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Sunaga N, Miura Y, Masuda T, Sakurai R. Role of Epiregulin in Lung Tumorigenesis and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:710. [PMID: 38398101 PMCID: PMC10886815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling regulates multiple cellular processes and plays an essential role in tumorigenesis. Epiregulin (EREG), a member of the EGF family, binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB4, and it stimulates EGFR-related downstream pathways. Increasing evidence indicates that both the aberrant expression and oncogenic function of EREG play pivotal roles in tumor development in many human cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EREG overexpression is induced by activating mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF and contributes to the aggressive phenotypes of NSCLC with oncogenic drivers. Recent studies have elucidated the roles of EREG in a tumor microenvironment, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to anticancer therapy. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of EREG as an oncogene and discussed its oncogenic role in lung tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sunaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (Y.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Yosuke Miura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (Y.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomomi Masuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (Y.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Reiko Sakurai
- Oncology Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan;
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Targeting epiregulin in the treatment-damaged tumor microenvironment restrains therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 2022; 41:4941-4959. [PMID: 36202915 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a milieu enabling cancer cells to develop malignant properties, while concerted interactions between cancer and stromal cells frequently shape an "activated/reprogramed" niche to accelerate pathological progression. Here we report that a soluble factor epiregulin (EREG) is produced by senescent stromal cells, which non-cell-autonomously develop the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) upon DNA damage. Genotoxicity triggers EREG expression by engaging NF-κB and C/EBP, a process supported by elevated chromatin accessibility and increased histone acetylation. Stromal EREG reprograms the expression profile of recipient neoplastic cells in a paracrine manner, causing upregulation of MARCHF4, a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in malignant progression, specifically drug resistance. A combinational strategy that empowers EREG-specific targeting in treatment-damaged TME significantly promotes cancer therapeutic efficacy in preclinical trials, achieving response indices superior to those of solely targeting cancer cells. In clinical oncology, EREG is expressed in tumor stroma and handily measurable in circulating blood of cancer patients post-chemotherapy. This study establishes EREG as both a targetable SASP factor and a new noninvasive biomarker of treatment-damaged TME, thus disclosing its substantial value in translational medicine.
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3
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Cheng WL, Feng PH, Lee KY, Chen KY, Sun WL, Van Hiep N, Luo CS, Wu SM. The Role of EREG/EGFR Pathway in Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312828. [PMID: 34884633 PMCID: PMC8657471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) by erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ERBB) ligands contributes to various tumor malignancies, including lung cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC). Epiregulin (EREG) is one of the EGFR ligands and is low expressed in most normal tissues. Elevated EREG in various cancers mainly activates EGFR signaling pathways and promotes cancer progression. Notably, a higher EREG expression level in CRC with wild-type Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is related to better efficacy of therapeutic treatment. By contrast, the resistance of anti-EGFR therapy in CRC was driven by low EREG expression, aberrant genetic mutation and signal pathway alterations. Additionally, EREG overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is anticipated to be a therapeutic target for EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). However, recent findings indicate that EREG derived from macrophages promotes NSCLC cell resistance to EGFR-TKI treatment. The emerging events of EREG-mediated tumor promotion signals are generated by autocrine and paracrine loops that arise from tumor epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is a crucial element for the development of various cancer types and drug resistance. The regulation of EREG/EGFR pathways depends on distinct oncogenic driver mutations and cell contexts that allows specific pharmacological targeting alone or combinational treatment for tailored therapy. Novel strategies targeting EREG/EGFR, tumor-associated macrophages, and alternative activation oncoproteins are under development or undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the clinical outcomes of EREG expression and the interaction of this ligand in the TME. The EREG/EGFR pathway may be a potential target and may be combined with other driver mutation targets to combat specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yuan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Van Hiep
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
- International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shan Luo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; (P.-H.F.); (K.-Y.L.); (K.-Y.C.); (W.-L.S.); (N.V.H.); (C.-S.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Isaac A, Mohamed SM, Ahmed OA, Hassan AGM, Rasmy HS. Amphiregulin as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma before and after locoregional treatment. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-021-00078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly prevalent tumor worldwide. Amphiregulin is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Its elevation is linked to different inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Therefore, amphiregulin may represent a potential diagnostic target in HCC, which has sparked interest as a potential predictor of diagnosis and progression of HCC. The current work was set out to evaluate amphiregulin as a possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC on top of cirrhosis. Thirty adult patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC (HCC group) were randomly selected as candidates for locoregional therapies, either radiofrequency ablation or transarterial chemoembolization. A separate group of thirty liver cirrhosis patients served as controls (cirrhosis group). All patients underwent standard laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasounds. Alpha-fetoprotein and amphiregulin were measured twice at baseline and 1 month after the intervention.
Results
Baseline serum amphiregulin was significantly higher in the HCC group than in the cirrhosis group (23.2 ± 11.5 vs. 11.1 ± 7.1), with a p value < 0.001. Patients with multiple and larger focal lesions had greater levels of amphiregulin, with p values of 0.015 and 0.002, respectively. At 1 month following locoregional treatment, the amphiregulin level considerably declined compared with its baseline levels (from 23.2 ± 11.5 to 19.4 ± 10.9), with a p value of 0.012, while AFP showed an insignificant reduction. At follow-up, the level of serum amphiregulin was statistically significantly greater in recurrence cases than in remission cases (30.8 ± 14.1 vs. 17.2 ± 8.8), with a p value of 0.008, and the same was observed for AFP level.
At a cutoff ≥ 17 pg/mL, amphiregulin was a valuable marker in HCC detection with a sensitivity and specificity of 63.3% and 86.7%, respectively, while it has 60% sensitivity and 96% specificity in detecting possible tumor recurrence at a cutoff ≥ 29.7 pg/ml.
Conclusions
Amphiregulin may be a good diagnostic marker for HCC and a prognostic marker after locoregional therapies because its follow-up levels are useful in predicting possible tumor recurrence.
