreasing trends with the distance away from the MSWI, confirming the influence of the MSWI on the dioxin levels in its ambient air. But its influence on PBDD/Fs was less because PBDD/Fs exhibit lower volatility and therefore lower gaseous concentrations than PCDD/Fs. Compared to the existing global data of airborne PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs, our data of the MSWI vicinity were at medium levels, despite PAS samples only represent the concentrations of gaseous dioxins in theory. The seasonal data suggest that meteorological conditions exerted apparent influences over the concentrations and sources of airborne dioxins around the MSWI. As for PCDD/Fs, the MSWI was diagnosed as their uppermost source, followed by local traffic and volatilization/deposition. Whereas the top three PBDD/F sources were related to PBDEs, bromophenol/bromobenzene, and traffic vehicles, respectively. The bioassay-derived TEQs based on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation of airborne dioxins around the MSWI were one or two orders of magnitudes higher than their concentration-based TEQs, and the corresponding carcinogenic risks at some MSWI-vicinal sites exceeded the acceptable threshold proposed by the U. S. EPA (10-6 ∼ 10-4) and deserve continuous attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ai-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping-An Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Yan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Yang Y, He S, Qi Z, Chai X, Zhao Q, Hu B, Li G, Yu Y. Proliferation toxicity and mechanism of novel mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A on human embryonic stem cell. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131050. [PMID: 36821903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A (ClyBrxBPAs) are mixed halogenated-type compounds recently identified in electronic waste dismantling sites. There are a lack of toxicity data on these compounds. To study their development toxicity, the proliferation toxicity was investigated using human embryonic stem cells (hESC) exposed to the lowest effective dose of two ClyBrxBPA analogues (2-chloro-2',6-dibromobisphenol A and 2,2'-dichloro-6-monobromobisphenol A). For comparison, tetrabromobisphenol A, 2,2',6-tribromobisphenol A, and bisphenol A were also assessed. It was observed that ClyBrxBPAs inhibited hESCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. The cell bioaccumulation efficiency of ClyBrxBPAs was higher than that of tetrabromobisphenol A. Also, ClyBrxBPAs were more toxic than tetrabromobisphenol A, with 2,2'-dichloro-6-monobromobisphenol A exhibiting the most potent toxicity. Furthermore, flow cytometry and oxidative stress results showed that increased reactive oxygen species raised the degree of apoptosis and reduced DNA synthesis. Metabolomics analysis on the effect of ClyBrxBPAs on metabolic pathway alteration showed that ClyBrxBPAs mainly interfered with four metabolic pathways related to amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. These results provide an initial perspective on the proliferation toxicity of ClyBrxBPAs, indicating development toxicity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shiyao He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuyang Chai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiting Zhao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Beibei Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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4
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Deconstruction of waste personal protective equipment (PPE) using subcritical wet air oxidation. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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5
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Wang M, Liu G, Yang L, Zheng M. Framework of the Integrated Approach to Formation Mechanisms of Typical Combustion Byproducts─Polyhalogenated Dibenzo- p-dioxins/Dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2217-2234. [PMID: 36722466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms through which persistent organic pollutants (POPs) form during combustion processes is critical for controlling emissions of POPs, but the mechanisms through which most POPs form are poorly understood. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PXDD/Fs) are typical toxic POPs, and the formation mechanisms of PXDD/Fs are better understood than the mechanisms through which other POPs form. In this study, a framework for identifying detailed PXDD/Fs formation mechanisms was developed and reviewed. The latest laboratory studies in which organic free radical intermediates of PXDD/Fs have been detected in situ and isotope labeling methods have been used to trace transformation pathways were reviewed. These studies provided direct evidence for PXDD/Fs formation pathways. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to determine the rationality of proposed PXDD/Fs formation pathways involving different elementary reactions. Many field studies have been performed, and the PXDD/Fs congener patterns found were compared with PXDD/Fs congener patterns obtained in laboratory simulation studies and theoretical studies to mutually verify the dominant PXDD/Fs formation mechanisms. The integrated method involving laboratory simulation studies, theoretical calculations, and field studies described and reviewed here can be used to clarify the mechanisms involved in PXDD/Fs formation. This review brings together information about PXDD/Fs formation mechanisms and provides a methodological framework for investigating PXDD/Fs and other POPs formation mechanisms during combustion processes, which will help in the development of strategies for controlling POPs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
