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Scuderi SA, Ardizzone A, Salako AE, Pantò G, De Luca F, Esposito E, Capra AP. Pentraxin 3: A Main Driver of Inflammation and Immune System Dysfunction in the Tumor Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1637. [PMID: 38730589 PMCID: PMC11083335 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of brain neoplasms that are highly prevalent in individuals of all ages worldwide. Within this pathological framework, the most prevalent and aggressive type of primary brain tumor is glioblastoma (GB), a subtype of glioma that falls within the IV-grade astrocytoma group. The death rate for patients with GB remains high, occurring within a few months after diagnosis, even with the gold-standard therapies now available, such as surgery, radiation, or a pharmaceutical approach with Temozolomide. For this reason, it is crucial to continue looking for cutting-edge therapeutic options to raise patients' survival chances. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a multifunctional protein that has a variety of regulatory roles in inflammatory processes related to extracellular matrix (ECM). An increase in PTX3 blood levels is considered a trustworthy factor associated with the beginning of inflammation. Moreover, scientific evidence suggested that PTX3 is a sensitive and earlier inflammation-related marker compared to the short pentraxin C-reactive protein (CRP). In several tumoral subtypes, via regulating complement-dependent and macrophage-associated tumor-promoting inflammation, it has been demonstrated that PTX3 may function as a promoter of cancer metastasis, invasion, and stemness. Our review aims to deeply evaluate the function of PTX3 in the pathological context of GB, considering its pivotal biological activities and its possible role as a molecular target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adriana Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.E.S.); (F.D.L.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.E.S.); (F.D.L.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Ayomide Eniola Salako
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.E.S.); (F.D.L.); (A.P.C.)
- University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pantò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Fabiola De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.E.S.); (F.D.L.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.E.S.); (F.D.L.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (S.A.S.); (A.A.); (A.E.S.); (F.D.L.); (A.P.C.)
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2
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Giacomini A, Turati M, Grillo E, Rezzola S, Ghedini GC, Schuind AC, Foglio E, Maccarinelli F, Faletti J, Filiberti S, Chambery A, Valletta M, Melocchi L, Gofflot S, Chiavarina B, Turtoi A, Presta M, Ronca R. The PTX3/TLR4 autocrine loop as a novel therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:82. [PMID: 37749607 PMCID: PMC10519006 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern recognition receptor long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) plays conflicting roles in cancer by acting as an oncosuppressor or as a pro-tumor mediator depending on tumor context. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most aggressive histotype of breast cancer, characterized by the lack of efficacious therapeutic targets/approaches and poor prognosis. Thus, the characterization of new molecular pathways and/or alternative druggable targets is of great interest in TNBC. METHODS The expression of PTX3 in BC tumor samples and in BC cell lines has been analyzed using the Gene Expression-Based Outcome for Breast Cancer Online (GOBO), qPCR, Western blot and ELISA assay. The contribution of tumor and stromal cells to PTX3 production in TNBC was assessed by analyzing single cell RNA sequencing data and RNAscope performed on TNBC tumor samples. In order to investigate the effects of PTX3 in TNBC, different cell lines were engineered to knock-down (MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells) or overexpress (MDA-MB-468 and E0771 cells) PTX3. Finally, using these engineered cells, in vitro (including gene expression profiling and gene set enrichment analyses) and in vivo (orthotopic tumor models in immune-compromised and immune competent mice) analyses were performed to assess the role and the molecular mechanism(s) exerted by PTX3 in TNBC. RESULTS In silico and experimental data indicate that PTX3 is mainly produced by tumor cells in TNBC and that its expression levels correlate with tumor stage. Accordingly, gene expression and in vitro results demonstrate that PTX3 overexpression confers a high aggressive/proliferative phenotype and fosters stem-like features in TNBC cells. Also, PTX3 expression induces a more tumorigenic potential when TNBC cells are grafted orthotopically in vivo. Conversely, PTX3 downregulation results in a less aggressive behavior of TNBC cells. Mechanistically, our data reveal that PTX3 drives the activation of the pro-tumorigenic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in TNBC, demonstrating for the first time that the PTX3/TLR4 autocrine stimulation loop contributes to TNBC aggressiveness and that TLR4 inhibition significantly impacts the growth of PTX3-producing TNBC cells. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data shed light on the role of tumor-produced PTX3 in TNBC and uncover the importance of the PTX3/TLR4 axis for therapeutic and prognostic exploitation in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marta Turati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Cristina Ghedini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ander Churruca Schuind
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Maccarinelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Faletti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Filiberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariangela Valletta
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Melocchi
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza Hospital Institute, Brescia, 25121, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Chiavarina
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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3
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Chiari D, Pirali B, Perano V, Leone R, Mantovani A, Bottazzi B. The crossroad between autoimmune disorder, tissue remodeling and cancer of the thyroid: The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1146017. [PMID: 37025408 PMCID: PMC10070760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1146017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid is at the crossroads of immune dysregulation, tissue remodeling and oncogenesis. Autoimmune disorders, nodular disease and cancer of the thyroid affect a large amount of general population, mainly women. We wondered if there could be a common factor behind three processes (immune dysregulation, tissue remodeling and oncogenesis) that frequently affect, sometimes coexisting, the thyroid gland. The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an essential component of the humoral arm of the innate immune system acting as soluble pattern recognition molecule. The protein is found expressed in a variety of cell types during tissue injury and stress. In addition, PTX3 is produced by neutrophils during maturation in the bone-marrow and is stored in lactoferrin-granules. PTX3 is a regulator of the complement cascade and orchestrates tissue remodeling and repair. Preclinical data and studies in human tumors indicate that PTX3 can act both as an extrinsic oncosuppressor by modulating complement-dependent tumor-promoting inflammation, or as a tumor-promoter molecule, regulating cell invasion and proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, thus suggesting that this molecule may have different functions on carcinogenesis. The involvement of PTX3 in the regulation of immune responses, tissue remodeling and oncosuppressive processes led us to explore its potential role in the development of thyroid disorders. In this review, we aimed to highlight what is known, at the state of the art, regarding the connection between the long pentraxin 3 and the main thyroid diseases i.e., nodular thyroid disease, thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Chiari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- General Surgery Department, Humanitas Mater Domini Clinical Institute, Castellanza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Pirali, ; Damiano Chiari,
| | - Barbara Pirali
- Endocrinology Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Humanitas Mater Domini Clinical Institute, Castellanza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Pirali, ; Damiano Chiari,
| | - Vittoria Perano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Molecular insight into pentraxin-3: update advances in innate immunity, inflammation, tissue remodeling, diseases, and drug role. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zullow HJ, Sankar A, Ingram DR, Guerra DDS, D’Avino AR, Collings CK, Segura RNL, Yang WL, Liang Y, Qi J, Lazar A, Kadoch C. The FUS::DDIT3 fusion oncoprotein inhibits BAF complex targeting and activity in myxoid liposarcoma. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1737-1750.e8. [PMID: 35390276 PMCID: PMC9465545 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF or BAF) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes play critical roles in governing genomic architecture and gene expression and are frequently perturbed in human cancers. Transcription factors (TFs), including fusion oncoproteins, can bind to BAF complex surfaces to direct chromatin targeting and accessibility, often activating oncogenic gene loci. Here, we demonstrate that the FUS::DDIT3 fusion oncoprotein hallmark to myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) inhibits BAF complex-mediated remodeling of adipogenic enhancer sites via sequestration of the adipogenic TF, CEBPB, from the genome. In mesenchymal stem cells, small-molecule inhibition of BAF complex ATPase activity attenuates adipogenesis via failure of BAF-mediated DNA accessibility and gene activation at CEBPB target sites. BAF chromatin occupancy and gene expression profiles of FUS::DDIT3-expressing cell lines and primary tumors exhibit similarity to SMARCB1-deficient tumor types. These data present a mechanism by which a fusion oncoprotein generates a BAF complex loss-of-function phenotype, independent of deleterious subunit mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J. Zullow