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Kutlay A, Aydin Son Y. Integrative Predictive Modeling of Metastasis in Melanoma Cancer Based on MicroRNA, mRNA, and DNA Methylation Data. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637355. [PMID: 34631789 PMCID: PMC8495312 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the significant progress in understanding cancer biology, the deduction of metastasis is still a challenge in the clinic. Transcriptional regulation is one of the critical mechanisms underlying cancer development. Even though mRNA, microRNA, and DNA methylation mechanisms have a crucial impact on the metastatic outcome, there are no comprehensive data mining models that combine all transcriptional regulation aspects for metastasis prediction. This study focused on identifying the regulatory impact of genetic biomarkers for monitoring metastatic molecular signatures of melanoma by investigating the consolidated effect of miRNA, mRNA, and DNA methylation. Method: We developed multiple machine learning models to distinguish the metastasis by integrating miRNA, mRNA, and DNA methylation markers. We used the TCGA melanoma dataset to differentiate between metastatic melanoma samples by assessing a set of predictive models. For this purpose, machine learning models using a support vector machine with different kernels, artificial neural networks, random forests, AdaBoost, and Naïve Bayes are compared. An iterative combination of differentially expressed miRNA, mRNA, and methylation signatures is used as a candidate marker to reveal each new biomarker category’s impact. In each iteration, the performances of the combined models are calculated. During all comparisons, the choice of the feature selection method and under and oversampling approaches are analyzed. Selected biomarkers of the highest performing models are further analyzed for the biological interpretation of functional enrichment. Results: In the initial model, miRNA biomarkers can identify metastatic melanoma with an 81% F-score. The addition of mRNA markers upon miRNA increased the F-score to 92%. In the final integrated model, the addition of the methylation data resulted in a similar F-score of 92% but produced a stable model with low variance across multiple trials. Conclusion: Our results support the role of miRNA regulation in metastatic melanoma as miRNA markers model metastasis outcomes with high accuracy. Moreover, the integrated evaluation of miRNA with mRNA and methylation biomarkers increases the model’s power. It populates selected biomarkers on the metastasis-associated pathways of melanoma, such as the “osteoclast”, “Rap1 signaling”, and “chemokine signaling” pathways. Source Code:https://github.com/aysegul-kt/MelonomaMetastasisPrediction/
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Kutlay
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, METU, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Aydin Son
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, METU, Ankara, Turkey
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Wu Y, Huang HC, Qin LX. Making External Validation Valid for Molecular Classifier Development. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.21.00103. [PMID: 34377885 PMCID: PMC8345919 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate assessment of a molecular classifier that guides patient care is of paramount importance in precision oncology. Recent years have seen an increasing use of external validation for such assessment. However, little is known about how it is affected by ubiquitous unwanted variations in test data because of disparate experimental handling and by the use of data normalization for alleviating such variations. METHODS In this paper, we studied these issues using two microarray data sets for the same set of tumor samples and additional data simulated by resampling under various levels of signal-to-noise ratio and different designs for array-to-sample allocation. RESULTS We showed that (1) unwanted variations can lead to biased classifier assessment and (2) data normalization mitigates the bias to varying extents depending on the specific method used. In particular, frozen normalization methods for test data outperform their conventional forms in terms of both reducing the bias in accuracy estimation and increasing robustness to handling effects. We make available our benchmarking tool as an R package on GitHub for performing such evaluation on additional methods for normalization and classification. CONCLUSION Our findings thus highlight the importance of proper test-data normalization for valid assessment by external validation and call for caution on the choice of normalization method for molecular classifier development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Huei-Chung Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Li-Xuan Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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7
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Zheng W, Wu F, Fu K, Sun G, Sun G, Li X, Jiang W, Cao H, Wang H, Tang W. Emerging Mechanisms and Treatment Progress on Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3013-3036. [PMID: 33986602 PMCID: PMC8110277 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s301371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is currently the third largest malignant tumor in the world, with high new cases and high mortality. Metastasis is one of the most common causes of death of colorectal cancer, of which liver metastasis is the most fatal. Since the beginning of the Human Genome Project in 2001, people have gradually recognized the 3 billion base pairs that make up the human genome, of which only about 1.5% of the nucleic acid sequences are used for protein coding, including proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. A large number of differences in the expression of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have also been found in the study of colorectal cancer, which proves that they are also actively involved in the progression of colorectal cancer and promote the occurrence of liver metastasis. Except for 1.5% of the coding sequence, the rest of the nucleic acid sequence does not encode any protein, which is called non-coding RNA. With the deepening of research, genome sequences without protein coding potential that were originally considered “junk sequences” may have important biological functions. Many years of studies have found that a large number of abnormal expression of ncRNA in colorectal cancer liver metastasis, indicating that ncRNA plays an important role in it. To explore the role and mechanism of these coding sequences and non-coding RNA in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer is very important for the early diagnosis and treatment of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the coding genes and ncRNA that have been found in the study of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer in recent years, as well as the mechanisms that have been identified or are still under study, as well as the clinical treatment of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Zuo J, Wang L, Han J, Feng L, Wang Y, Fan Z. Identification of differentially expressed genes between mucinous adenocarcinoma and other adenocarcinoma of colorectal cancer using bioinformatics analysis. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520949036. [PMID: 32840168 PMCID: PMC7450470 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520949036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective As a unique histological subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC), mucinous
adenocarcinoma (MC) has a poor prognosis and responds poorly to treatment.
Genes and markers related to MC have not been reported. Methods To identify biomarkers involved in development of MC compared with other
common adenocarcinoma (AC) subtypes, four datasets were obtained from the
Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were
identified using GEO2R. A protein–protein interaction network was
constructed. Functional annotation for DEGs was performed via DAVID,
Metascape, and BiNGO. Significant modules and hub genes were identified
using Cytoscape, and expression of hub genes and relationships between hub
genes and MC were analyzed. Results The DEGs were mainly enriched in negative regulation of cell proliferation,
bicarbonate transport, response to peptide hormone, cell–cell signaling,
cell proliferation, and positive regulation of the canonical Wnt signaling
pathway. The Venn diagram revealed eight significant hub genes:
CXCL9, IDO1, MET,
SNAI2, and ZEB2 were highly expressed
in MC compared with AC, whereas AREG,
TWIST1, and ZEB1 were expressed at a
low level. AREG and MET might be
significant biomarkers for MC. Conclusion The identified DEGs might help elucidate the pathogenesis of MC, identify
potential targets, and improve treatment for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Zhisong Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Medical University Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
