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Fischer R, Taubert F, Müller MS, Groeneveld J, Lehmann S, Wiegand T, Huth A. Accelerated forest fragmentation leads to critical increase in tropical forest edge area. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7012. [PMID: 34516875 PMCID: PMC8442897 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large areas of tropical forests have been lost through deforestation, resulting in fragmented forest landscapes. However, the dynamics of forest fragmentation are still unknown, especially the critical forest edge areas, which are sources of carbon emissions due to increased tree mortality. We analyzed the changes in forest fragmentation for the entire tropics using high-resolution forest cover maps. We found that forest edge area increased from 27 to 31% of the total forest area in just 10 years, with the largest increase in Africa. The number of forest fragments increased by 20 million with consequences for connectivity of tropical landscapes. Simulations suggest that ongoing deforestation will further accelerate forest fragmentation. By 2100, 50% of tropical forest area will be at the forest edge, causing additional carbon emissions of up to 500 million MT carbon per year. Thus, efforts to limit fragmentation in the world’s tropical forests are important for climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Fischer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Taubert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael S. Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groeneveld
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- TU Dresden, Institute of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences, Piennerstrasse 8, 01735 Tharandt, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschestrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lehmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschestrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Huth
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschestrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Osnabrück University, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastrasse 12, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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2
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Maréchaux I, Langerwisch F, Huth A, Bugmann H, Morin X, Reyer CP, Seidl R, Collalti A, Dantas de Paula M, Fischer R, Gutsch M, Lexer MJ, Lischke H, Rammig A, Rödig E, Sakschewski B, Taubert F, Thonicke K, Vacchiano G, Bohn FJ. Tackling unresolved questions in forest ecology: The past and future role of simulation models. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3746-3770. [PMID: 33976773 PMCID: PMC8093733 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that shape forest functioning, structure, and diversity remains challenging, although data on forest systems are being collected at a rapid pace and across scales. Forest models have a long history in bridging data with ecological knowledge and can simulate forest dynamics over spatio-temporal scales unreachable by most empirical investigations.We describe the development that different forest modelling communities have followed to underpin the leverage that simulation models offer for advancing our understanding of forest ecosystems.Using three widely applied but contrasting approaches - species distribution models, individual-based forest models, and dynamic global vegetation models - as examples, we show how scientific and technical advances have led models to transgress their initial objectives and limitations. We provide an overview of recent model applications on current important ecological topics and pinpoint ten key questions that could, and should, be tackled with forest models in the next decade.Synthesis. This overview shows that forest models, due to their complementarity and mutual enrichment, represent an invaluable toolkit to address a wide range of fundamental and applied ecological questions, hence fostering a deeper understanding of forest dynamics in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanny Langerwisch
- Department of Ecology and Environmental SciencesPalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental ModelingCzech University of Life SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Andreas Huth
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Environmental Systems ResearchOsnabrück UniversityOsnabrückGermany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest EcologyInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- EPHECEFECNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry MontpellierIRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Christopher P.O. Reyer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of SilvicultureUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling LabInstitute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanNational Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISAFOM)Perugia (PG)Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro‐food and Forest SystemsUniversity of TusciaViterboItaly
| | | | - Rico Fischer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Martin Gutsch
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Heike Lischke
- Dynamic MacroecologyLand Change ScienceSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Edna Rödig
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Boris Sakschewski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
| | | | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Member of the Leibniz AssociationPotsdamGermany
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3
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Medina M, Pérez Flores M, Goya JF, Campanello PI, Pinazo MA, Ritter LJ, Arturi MF. Native tree regeneration in native tree plantations: understanding the contribution of Araucaria angustifolia
to biodiversity conservation in the threatened Atlantic Forest in Argentina. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Magali Pérez Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Juan Francisco Goya
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Paula Ines Campanello
- Facultad de Ingeniería; Centro de Estudios Ambientales Integrados; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; Esquel Argentina
| | | | - Luis Javier Ritter
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Misiones Argentina
