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Pečar Fonović U, Kos J, Mitrović A. Compensational role between cathepsins. Biochimie 2024; 226:62-76. [PMID: 38663456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a family of lysosomal peptidases, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating protein turnover and degradation as well as many specific regulatory actions that are important for proper cell function and human health. Alterations in the activity and expression of cathepsins have been observed in many diseases such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, bone remodelling-related conditions and others. These changes are not exclusively harmful, but rather appear to be a compensatory response on the lack of one cathepsin in order to maintain tissue integrity. The upregulation of specific cathepsins in response to the inhibition or dysfunction of other cathepsins suggests a fine-tuned system of proteolytic balance and understanding the compensatory role of cathepsins may improve therapeutic potential of cathepsin's inhibitors. Selectively targeting one cathepsin or modulating their activity could offer new treatment strategies for a number of diseases. This review emphasises the need for comprehensive research into cathepsin biology in the context of disease. The identification of the specific cathepsins involved in compensatory responses, the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of targeted interventions could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urša Pečar Fonović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Venugopalan V, Rehders M, Weber J, Rodermund L, Al-Hashimi A, Bargmann T, Golchert J, Reinecke V, Homuth G, Völker U, Verrey F, Kirstein J, Heuer H, Schweizer U, Braun D, Wirth EK, Brix K. Lack of L-type amino acid transporter 2 in murine thyroid tissue induces autophagy. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:JME-22-0060. [PMID: 36129170 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of thyroglobulin (Tg) for thyroid hormone (TH) liberation is followed by TH release from thyroid follicles into the circulation, enabled by TH transporters. The existence of a functional link between Tg-processing cathepsin proteases and TH transporters has been shown to be independent of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thus, lack of cathepsin K, combined with genetic defects in the TH transporters Mct8 and Mct10, that is the Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- genotype, results in persistent Tg proteolysis due to autophagy induction. Because amino acid transport by L-type amino acid transporter 2 (Lat2) has been described to regulate autophagy, we asked whether Lat2 availability is affected in Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- thyroid glands. Our data revealed that while mRNA amounts and subcellular localization of Lat2 remained unaltered in thyroid tissue of Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- mice in comparison to WT controls, the Lat2 protein amounts were significantly reduced. These data suggest a direct link between Lat2 function and autophagy induction in Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- mice. Indeed, thyroid tissue of Lat2-/- mice showed enhanced endo-lysosomal cathepsin activities, increased autophagosome formation, and enhanced autophagic flux. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanistic link between insufficient Lat2 protein function and autophagy induction in the thyroid gland of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maren Rehders
- School of Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jonas Weber
- School of Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lisa Rodermund
- School of Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- School of Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tonia Bargmann
- School of Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vivien Reinecke
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Francois Verrey
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, Faculty of Cell Biology, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Doreen Braun
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- School of Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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3
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Lademann F, Mayerl S, Tsourdi E, Verrey F, Leitch VD, Williams GR, Bassett JHD, Hofbauer LC, Heuer H, Rauner M. The Thyroid Hormone Transporter MCT10 Is a Novel Regulator of Trabecular Bone Mass and Bone Turnover in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab218. [PMID: 34669927 PMCID: PMC8598386 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for skeletal development and adult bone homeostasis. Their bioavailability is determined by specific transporter proteins at the cell surface. The TH-specific transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) was recently reported as a regulator of bone mass in mice. Given that high systemic triiodothyronine (T3) levels in Mct8 knockout (KO) mice are still able to cause trabecular bone loss, alternative TH transporters must substitute for MCT8 function in bone. In this study, we analyzed the skeletal phenotypes of male Oatp1c1 KO and Mct10 KO mice, which are euthyroid, and male Mct8/Oatp1c1 and Mct8/Mct10 double KO mice, which have elevated circulating T3 levels, to unravel the role of TH transport in bone. MicroCT analysis showed no significant trabecular bone changes in Oatp1c1 KO mice at 4 weeks and 16 weeks of age compared with wild-type littermate controls, whereas 16-week-old Mct8/Oatp1c1 double KO animals displayed trabecular bone loss. At 12 weeks, Mct10 KO mice, but not Mct8/Mct10 double KO mice, had decreased trabecular femoral bone volume with reduced osteoblast numbers. By contrast, lack of Mct10 in 24-week-old mice led to trabecular bone gain at the femur with increased osteoblast numbers and decreased osteoclast numbers whereas Mct8/Mct10 double KO did not alter bone mass. Neither Mct10 nor Mct8/Mct10 deletion affected vertebral bone structures at both ages. In vitro, osteoblast differentiation and activity were impaired by Mct10 and Mct8/Mct10-deficiency. These data demonstrate that MCT10, but not OATP1C1, is a site- and age-dependent regulator of bone mass and turnover in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lademann