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6
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Song S, Chen K, Huang T, Ma J, Wang J, Mao X, Gao H, Zhao Y, Zhou Z. New emission inventory reveals termination of global dioxin declining trend. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130357. [PMID: 36444062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of spatiotemporally resolved Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD/Fs, or dioxins) emissions are critical for understanding their environmental fate and associated health risks. In this study, by utilizing an empirical regression model for PCDD/Fs emissions, we developed a global emission inventory for 17 toxic PCDD/Fs congeners from 8 source sectors with a spatial resolution of 1° × 1° from 2002 to 2018. The results show that PCDD/Fs emissions decreased by 25.7 % (12.5 kg TEQ) between 2002 and 2018, mostly occurring in upper- and lower-middle income countries. Globally, open-burning processes, waste incineration, ferrous and nonferrous metal production sectors and heat and power generation were the major source sectors of PCDD/Fs. Spatially, high PCDD/Fs emissions were mainly identified in East and South Asia, Southeast Asia, and part of Sub-Saharan Africa. We find that the declining trend of dioxin emissions over the past decades terminated from the early 2010s due to increasing significance of wildfire induced emissions in the total emission. The PCDD/Fs emission inventory developed in the present study was verified by inputting the inventory as initial conditions into an atmospheric transport model, the Canadian Model for Environmental Transport of Organochlorine Pesticides (CanMETOP), to simulate PCDD/Fs concentrations in air and soil. The predicted concentrations were compared to field sampling data. The good agreement between the modeled and measured concentrations demonstrates the reliability of the inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
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Effects of pore structures and multiple components in flue gas on the adsorption behaviors of dioxins by activated carbon. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Lin B, Liu G, Wu G, Chen C, Liang Y, Wang P, Guo J, Yang L, Jin R, Sun Y, Zheng M. Variation in the formation characteristics of PBDD/F, brominated PAH, and PBDE congeners along the secondary copper smelting processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129602. [PMID: 35870210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of 58 congeners of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Br-PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from multiple stages of industrial-scale secondary copper smelting plants was conducted with the aim of understanding their variations and control. In addition to the historical manufacture of PBDEs as brominated flame retardants, this study confirmed that PBDEs can be unintentionally produced and released from the secondary copper industry. The average mass emission factors of PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, and Br-PAHs from different sources were 10.0, 5.21 × 103, and 7.24 × 103 μg t-1, respectively. Therefore, the emission of brominated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the secondary copper industry should be of concern. The concentration of brominated POPs increased from the gas cooling stage to stack outlet due to the possible "memory effect" and the regenerated POPs were mainly low-brominated homologs. A comparison of brominated POPs with corresponding chlorinated analogs in the same process indicated that the formation pathway of Br-PAHs was consistent with that of chlorinated PAHs. However, unlike chlorinated dioxins and furans, PBDD/Fs can also be formed from PBDEs as precursors, leading to obvious increases in highly brominated furans. Therefore, inhibiting the unintentional formation of PBDEs is important for controlling brominated POPs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Lin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guanglong Wu
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035 Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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9
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Tian Y, Cheng J, Li S, Geng H, Huang C, Zhou Q, Liu W, Ma J. Recent Progress in the Determination of Polychlorodibenzo- p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans by Mass Spectrometry: A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2112046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongshuai Geng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixun Liu
- Environmental Technical Research Institute of Everbright Technology (Qingdao) Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
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10