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Lin CY, Hsieh PL, Chou CL, Yang CC, Lee SW, Tian YF, Shiue YL, Li WS. High EREG Expression Is Predictive of Better Outcomes in Rectal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Oncology 2020; 98:549-557. [PMID: 32408308 DOI: 10.1159/000506991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM A great proportion of patients with rectal cancer initially present with locally advanced disease and can potentially benefit from neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for downstaging before surgery. However, risk and clinical outcome stratification remain a great challenge. We aimed to find the potential biomarker to predict the effect of neoadjuvant CCRT on rectal cancer. METHODS We identified epiregulin (EREG) as the most significant predictive marker for neoadjuvant CCRT response from the published rectal cancer transcriptome data set GSE35452. We collected 172 biopsy specimens from rectal cancer patients who received neoadjuvant CCRT followed by radical proctectomy, performed EREG immunohistochemistry, and analyzed the H-scores. We further examined the correlations between the expression level of EREG and clinicopathological features, tumor regression grade, and survival, including disease-specific survival (DSS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and metastasis-free survival (MeFS). RESULTS High EREG expression was significantly related to early pretreatment (pre-Tx) and posttreatment (post-Tx) tumor status (T1, T2, p = 0.047 and p < 0.001), pre-Tx and post-Tx negative nodal status (N0, p < 0.001 and p = 0.004), less vascular and perineurial invasion (p = 0.015 and p = 0.023), and higher tumor regression grade (p < 0.001). In the survival analysis, high EREG expression was significantly associated with better DSS (p < 0.0001), LRFS (p = 0.0004), and MeFS (p < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, high EREG expression remained prognostically significant for better DSS (p = 0.003; hazard ratio: 5.599). CONCLUSION These data suggest that EREG is a potential predictive marker and therapeutic target in rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chou
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Wei Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, .,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan,
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Tsantoulis P, Delorenzi M, Bièche I, Vacher S, Mariani P, Cassoux N, Houy A, Stern MH, Roman-Roman S, Dietrich PY, Roth A, Cacheux W. Prospective validation in epithelial tumors of a gene expression predictor of liver metastasis derived from uveal melanoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17178. [PMID: 31748560 PMCID: PMC6868129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting the risk of liver metastasis can have important prognostic and therapeutic implications, given the availability of liver-directed therapy. Uveal melanoma has a striking predisposition for liver metastasis despite the absence of anatomical proximity. Understanding its biology may uncover factors promoting liver metastasis in other malignancies. We quantified gene expression by RNAseq in 76 uveal melanomas and combined with public data in a meta-analysis of 196 patients. The meta-analysis of uveal melanoma gene expression identified 63 genes which remained prognostic after adjustment for chromosome 3 status. Two genes, PTP4A3 and JPH1, were selected by L1-penalized regression and combined in a prognostic score. The score predicted liver-specific relapse in a public pan-cancer dataset and in two public colorectal cancer datasets. The score varied between colorectal consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), as did the risk of liver relapse, which was lowest in CMS1. Additional prospective validation was done by real-time PCR in 463 breast cancer patients. The score was significantly correlated with liver relapse in hormone receptor positive tumors. In conclusion, the expression of PTP4A3 and JPH1 correlates with risk of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer and breast cancer. The underlying biological mechanism is an interesting area for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Tsantoulis
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Service d'Oncologie, Geneva, Switzerland. .,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland.,University Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Oncology, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Institut Curie, Département de génétique, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Institut Curie, Département de génétique, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alexandre Houy
- Institut Curie, Département de génétique, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | - Marc-Henri Stern
- Institut Curie, Département de génétique, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Roman-Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Service d'Oncologie, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Roth
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Service d'Oncologie, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wulfran Cacheux
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Service d'Oncologie, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institut Curie, Département de génétique, Paris, France.,Hôpital Privé - Pays de Savoie, Oncology department, Annemasse, France
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11
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Li DF, Wang NN, Chang X, Wang SL, Wang LS, Yao J, Li ZS, Bai Y. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that COL4A1 may play an important role in gastric carcinoma recurrence. J Dig Dis 2019; 20:391-400. [PMID: 31069993 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer recurrence is a complicated problem for clinicians that contributes to poor prognosis. This study aimed to use advanced gastric carcinoma genes profiles to predict increased risk of cancer recurrence in order to identify patients in need of adjuvant therapy for prognosis improvement. METHODS Differentially expressed genes were identified for advanced gastric carcinoma by analyzing the GSE2685 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) using R package. The candidate genes were then obtained by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein-protein interaction analysis and survival analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between candidate genes and the recurrence of gastric carcinoma. RESULTS Collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) was overexpressed in gastric carcinoma tissue by analyzing the GSE2685 gene expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. COL4A1 was also overexpressed in gastric carcinoma tissue from the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and further determined that higher COL4A1 expression led to poorer overall survival. A univariate analysis suggested that COL4A1 was strongly correlated with T stage and gastric carcinoma recurrence (P = 0.014 and 0.041, respectively). Moreover, a multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that COL4A1 was significantly associated with gastric carcinoma recurrence (hazard ratio 1.605, 95% confidence interval 1.063-2.677, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS COL4A1 may promote gastric carcinoma recurrence and could be used as a therapeutic target for gastric carcinoma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Clinical Medicine School (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Nan Nan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Li Sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Clinical Medicine School (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Clinical Medicine School (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhao Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
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12
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Xia Q, Zhou Y, Yong H, Wang X, Zhao W, Ding G, Zhu J, Li X, Feng Z, Wang B. Elevated epiregulin expression predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:873-879. [PMID: 30738695 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epiregulin (EREG) is a novel family member of EGF-like ligands and have elevated expression in a variety of human cancers. EREG expression promotes tumor progression and metastasis and reduces patient survival. However, the expression of EREG and its prognostic value are not clear in gastric cancer (GC). We assessed EREG mRNA and protein expression in GC tissues from Chinese patients using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray, and analyzed the correlation between the level of EREG expression and patient clinical characteristics and prognosis. We found that EREG expression was significantly higher in GC tissues than in matched adjacent noncancerous tissues. High EREG protein expression in GC was significantly associated with TNM stage including tumor size, lymph node metastases and distant metastases as well as poor overall survival. These finding demonstrate that EREG is an independent prognostic biomarker for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang 215617, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang 215617, China; Jiangsu University Aoyang Institute of Oncology, Zhangjiagang 215617, China
| | - Hongmei Yong
- Department of Oncology, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai'an 223200, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guipeng Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- The Center for Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang 215617, China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang 215617, China; Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhangjiagang 215617, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200020, China.