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Akshay Sankar
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Davis R. Ingram
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel D. Same Guerra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R. D’Avino
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clayton K. Collings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215 USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - We-Lien Yang
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Lazar
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Fan Z, Zheng Y, Li X, Deng X, Ba Y, Feng K, Su J, Wang H, Suo Z, Li L. Promoting role of pentraxin-3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:772-787. [PMID: 35317523 PMCID: PMC8908267 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory molecule that is closely related to the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer. In order to explore the role of PTX3 in the occurrence and development of esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), we modified the PTX3 gene in ESCA cell lines to obtain the model of gene knockout and overexpression and studied cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, migration ability, energy metabolism, and sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We observed the increase in cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, migration ability, and sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the PTX3 knockout model, while in the PTX3 overexpression model, these phenomena were significantly reduced. Knockout of the PTX3 also resulted in decreased cell glycolysis and increased oxidative phosphorylation, which is consistent with other findings that PTX3 affects the tumorigenic ability of cells and their sensitivity to docetaxel. In ESCA, SOX9 directly regulates the expression of PTX3, while human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-system-related genes are significantly up-regulated when lacking PTX3. These results indicate that SOX9 may play a crucial role in regulating PTX3 and affecting the HLA system in ESCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Fan
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yan Ba
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Kun Feng
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 999026 Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lifeng Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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7
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Wesley UV, Sutton I, Clark PA, Cunningham K, Larrain C, Kuo JS, Dempsey RJ. Enhanced expression of pentraxin-3 in glioblastoma cells correlates with increased invasion and IL8-VEGF signaling axis. Brain Res 2021; 1776:147752. [PMID: 34906547 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is highly invasive and resistant to multimodal treatment partly due to distorted vasculature and exacerbated inflammation. The aggressiveness of brain tumors may be attributed to the dysregulated release of angiogenic and inflammatory factors. The glycoprotein pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is correlated with the severity of some cancers. However, the mechanism responsible for the invasive oncogenic role of PTX3 in GB malignancy remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of PTX3 in GB growth, angiogenesis, and invasion using in vitro and in vivo GB models, proteomic profiling, molecular and biochemical approaches. Under in vitro conditions, PTX3 over-expression in U87 cells correlated with cell cycle progression, increased migratory potential, and proliferation under hypoxic conditions. Conditioned media containing PTX3 enhanced the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. While silencing of PTX3 by siRNA decreased the proliferation, migration, and angiogenic potential of U87 cells in vitro. Importantly, PTX3 over-expression increased tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasion in an orthotopic mouse model. Higher levels of PTX3 in these tumors were associated with the upregulation of inflammatory and angiogenic markers including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but decreased levels of thrombospondin-1, an anti-angiogenic factor. Mechanistically, exogenous production of PTX3 triggered an IKK/NFκB signaling pathway that enhances the expression of the motility genes AHGEF7 and Rac1. Taken together, PTX3 expression is dysregulated in GB. PTX3 may augment invasion through enhanced angiogenesis in the GB microenvironment through the IL8-VEGF axis. Thus, PTX3 may represent a potential therapeutic target to mitigate the aggressive behavior of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi V Wesley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States.
| | - Ian Sutton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Paul A Clark
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States; Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Katelin Cunningham
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Carolina Larrain
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - John S Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, TAIWAN
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States.
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Cabiati M, Gaggini M, De Simone P, Del Ry S. Do pentraxin 3 and neural pentraxin 2 have different facet function in hepatocellular carcinoma? Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:555-562. [PMID: 33905035 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The long pentraxin (PTX) 3 and the neuronal pentraxin (NPTX) 2 has been found to exert pleiotropic roles in cancers due to their action in inflammation. However, the accurate clinical significance of PTX3 and NPTX2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the commonest cancers in the world has not been well-defined. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression profile of PTX3 and NPTX2 in liver biopsies of HCV-positive HCC patients (liver recipients, LR, n = 14, age 59.4 ± 1.8 years) undergoing liver transplantation and in donors (LD, n = 14, age 62.1 ± 17.3 years), trying both to identify them as predictive biomarkers of clinical liver severity in HCC patients and to understand if they were mutually substitutable. The PTX3 and NPTX2 transcripts were significantly up regulated in HCC tissues (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02 LD vs. LR, respectively). Dividing patients following MELD score, PTX3 expression increased as a function of liver disease severity, while this trend was not observed for NPTX2, which mRNA level increased similarly in both MELD group, reaching the significance only in patients with MELD score < 9 (p = 0.01). A positive correlation was found between PTX3 and NPTX2 expression (p = 0.001; r = 0.69). This is the first study that concerns PTX3 and NPTX2 as a function of clinical severity from which emerged that both of them are unequivocally involved in HCC, but only PTX3 could be considered a staging marker in these HCV-related HCC patients, unlike NPTX2, which could only play a role as an inflammatory marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cabiati
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Melania Gaggini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University of Pisa Medical School Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Del Ry
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council CNR, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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The complexity of tumour angiogenesis based on recently described molecules. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 25:33-44. [PMID: 33911980 PMCID: PMC8063899 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2021.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour angiogenesis is a crucial factor associated with tumour growth, progression, and metastasis. The whole process is the result of an interaction between a wide range of different molecules, influencing each other. Herein we summarize novel discoveries related to the less known angiogenic molecules such as galectins, pentraxin-3, Ral-interacting protein of 76 kDa (RLIP76), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), B7-H3, and delta-like ligand-4 (DLL-4) and their role in the process of tumour angiogenesis. These molecules influence the most important molecular pathways involved in the formation of blood vessels in cancer, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor interaction (VEGFR), HIF1-a activation, or PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK-STAT signalling pathways. Increased expression of galectins, RLIP76, and B7H3 has been proven in several malignancies. Pentraxin-3, which appears to inhibit tumour angiogenesis, shows reduced expression in tumour tissues. Anti-angiogenic treatment based mainly on VEGF inhibition has proved to be of limited effectiveness, leading to the development of drug resistance. The newly discovered molecules are of great interest as a potential source of new anti-cancer therapies. Their role as targets for new drugs and as prognostic markers in neoplasms is discussed in this review.