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Tsourdi
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Francois Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Weber J, Rehders M, Qatato M, Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Heuer H, Verrey F, Brix K. The Amino Acid Transporter Mct10/Tat1 Is Important to Maintain the TSH Receptor at Its Canonical Basolateral Localization and Assures Regular Turnover of Thyroid Follicle Cells in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5776. [PMID: 34071318 PMCID: PMC8198332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K-mediated thyroglobulin proteolysis contributes to thyroid hormone (TH) liberation, while TH transporters like Mct8 and Mct10 ensure TH release from thyroid follicles into the blood circulation. Thus, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released upon TH demand binds to TSH receptors of thyrocytes, where it triggers Gαq-mediated short-term effects like cathepsin-mediated thyroglobulin utilization, and Gαs-mediated long-term signaling responses like thyroglobulin biosynthesis and thyrocyte proliferation. As reported recently, mice lacking Mct8 and Mct10 on a cathepsin K-deficient background exhibit excessive thyroglobulin proteolysis hinting towards altered TSH receptor signaling. Indeed, a combination of canonical basolateral and non-canonical vesicular TSH receptor localization was observed in Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- mice, which implies prolonged Gαs-mediated signaling since endo-lysosomal down-regulation of the TSH receptor was not detected. Inspection of single knockout genotypes revealed that the TSH receptor localizes basolaterally in Ctsk-/- and Mct8-/y mice, whereas its localization is restricted to vesicles in Mct10-/- thyrocytes. The additional lack of cathepsin K reverses this effect, because Ctsk-/-/Mct10-/- mice display TSH receptors basolaterally, thereby indicating that cathepsin K and Mct10 contribute to TSH receptor homeostasis by maintaining its canonical localization in thyrocytes. Moreover, Mct10-/- mice displayed reduced numbers of dead thyrocytes, while their thyroid gland morphology was comparable to wild-type controls. In contrast, Mct8-/y, Mct8-/y/Mct10-/-, and Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- mice showed enlarged thyroid follicles and increased cell death, indicating that Mct8 deficiency results in altered thyroid morphology. We conclude that vesicular TSH receptor localization does not result in different thyroid tissue architecture; however, Mct10 deficiency possibly modulates TSH receptor signaling for regulating thyrocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Eva K. Wirth
- Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Nußallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - François Verrey
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
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5
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Role of Kallikrein 7 in Body Weight and Fat Mass Regulation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020131. [PMID: 33572949 PMCID: PMC7912635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma and adipose tissue protease activity is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. It has been proposed that specific proteases contribute to the link between obesity, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic diseases. We have recently shown that ablation of the serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (Klk7) specifically in adipose tissue preserves systemic insulin sensitivity and protects mice from obesity-related AT inflammation. Here, we investigated whether whole body Klk7 knockout (Klk7-/-) mice develop a phenotype distinct from that caused by reduced Klk7 expression in adipose tissue. Compared to littermate controls, Klk7-/- mice gain less body weight and fat mass both under chow and high fat diet (HFD) feeding, are hyper-responsive to exogenous insulin and exhibit preserved adipose tissue function due to adipocyte hyperplasia and lower inflammation. Klk7-/- mice exhibit increased adipose tissue thermogenesis, which is not related to altered thyroid function. These data strengthen our recently proposed role of Klk7 in the regulation of body weight, energy metabolism, and obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction. The protective effects of Klk7 deficiency in obesity are likely linked to a significant limitation of adipocyte hypertrophy. In conclusion, our data indicate potential application of specific KLK7 inhibitors to regulate KLK7 activity in the development of obesity and counteract obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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Masood A, Benabdelkamel H, Jammah AA, Ekhzaimy AA, Alfadda AA. Identification of Protein Changes in the Urine of Hypothyroid Patients Treated with Thyroxine Using Proteomics Approach. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2367-2378. [PMID: 33521475 PMCID: PMC7841925 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland and thyroid hormones control a multitude of homeostatic functions including maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance and normal functioning of the kidneys. Thyroid dysfunction alters the sytemic hemodynamic and metabolic balance, thereby affecting the kidney. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize the urinary proteome of the patients with hypothyroidism. An untargeted proteomic approach with network analysis was used to identify changes in total urinary proteome in patients with newly diagnosed overt hypothyroidism. Urine samples were collected from nine age-matched patients' before and after l-thyroxine treatment. Differences in the abundance of urinary proteins between hypothyroid and euthyroid states were determined using a two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI TOF) mass spectrometry. Alterations in the abundance of urinary proteins, analyzed by Progenesis software, revealed statistically significant differential abundance in a total of 49 spots corresponding to 42 proteins, 28 up and 14 down (≥1.5-fold change, analysis of variance (ANOVA), p ≤ 0.05). The proteins identified in the study are known to regulate processes related to transport, acute phase response, oxidative stress, generation of reactive oxygen species, cellular proliferation, and endocytosis. Bioinformatic analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified dysregulation of pathways related to amino acid metabolism, molecular transport, and small-molecule biochemistry and involved the MAPK kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PI3 kinase/Akt, protein kinase C (PKC), signaling pathways. The identified proteins were involved in the regulation of thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyrotropin (TSH) metabolism. Alterations in their levels indicate the presence of a compensatory mechanism aimed at increasing the regulation of Tg in the hypothyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Masood
- Proteomics
Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics
Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A. Jammah
- Department
of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah A. Ekhzaimy
- Department
of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assim A. Alfadda
- Proteomics
Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M, Golchert J, Reinecke V, Homuth G, Völker U, Manirajah M, Touzani A, Weber J, Bogyo MS, Verrey F, Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Heuer H, Kirstein J, Brix K. The Thyroid Hormone Transporter Mct8 Restricts Cathepsin-Mediated Thyroglobulin Processing in Male Mice through Thyroid Auto-Regulatory Mechanisms That Encompass Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010462. [PMID: 33466458 PMCID: PMC7796480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland is both a thyroid hormone (TH) generating as well as a TH responsive organ. It is hence crucial that cathepsin-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the precursor thyroglobulin is regulated and integrated with the subsequent export of TH into the blood circulation, which is enabled by TH transporters such as monocarboxylate transporters Mct8 and Mct10. Previously, we showed that cathepsin K-deficient mice exhibit the phenomenon of functional compensation through cathepsin L upregulation, which is independent of the canonical hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, thus, due to auto-regulation. Since these animals also feature enhanced Mct8 expression, we aimed to understand if TH transporters are part of the thyroid auto-regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, we analyzed phenotypic differences in thyroid function arising from combined cathepsin K and TH transporter deficiencies, i.e., in Ctsk-/-/Mct10-/-, Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y, and Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/-. Despite the impaired TH export, thyroglobulin degradation was enhanced in the mice lacking Mct8, particularly in the triple-deficient genotype, due to increased cathepsin amounts and enhanced cysteine peptidase activities, leading to ongoing thyroglobulin proteolysis for TH liberation, eventually causing self-thyrotoxic thyroid states. The increased cathepsin amounts were a consequence of autophagy-mediated lysosomal biogenesis that is possibly triggered due to the stress accompanying intrathyroidal TH accumulation, in particular in the Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- animals. Collectively, our data points to the notion that the absence of cathepsin K and Mct8 leads to excessive thyroglobulin degradation and TH liberation in a non-classical pathway of thyroid auto-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Janine Golchert
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Vivien Reinecke
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Mythili Manirajah
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Adam Touzani
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Matthew S. Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA;
| | - Francois Verrey
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Eva K. Wirth
- Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, Faculty of Cell Biology, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 5, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-421-200-3246
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8
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Ziros PG, Renaud CO, Chartoumpekis DV, Bongiovanni M, Habeos IG, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Kopp PA, Brix K, Sykiotis GP. Mice Hypomorphic for Keap1, a Negative Regulator of the Nrf2 Antioxidant Response, Show Age-Dependent Diffuse Goiter with Elevated Thyrotropin Levels. Thyroid 2021; 31:23-35. [PMID: 32689903 PMCID: PMC7840308 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Familial nontoxic multinodular goiter (MNG) is a rare disease. One of the associated genes is Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which encodes the main inhibitor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), a central mediator of antioxidant responses. The association of KEAP1 with familial MNG is based on only two loss-of-function mutations identified in two families, only one of which included proper phenotyping