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Fu Z, Lin S, Tian H, Hao Y, Wu B, Liu S, Luo L, Bai X, Guo Z, Lv Y. A comprehensive emission inventory of hazardous air pollutants from municipal solid waste incineration in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154212. [PMID: 35245558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) released from increasing municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants have drawn great concerns in China. However, a full picture of their emission characteristics is still urgently needed, especially after the implementation of stricter emission limits on MSWI. In this study, a comprehensive historical emission inventory of HAPs emitted from MSWI plants in China during the period of 2006-2017 was dedicatedly established by integrating with detailed plant-level activity data and renewed localized emission factors. Overall, HAPs emissions initially increased with years, then peaked or slowed increase in the year 2014, but leveled off after 2016 due to the gradually and fully implementing of newly revised national emission standard (GB18485-2014) applied to mainland China and much stricter local standards for several provinces and cities. It was estimated that totally 50,716 tons (t) of NOx, 13,026 t of CO, 7988 t of SO2, 4399 t of PM, 1943 t of HCl, 9916 kg of Pb, 5901 kg of Mn, 4805 kg of Cu, 3574 kg of Cr, 3329 kg of Ni, 2154 kg of Hg, 1168 kg of Cd, 862 kg of As, 409 kg of Co, 216 kg of Sb, 13 kg of Tl, and 19 g toxic equivalent quantity of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans were emitted from 337 MSWI plants scattered in 30 provinces of mainland China in 2017, respectively. HAPs emissions were heavily concentrated in developed coastal provinces and cities. Scenario analysis highlighted the importance of continuous improvement and upgrade on advanced air pollution control devices and MSWI management to meet the future ultra-low emission limits and minimize the harmful impacts of HAPs on atmospheric environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lining Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunqian Lv
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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11
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Ding X, Yang Y, Zeng Z, Huang Z. Insight into the Transformation Behaviors of Dioxins from Sintering Flue Gas in the Cyclic Thermal Regeneration by the V 2O 5/AC Catalyst-sorbent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5786-5795. [PMID: 35404044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins in the sintering flue gas are usually removed through integrated elimination technologies by carbonaceous catalysts. However, the regeneration of the used catalyst is poorly investigated, leading to the risk of leakage of dioxins. Herein, the influences of cyclic regenerations on the dioxin removal performance of a catalyst (V2O5/AC) were investigated systematically with dibenzofuran (DBF) as a model pollutant. It was demonstrated that the adsorption capacity and oxidation activity of catalysts significantly declined after several regeneration cycles due to the decreasing external specific surface area and V5+, respectively. Compared with 79.12% DBF directly emitted from a regenerator during N2 regeneration, the emission of DBF was only 29.93% with the modification of the regeneration process through O2 addition and temperature adjustment. The possible regenerated products were also analyzed to disclose the transformation behaviors of DBF. The regeneration mechanisms of DBF followed the transformation pathway of dibenzofuranol, benzofuran, anhydride species, and ultimately to CO2 and H2O. Moreover, the accumulated heavy aromatics on the surface could be decomposed by introducing O2. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of dioxin transformation behavior and a theoretical basis for efficient control of dioxin removal in the whole integrated removal technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yatao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zequan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
| | - Zhanggen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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12
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Huang Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Zhou L, Zhang S, Wang J, Du W, Yang J, Chen L, Meng W, Tao S, Liu M. Atmospheric emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs in China from 1960 to 2014. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127320. [PMID: 34597929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) is a requirement of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and essential to evaluate and understand their environmental fate and associated health risks. Unfortunately, works estimating the emission of PCDD/Fs in China are limited, especially in terms of historical trends and information on spatial distribution. In this study, provincial emissions of 17 toxic PCDD/Fs congeners from 79 sources were quantified from 1960 to 2014, and 0.1º × 0.1º gridded emissions for 2014 were obtained by applying a source-specific, annually varying emission factor (EF) dataset with similar time trends as measurements for China. Historical national PCDD/F emissions showed an increasing trend until around 1980, and then plateaued due to decreased emissions from cement production and waste burning. Decreased emissions from cement production and waste burning in northeast, east, and south China, and Taiwan province were the main causes for the stabilized national emissions after 1980. Spatially, highly positive correlations of emission densities with population and GDP densities were identified, but no clear temporal patterns were observed. Emission densities showed a decreasing trend in the order of cities, towns and rural areas, while the opposite was seen for per capita emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Meng
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China.