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10
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Modulation of complement activation by pentraxin-3 in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18400. [PMID: 33110136 PMCID: PMC7591881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an essential component of the innate immune system and a recognized modulator of Complement cascade. The role of Complement system in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer has been largely underestimated. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PTX3 as possible modulator of Complement activation in the development of this neoplasia. We performed a single center cohort study; from January 2017 through December 2018, serum and prostate tissue samples were obtained from 620 patients undergoing prostate biopsy. A group of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) underwent a second biopsy within 12–36 months demonstrating the presence of a prostate cancer (Group A, n = 40) or confirming the diagnosis of BPH (Group B, N = 40). We measured tissue PTX3 protein expression together with complement activation by confocal microscopy in the first and second biopsy in group A and B patients. We confirmed that that PTX3 tissue expression in the first biopsy was increased in group A compared to group B patients. C1q deposits were extensively present in group A patients co-localizing and significantly correlating with PTX3 deposits; on the contrary, C1q/PTX3 deposits were negative in group B. Moreover, we found a significantly increased expression of C3a and C5a receptors within resident cells in group A patient. Interestingly, C1q/PTX3 deposits were not associated with activation of the terminal Complement complex C5b-9; moreover, we found a significant increase of Complement inhibitor CD59 in cancer tissue. Our data indicate that PTX3 might play a significant pathogenic role in the development of this neoplasia through recruitment of the early components of Complement cascade with hampered activation of terminal Complement pathway associated with the upregulation of CD59. This alteration might lead to the PTX3-mediated promotion of cellular proliferation, angiogenesis and insensitivity to apoptosis possible leading to cancer cell invasion and migration.
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Netti GS, Lucarelli G, Spadaccino F, Castellano G, Gigante M, Divella C, Rocchetti MT, Rascio F, Mancini V, Stallone G, Carrieri G, Gesualdo L, Battaglia M, Ranieri E. PTX3 modulates the immunoflogosis in tumor microenvironment and is a prognostic factor for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7585-7602. [PMID: 32345771 PMCID: PMC7202504 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) belongs to the pentraxine family, innate immune regulators involved in angiogenesis, proliferation and immune escape in cancer. Here, we evaluated PTX3 tissue expression and serum levels as biomarkers of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and analyzed the possible role of complement system activation on tumor site. A 10-year retrospective cohort study including patients undergoing nephrectomy for ccRCC was also performed. PTX3 expression was elevated in both neoplastic renal cell lines and tissues, while it was absent in both normal renal proximal tubular cells (HK2) and normal renal tissues. Analysis of complement system activation on tumor tissues showed the co-expression of PTX3 with C1q, C3aR, C5R1 and CD59, but not with C5b-9 terminal complex. RCC patients showed higher serum PTX3 levels as compared to non-neoplastic patients (p<0.0001). Higher PTX3 serum levels were observed in patients with higher Fuhrman grade (p<0.01), lymph node (p<0.0001), and visceral metastases (p<0.001). Patients with higher PTX3 levels also showed significantly lower survival rates (p=0.002). Our results suggest that expression of PTX3 can affect the immunoflogosis in the ccRCC microenvironment, by activating the classical pathway of CS (C1q) and releasing pro-angiogenic factors (C3a, C5a). The up-regulation of CD59 also inhibits the complement-mediated cellular lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Federica Spadaccino
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Margherita Gigante
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Divella
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Federica Rascio
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Mancini
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology Unit and Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 71122, Foggia, Italy
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12
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Increased Expression of Pentraxin 3 in Placental Tissues from Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Balkan J Med Genet 2019; 22:21-28. [PMID: 31523616 PMCID: PMC6714334 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a prototypical member of the long pentraxin subfamily, is a evolutionarily conserved multimeric pattern recognition receptor involved in the humoral component of the innate immune system. Pentraxin 3 is released when tissue is stressed or damaged, and interacts with many different ligands. Pentraxin 3 exerts a pivotal role both as a regulator and as an indicator of inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as sepsis, vasculitis and preeclampsia. Uncontrolled inflammatory response is considered a major cause of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL). We determined the PTX3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression levels in placentai tissues from 50 women with URPL, and made comparison with those in 50 age-matched control subjects. In quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry analyses, PTX3 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, were significantly increased in URPL patients compared with their respective controls (p = 0.0001). Although no significant correlations were identified between PTX3 expression levels and clinical parameters such as maternal age, numbers of previous pregnancy losses, and gestational age at miscarriage, PTX3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in patients with no live births than in women with previous live births (p = 0.0001). Our study suggests that tissue-specific expression of PTX3 is associated with URPL. Further larger studies are required to determine whether PTX3 expression can be used as a biomarker to manage URPL in routine clinical practice.
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13
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Yeh CM, Lin CW, Chuang CY, Liu YF, Chou CH, Yang SF, Chen MK. Functional Genetic Variant of Long Pentraxin 3 Gene Is Associated With Clinical Aspects of Oral Cancer in Male Patients. Front Oncol 2019; 9:581. [PMID: 31334115 PMCID: PMC6616059 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is produced by various cell types and is correlated with tumor progression in various tumor types. However, the clinical significance of PTX3 polymorphisms in oral cancer and their correlation with the risk of cancer are still unclear. In this study, we assessed the influence of PTX3 gene polymorphisms and environmental factors on susceptibility to oral tumorigenesis. We recruited 865 cases with oral cancer and 1,189 controls. Four single-nucleotide variations of the PTX3 gene (rs1840680, rs2305619, rs3816527, and rs2120243) were verified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction in control participants and cases with oral cancer. We found that rs3816527 in smokers was correlated with the development of late-stage cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.328; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.078-5.027) and increased lymph node metastasis (OR, 2.152; 95% CI, 1.047-4.422). Moreover, additional bioinformatics analysis results showed that the rs3816527 C allele variant to the A allele exhibited the strongest exonic splicing enhancer activity. In conclusion, our results suggested that PTX3 rs3816527 plays a role in oral cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chuang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine Sciences and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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14
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Gimeno-Alcañiz JV, Collado MC. Impact of human milk on the transcriptomic response of fetal intestinal epithelial cells reveals expression changes of immune-related genes. Food Funct 2019; 10:140-150. [PMID: 30499575 PMCID: PMC6350622 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk, the best food for infants, is a dynamic and complex fluid that directly influences the immune system and microbiota establishment.