and adequate demonstration of co-segregation of the phenotype and the mutation. There is no experimental evidence from model organisms to support that decreased Keap1 levels can, indeed, cause goiter. This study used mice hypomorphic for Keap1 to test whether decreased Keap1 expression can cause goiter, and to characterize the activation status of Nrf2 in their thyroid. Methods: C57BL/6J Keap1flox/flox (Keap1 knock-down [Keap1KD]) mice were studied at 3 and 12 months of age. Plasma and thyroid glands were harvested for evaluation of thyroid function tests and for gene and protein expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Results: Keap1KD mice showed diffuse goiter that began to develop in early adult life and became highly prominent and penetrant with age. The goiter was characterized by a markedly increased size of thyroid follicles, most notably of the colloid compartment, and by absence of thyroid nodules or hyperplasia. Keap1KD mice also showed decreased T4 levels in early adult life that were eventually well compensated over time by increased thyrotropin (TSH) levels. Nrf2 was activated in the thyroid of Keap1KD mice. Despite a known stimulatory effect of Nrf2 on thyroglobulin (Tg) gene transcription and Tg protein abundance, the expression levels were decreased in the thyroid of Keap1KD mice. No clear patterns were observed in the expression profiles of other thyroid hormone synthesis-specific factors, with the exception of Tg-processing and Tg-degrading cathepsins, including an increase in mature forms of cathepsins D, L, and S. Conclusions: Keap1KD mice develop age-dependent diffuse goiter with elevated TSH levels. The precise mechanism accounting for the thyroidal phenotype remains to be elucidated, but it may involve enhanced Tg solubilization and excessive lysosomal Tg degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cédric O. Renaud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis G. Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, and University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Committee on Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Skórka-Majewicz M, Goschorska M, Żwierełło W, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Styburski D, Kapczuk P, Gutowska I. Effect of fluoride on endocrine tissues and their secretory functions -- review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127565. [PMID: 32758781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fluoride on endocrine tissues has not been sufficiently explored to date. The current body of knowledge suggest significant effects of that mineral on reducing sex hormone levels, which may consequently impair fertility and disrupt puberty. The majority of studies confirm that sodium fluoride increases TSH levels and decreases the concentrations of T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid. Moreover, a correlation was observed between NaF and increased secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands, without a significant impact on body calcium levels. Probably, fluoride may exert adverse effects on insulin levels, impairing pancreatic function and resulting in abnormal glucose tolerance. Observations also include decreased levels of cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands. In light of the few existing studies, the mechanism of fluoride toxicity on the endocrine system has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skórka-Majewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Żwierełło
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daniel Styburski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 71 street, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
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10
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Procathepsin V Is Secreted in a TSH Regulated Manner from Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells and Is Accessible to an Activity-Based Probe. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239140. [PMID: 33266306 PMCID: PMC7731157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of cysteine cathepsins for the liberation of thyroid hormones from the precursor thyroglobulin was previously shown by in vivo and in vitro studies. Cathepsin L is most important for thyroglobulin processing in mice. The present study aims at specifying the possible contribution of its closest relative, cysteine cathepsin L2/V, to thyroid function. Immunofluorescence analysis on normal human thyroid tissue revealed its predominant localization at the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes and within the follicle lumen, indicating the secretion of cathepsin V and extracellular tasks rather than its acting within endo-lysosomes. To explore the trafficking pathways of cathepsin V in more detail, a chimeric protein consisting of human cathepsin V tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was stably expressed in the Nthy-ori 3-1 thyroid epithelial cell line. Colocalization studies with compartment-specific markers and analyses of post-translational modifications revealed that the chimeric protein was sorted into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transported to the Golgi apparatus, while being N-glycosylated. Immunoblotting showed that the chimeric protein reached endo-lysosomes and it became secreted from the transduced cells. Astonishingly, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-induced secretion of GFP-tagged cathepsin V occurred as the proform, suggesting that TSH upregulates its transport to the plasma membrane before it reaches endo-lysosomes for maturation. The proform of cathepsin V was found to be reactive with the activity-based probe DCG-04, suggesting that it possesses catalytic activity. We propose that TSH-stimulated secretion of procathepsin V is the default pathway in the thyroid to enable its contribution to thyroglobulin processing by extracellular means.