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13
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Janikowska G, Janikowski T, Pyka-Pająk A, Mazurek U, Janikowski M, Gonciarz M, Lorenc Z. Potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma - transcriptomic analysis of four clinical stages. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:89-99. [PMID: 29562499 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in economically developed countries. Molecular studies and, in particular, gene expression have contributed to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of many cancers. Genes can be molecular and therapeutic markers, but because of the large molecular diversity in colorectal cancer the knowledge is not yet fully established. Probably one of the most crucial processes during early cancer development is inflammation. The inflammatory response in the tumor is an important indicator of molecular etiology and later of cancer progression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to identify potential biomarkers for early stage of colorectal adenocarcinoma in patients' bowel tissues using transcriptomic analysis. METHODS Expression of the inflammatory response genes of colorectal cancer at all clinical stages (I-IV) and control of the bowel were evaluated by oligonucleotide microarrays. RESULTS Based on statistical analysis many differentially expressed genes were selected. LCK (LCK Proto-Oncogene, Src Family Tyrosine Kinase), GNLY (granulysin), SLC6A6 (Solute-Carrier Family 6 Member 6) and LAMP2 (Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2) were specific for the early stage of the disease. These genes had the properties of the good biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The expression of LCK, GNLY, SLC6A6 and LAMP2 genes could be valuable potential diagnostic biomarkers of the early stage of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Janikowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janikowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Alina Pyka-Pająk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Marcin Janikowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Maciej Gonciarz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, St Barbara's Main District Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Lorenc
- Chair and Clinical Department of General, Colorectal and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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14
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Zheng P, Ren L, Feng Q, Zhu D, Chang W, He G, Ji M, Jian M, Lin Q, Yi T, Wei Y, Xu J. Differences in clinical characteristics and mutational pattern between synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:2871-2881. [PMID: 30214282 PMCID: PMC6118248 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s161392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate differences in clinical characteristics and mutational patterns between synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases (CLMs). Patients and methods From June 2008 to December 2014, patients with RAS wild-type CLMs treated at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University were included. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of primary tumors was sequenced with next-generation sequencing for single-nucleotide polymorphism of 96 genes according to custom panel. Mutations were compared between synchronous and metachronous liver metastases and correlated with clinical characteristics. Results A total of 161 patients were included: 93 patients with synchronous CLM and 68 patients with metachronous CLM. Patients with metachronous CLM were obviously elder. For pathology of primary tumors, synchronous CLMs were larger in size, poorly differentiated, and more frequently local advanced and lymph node positive. For evaluation of liver metastases, synchronous CLM had more and larger metastatic lesions. The median number of mutations in synchronous CLMs was significantly higher than in metachronous group (22 vs. 18, p<0.001). EGFR rs2227983 is the most prevalent mutation in both groups and only a part of prevalent mutations is shared in both groups. Prevalent mutations were correlated with many clinical characteristics. EGFR rs2227983, RBMXL3 rs12399211, and PTCH1 rs357564 were prognostic for latency of metachronous CLM. Conclusion Clinically, synchronous CLMs, compared with metachronous CLMs, were younger and showed heavier tumor burden for both primaries and liver metastases. Genetically, we identified different mutational patterns between synchronous and metachronous CLMs and several correlations between mutations and clinical characteristics. Further researches were needed to confirm these potential key mutations of CLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Li Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qingyang Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Dexiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Guodong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Meiling Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Mi Jian
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tuo Yi
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China,
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15
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Xiong Y, You W, Hou M, Peng L, Zhou H, Fu Z. Nomogram Integrating Genomics with Clinicopathologic Features Improves Prognosis Prediction for Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1373-1384. [PMID: 29784666 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current tumor staging system is insufficient for predicting the outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer because of its phenotypic and genomic heterogeneity. Integrating gene expression signatures with clinicopathologic factors may yield a predictive accuracy exceeding that of the currently available system. Twenty-seven signatures that used gene expression data to predict colorectal cancer prognosis were identified and re-analyzed using bioinformatic methods. Next, clinically annotated colorectal cancer samples (n = 1710) with the corresponding expression profiles, that predicted a patient's probability of cancer recurrence, were pooled to evaluate their prognostic values and establish a clinicopathologic-genomic nomogram. Only 2 of the 27 signatures evaluated showed a significant association with prognosis and provided a reasonable prediction accuracy in the pooled cohort (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.183-5.132, P < 0.001; AUC, 60.83; HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.218-4.453, P < 0.001; AUC, 71.34). By integrating the above signatures with prognostic clinicopathologic features, a clinicopathologic-genomic nomogram was cautiously constructed. The nomogram successfully stratified colorectal cancer patients into three risk groups with remarkably different DFS rates and further stratified stage II and III patients into distinct risk subgroups. Importantly, among patients receiving chemotherapy, the nomogram determined that those in the intermediate- (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.255-0.679, P < 0.001) and high-risk (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.469-0.957, P = 0.028) groups had favorable responses.Implications: These findings offer evidence that genomic data provide independent and complementary prognostic information, and incorporation of this information refines the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 16(9); 1373-84. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxian You
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Hou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Linglong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Zhang C, Shen Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Chen Y. Identification of key pathways and genes in Barrett's esophagus using integrated bioinformatics methods. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3069-3077. [PMID: 29257318 PMCID: PMC5783528 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible mechanisms and biomarkers of BE. To identify the differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and genes (DEGs) in BE, the miRNA expression profile GSE20099 and the gene expression profiles GSE26886, GSE13083 and GSE34619 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. DEGs and DEmiRNAs were screened for using the GEO2R tool. Using DAVID, functional and pathway enrichment analysis was performed to explore the biological function of identified DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was detected using STRING and constructed by Cytoscape software. Furthermore, targets of identified DEmiRNAs were predicted by the miRecords database, then integrated with the identified DEGs to obtain key genes involved in BE. In total, 311 DEGs were identified. These genes were significantly enriched in the pancreatic secretion, metabolic pathways and cytochrome P450 drug metabolism pathways. In the PPI network, 16 hub genes, including keratin 16, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, involucrin, protein kinase C α and cadherin 17 were identified. Following integration of the predicted target genes of DEmiRNAs with DEGs, three key BE genes were identified: PRKCA, CDH17 and epiregulin. In conclusion, a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of identified DEGs and DEmiRNAs was performed to elucidate potential pathways and biomarkers involved in the development of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jiazheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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17
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Chayangsu C, Khunsri S, Sriuranpong V, Tanasanvimon S. The correlations between serum amphiregulin and other clinicopathological factors in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:980-984. [PMID: 29299357 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.08.