| | - Marcelo Fabian Arturi
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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4
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Santos VM, Silva Cáceres ME, Lücking R. Diversity of foliicolous lichens in isolated montane rainforests (Brejos) of northeastern Brazil and their biogeography in a neotropical context. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M. Santos
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Micologia Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências Universidade Federal de Sergipe Itabaiana Brazil
| | - Marcela E. Silva Cáceres
- Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Micologia Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências Universidade Federal de Sergipe Itabaiana Brazil
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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5
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Strategic approaches to restoring ecosystems can triple conservation gains and halve costs. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:62-70. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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de Paula Mateus D, Groeneveld J, Fischer R, Taubert F, Martins VF, Huth A. Defaunation impacts on seed survival and its effect on the biomass of future tropical forests. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dantas de Paula Mateus
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig; Dept of Ecological Modelling; PO Box 500136 DE-04301 Leipzig Germany
| | - Juergen Groeneveld
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig; Dept of Ecological Modelling; PO Box 500136 DE-04301 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Forest Growth and Forest Computer Sciences; Technische Univ. Dresden; Tharandt Germany
| | - Rico Fischer
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig; Dept of Ecological Modelling; PO Box 500136 DE-04301 Leipzig Germany
| | - Franziska Taubert
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig; Dept of Ecological Modelling; PO Box 500136 DE-04301 Leipzig Germany
| | - Valéria F. Martins
- Dept of Natural Sciences, Maths and Education; Centre for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Univ. of Sao Carlos - UFSC; Araras SP Brazil
| | - Andreas Huth
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig; Dept of Ecological Modelling; PO Box 500136 DE-04301 Leipzig Germany
- Inst. of Environmental Systems Research; Univ. of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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7
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Becknell JM, Keller M, Piotto D, Longo M, Nara dos‐Santos M, Scaranello MA, Bruno de Oliveira Cavalcante R, Porder S. Landscape‐scale lidar analysis of aboveground biomass distribution in secondary Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Becknell
- Environmental Studies Program Colby College 5352 Mayflower Hill Waterville ME 04901 USA
- The Institute at Brown for Environment and Society Brown University Box 1951 Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Michael Keller
- US Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry Rio Piedras PR 00926 USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena CA 91109 USA
- EMBRAPA – CNPTIA Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia Ilhéus BA Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Porder
- The Institute at Brown for Environment and Society Brown University Box 1951 Providence RI 02912 USA
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8
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Melito M, Metzger JP, de Oliveira AA. Landscape-level effects on aboveground biomass of tropical forests: A conceptual framework. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:597-607. [PMID: 29095549 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the general recognition that fragmentation can reduce forest biomass through edge effects, a systematic review of the literature does not reveal a clear role of edges in modulating biomass loss. Additionally, the edge effects appear to be constrained by matrix type, suggesting that landscape composition has an influence on biomass stocks. The lack of empirical evidence of pervasive edge-related biomass losses across tropical forests highlights the necessity for a general framework linking landscape structure with aboveground biomass. Here, we propose a conceptual model in which landscape composition and configuration mediate the magnitude of edge effects and seed-flux among forest patches, which ultimately has an influence on biomass. Our model hypothesizes that a rapid reduction of biomass can occur below a threshold of forest cover loss. Just below this threshold, we predict that changes in landscape configuration can strongly influence the patch's isolation, thus enhancing biomass loss. Moreover, we expect a synergism between landscape composition and patch attributes, where matrix type mediates the effects of edges on species decline, particularly for shade-tolerant species. To test our conceptual framework, we propose a sampling protocol where the effects of edges, forest amount, forest isolation, fragment size, and matrix type on biomass stocks can be assessed both collectively and individually. The proposed model unifies the combined effects of landscape and patch structure on biomass into a single framework, providing a new set of main drivers of biomass loss in human-modified landscapes. We argue that carbon trading agendas (e.g., REDD+) and carbon-conservation initiatives must go beyond the effects of forest loss and edges on biomass, considering the whole set of effects on biomass related to changes in landscape composition and configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Melito