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11
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Dauth S, Rakov H, Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Weber J, Batbajar Dugershaw B, Braun D, Rehders M, Wirth EK, Führer D, Schweizer U, Brix K. Function of Cathepsin K in the Central Nervous System of Male Mice is Independent of Its Role in the Thyroid Gland. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:695-710. [PMID: 31808010 PMCID: PMC11448817 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K deficiency in male mice (Ctsk-/-) results in decreased numbers of hippocampal astrocytes and altered neuronal patterning as well as learning and memory deficits. Additionally, cathepsin K carries essential roles in the thyroid gland where it contributes to the liberation of thyroid hormones (TH). Because TH are essential for brain development, in particular for the cerebellum, we investigated whether cathepsin K's function in the thyroid is directly linked to the brain phenotype of Ctsk-/- mice. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, brain concentrations of free TH, and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) activity in brain parenchyma as well as cerebellar development were comparable in Ctsk-/- and WT animals, suggesting regular thyroid states and TH metabolism. Despite unaltered transcript levels, protein expression of two TH transporters was enhanced in specific brain regions in Ctsk-/- mice, suggesting altered TH supply to these regions. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh) mRNA levels were enhanced threefold in the hippocampus of Ctsk-/- mice. In the striatum of Ctsk-/- mice the mRNA for Dio2 and hairless were approximately 1.3-fold enhanced, while mRNA levels for monocarboxylate transporter 8 and Trh were reduced to 60% and 40%, respectively, pointing to altered striatal physiology. We conclude that the role of cathepsin K in the thyroid gland is not directly associated with its function in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Future studies will show whether the brain region-specific alterations in Trh mRNA may eventually result in altered neuroprotection that could explain the neurobehavioral defects of Ctsk-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helena Rakov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- Department of Mathematics and Logistics, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 1200-177, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- CisBio, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Battuja Batbajar Dugershaw
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- Empa, Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Doreen Braun
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
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12
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Brix K, Szumska J, Weber J, Qatato M, Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M. Auto-Regulation of the Thyroid Gland Beyond Classical Pathways. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:437-445. [PMID: 32074633 DOI: 10.1055/a-1080-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review asks how self-regulation of the thyroid gland is realized at the cellular and molecular levels by canonical and non-canonical means. Canonical pathways of thyroid regulation comprise thyroid stimulating hormone-triggered receptor signaling. As part of non-canonical regulation, we hypothesized an interplay between protease-mediated thyroglobulin processing and thyroid hormone release into the circulation by means of thyroid hormone transporters like Mct8. We proposed a sensing mechanism by different thyroid hormone transporters, present in specific subcellular locations of thyroid epithelial cells, selectively monitoring individual steps of thyroglobulin processing, and thus, the cellular thyroid hormone status. Indeed, we found that proteases and thyroid hormone transporters are functionally inter-connected, however, in a counter-intuitive manner fostering self-thyrotoxicity in particular in Mct8- and/or Mct10-deficient mice. Furthermore, the possible role of the G protein-coupled receptor Taar1 is discussed, because we detected Taar1 at cilia of the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes in vitro and in situ. Eventually, through pheno-typing Taar1-deficient mice, we identified a co-regulatory role of Taar1 and the thyroid stimulating hormone receptors. Recently, we showed that inhibition of thyroglobulin-processing enzymes results in disappearance of cilia from the apical pole of thyrocytes, while Taar1 is re-located to the endoplasmic reticulum. This pathway features a connection between thyrotropin-stimulated secretion of proteases into the thyroid follicle lumen and substrate-mediated self-assisted control of initially peri-cellular thyroglobulin processing, before its reinternalization by endocytosis, followed by extensive endo-lysosomal liberation of thyroid hormones, which are then released from thyroid follicles by means of thyroid hormone transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Present address of JS is Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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14