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphiregulin (AREG) is one of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands and plays the important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Upregulation of AREG in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues has been shown to correlate with depth of tumor invasion, nerve invasion and liver metastasis. We sought to investigate a correlation of serum AREG in CRC with clinicopathological parameters. Methods Patients with CRC receiving treatment at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital during August 2013 to March 2014 were enrolled. We collected baseline serum prior to start any therapy and stored till analysis. Serum AREG was measured by ELISA. The correlation between each clinicopathological characteristic and serum AREG was analysed. Results There were 120 patients with CRC including 78 patients (65.0%) with stage I-III and 41 patients (34.2%) in stage IV or recurrent disease. In stage IV or recurrent group, the median level of serum AREG was 31.55 pg/mL, which was higher than those of stage I-III group, 15.48 pg/mL, P=0.001. The serum AREG higher than 25 pg/mL (high serum AREG) was significantly correlated with liver and peritoneal metastasis (P<0.001). Additionally, high serum AREG was significantly correlated with more poor differentiated/mucinous histological grade (P=0.014), distant metastasis (P=0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P=0.016) and perineural invasion (P<0.001). Conclusions High serum AREG was associated with advanced diseases and poor pathologic factors in CRC. It is potentially a prognostic marker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawalit Chayangsu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chualalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Khunsri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chualalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Virote Sriuranpong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chualalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suebpong Tanasanvimon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chualalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Meunier K, Ferron M, Calmel C, Fléjou JF, Pocard M, Praz F. Impact of MLH1 expression on tumor evolution after curative surgical tumor resection in a murine orthotopic xenograft model for human MSI colon cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:681-690. [PMID: 28512763 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) displaying microsatellite instability (MSI) most often result from MLH1 deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of MLH1 expression per se on tumor evolution after curative surgical resection using a xenograft tumor model. Transplantable tumors established with the human MLH1-deficient HCT116 cell line and its MLH1-complemented isogenic clone, mlh1-3, were implanted onto the caecum of NOD/SCID mice. Curative surgical resection was performed at day 10 in half of the animals. The HCT116-derived tumors were more voluminous compared to the mlh1-3 ones (P = .001). Lymph node metastases and peritoneal carcinomatosis occurred significantly more often in the group of mice grafted with HCT116 (P = .007 and P = .035, respectively). Mlh1-3-grafted mice did not develop peritoneal carcinomatosis or liver metastasis. After surgical resection, lymph node metastases only arose in the group of mice implanted with HCT116 and the rate of cure was significantly lower than in the mlh1-3 group (P = .047). The murine orthotopic xenograft model based on isogenic human CRC cell lines allowed us to reveal the impact of MLH1 expression on tumor evolution in mice who underwent curative surgical resection and in mice whose tumor was left in situ. Our data indicate that the behavior of MLH1-deficient CRC is not only governed by mutations arising in genes harboring microsatellite repeated sequences but also from their defect in MLH1 as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Meunier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Marianne Ferron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Claire Calmel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- Digestive and Oncology Surgery Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, USPC, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 965, Angiogenesis and Translational Research Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
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19
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Stewart JP, Richman S, Maughan T, Lawler M, Dunne PD, Salto-Tellez M. Standardising RNA profiling based biomarker application in cancer-The need for robust control of technical variables. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:258-272. [PMID: 28549623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Histopathology-based staging of colorectal cancer (CRC) has utility in assessing the prognosis of patient subtypes, but as yet cannot accurately predict individual patient's treatment response. Transcriptomics approaches, using array based or next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue can be harnessed to develop multi-gene biomarkers for predicting both prognosis and treatment response, leading to stratification of treatment. While transcriptomics can shape future biomarker development, currently <1% of published biomarkers become clinically validated tests, often due to poor study design or lack of independent validation. In this review of a large number of CRC transcriptional studies, we identify recurrent sources of technical variability that encompass collection, preservation and storage of malignant tissue, nucleic acid extraction, methods to quantitate RNA transcripts and data analysis pipelines. We propose a series of defined steps for removal of these confounding issues, to ultimately aid in the development of more robust clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Stewart
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Susan Richman
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Maughan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Lawler
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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20
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Terashima M, Ichikawa W, Ochiai A, Kitada K, Kurahashi I, Sakuramoto S, Katai H, Sano T, Imamura H, Sasako M. TOP2A, GGH, and PECAM1 are associated with hematogenous, lymph node, and peritoneal recurrence in stage II/III gastric cancer patients enrolled in the ACTS-GC study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57574-57582. [PMID: 28915696 PMCID: PMC5593668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify factors related to relapse sites, we carried out an exploratory biomarker analysis of data from the Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial of TS-1 for Gastric Cancer study, which is a randomized, controlled trial comparing postoperative adjuvant S-1 therapy with surgery alone in 1,059 patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. Patients and Methods Surgical specimens from 829 patients were retrospectively examined, and 63 genes involved in a variety of biological processes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Gene expression normalized to reference genes was categorized as lower or higher than the median, and association with relapse sites was analyzed based on 5-year relapse-free survival. Results Hematogenous, lymph node, and peritoneal recurrence developed in 72, 105, and 138 of the 829 patients, respectively; hazard ratios were 0.79 (95% confidential interval: 0.54–1.16), 0.51 (0.31–0.82), and 0.60 (0.42–0.84), respectively. Expression of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) was strongly correlated with hematogenous recurrence and peritoneal recurrence, respectively (false discovery rate = 7.7×10−5 and 0.002, respectively). Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) expression was moderately correlated with lymph node recurrence (false discovery rate = 0.34). Relapse-free survival was worse in patients expressing high levels of PECAM1 (hazard ratio = 2.37, 1.65–3.41), TOP2A (hazard ratio = 2.35, 1.55–3.57), or GGH (hazard ratio = 1.87, 1.13–3.08), respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed that these were stronger independent risk factors than tumor histological type. Conclusion In patients with stage II/III gastric cancer, TOP2A, GGH, and PECAM1 levels in primary tumors are linked to high risk of hematogenous, lymph node, and peritoneal recurrence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Terashima
- Division of Gastric Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ichikawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Division of Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Kitada
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Fukuyama Medical Center, Okinogami-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Issei Kurahashi
- Data Innovation Center, iAnalysis LLC, Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakuramoto
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Katai
- Gastric Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imamura
- Department of Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Shibahara-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sasako
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Sunaga N, Kaira K. Epiregulin as a therapeutic target in non-small-cell lung cancer. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2015; 6:91-98. [PMID: 28210154 PMCID: PMC5217521 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s60427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epiregulin (EREG) belongs to the ErbB family of ligands. EREG binds to EGFR and ErbB4 receptor and stimulates homodimers of EGFR and ErbB4 in addition to all possible heterodimeric ErbB complexes, resulting in the activation of downstream signaling pathways. EREG is overexpressed in various human cancers and has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. Oncogenic activation of the MEK/ERK pathway plays a central role in the regulation of EREG expression. Non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring KRAS, BRAF, or EGFR mutations overexpress EREG, and abrogation of such mutations or inhibition of MEK or ERK downregulates the expression of EREG. Elevated EREG expression in NSCLC is associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and unfavorable prognosis, especially in oncogenic KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas. The finding that attenuation of EREG inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in KRAS-mutant and EREG-overexpressing NSCLC cell lines suggests that targeting EREG might be a treatment option for KRAS-mutant NSCLC, although further studies are necessary to elucidate its therapeutic value. These observations suggest that oncogenic mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, or BRAF genes induce EREG upregulation through the activation of MEK/ERK pathway in NSCLC cells, whereas overproduced EREG stimulates the EGFR/ErbB receptors and activates multiple downstream signaling pathways, leading to tumor progression and metastasis of these oncogene-driven NSCLCs. This paper reviews the current understanding of the oncogenic role of EREG and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sunaga
- Oncology Center, Gunma University Hospital; Department of Medicine and Molecular Science
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science; Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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22
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Epiregulin: roles in normal physiology and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:49-56. [PMID: 24631357 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epiregulin is a 46-amino acid protein that belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of peptide hormones. Epiregulin binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and ErbB4 (HER4) and can stimulate signaling of ErbB2 (HER2/Neu) and ErbB3 (HER3) through ligand-induced heterodimerization with a cognate receptor. Epiregulin possesses a range of functions in both normal physiologic states as well as in pathologic conditions. Epiregulin contributes to inflammation, wound healing, tissue repair, and oocyte maturation by regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling and by stimulating cell proliferation. Deregulated epiregulin activity appears to contribute to the progression of a number of different malignancies, including cancers of the bladder, stomach, colon, breast, lung, head and neck, and liver. Therefore, epiregulin and the elements of the EGF/ErbB signaling network that lie downstream of epiregulin appear to be good targets for therapeutic intervention.