Human milk, the best food for infants, is a dynamic and complex fluid that directly influences the immune system and microbiota establishment. The protective role of human milk is well known although the mechanisms behind it still need to be uncovered. This study aimed to characterize the impact of human milk in the immature intestine of newborns by analyzing the global transcriptomic response of the FHs 74 int cell line (ATCC CCL-241). The expression of intestinal keratins and other genes with a well-annotated intestinal or epithelial function validated FHs 74 int derived from the fetal small intestine as a model of the intestinal epithelium of newborns. Cells exposed to skimmed human milk showed seventeen differentially expressed genes, most of them up-regulated, including four chemokine genes (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 and CXCL10) and other immune-related genes. qRT-PCR and ELISA analysis confirmed the microarray data and indicated a different pattern of expression upon milk exposure in FHs 74 int as compared to the adult tumorigenic Caco-2 cell line. The evaluation of the functional significance of these transcriptomic changes reveals that human milk exposure may contribute to the regulation of the inflammatory response in the intestine during the perinatal period, which is characterized by the immaturity of the immune system and a pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V Gimeno-Alcañiz
- Instituto de agroquímica y tecnología de alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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15
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Doni A, Stravalaci M, Inforzato A, Magrini E, Mantovani A, Garlanda C, Bottazzi B. The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a Link Between Innate Immunity, Tissue Remodeling, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:712. [PMID: 31019517 PMCID: PMC6459138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system comprises a cellular and a humoral arm. Humoral pattern recognition molecules include complement components, collectins, ficolins, and pentraxins. These molecules are involved in innate immune responses by recognizing microbial moieties and damaged tissues, activating complement, exerting opsonic activity and facilitating phagocytosis, and regulating inflammation. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic humoral pattern recognition molecule that, in addition to providing defense against infectious agents, plays several functions in tissue repair and regulation of cancer-related inflammation. Characterization of the PTX3 molecular structure and biochemical properties, and insights into its interactome and multiple roles in tissue damage and remodeling support the view that microbial and matrix recognition are evolutionarily conserved functions of humoral innate immunity molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Stravalaci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute-IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Magrini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute-IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute-IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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16
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Ahmmed B, Khan MN, Nisar MA, Kampo S, Zheng Q, Li Y, Yan Q. Tunicamycin enhances the suppressive effects of cisplatin on lung cancer growth through PTX3 glycosylation via AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:431-442. [PMID: 30483742 PMCID: PMC6317655 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory molecule related to cancer proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Many studies have highlighted the significance of glycosylated molecules in immune modulation, inflammation and cancer progression. Moreover, aberrant glycosylation of cancer cells is linked to chemoresistance. This study aimed to develop effective therapeutic strategies for deglycosylation of PTX3 (dePTX3) in order to enhance chemosensitivity to cisplatin (Cis) in lung cancer treatment. The A549 and SPCA1 cells were used to determine the role of PTX3 glycosylation in lung cancer growth. Our results revealed that PTX3 was higher in both human lung cancer tissues and serum in comparison with control. Furthermore, we found that deglycosylated PTX3 (dePTX3) by tunicamycin (TM), which is N-glycan precursor biosynthesis blocker, and PNGase F significantly reduced the survival and migration of lung cancer cells. To further confirm this, we also generated glycosylation-site mutant of PTX3 (mPTX3) to characterize the loss of glyco-function. dePTX3 and TM enhanced the suppressive effects of Cis on lung cancer cell growth, migration and invasion compared to individual treatment. Treatment with a combination of TM and Cis significantly inactivated AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway and induced apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PTX3 is an important mediator of lung cancer progression, and dePTX3 by TM enhances the anticancer effects of Cis. The deglycosylation in chemotherapy may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulbul Ahmmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Noman Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nisar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Sylvanus Kampo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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17
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Wang L, Niu N, Li L, Shao R, Ouyang H, Zou W. H3K36 trimethylation mediated by SETD2 regulates the fate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006522. [PMID: 30422989 PMCID: PMC6233919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the aging process, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exhibit declined osteogenesis accompanied by excess adipogenesis, which will lead to osteoporosis. Here, we report that the H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), catalyzed by histone methyltransferase SET-domain-containing 2 (SETD2), regulates lineage commitment of BMSCs. Deletion of Setd2 in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs), through conditional Cre expression driven by Prx1 promoter, resulted in bone loss and marrow adiposity. Loss of Setd2 in BMSCs in vitro facilitated differentiation propensity to adipocytes rather than to osteoblasts. Through conjoint analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data, we identified a SETD2 functional target gene, Lbp, on which H3K36me3 was enriched, and its expression was affected by Setd2 deficiency. Furthermore, overexpression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) could partially rescue the lack of osteogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis resulting from the absence of Setd2 in BMSCs. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the trimethylation level of H3K36 could regulate Lbp transcriptional initiation and elongation. These findings suggest that H3K36me3 mediated by SETD2 could regulate the cell fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the regulation of H3K36me3 level by targeting SETD2 and/or the administration of downstream LBP may represent a potential therapeutic way for new treatment in metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. During the aging process, the ability of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow to generate bone cells declines, and they become more likely to produce fat cells, resulting in brittle, or osteoporotic, bones. Here, we demonstrate that a histone modification—H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), which is mediated by the enzyme SET-domain-containing 2 (SETD2) and regulates gene expression—plays an essential role in MSC lineage commitment in the bone marrow. We deleted the Setd2 gene in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in mice and found that these mice exhibited reduced bone formation and increased marrow fat accumulation. Notably, we identified Lbp as one of SETD2 functional downstream genes. Overexpression of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) could partially rescue the phenotype of SETD2 deficiency in bone marrow stem cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that H3K36me3 could regulate Lbp transcription by modulating its transcriptional initiation and elongation. Thus, our study provides a new mechanism for MSC fate determination and a therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiling Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Garlanda C, Bottazzi B, Magrini E, Inforzato A, Mantovani A. PTX3, a Humoral Pattern Recognition Molecule, in Innate Immunity, Tissue Repair, and Cancer. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:623-639. [PMID: 29412047 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity includes a cellular and a humoral arm. PTX3 is a fluid-phase pattern recognition molecule conserved in evolution which acts as a key component of humoral innate immunity in infections of fungal, bacterial, and viral origin. PTX3 binds conserved microbial structures and self-components under conditions of inflammation and activates effector functions (complement, phagocytosis). Moreover, it has a complex regulatory role in inflammation, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury and cancer-related inflammation, as well as in extracellular matrix organization and remodeling, with profound implications in physiology and pathology. Finally, PTX3 acts as an extrinsic oncosuppressor gene by taming tumor-promoting inflammation in murine and selected human tumors. Thus evidence suggests that PTX3 is a key homeostatic component at the crossroad of innate immunity, inflammation, tissue repair, and cancer. Dissecting the complexity of PTX3 pathophysiology and human genetics paves the way to diagnostic and therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; and The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; and The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Magrini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; and The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; and The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy ; and The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Song T, Wang C, Guo C, Liu Q, Zheng X. Pentraxin 3 overexpression accelerated tumor metastasis and indicated poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma via driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cancer 2018; 9:2650-2658. [PMID: 30087705 PMCID: PMC6072810 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a pattern recognition receptor, pentraxin 3 (PTX3) has been found to exert the pleiotropic roles on a variety of cancers. However, the accurate clinical significance of PTX3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well defined. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the expression characteristics, prognostic significance, and the relevant biological effect of PTX3 in HCC. The expression of PTX3 was evaluated in tumor and adjacent liver tissues from 210 HCC patients using immunohistochemistry staining. And it was found that a marked up-regulation in the expression of PTX3 in the HCC specimens, which was remarkably correlated with high serum AFP level (P = 0.006), larger tumor size (P <0.001), liver cirrhosis (P = 0.004), advanced TNM stage (P = 0.022), PVTT (P = 0.010), intra-hepatic metastases (P = 0.019), and MVI (P <0.001). PTX3 was identified as an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis by multivariate analysis. Ectopic expression of PTX3 enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion capacities of Huh7 cells and induced EMT phenotype. Silencing PTX3 obtained the opposite results. Moreover, the in vivo experiments confirmed PTX3 induced EMT and promoted proliferation and growth of HCC cells. Collectivelly, these data indicated that PTX3 could accelerate HCC progression through activating EMT and served as a potential predictive factor and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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20
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Long pentraxin 3: A novel multifaceted player in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:53-63. [PMID: 29175552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1992, long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) has been characterized as soluble patter recognition receptor, a key player of the innate immunity arm with non-redundant functions in pathogen recognition and inflammatory responses. As a component of the extra-cellular matrix milieu, PTX3 has been implicated also in wound healing/tissue remodeling, cardiovascular diseases, fertility, and infectious diseases. Consequently, PTX3 levels in biological fluids have been proposed as a fluid-phase biomarker in different pathological conditions. In the last decade, experimental evidences have shown that PTX3 may exert a significant impact also on different aspects of cancer biology, including tumor onset, angiogenesis, metastatic dissemination and immune-modulation. However, it remains unclear whether PTX3 acts as a good cop or bad cop in cancer. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the scientific literature data focusing on the role of PTX3 in experimental and human tumors, including its putative translational implications.
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21
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Jin Y, Cao JN, Wang CX, Feng QT, Ye XH, Xu X, Yang CJ. High serum YKL-40 level positively correlates with coronary artery disease. Biomark Med 2017; 11:133-139. [PMID: 28097894 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We investigated the predictive value of chitinase-like protein YKL-40 in coronary artery disease (CAD). PATIENTS Serum YKL-40 levels in 116 CAD patients and 82 healthy controls were analyzed. Severity of CAD was evaluated using Gensini scores. Spearman's correlation was used to evaluate the correlation between Gensini scores and YKL-40 levels. The predictive value of YKL-40 was determined by receivers operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Serum YKL-40 levels were significantly elevated in CAD group as compared with control group. A positive correlation was found between the serum YKL-40 level and Gensini score. The optimum cut-off value of YKL-40 concentration was 127.7 ng/ml for distinguishing CAD patients from healthy controls with a 75.9% sensitivity and 57.3% specificity. CONCLUSION A positive correlation exists between YKL-40 levels and CAD, and YKL-40 might be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jia-Ning Cao
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Chun-Xia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Qiu-Ting Feng
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Xin-He Ye
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, WuXi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, China
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Hida K, Maishi N, Kawamoto T, Akiyama K, Ohga N, Hida Y, Yamada K, Hojo T, Kikuchi H, Sato M, Torii C, Shinohara N, Shindoh M. Tumor endothelial cells express high pentraxin 3 levels. Pathol Int 2016; 66:687-694. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Vascular Biology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Nako Maishi
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Vascular Biology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Taisuke Kawamoto
- Department of Vascular Biology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kosuke Akiyama
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Vascular Biology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Noritaka Ohga
- Department of Vascular Biology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hida
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takayuki Hojo
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikuchi
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Masumi Sato
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Chisaho Torii
- Vascular Biology, Frontier Research Unit, Institute for Genetic Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Masanobu Shindoh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Biology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Sapporo Japan
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23
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Ying TH, Lee CH, Chiou HL, Yang SF, Lin CL, Hung CH, Tsai JP, Hsieh YH. Knockdown of Pentraxin 3 suppresses tumorigenicity and metastasis of human cervical cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29385. [PMID: 27377307 PMCID: PMC4932528 DOI: 10.1038/srep29385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as an inflammatory molecule has been shown to be involved in immune response, inflammation, and cancer. However, the effects of PTX3 on the biological features of cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo have not been delineated. Immunohistochemical staining showed that increased PTX3 expression was significantly associated with tumor grade (P < 0.011) and differentiation (P < 0.019). Knocking down PTX3 with lentivirus-mediated small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in cervical cancer cell lines resulted in inhibited cell viability, diminished colony-forming ability, and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, along with downregulated expression of cyclin B1, cdc2, and cdc25c, and upregulated expression of p-cdc2, p-cdc25c, p21, and p27. Furthermore, knockdown of PTX3 significantly decreased the potential of migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting matrix metalloproteidase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Moreover, in vivo functional studies showed PTX3-knockdown in mice suppressed tumorigenicity and lung metastatic potential. Conversely, overexpression of PTX3 enhanced proliferation and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that PTX3 contributes to tumorigenesis and metastasis of human cervical cancer cells. Further studies are warranted to demonstrate PTX3 as a novel therapeutic biomarker for human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ho Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chiou
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Liang Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Hung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Wang X, Chen LL, Zhang Q. Increased Serum Level of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) is Associated with Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 34:138-43. [PMID: 26996787 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory; Huai'an First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Huai'an China
| | - Lei-Lei Chen
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; Huai'an First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Huai'an China
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25
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Di Caro G, Carvello M, Pesce S, Erreni M, Marchesi F, Todoric J, Sacchi M, Montorsi M, Allavena P, Spinelli A. Circulating Inflammatory Mediators as Potential Prognostic Markers of Human Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148186. [PMID: 26859579 PMCID: PMC4747470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines and chemokines in the tumor microenvironment drive metastatic development and their serum levels might mirror the ongoing inflammatory reaction at the tumor site. Novel highly sensitive tools are needed to identify colorectal cancer patients at high risk of recurrence that should be more closely monitored during post-surgical follow up. Here we study whether circulating inflammatory markers might be used to predict recurrence in CRC patients. Methods Circulating levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNFalpha, CCL2, CXCL8, VEGF and the acute phase protein Pentraxin-3 were measured by ELISA in preoperative serum samples prospectively collected from a cohort of sixty-nine patients undergoing surgical resection for stage 0–IV CRC and associated with post-operative disease recurrence. Results Cox multivariate analysis showed that combined high levels (≥ROC cut off-value) of CXCL8, VEGF and Pentraxin3 were associated with increased risk of disease recurrence [HR: 14.28; 95%CI: (3.13–65.1)] independently of TNM staging. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that CXCL8, VEGF and Pentraxin3 levels were significantly associated with worse survival (P<0.001). Conclusions Circulating inflammatory mediators efficiently predicted postoperative recurrence after CRC surgery. Therefore, this study suggest that their validation in large-scale clinical trials may help in tailoring CRC post-surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Caro