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13
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Song A, Li H, Liu M, Peng P, Hu J, Sheng G, Ying G. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator: A comparison with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118563. [PMID: 34838709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) share similar toxicities and thermal origins, e.g., municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). Recently, PBDD/Fs from MSWI attracted rising concern because their important precursors, i.e., brominated flame retardants (BFRs), were frequently found in various wastes for landfill or MSWI feedstock. So far, however, little is known about PBDD/Fs and their associated risks in the vicinal environments of MSWI. Here we analyzed PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs in 29 soil samples collected around a multiyear large-scale MSWI, and compared their spatial distributions, sources and risks. PBDD/Fs demonstrated comparable concentrations and toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) to PCDD/Fs in these samples. Spatially, both the concentrations of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs decreased outwards from the MSWI, and exhibited significant linear correlations with the distances from the MSWI in the southeast downwind soil, suggesting the influence of the MSWI on its vicinal soil environment. However, the existence of other dioxin sources concealed its influence beyond 6 km. PBDD/Fs in the soils were characterized by highly-brominated PBDFs, especially Octa-BDF, and their sources were diagnosed as the MSWI and diesel exhaust; PCDD/Fs, however, were dominated by highly-chlorinated PCDDs, particularly Octa-CDD, and were contributed individually or jointly by the MSWI, automobile exhaust and pentachlorophenol (PCP)/Na-PCP. The non-carcinogenic risks of dioxins in all the soil samples were acceptable, but their carcinogenic risks in 17% of the samples were unacceptable. These samples were all located close to the MSWI and highways, therefore, the land use of these two high-risk zones should be cautiously planed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Mingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - JianFang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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14
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Yang L, Liu G, Shen J, Wang M, Yang Q, Zheng M. Environmental characteristics and formations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106450. [PMID: 33684732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have similar or higher toxicities than the notorious dioxins. Toxicities, formation mechanisms, and environmental fates of PBDD/Fs are lacking because accurate quantification, especially of higher brominated congeners, is challenging. PBDD/F analysis is difficult because of photolysis and thermal degradation and interference from polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Here, literatures on PBDD/F analysis and environmental occurrences are reviewed to improve our understanding of PBDD/F environmental pollution and human exposure levels. Although PBDD/Fs behave similarly to dioxins, different congener profiles between PBDD/Fs and dioxins in the environment indicates their different sources and formation mechanisms. Herein, potential sources and formation mechanisms of PBDD/Fs were critically discussed, and current knowledge gaps and future directions for PBDD/F research are highlighted. An understanding of PBDD/F formation pathways will allow for development of synergistic control strategies for PBDD/Fs, dioxins, and other dioxin-like POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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15
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Xu S, Liu W, Liu GB, Wang S, Li C, Pan K. Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated Naphthalenes, and Metals in Atmosphere Around Industrial Parks in Jiangsu, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:683-689. [PMID: 33590262 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected around industrial parks in Jiangsu, China, to allow the concentrations, profiles, and risk assessment of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and metals to be investigated. The concentrations of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were 1324.26-2080.98 fg/m3 (11.35-42.57 fg I-TEQ/m3) and 10,404.9-29,322.9 fg/m3 (1.32-7.19 fg I-TEQ/ m3), respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were observed at site C. PBDD/Fs were mainly dominated by PBDFs. The main contributor to the ΣPBDD/Fs in all samples was 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, which accounted for 25.75%-39.4%. For PCNs, the predominating homologues were tetra-, tri- and penta-CNs, which contributed 30.7%-43.3%, 24.7%-31.0%, and 10.6%-21.6%, respectively. As for metals, the pollution of As, Mn, Cr, and Ni in most samples exceeded National Ambient Air Quality Standards of China. Assessing the risk of inhalation exposure showed that there were potential carcinogenic risks to local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang-Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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16