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Laurance WF, Camargo JLC, Fearnside PM, Lovejoy TE, Williamson GB, Mesquita RCG, Meyer CFJ, Bobrowiec PED, Laurance SGW. An Amazonian rainforest and its fragments as a laboratory of global change. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:223-247. [PMID: 28560765 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesize findings from one of the world's largest and longest-running experimental investigations, the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP). Spanning an area of ∼1000 km2 in central Amazonia, the BDFFP was initially designed to evaluate the effects of fragment area on rainforest biodiversity and ecological processes. However, over its 38-year history to date the project has far transcended its original mission, and now focuses more broadly on landscape dynamics, forest regeneration, regional- and global-change phenomena, and their potential interactions and implications for Amazonian forest conservation. The project has yielded a wealth of insights into the ecological and environmental changes in fragmented forests. For instance, many rainforest species are naturally rare and hence are either missing entirely from many fragments or so sparsely represented as to have little chance of long-term survival. Additionally, edge effects are a prominent driver of fragment dynamics, strongly affecting forest microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage and a diversity of fauna. Even within our controlled study area, the landscape has been highly dynamic: for example, the matrix of vegetation surrounding fragments has changed markedly over time, succeeding from large cattle pastures or forest clearcuts to secondary regrowth forest. This, in turn, has influenced the dynamics of plant and animal communities and their trajectories of change over time. In general, fauna and flora have responded differently to fragmentation: the most locally extinction-prone animal species are those that have both large area requirements and low tolerance of the modified habitats surrounding fragments, whereas the most vulnerable plants are those that respond poorly to edge effects or chronic forest disturbances, and that rely on vulnerable animals for seed dispersal or pollination. Relative to intact forests, most fragments are hyperdynamic, with unstable or fluctuating populations of species in response to a variety of external vicissitudes. Rare weather events such as droughts, windstorms and floods have had strong impacts on fragments and left lasting legacies of change. Both forest fragments and the intact forests in our study area appear to be influenced by larger-scale environmental drivers operating at regional or global scales. These drivers are apparently increasing forest productivity and have led to concerted, widespread increases in forest dynamics and plant growth, shifts in tree-community composition, and increases in liana (woody vine) abundance. Such large-scale drivers are likely to interact synergistically with habitat fragmentation, exacerbating its effects for some species and ecological phenomena. Hence, the impacts of fragmentation on Amazonian biodiversity and ecosystem processes appear to be a consequence not only of local site features but also of broader changes occurring at landscape, regional and even global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia.,Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - José L C Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Philip M Fearnside
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Thomas E Lovejoy
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, U.S.A
| | - G Bruce Williamson
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, U.S.A
| | - Rita C G Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil.,Department of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Christoph F J Meyer
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Paulo E D Bobrowiec
- Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia.,Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
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10
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Bohn FJ, Huth A. The importance of forest structure to biodiversity-productivity relationships. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160521. [PMID: 28280550 PMCID: PMC5319316 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While various relationships between productivity and biodiversity are found in forests, the processes underlying these relationships remain unclear and theory struggles to coherently explain them. In this work, we analyse diversity-productivity relationships through an examination of forest structure (described by basal area and tree height heterogeneity). We use a new modelling approach, called 'forest factory', which generates various forest stands and calculates their annual productivity (above-ground wood increment). Analysing approximately 300 000 forest stands, we find that mean forest productivity does not increase with species diversity. Instead forest structure emerges as the key variable. Similar patterns can be observed by analysing 5054 forest plots of the German National Forest Inventory. Furthermore, we group the forest stands into nine forest structure classes, in which we find increasing, decreasing, invariant and even bell-shaped relationships between productivity and diversity. In addition, we introduce a new index, called optimal species distribution, which describes the ratio of realized to the maximal possible productivity (by shuffling species identities). The optimal species distribution and forest structure indices explain the obtained productivity values quite well (R2 between 0.7 and 0.95), whereby the influence of these attributes varies within the nine forest structure classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich J. Bohn
- Department for Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, German
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 12, 49076 Osnabrück, German
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department for Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, German
- Institute for Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 12, 49076 Osnabrück, German