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michele Carvello
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Samantha Pesce
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matteo Sacchi
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Montorsi
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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26
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Bastrup-Birk S, Munthe-Fog L, Skjoedt MO, Ma YJ, Nielsen H, Køber L, Nielsen OW, Iversen K, Garred P. Pentraxin-3 level at admission is a strong predictor of short-term mortality in a community-based hospital setting. J Intern Med 2015; 277:562-72. [PMID: 25143177 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern recognition molecule pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a novel potential marker of prognosis, as elevated levels are associated with both disease severity and mortality in patients with a wide range of conditions. However, the usefulness of PTX3 as a prognostic biomarker in a general hospital setting is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study cohort consisted of 1326 unselected, consecutive patients (age >40 years) admitted to a community hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark. Patients were followed until death or for a median of 11.5 years after admission. The main outcome measure was all-cause mortality. Serum samples collected from patients at admission and from 192 healthy control subjects were quantified for PTX3 level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PTX3 was elevated in patients (median 3.7 ng mL(-1) , range 0.5-209.8) compared with healthy nonhospitalized subjects (median 3.5 ng mL(-1) , range 0.0-8.3; P = 0.0003). Elevated PTX3 levels, defined as above the 95th percentile of the concentration in healthy subjects, were associated with increased overall mortality during the study (P < 0.0001). This increase in mortality was greatest in the short term, with an unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 6.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8-11.0] at 28 days after admission, compared to 1.7 (95% CI 1.4-2.0) at the end of follow-up. These results were still significant after adjustment for age, gender and glomerular filtration rate: adjusted HR of 5.0 (95% CI 2.9-8.8) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.8), respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PTX3 could be a widely applicable marker of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients and may be useful in the initial risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bastrup-Birk
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between plasma levels of pentraxins 3 (PTX3) and C reactive protein (CRP) and the severity of coronary artery lesions. DESIGN AND METHODS 60 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) in our hospital were included. Plasma was collected during CAG. The coronary Gensini score was used to evaluate the severity of coronary artery lesions. Associations between Gensini scores and plasma levels of PTX3 and CRP were analysed. Patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) were included in the chronic renal dysfunction subgroup. RESULTS A linear correlation was observed between PTX3 and the Gensini score (r=0.513, p<0.001). One-way analysis of variance showed that PTX3 levels were significantly higher in patients with Gensini scores >90 compared with patients with scores of 46-90 or <45 (0-45:4.8±0.8, 46-90:6.7±1.2, >90:7.7±2.0, p<0.001). Stepwise multiple linear regression showed that PTX3 levels were significantly associated with Gensini score in patients with chronic renal dysfunction (p=0.012), while no significant association was found for CRP. CONCLUSIONS PTX3 levers were positively associated with the severity of coronary artery lesions. PTX3 is closely associated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with chronic renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofeng Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinkai Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Choi B, Lee EJ, Song DH, Yoon SC, Chung YH, Jang Y, Kim SM, Song Y, Kang SW, Yoon SY, Chang EJ. Elevated Pentraxin 3 in bone metastatic breast cancer is correlated with osteolytic function. Oncotarget 2015; 5:481-92. [PMID: 24457902 PMCID: PMC3964223 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a modulator of tumor-associated inflammation, is known to be positively correlated with tumor grade and severity of malignancies, but its exact role remains unclear. This study found that PTX3 expression was up-regulated in distant bone metastases of breast cancer compared to lung, liver, and brain metastases in 64 human breast cancer patients. Elevated expression of PTX3 was correlated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer. PTX3 expression was also up-regulated in a bone metastatic breast cancer cell line and further enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα. Administration of PTX3 promoted the migratory potential of breast cancer cells and the mobilization of macrophages, a precursor of osteoclasts (OCs), toward breast cancer cells. In addition, elevated expression of PTX3 by TNFα led to enhanced OC formation, implying the distinct role of PTX3 in osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, PTX3 silencing using siRNA-specific siRNA prevented breast cancer cell migration, macrophage Chemotaxis, and subsequent OC formation. These findings provide an important insight into the key role of PTX3 in inflammation-associated osteolytic complications of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Stallone G, Cormio L, Netti GS, Infante B, Selvaggio O, Fino GD, Ranieri E, Bruno F, Prattichizzo C, Sanguedolce F, Tortorella S, Bufo P, Grandaliano G, Carrieri G. Pentraxin 3: a novel biomarker for predicting progression from prostatic inflammation to prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4230-8. [PMID: 24950910 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a member of the pentraxin family of innate immune regulators, which includes C-reactive protein (CRP). PTX3 has been implicated in angiogenesis, proliferation, and immune escape in cancer. In the present study, we evaluated PTX3 tissue expression and serum concentration as a biomarker to discriminate prostatic inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from prostate cancer, and to determine whether PTX3 status may predict progression from BPH to prostate cancer. We analyzed 40 patients with biopsy-proven BPH who underwent a second prostate biopsy 12 to 36 months later when they were diagnosed with prostate cancer or inflammation/BPH (n = 20 patients each group). Furthermore, we evaluated PTX3 serum concentrations in an independent set of patients with biopsy-proven inflammation/BPH (n = 61) and prostate cancer (n = 56). We found reduced PTX3 tissue expression in patients with prostatic inflammation/BPH compared with patients who developed prostate cancer. In the latter group, there was an increase in PTX3 tissue expression between the first and second prostate biopsy. PTX3 serum levels were also higher in patients with prostate cancer than in patients with inflammation/BPH. In contrast, there was no difference in serum PSA or CRP levels in these two groups. ROC curve analysis confirmed the reliability of PTX3 serum levels in predicting prostate cancer development, identifying a cutoff value of 3.25 ng/mL with a sensitivity and a specificity of 89.3% and 88.5%, respectively. In summary, our results encourage further evaluation of PTX3 as a tissue biopsy and blood-borne biomarker to discriminate BPH from prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Barbara Infante
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Oscar Selvaggio
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Fino
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruno
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Clelia Prattichizzo
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanguedolce
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Simona Tortorella
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Bufo
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Urology and Renal Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Italy
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Clinical impact of pentraxin family expression on prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:739-46. [PMID: 23828517 PMCID: PMC3738116 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory mediators may have decisive roles at different stages of tumour development. Mediators within the pentraxin family may be used as strong biomarkers in prognosis of advanced pancreatic carcinoma patients. Methods: Using pancreatic carcinoma cell lines and gene transfectant, we measured long pentraxin (PTX3) level in culture solution and carried out cellular migration assay in vitro. In vivo study of the treatment-naive patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma assigned to undergo gemcitabine therapy was prospectively conducted to measure and investigate the role of plasma PTX3, C-reactive protein (CRP), and eight inflammatory mediators by using collected clinical data. Results: Elevated PTX3 production was observed in several cell lines, and a direct relationship between migratory activity and PTX3 level was identified in vitro. High PTX3 level (117 days) was significantly less than that of patients with low PTX3 level (357 days, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis of the pancreatic carcinoma revealed a strong correlation between pentraxin family member expression and prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma. The relationship between PTX3 expression and the expression of other pro-inflammatory mediators indicated that PTX3 level is positively correlated with levels of CRP, interleukin-6, and macrophage-inhibitory factor. Conclusion: Pentraxin family members, especially PTX3, may be used as promising biomarkers in the prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma patients.