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Zhan M, Ma Y, Chen T, Lin X, Zhang S, Xu S, Li X, Yan J. PCDD/Fs characteristics in flue gas and surrounding environment of iron and steel smelting industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14092-14104. [PMID: 33205268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations and distributions, emission factors and amounts, and ambient air and soil potential sources were investigated by collecting flue gas, ambient air, and soil samples from ten sintering furnaces and two electric arc furnaces of eight iron and steel smelting industries (ISSI) in China. In flue gas, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.05 to 2.93 ng I-TEQ Nm-3 (mass, from 0.38 to 30.67 ng Nm-3), with an average of 0.42 ng I-TEQ Nm-3 (mass, 4.99 ng Nm-3), respectively. In ambient air, the concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.35 pg I-TEQ m-3 (mass, from 0.66 to 5.66 pg m-3), with an average of 0.20 pg I-TEQ m-3 (mass, 2.96 pg m-3), respectively. In surface soil, the concentrations ranged from 1.80 to 21.02 ng I-TEQ kg-1 (mass, from 34.29 to 836.00 ng kg-1), with an average of 5.82 ng I-TEQ kg-1 (mass, 252.10 ng kg-1), respectively. In deep soil, the concentrations ranged from 1.17 to 12.00 ng I-TEQ kg-1 (mass, from 56.83 to 1488.00 ng kg-1), with an average of 7.76 ng I-TEQ kg-1 (mass, 433.20 ng kg-1), respectively. Compared with emission limits for PCDD/Fs, the compliance was 78.9% in flue gas, 100% in ambient air, and 77.3% in soil. In congener profiles, the contributions of PCDFs were much higher than those of PCDDs in flue gas and ambient air, but the opposite was observed in soil. In ten sintering furnaces, the emission factors ranged from 22.11 to 901.22 ng I-TEQ t-1, with an average of 373.80 ng I-TEQ t-1, respectively. In two electric arc furnaces, the emission factors were 1667.52 and 894.96 ng I-TEQ t-1, with an average of 1281.24 ng I-TEQ t-1. According to both principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, all ambient air samples were affected by the emissions of PCDD/Fs from ISSIs, but to different degrees. However, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in most soil samples were not influenced by the ISSI emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Yufeng Ma
- Petrochina West Pipeline Company, Urumchi, 830000, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- The Tarim Oilfield Company of Petro China, Korla, 841000, China
| | - Shuaixi Xu
- Zhejiang Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Shen X, Yang Q, Shen J, Yang L, Wang M, Yang Y, Liu G. Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from electric arc furnaces during steel-making. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111722. [PMID: 33396053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The amount of steel produced using electric arc furnaces (EAFs) has been increasing in recent years. In this study, stack gases from EAFs in steelmaking plants were analyzed to determine if they are also dominant sources of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PBDD/F) emissions in China. Isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for qualitative and quantitative analysis of PBDD/F congeners revealed that the mean PBDD/F mass concentrations were 271.1-9467.8 pg Nm-3 for the preheating stages (PS) of three EAF plants and that the corresponding toxic equivalents (TEQs) were 10.8-971.2 pg TEQ Nm-3. The PBDD/F mass concentration from the smelting stage (SS) at plant E3 was 261.9 pg Nm-3 (4.5 pg TEQ Nm-3). The PBDD/F emission factors (EF) during the preheating stage for the three plants were 0.0356-1.51 μg TEQ t-1, and the EF was 0.0359 μg TEQ t-1 during the E3 smelting stage. PBDD/Fs were found to contribute 2.39-67.85% to the total mass and 2.84-57.68% to the total dioxin TEQ. These wide fluctuations were caused by differences in the composition of feeding materials and the working temperature of bag filters. Overall, the results indicate that PBDD/F emissions from EAF steelmaking should receive increased attention. The PBDD/F congener patterns among the three EAF plants were variable, possibly because of differences in raw materials. The results presented herein will facilitate assessment of the contribution of EAFs to total PBDD/F emissions in China and investigations of PBDD/F emissions at different stages of steelmaking processes using EAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Shen
- Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China.