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Brandão SE, Bulbovas P, Lima MEL, Domingos M. Biochemical leaf traits as indicators of tolerance potential in tree species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest against oxidative environmental stressors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:406-417. [PMID: 27750137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The tolerance potential against the oxidative injury in native plants from forest ecosystems affected by environmental stressors depends on how efficiently they keep their pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. Great variations in plant tolerance are expected, highlighting the higher relevance of measuring biochemical leaf trait indicators of oxidative injury in species with similar functions in the forest than in single species. The use of this functional approach seems very useful in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest because it still holds high plant diversity and was the focus of this study. We aimed at determining the tolerance potential of tree species from the Atlantic Forest remnants in SE Brazil against multiple oxidative environmental stressors. We assumed that pioneer tree species are more tolerant against oxidative stress than non-pioneer tree species and that their tolerance potential vary spatially in response to distinct combined effects of oxidative environmental stressors. The study was carried out in three Atlantic Forest remnants, which differ in physiognomy, species composition, climatic characteristics and air pollution exposure. Leaves of three pioneer and three non-pioneer species were collected from each forest remnant during wet (January 2015) and dry periods (June 2015), for analyses of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and oxidative injury indicators. Both hypotheses were confirmed. The pioneer tree species displayed biochemical leaf traits (e.g. high levels of ascorbic acid, glutathione and carotenoids and lower lipid peroxidation) that indicate their higher potential tolerance against oxidative environmental stressors than non-pioneer species. The biochemical leaf traits of both successional groups of species varied between the forest remnants, in response to a linear combination of oxidative environmental stressors, from natural (relative humidity and temperature) and anthropogenic sources (ozone and nitrogen dioxide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange E Brandão
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bulbovas
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos E L Lima
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Fischer R, Bohn F, Dantas de Paula M, Dislich C, Groeneveld J, Gutiérrez AG, Kazmierczak M, Knapp N, Lehmann S, Paulick S, Pütz S, Rödig E, Taubert F, Köhler P, Huth A. Lessons learned from applying a forest gap model to understand ecosystem and carbon dynamics of complex tropical forests. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Dias APL, Rinaldi MCS, Domingos M. Foliar accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in native tree species from the Atlantic Forest (SE-Brazil). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:175-184. [PMID: 26657363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic to living organisms. They can accumulate on foliar surfaces due to their affinity with apolar organic compounds, which enables the use of native plant species as sentinels of atmospheric PAH deposition in polluted ecosystems. The present study extends the knowledge about this subject in the tropical region by focusing on the PAH accumulation in the foliage of dominant tree species (Astronium graveolens, Croton floribundus, Piptadenia gonoacantha) in four remnants of Semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest surrounded by diversified sources of PAHs and located in the cities of Campinas, Paulínia, Holambra and Cosmópilis (central-eastern part of São Paulo State, SE-Brazil). Leaves of the tree species were collected in the forest remnants during the wet and dry seasons (2011 to 2013). All samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector for identification of 14 PAHs. The native tree species showed distinct capacities to accumulate PAHs. All of them accumulated proportionally more light PAHs than heavy PAHs, mainly during the dry period. P. gonoacantha was the most effective accumulator species. Higher accumulations of most of the PAHs occurred during the dry periods. The predominance of moderately (1 ≤ EF < 5) to highly enriched (EF ≥ 5) leaf samples of P. gonoacantha with regard to BaA and PHE in all of the forest remnants indicated that vehicular sources were widely distributed in the entire region. The predominance of the moderate to high enrichment of ACE in leaf samples from the forest remnants located in Paulínia, Holambra and Cosmópolis indicated that they were also affected by emissions from petrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L Dias
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mirian C S Rinaldi
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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14
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Domingos M, Bulbovas P, Camargo CZS, Aguiar-Silva C, Brandão SE, Dafré-Martinelli M, Dias APL, Engela MRGS, Gagliano J, Moura BB, Alves ES, Rinaldi MCS, Gomes EPC, Furlan CM, Figueiredo AMG. Searching for native tree species and respective potential biomarkers for future assessment of pollution effects on the highly diverse Atlantic Forest in SE-Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:85-95. [PMID: 25818087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study summarizes the first effort to search for bioindicator tree species and respective potential biomarkers for future assessment of potential mixed pollution effects on the highly diverse Atlantic Forest in SE-Brazil. Leaves of the three most abundant species inventoried in a phytosociological survey (Croton floribundus, Piptadenia gonoacantha and Astronium graveolens) were collected in four forest remnants during winter and summer (2012). Their potential bioindicator attributes were highlighted using a screening of morphological, chemical and biochemical markers. The leaf surface structure and/or epicuticular wax composition pointed the accumulator properties of C. floribundus and P. gonoacantha. C. floribundus is a candidate for assessing potential accumulation of Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, S and Zn. P. gonoacantha is a candidate to monitor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Increased levels of secondary metabolites and decreased antioxidant capacity in leaves of A. graveolens may support its value as a bioindicator for oxidative pollutants by visible dark stipplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Bulbovas
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Z S Camargo
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Solange E Brandão
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula L Dias