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The long pentraxin PTX3 as a correlate of cancer-related inflammation and prognosis of malignancy in gliomas. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Mantovani A, Valentino S, Gentile S, Inforzato A, Bottazzi B, Garlanda C. The long pentraxin PTX3: a paradigm for humoral pattern recognition molecules. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285:1-14. [PMID: 23527487 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) are components of the humoral arm of innate immunity; they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and are functional ancestors of antibodies, promoting complement activation, opsonization, and agglutination. In addition, several PRMs have a regulatory function on inflammation. Pentraxins are a family of evolutionarily conserved PRMs characterized by a cyclic multimeric structure. On the basis of structure, pentraxins have been operationally divided into short and long families. C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component are prototypes of the short pentraxin family, while pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a prototype of the long pentraxins. PTX3 is produced by somatic and immune cells in response to proinflammatory stimuli and Toll-like receptor engagement, and it interacts with several ligands and exerts multifunctional properties. Unlike CRP, PTX3 gene organization and regulation have been conserved in evolution, thus allowing its pathophysiological roles to be evaluated in genetically modified animals. Here we will briefly review the general properties of CRP and PTX3 as prototypes of short and long pentraxins, respectively, emphasizing in particular the functional role of PTX3 as a prototypic PRM with antibody-like properties.
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Shishido SN, Varahan S, Yuan K, Li X, Fleming SD. Humoral innate immune response and disease. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:142-58. [PMID: 22771788 PMCID: PMC3576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune response consists of multiple components, including the naturally occurring antibodies (NAb), pentraxins and the complement and contact cascades. As soluble, plasma components, these innate proteins provide key elements in the prevention and control of disease. However, pathogens and cells with altered self proteins utilize multiple humoral components to evade destruction and promote pathogy. Many studies have examined the relationship between humoral immunity and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the interactions between the humoral components and their role in promoting the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Understanding the beneficial and detrimental aspects of the individual components and the interactions between proteins which regulate the innate and adaptive response will provide therapeutic targets for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Shishido
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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34
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Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogens associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a non-redundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the crossroad between innate immunity, inflammation and female fertility. Here we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and crosstalk with other components of the innate immune system.
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35
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Juutilainen A, Vänskä M, Pulkki K, Hämäläinen S, Nousiainen T, Jantunen E, Koivula I. Pentraxin 3 predicts complicated course of febrile neutropenia in haematological patients, but the decision level depends on the underlying malignancy. Eur J Haematol 2011; 87:441-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pathogen recognition by the long pentraxin PTX3. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:830421. [PMID: 21716666 PMCID: PMC3118294 DOI: 10.1155/2011/830421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a nonredundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the cross-road between innate immunity, inflammation, and female fertility. Here, we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and cross-talk with other components of the innate immune system.
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Diamandis EP, Goodglick L, Planque C, Thornquist MD. Pentraxin-3 is a novel biomarker of lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2395-9. [PMID: 21257721 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objective was to validate the performance of three new candidate lung cancer biomarkers, pentraxin-3 (PTX3), human kallikrein 11 (KLK11), and progranulin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed by commercial ELISA, and with a blinded protocol, 422 samples from 203 patients with lung carcinoma, 180 individuals with high risk for lung cancer (heavy smokers), and 43 individuals with cancers other than lung. All samples were obtained from the Early Detection Research Network (Reference set A). RESULTS We found that progranulin and KLK11 were not informative lung cancer biomarkers, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC; ROC), close to 0.50. However, PTX3 was an informative lung cancer biomarker, with considerable ability to separate lung cancer patients from high-risk controls. At 90% and 80% specificity, the sensitivities versus the high-risk control group were 37% and 48%, respectively. The discriminatory ability of PTX3 was about the same with all major subtypes and histotypes of lung cancer. The AUC of the ROC curves increased according to the disease stage, from 0.64 (stage I) to 0.72 (stage IV). CONCLUSION PTX3, but not KLK11 or progranulin, is a new serum biomarker for lung carcinoma. Its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is similar to other clinically used lung cancer biomarkers. More studies are needed to establish if PTX3 has clinical utility for lung cancer diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Bottazzi B, Doni A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. An integrated view of humoral innate immunity: pentraxins as a paradigm. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:157-83. [PMID: 19968561 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system consists of a cellular and a humoral arm. Pentraxins (e.g., the short pentraxin C reactive protein and the long pentraxin PTX3) are key components of the humoral arm of innate immunity which also includes complement components, collectins, and ficolins. In response to microorganisms and tissue damage, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells are major sources of fluid-phase pattern-recognition molecules (PRMs) belonging to different molecular classes. Humoral PRMs in turn interact with and regulate cellular effectors. Effector mechanisms of the humoral innate immune system include activation and regulation of the complement cascade; agglutination and neutralization; facilitation of recognition via cellular receptors (opsonization); and regulation of inflammation. Thus, the humoral arm of innate immunity is an integrated system consisting of different molecules and sharing functional outputs with antibodies.