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23
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Berasain C, Avila MA. Amphiregulin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:31-41. [PMID: 24463227 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG) is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a widely expressed transmembrane tyrosine kinase. AREG is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor protein that can engage in juxtacrine signaling on adjacent cells. Alternatively, after proteolytic processing by cell membrane proteases, mainly TACE/ADAM17, AREG is secreted and behaves as an autocrine or paracrine factor. AREG gene expression and release is induced by a plethora of stimuli including inflammatory lipids, cytokines, hormones, growth factors and xenobiotics. Through EGFR binding AREG activates major intracellular signaling cascades governing cell survival, proliferation and motility. Physiologically, AREG plays an important role in the development and maturation of mammary glands, bone tissue and oocytes. Chronic elevation of AREG expression is increasingly associated with different pathological conditions, mostly of inflammatory and/or neoplastic nature. Here we review the essential aspects of AREG structure, function and regulation, discuss the basis for its differential role within the EGFR family of ligands, and identify emerging aspects in AREG research with translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Matías A Avila
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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24
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Auf G, Jabouille A, Delugin M, Guérit S, Pineau R, North S, Platonova N, Maitre M, Favereaux A, Vajkoczy P, Seno M, Bikfalvi A, Minchenko D, Minchenko O, Moenner M. High epiregulin expression in human U87 glioma cells relies on IRE1α and promotes autocrine growth through EGF receptor. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:597. [PMID: 24330607 PMCID: PMC3878670 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors contribute to the development of malignant glioma. Here we considered the possible implication of the EGFR ligand epiregulin (EREG) in glioma development in relation to the activity of the unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor IRE1α. We also examined EREG status in several glioblastoma cell lines and in malignant glioma. Methods Expression and biological properties of EREG were analyzed in human glioma cells in vitro and in human tumor xenografts with regard to the presence of ErbB proteins and to the blockade of IRE1α. Inactivation of IRE1α was achieved by using either the dominant-negative strategy or siRNA-mediated knockdown. Results EREG was secreted in high amounts by U87 cells, which also expressed its cognate EGF receptor (ErbB1). A stimulatory autocrine loop mediated by EREG was evidenced by the decrease in cell proliferation using specific blocking antibodies directed against either ErbB1 (cetuximab) or EREG itself. In comparison, anti-ErbB2 antibodies (trastuzumab) had no significant effect. Inhibition of IRE1α dramatically reduced EREG expression both in cell culture and in human xenograft tumor models. The high-expression rate of EREG in U87 cells was therefore linked to IRE1α, although being modestly affected by chemical inducers of the endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, IRE1-mediated production of EREG did not depend on IRE1 RNase domain, as neither the selective dominant-negative invalidation of the RNase activity (IRE1 kinase active) nor the siRNA-mediated knockdown of XBP1 had significant effect on EREG expression. Finally, chemical inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) using the SP600125 compound reduced the ability of cells to express EREG, demonstrating a link between the growth factor production and JNK activation under the dependence of IRE1α. Conclusion EREG may contribute to glioma progression under the control of IRE1α, as exemplified here by the autocrine proliferation loop mediated in U87 cells by the growth factor through ErbB1.
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Main Histologic Types of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Differ in Expression of Prognosis-related Genes. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14:666-673.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Changes of T cells and cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 in mice during liver metastasis of colon carcinoma: implications for liver anti-tumor immunity. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17:1283-91. [PMID: 23670517 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The local and systemic regulation of the immune system may play important roles in the process of liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to establish a reproducible experimental liver metastasis model, to identify changes in T cells and cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10, and to explore a possible mechanism of liver metastasis of colon carcinoma. METHODS We used a colon carcinoma liver metastasis model, in which different numbers of CT-26 murine colon carcinoma cells (1 × 10(3), 5 × 10(3), 1 × 10(4), 5 × 10(4), and 1 × 10(5)) were injected into the spleen. The liver and spleen tissues were examined for T cell markers using flow cytometry. Liver tissues were analyzed for IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Spleen injection of colon carcinoma cells is a reproducible animal model for liver metastases, which resulted in quantity-dependent metastatic growth. We provided a snapshot of the hepatic immune microenvironment in the mouse liver metastasis model. Injection of A large number of tumor cells (5 × 10(4) and 1 × 10 (5) ) decreased anti-tumor cell counts, such as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and increased immune-suppressive cell counts (CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells). In addition, the expression levels of immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 were also increased with the number of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the systemic and local immunological environment contribute to immunological escape mechanisms during liver metastasis of colon carcinoma, and therapies aiming at immune microenvironment may prove a useful strategy in the treatment of metastatic disease in the future.
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The role of SRY-related HMG box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) in tumorigenesis and metastasis: friend or foe? Oncogene 2012; 32:3397-409. [PMID: 23246969 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of cancer are mediated by alterations in transcriptional networks, resulting in a disturbed balance between the activity of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Transcription factors have the capacity to regulate global transcriptional profiles, and are consequently often found to be deregulated in their expression and function during tumorigenesis. Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) is a member of the group C subfamily of the SOX transcription factors and has a critical role during embryogenesis, where its expression is widespread and controls the development of numerous tissues. SOX4 expression is elevated in a wide variety of tumors, including leukemia, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer, suggesting a fundamental role in the development of these malignancies. In many cancers, deregulated expression of this developmental factor has been correlated with increased cancer cell proliferation, cell survival, inhibition of apoptosis and tumor progression through the induction of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. However, in a limited subset of tumors, SOX4 has also been reported to act as a tumor suppressor. These opposing roles suggest that the outcome of SOX4 activation depends on the cellular context and the tumor origin. Indeed, SOX4 expression, transcriptional activity and target gene specificity can be controlled by signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor-β and the WNT pathway, as well as at the post-translational level through regulation of protein stability and interaction with specific cofactors, such as TCF, syntenin-1 and p53. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge concerning the role of SOX4 in tumor development and progression.
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28
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Slesser AAP, Georgiou P, Brown G, Mudan S, Goldin R, Tekkis P. The tumour biology of synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012. [PMID: 23180209 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Forty to fifty percent of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop colorectal liver metastases (CLM) that are either synchronous or metachronous in presentation. Clarifying whether there is a biological difference between the two groups of liver metastases or their primaries could have important clinical implications. A systematic review was performed using the following resources: MEDLINE from PubMed (1950 to present), Embase, Cochrane and the Web of Knowledge. Thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The review demonstrated that the majority of studies found differences in molecular marker expression between colorectal liver metastases and their respective primaries in both the synchronous and metachronous groups. Studies investigating genetic aberrations demonstrated that the majority of changes in the primary tumour were 'maintained' in the colorectal liver metastases. A limited number of studies compared the primary tumours of the synchronous and metachronous groups and generally demonstrated no differences in marker expression. Although there were conflicting results, the colorectal liver metastases in the synchronous and metachronous groups demonstrated some differences in keeping with a more aggressive tumour subtype in the synchronous group. This review suggests that biological differences may exist between the liver metastases of the synchronous and metachronous groups. Whether there are biological differences between the primaries of the synchronous and metachronous groups remains undetermined due to the limited number of studies available. Future research is required to determine whether differences exist between the two groups and should include comparisons of the primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A P Slesser
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, UK.