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Janayne Gagliano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara B Moura
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edenise S Alves
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo P C Gomes
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Furlan
- Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria G Figueiredo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN - SP), Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2242, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tropical forest degradation and recovery in fragmented landscapes — Simulating changes in tree community, forest hydrology and carbon balance. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pütz S, Groeneveld J, Henle K, Knogge C, Martensen AC, Metz M, Metzger JP, Ribeiro MC, de Paula MD, Huth A. Long-term carbon loss in fragmented Neotropical forests. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5037. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gutiérrez AG, Armesto JJ, Díaz MF, Huth A. Increased drought impacts on temperate rainforests from southern South America: results of a process-based, dynamic forest model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103226. [PMID: 25068869 PMCID: PMC4113359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased droughts due to regional shifts in temperature and rainfall regimes are likely to affect forests in temperate regions in the coming decades. To assess their consequences for forest dynamics, we need predictive tools that couple hydrologic processes, soil moisture dynamics and plant productivity. Here, we developed and tested a dynamic forest model that predicts the hydrologic balance of North Patagonian rainforests on Chiloé Island, in temperate South America (42°S). The model incorporates the dynamic linkages between changing rainfall regimes, soil moisture and individual tree growth. Declining rainfall, as predicted for the study area, should mean up to 50% less summer rain by year 2100. We analysed forest responses to increased drought using the model proposed focusing on changes in evapotranspiration, soil moisture and forest structure (above-ground biomass and basal area). We compared the responses of a young stand (YS, ca. 60 years-old) and an old-growth forest (OG, >500 years-old) in the same area. Based on detailed field measurements of water fluxes, the model provides a reliable account of the hydrologic balance of these evergreen, broad-leaved rainforests. We found higher evapotranspiration in OG than YS under current climate. Increasing drought predicted for this century can reduce evapotranspiration by 15% in the OG compared to current values. Drier climate will alter forest structure, leading to decreases in above ground biomass by 27% of the current value in OG. The model presented here can be used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on forest hydrology and other threats of global change on future forests such as fragmentation, introduction of exotic tree species, and changes in fire regimes. Our study expands the applicability of forest dynamics models in remote and hitherto overlooked regions of the world, such as southern temperate rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro G. Gutiérrez
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Forest Ecology Group, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan J. Armesto
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Francisca Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
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Radchuk V, Johst K, Groeneveld J, Grimm V, Schtickzelle N. Behind the scenes of population viability modeling: Predicting butterfly metapopulation dynamics under climate change. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Gasper ALD, Sevegnani L, Vibrans AC, Sobral M, Uhlmann A, Lingner DV, Rigon-Júnior MJ, Verdi M, Stival-Santos A, Dreveck S, Korte A. Inventário florístico florestal de Santa Catarina: espécies da Floresta Ombrófila Mista. RODRIGUÉSIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-78602013000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Este estudo é resultado da amostragem sistemática da flora da floresta ombrófila mista em Santa Catarina, realizada em 155 pontos amostrais em toda a sua extensão e permite atualizar o conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de espécies. Foram registradas 925 espécies de espermatófitas, distribuídas em 439 gêneros e 116 famílias botânicas. A família com a maior riqueza específica foi Asteraceae (119 espécies), seguida por Myrtaceae (88), Fabaceae (58) e Solanaceae (52). Dentre as famílias restantes, 34 apresentaram somente uma e outras 27 tiveram duas espécies registradas. Os gêneros com maior número de espécies foram Solanum (31 espécies), Baccharis (27), Eugenia (23), Ocotea (21) e Myrcia (19). Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc., Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer e O. porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso são as espécies ameaçadas de extinção registradas. Entre todas as espécies do componente arbóreo ou arbustivo/subarbóreo, 56,5% são comuns a ambos os componentes e dentre as 194 espécies arbóreas citadas para o planalto catarinense, 157 foram amostradas pelo IFFSC. O levantamento florístico extra registrou 474 espécies de angiospermas a mais do que o levantamento nas unidades amostrais do IFFSC. O IFFSC amostrou um conjunto significativo das espécies do Domínio Floresta Atlântica. Estas coletas georreferenciadas e realizadas com uma amostragem sistemática e consistente, representam um importante avanço e atualização do conhecimento da flora de Santa Catarina. Inventários sistemáticos desta natureza são necessários às demais regiões no Sul do Brasil, para que se possa compor um banco de dados consistente e atualizado e possibilitar a implantação de políticas de conservação e manejo.
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Pütz S, Groeneveld J, Alves L, Metzger J, Huth A. Fragmentation drives tropical forest fragments to early successional states: A modelling study for Brazilian Atlantic forests. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Modelling Forest Growth and Finance: Often Disregarded Tools in Tropical Land Management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19986-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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