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Germano G, Frapolli R, Simone M, Tavecchio M, Erba E, Pesce S, Pasqualini F, Grosso F, Sanfilippo R, Casali PG, Gronchi A, Virdis E, Tarantino E, Pilotti S, Greco A, Nebuloni M, Galmarini CM, Tercero JC, Mantovani A, D'Incalci M, Allavena P. Antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of trabectedin on human myxoid liposarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2235-44. [PMID: 20215499 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators present in the tumor milieu may promote cancer progression and are considered promising targets of novel biological therapies. We previously reported that the marine antitumor agent trabectedin, approved in Europe in 2007 for soft tissue sarcomas and in 2009 for ovarian cancer, was able to downmodulate the production of selected cytokines/chemokines in immune cells. Patients with myxoid liposarcoma (MLS), a subtype characterized by the expression of the oncogenic transcript FUS-CHOP, are highly responsive to trabectedin. The drug had marked antiproliferative effects on MLS cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. We tested the hypothesis that trabectedin could also affect the inflammatory mediators produced by cancer cells. Here, we show that MLS express several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL12, MIF, VEGF, SPARC) and the inflammatory and matrix-binder protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3), which build up a prominent inflammatory environment. In vitro treatment with noncytotoxic concentrations of trabectedin selectively inhibited the production of CCL2, CXCL8, IL-6, VEGF, and PTX3 by MLS primary tumor cultures and/or cell lines. A xenograft mouse model of human MLS showed marked reduction of CCL2, CXCL8, CD68+ infiltrating macrophages, CD31+ tumor vessels, and partial decrease of PTX3 after trabectedin treatment. Similar findings were observed in a patient tumor sample excised after several cycles of therapy, indicating that the results observed in vitro might have in vivo relevance. In conclusion, trabectedin has dual effects in liposarcoma: in addition to direct growth inhibition, it affects the tumor microenvironment by reducing the production of key inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Germano
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
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Bottazzi B, Garlanda C, Cotena A, Moalli F, Jaillon S, Deban L, Mantovani A. The long pentraxin PTX3 as a prototypic humoral pattern recognition receptor: interplay with cellular innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2009; 227:9-18. [PMID: 19120471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system consists of a cellular arm and a humoral arm. Components of humoral immunity include diverse molecular families, which represent functional ancestors of antibodies. They play a key role as effectors and modulators of innate resistance in animals and humans, interacting with cellular innate immunity. The prototypic long pentraxin, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), represents a case in point of this interplay. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved long pentraxin has unequivocally defined its role at the crossroads of innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility. Phagocytes represent a key source of this fluid-phase pattern recognition receptor, which, in turn, facilitates microbial recognition by phagocytes acting as an opsonin. Moreover, PTX3 has modulatory functions on innate immunity and inflammation. Here, we review the studies on PTX3 which emphasize the complexity and complementarity of the crosstalk between the cellular and humoral arms of innate immunity.
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Doni A, Mantovani G, Porta C, Tuckermann J, Reichardt HM, Kleiman A, Sironi M, Rubino L, Pasqualini F, Nebuloni M, Signorini S, Peri G, Sica A, Beck-Peccoz P, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A. Cell-specific regulation of PTX3 by glucocorticoid hormones in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29983-92. [PMID: 18703503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805631200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PTX3 (prototypic long pentraxin 3) is a fluid phase pattern recognition receptor, which plays nonredundant roles in the resistance against diverse pathogens, in the assembly of a hyaluronic acid-rich extracellular matrix, and in female fertility. Inflammatory signals induce production of PTX3 in diverse cell types, including myeloid dendritic cells (DC), fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (EC). The present study was designed to explore the effect of glucocorticoid hormones (GC) on PTX3 production in different cellular contexts. In myeloid DC, GC inhibited the PTX3 production. In contrast, in fibroblasts and EC, GC alone induced and, under inflammatory conditions, enhanced and extended PTX3 production. In vivo administration of GC augmented the blood levels of PTX3 in mice and humans. Moreover, patients with Cushing syndrome had increased levels of circulating PTX3, whereas PTX3 levels were decreased in subjects affected by iatrogenic hypocortisolism. In nonhematopoietic cells, GC receptor (GR) functioned as a ligand-dependent transcription factor (dimerization-dependent) to induce PTX3 gene expression. In contrast, in hematopoietic cells, GR repressed PTX3 gene transcription by interfering (dimerization-independent) with the action of other signaling pathways, probably NFkappaB and AP-1. Thus, divergent effects of GC were found to be due to different GR mechanisms. The results presented here indicate that GC have divergent effects on PTX3 production in hematopoietic (DC and macrophages) and nonhematopoietic (fibroblasts and EC) cells. The divergent effects of GC on PTX3 production probably reflect the different functions of this multifunctional molecule in innate immunity and in the construction of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Istituto Di Ricerca Cura a Caratte Re Scientifico, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Sardana G, Jung K, Stephan C, Diamandis EP. Proteomic analysis of conditioned media from the PC3, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell lines: discovery and validation of candidate prostate cancer biomarkers. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3329-38. [PMID: 18578523 DOI: 10.1021/pr8003216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of prostate cancer is problematic due to the lack of a marker that has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, in combination with digital rectal examination, is the gold standard for prostate cancer diagnosis. However, this modality suffers from low specificity. Therefore, specific markers for clinically relevant prostate cancer are needed. Our objective was to proteomically characterize the conditioned media from three human prostate cancer cell lines of differing origin [PC3 (bone metastasis), LNCaP (lymph node metastasis), and 22Rv1 (localized to prostate)] to identify secreted proteins that could serve as novel prostate cancer biomarkers. Each cell line was cultured in triplicate, followed by a bottom-up analysis of the peptides by two-dimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Approximately, 12% (329) of the proteins identified were classified as extracellular and 18% (504) as membrane-bound among which were known prostate cancer biomarkers such as PSA and KLK2. To select the most promising candidates for further investigation, tissue specificity, biological function, disease association based on literature searches, and comparison of protein overlap with the proteome of seminal plasma and serum were examined. On the basis of this, four novel candidates, follistatin, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16, pentraxin 3 and spondin 2, were validated in the serum of patients with and without prostate cancer. The proteins presented in this study represent a comprehensive sampling of the secreted and shed proteins expressed by prostate cancer cells, which may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic or predictive serological markers for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Sardana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mantovani A, Garlanda C, Doni A, Bottazzi B. Pentraxins in innate immunity: from C-reactive protein to the long pentraxin PTX3. J Clin Immunol 2007; 28:1-13. [PMID: 17828584 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxins are a family of multimeric pattern-recognition proteins highly conserved in evolution. Based on the primary structure of the subunit, the pentraxins are divided into two groups: short pentraxins and long pentraxins. C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P-component are classic short pentraxins produced in the liver, whereas the prototype of the long pentraxin family is PTX3. Innate immunity cells and vascular cells produce PTX3 in response to proinflammatory signals and Toll-like receptor engagement. PTX3 interacts with several ligands, including growth factors, extracellular matrix components, and selected pathogens, playing a role in complement activation, facilitating pathogen recognition, and acting as a predecessor of antibodies. In addition, PTX3 is essential in female fertility acting on the assembly of the cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix. Thus, PTX3 is a multifunctional soluble pattern recognition receptor acting as a nonredundant component of the humoral arm of innate immunity and involved in tuning inflammation, in matrix deposition and female fertility. Evidence suggests that PTX3 is a useful new serological marker, rapidly reflecting tissue inflammation and damage under diverse clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy.
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