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29
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Sanz-Pamplona R, Berenguer A, Cordero D, Riccadonna S, Solé X, Crous-Bou M, Guinó E, Sanjuan X, Biondo S, Soriano A, Jurman G, Capella G, Furlanello C, Moreno V. Clinical value of prognosis gene expression signatures in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48877. [PMID: 23145004 PMCID: PMC3492249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The traditional staging system is inadequate to identify those patients with stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) at high risk of recurrence or with stage III CRC at low risk. A number of gene expression signatures to predict CRC prognosis have been proposed, but none is routinely used in the clinic. The aim of this work was to assess the prediction ability and potential clinical usefulness of these signatures in a series of independent datasets. Methods A literature review identified 31 gene expression signatures that used gene expression data to predict prognosis in CRC tissue. The search was based on the PubMed database and was restricted to papers published from January 2004 to December 2011. Eleven CRC gene expression datasets with outcome information were identified and downloaded from public repositories. Random Forest classifier was used to build predictors from the gene lists. Matthews correlation coefficient was chosen as a measure of classification accuracy and its associated p-value was used to assess association with prognosis. For clinical usefulness evaluation, positive and negative post-tests probabilities were computed in stage II and III samples. Results Five gene signatures showed significant association with prognosis and provided reasonable prediction accuracy in their own training datasets. Nevertheless, all signatures showed low reproducibility in independent data. Stratified analyses by stage or microsatellite instability status showed significant association but limited discrimination ability, especially in stage II tumors. From a clinical perspective, the most predictive signatures showed a minor but significant improvement over the classical staging system. Conclusions The published signatures show low prediction accuracy but moderate clinical usefulness. Although gene expression data may inform prognosis, better strategies for signature validation are needed to encourage their widespread use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility (UBS), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), and CIBERESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Yun J, Song SH, Park J, Kim HP, Yoon YK, Lee KH, Han SW, Oh DY, Im SA, Bang YJ, Kim TY. Gene silencing of EREG mediated by DNA methylation and histone modification in human gastric cancers. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1033-44. [PMID: 22508389 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiregulin (EREG) induces cell growth by binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Expression of EREG affects sensitivity to cetuximab a chimeric monoclonal antibody that inhibits the EGFR signaling pathway. The mechanism through which EREG is regulated is largely unknown, but a methyl-array study previously performed by our group revealed that EREG is methylated in gastric cancer cells. In this study, we found that EREG gene expression was low in 7 out of 11 gastric cancer cells and this downregulation was mediated by aberrant CpG methylation of the EREG promoter. Treatment with 5-aza-CdR restored EREG expression and demethylated CpG sites in the EREG promoter. Compared with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), knock-down of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) significantly increased the expression of EREG and led to the demethylation of specific CpG sites in the EREG promoter, suggesting that DNMT3b primarily regulates CpG methylation and silencing of the EREG gene. EREG methylation was observed in 30% (4/13) of human primary gastric tumor tissues we evaluated. In addition to DNA methylation, results from a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that transcriptional levels of EREG were associated with the enrichment of active histone marks (H3K4me3 and AcH3) and of a repressive mark (H3K27me2). Treatment with 5-aza-CdR dynamically increased the low occupancy of H3K4me3 and AcH3, while decreasing the high enrichment of H3K27me2, indicating that dynamic histone modifications contribute to EREG regulation in addition to DNA methylation. Finally, the combination of 5-aza-CdR and cetuximab exerted a synergistic anti-proliferative effect on gastric cancer cells. Taken together, the results of our study showed for the first time that EREG is epigenetically silenced in gastric cancer cells by aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Azacitidine/administration & dosage
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cetuximab
- CpG Islands
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Decitabine
- Epidermal Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epiregulin
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Silencing
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- DNA Methyltransferase 3B
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Yun
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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31
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Carrión-Salip D, Panosa C, Menendez JA, Puig T, Oliveras G, Pandiella A, De Llorens R, Massaguer A. Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells circumvent EGFR inhibition by overexpression of alternative HER receptors and ligands. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1128-38. [PMID: 22684500 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway plays a major role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). However, therapies targeting EGFR have demonstrated limited effectiveness in PCa. A potential mechanism to overcome EGFR blockade in cancer cells is the autocrine activation of alternative receptors of the human EGFR (HER) family through the overexpression of the HER receptors and ligands. In the present study, we were interested in analyzing if this intrinsic resistance mechanism might contribute to the inefficacy of EGFR inhibitors in PCa. To this end, we selected two androgen-independent human prostate carcinoma cell lines (DU145 and PC3) and established DU145 erlotinib-resistant cells (DUErR). Cells were treated with three EGFR inhibitors (cetuximab, gefinitib and erlotinib) and the sensitivity to each treatment was assessed. The gene expression of the four EGFR/HER receptors and seven ligands of the HER family was analyzed by real-time PCR prior to and after each treatment. The receptors expression and activation were further characterized by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. EGFR inhibition rapidly induced enhanced gene expression of the EGF, betacellulin and neuregulin-1 ligands along with HER2, HER3 and HER4 receptors in the DU145 cells. In contrast, slight changes were observed in the PC3 cells, which are defective in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene. In the erlotinib-resistant DUErR cells, the expression of HER2 and HER3 was increased at mRNA and protein levels together with neuregulin-1, leading to enhanced HER3 phosphorylation and the activation of the downstream PI3K/Akt survival pathway. HER3 blockage by a monoclonal antibody restored the cytostatic activity of erlotinib in DUErR cells. Our results confirm that the overexpression and autocrine activation of HER3 play a key role in mediating the resistance to EGFR inhibitors in androgen-independent PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolors Carrión-Salip
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona 17071, Spain
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Belda BJ, Thompson JT, Sinha R, Prabhu KS, Vanden Heuvel JP. The dietary fatty acid 10E12Z-CLA induces epiregulin expression through COX-2 dependent PGF(2α) synthesis in adipocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 99:30-7. [PMID: 22583689 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of dietary fatty acids that are widely marketed as weight loss supplements. The isomer responsible for this effect is the trans-10, cis-12 CLA (10E12Z-CLA) isomer. 10E12Z-CLA treatment during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes induces expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2; COX-2). This work demonstrates that COX-2 is also induced in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes after a single treatment of 10E12Z-CLA at both the mRNA (20-40 fold) and protein level (7 fold). Furthermore, prostaglandin (PG)F(2α), but not PGE(2), is significantly increased 10 fold. In female BALB/c mice fed 0.5% 10E12Z-CLA for 10 days, COX-2 was induced in uterine adipose (2 fold). In vitro, pharmacological COX-2 inhibition did not block the effect of 10E12Z-CLA on adipocyte-specific gene expression although PGF(2α) was dose-dependently decreased. These studies demonstrate that PGF(2α) was not by itself responsible for the reduction in adipocyte character due to 10E12Z-CLA treatment. However, PGF(2α), either exogenously or endogenously in response to 10E12Z-CLA, increased the expression of the potent mitogen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) ligand epiregulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Blocking PGF(2α) signaling with the PGF(2α) receptor (FP) antagonist AL-8810 returned epiregulin mRNA levels back to baseline. Although this pathway is not directly responsible for adipocyte dependent gene expression, these results suggest that this signaling pathway may still have broad effect on the adipocyte and surrounding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Belda