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18
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Zhou Y, Sun J, Wang L, Zhu G, Li M, Liu J, Li Z, Gong H, Wu C, Yin G. Multiple classes of chemical contaminants in soil from an e-waste disposal site in China: Occurrence and spatial distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141924. [PMID: 32898803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
E-waste recycling is well known for releasing halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) and heavy metals. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of traditional and novel classes of contaminants, including chlorinated, brominated, and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PXDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), in soil from an e-waste disposal site in Hangzhou. PBDEs were the most abundant, at 343-69306 ng kg-1, followed by PHCZs (896-41,362 ng kg-1), PCDD/Fs (349-19,396 ng kg-1), PCBs (51.3-1834 ng kg-1), PBDD/Fs (2.99-524 ng kg-1) and PXDD/Fs (0.104-21.2 ng kg-1). The detected target compound concentrations were generally lower than those reported in the literature for informal e-waste sites. Nevertheless, they can serve as a basis of information for evaluation and subsequent control. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) contributions from these contaminants (except PBDEs) decreased as follows: PCDD/Fs > PXDD/Fs > PHCZs > PCBs > PBDD/Fs. ΣDioxins (PCDD/Fs + PBDD/Fs + PXDD/Fs) accounted for 47.7%-97.2% of the total TEQs in the soil. OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF were the dominant congeners, mainly derived from combustion and transport because of their low saturated vapor pressure. PXDFs were more abundant than PXDDs, and homologue profiles suggested a similar formation mechanism for PXDFs and PBDFs involving successive Br-to-Cl exchange. PHCZs were reported in soil from an e-waste disposal area for the first time, and their concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher than those of the other contaminants. Although the risk of human exposure in this study was estimated to be lower than the values recommended by the WHO (1-4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day), health implications still exist, and further investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junjun Sun
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hongping Gong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Chenwang Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
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19
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Zhong R, Wang C, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Cai Z. PCDD/F levels and phase distributions in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator with co-incinerating sewage sludge. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 106:110-119. [PMID: 32203898 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Co-incinerating sewage sludge in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) is an up-to-date disposal way with great prospects to market. To verify the environmental safety of this disposal method, a field study was conducted in a MSWI which has achieved PCDD/Fs ultra-low emission. PCDD/F phase partitioning characteristics, congener profiles, and the influence of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) were also investigated. PCDD/F emission levels ranged from 0.0031 to 0.0053 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, distinctly lower than the national standard. For tests co-incinerating 5% sludge, PCDD/F emission levels were averagely 32% lower than tests mono-combusting municipal solid waste. The phase partitioning study found that PCDD/Fs enriched in condensed water took a non-negligible proportion of the total concentration in flue gas. The removal efficiency of SCR in tests co-incinerating sludge was averaged at 41.9%. However, in tests without adding sewage sludge, PCDD/F concentrations in flus gas after SCR were increased. It was found that the elevations were mainly attributed to the increase of low-chlorinated PCDF congeners in gas-phase. By inference, memory effect existing in SCR might be responsible for the increase of PCDD/F levels. PCDD to PCDF ratios in most of the sampling points were >1, suggesting that de novo synthesis is not the dominant formation pathway in the studied incinerator. This study verified that co-incinerating sewage sludge in the MSWI would not elevate the emission levels of PCDD/Fs. If all of the yielded municipal waste is incinerated with adding 5% sewage sludge, more than half of sewage sludge can be disposed safely in Shenzhen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigang Zhong
- Engineering Research Center for Energy and Environment of Chongqing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Shenzhen Energy Environment, Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, China.
| | - Zuotai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qingcai Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Energy and Environment of Chongqing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, China
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20
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Yang J, Yu H, Xie Z, Yang Y, Zheng X, Zhang J, Huang Q, Wen T, Wang J. Pathways and influential factors study on the formation of PBDD/Fs during co-processing BDE-209 in cement kiln simulation system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110246. [PMID: 32028153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermal processes of cement kilns are sources of polybrominated dibenzofurans and dioxins (PBDD/Fs); however, when co-processing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) soil in cement kilns, very few reports have investigated the mechanism of PBDD/Fs formation from BDE-209. Therefore, the pathways and factors that influence the formation of PBDD/Fs were investigated using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) at lab-scale. The PBDEs, HBr/Br2 and PBDD/Fs emissions in flue gas from the simulated thermal process were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), and ion chromatography (IC). Density functional theory (DFT) was also used to further discuss the formation of PBDD/Fs. The major products of BDE-209 thermal decomposition in flue gas were 97.1% HBr/Br2 (a.v. 26.6%/70.6%) > 2.7% PBDEs >0.2% PBDD/Fs. Formation of precursors were the main pathways for PBDD/Fs, and those precursors were dominated by higher-brominated PBDEs (heptã deca-BDEs); debromination of BDE-209 was also a crucial pathway for the formation of PBDD/Fs throughout the thermal process. Interestingly, it was easier to form HpBDD/Fs from OBDD/Fs than from PBDEs. The O2 percentage and interaction factors of O2 percentage, temperature, and CaCO3 percentage have the largest influence on PBDD/Fs emissions and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Haibin Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Jingxing Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Tao Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
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