- The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and The Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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Kuramochi H, Nakajima G, Kaneko Y, Nakamura A, Inoue Y, Yamamoto M, Hayashi K. Amphiregulin and Epiregulin mRNA expression in primary colorectal cancer and corresponding liver metastases. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:88. [PMID: 22409860 PMCID: PMC3317853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphiregulin (AREG) and Epiregulin (EREG), ligands of EGFR, are reported to be predictive biomarkers of colorectal cancer patients treated with Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR antibody. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation of AREG and EREG expression between primary colorectal cancer and corresponding liver metastases. Methods One hundred twenty colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases (100 with synchronous metastases, 20 with metachronous) were evaluated. No patients had ever received anti-EGFR antibody agents. AREG and EREG mRNA expression from both the primary tumor and liver metastases were measured using real-time RT-PCR. KRAS codon 12, 13 mutation status was analyzed by direct sequencing. Results Modest, but significant, correlations were observed between primary tumor and corresponding liver metastases in both AREG mRNA expression (Rs = 0.54, p < 0.0001) and EREG mRNA expression (Rs = 0.58, p < 0.0001). AREG and EREG mRNA expression was strongly correlated in both the primary tumor (Rs = 0.81, p < 0.0001) and the liver metastases (Rs = 0.87, p < 0.0001). No significant survival difference was observed between low and high AREG or EREG patients when all 120 patients were analyzed. However, when divided by KRAS status, KRAS wild-type patients with low EREG mRNA levels in the primary site showed significantly better overall survival rates than those with high levels (p = 0.018). In multivariate analysis, low EREG expression was significantly associated with better overall survival (p = 0.006). Conclusions AREG and EREG expression showed a modest correlation between primary tumor and liver metastases. As EREG mRNA expression was associated with decreased survival, it is appeared to be a useful prognostic marker in KRAS wild-type patients who never received anti-EGFR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kuramochi
- Department of Chemotherapy and Palliative Care, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pei R, Chen H, Lu L, Zhu W, Beckebaum S, Cicinnati V, Lu M, Chen X. Hepatitis C virus infection induces the expression of amphiregulin, a factor related to the activation of cellular survival pathways and required for efficient viral assembly. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2237-2248. [PMID: 21653755 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG) is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and may play a role in the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). AREG showed an enhanced expression in HCV-infected human hepatoma cells according to gene array analysis. Therefore, we addressed the question about the role of AREG in HCV infection. AREG expression level was elevated in hepatoma cells containing a subgenomic HCV replicon or infected by HCV. Using a reporter assay, AREG promoter activity was found to be upregulated upon HCV infection. The enhanced AREG expression in hepatoma cells was partly caused by dsRNAs, HCV NS3 protein and autocrine stimulation. AREG was able to activate cellular signalling pathways including ERK, Akt and p38, promote cell proliferation, and protect cells from HCV-induced cell death. Further, knockdown of AREG expression increased the efficiency of HCV entry, as proven by HCV pseudoparticles reporter assay. However, the formation and release of infectious HCV particles were reduced by AREG silencing with a concomitant accumulation of intracellular HCV RNA pool, indicating that the assembly and release of HCV progeny may require AREG expression. Blocking the MAPK-ERK pathway by U0126 in Huh7.5.1 cells had a similar effect on HCV replication. In conclusion, HCV infection leads to an increase in AREG expression in hepatocytes. AREG expression is essential for efficient HCV assembly and virion release. Due to the activation of the cellular survival pathways, AREG may counteract HCV-induced apoptosis of infected hepatocytes and facilitate the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Pei
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Honghe Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Susanne Beckebaum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vito Cicinnati
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
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Busser B, Sancey L, Brambilla E, Coll JL, Hurbin A. The multiple roles of amphiregulin in human cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:119-31. [PMID: 21658434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG) is one of the ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). AREG plays a central role in mammary gland development and branching morphogenesis in organs and is expressed both in physiological and in cancerous tissues. Various studies have highlighted the functional role of AREG in several aspects of tumorigenesis, including self-sufficiency in generating growth signals, limitless replicative potential, tissue invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis. The oncogenic activity of AREG has already been described in the most common human epithelial malignancies, such as lung, breast, colorectal, ovary and prostate carcinomas, as well as in some hematological and mesenchymal cancers. Furthermore, AREG is also involved in resistance to several cancer treatments. In this review, we describe the various roles of AREG in oncogenesis and discuss its translational potential, such as the development of anti-AREG treatments, based on AREG activity. In the last decade, independent groups have reported successful but sometimes contradictory results in relation to the potential of AREG to serve as a prognostic and/or predictive marker for oncology, especially with regard to anti-EGFR therapies. Thus, we also discuss the potential usefulness of using AREG as a therapeutic target and validated biomarker for predicting cancer outcomes or treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Busser
- INSERM, U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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Liu YT, Lu BN, Peng JY. Hepatoprotective activity of the total flavonoids from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit in mice treated by paracetamol. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Association between age and synchronous liver metastasis in female colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:959-64. [PMID: 21120666 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between age and synchronous liver metastasis in female colorectal cancer patients. METHOD Clinical and pathological data from 655 consecutive female patients who were treated in Qilu Hospital from January 2000 to January 2010 were reviewed. First, the patients were divided into two groups: 60 years or younger and 61 years or older. A chi-square test was adopted to analyse the difference in clinicopathological characteristics between the two groups. Then, they were classified into two groups according to liver metastasis. Univariate analysis and logistic multivariate regression analysis were adopted to discriminate risk factors of liver metastasis. RESULTS The chi-square test demonstrated that significant difference existed between the younger and the older groups in terms of liver metastasis (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), tumour localization (P < 0.001), tumour invasion depth (P < 0.001), type of tumour (P < 0.001), tumour cell differentiation (P < 0.001) and venous invasion (P < 0.001). Univariate analysis demonstrated that seven factors are associated with liver metastasis. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age (P = 0.005), tumour size (P < 0.001), tumour invasion depth (P = 0.001), tumour cell differentiation (P = 0.029) and type of tumour (P < 0.001) are independent risk factors of liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The liver metastatic potential of colorectal cancer may be different between younger and older female patients. Age may independently influence liver metastasis in female colorectal cancer patients.
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