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Coscia F, Taler-Verčič A, Chang VT, Sinn L, O'Reilly FJ, Izoré T, Renko M, Berger I, Rappsilber J, Turk D, Löwe J. The structure of human thyroglobulin. Nature 2020; 578:627-630. [PMID: 32025030 PMCID: PMC7170718 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) is the protein precursor of thyroid hormones, which are essential for growth, development and the control of metabolism in vertebrates1,2. Hormone synthesis from TG occurs in the thyroid gland via the iodination and coupling of pairs of tyrosines, and is completed by TG proteolysis3. Tyrosine proximity within TG is thought to enable the coupling reaction but hormonogenic tyrosines have not been clearly identified, and the lack of a three-dimensional structure of TG has prevented mechanistic understanding4. Here we present the structure of full-length human thyroglobulin at a resolution of approximately 3.5 Å, determined by cryo-electron microscopy. We identified all of the hormonogenic tyrosine pairs in the structure, and verified them using site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro hormone-production assays using human TG expressed in HEK293T cells. Our analysis revealed that the proximity, flexibility and solvent exposure of the tyrosines are the key characteristics of hormonogenic sites. We transferred the reaction sites from TG to an engineered tyrosine donor-acceptor pair in the unrelated bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP), which yielded hormone production with an efficiency comparable to that of TG. Our study provides a framework to further understand the production and regulation of thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajda Taler-Verčič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Ludwig Sinn
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francis J O'Reilly
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Miha Renko
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Imre Berger
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dušan Turk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Salveridou E, Mayerl S, Sundaram SM, Markova B, Heuer H. Tissue-Specific Function of Thyroid Hormone Transporters: New Insights from Mouse Models. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:423-427. [PMID: 31724131 DOI: 10.1055/a-1032-8328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) transporters are required for cellular transmembrane passage of TH and are thus mandatory for proper TH metabolism and action. Consequently, inactivating mutations in TH transporters such as MCT8 or OATP1C1 can cause tissue- specific changes in TH homeostasis. As the most prominent example, patients with MCT8 mutations exhibit elevated serum T3 levels, whereas their CNS appear to be in a TH deficient state. Here, we will briefly summarize recent studies of mice lacking Mct8 alone or in combination with the TH transporters Mct10 or Oatp1c1 that shed light on many aspects and pathogenic events underlying global MCT8 deficiency and also underscore the contribution of Mct10 and Oatp1c1 in tissue-specific TH transport processes. Moreover, development of conditional knock-out mice that allow a cell-specific inactivation of TH transporters in distinct tissues, disclosed cell-specific changes in TH signaling, thereby highlighting the pathophysiological significance of local control of TH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Salveridou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sivaraj Mohana Sundaram
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Boyka Markova
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Fernández-Santos JM, Utrilla JC, Vázquez-Román V, Villar-Rodríguez JL, Gutiérrez-Avilés L, Martín-Lacave I. Primary Cilium in the Human Thyrocyte: Changes in Frequency and Length in Relation to the Functional Pathology of the Thyroid Gland. Thyroid 2019; 29:595-606. [PMID: 30767621 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia (PC) are conserved structures in the adult thyroid gland of different mammals. It was recently described that in humans, PC are usually present as a single copy per follicular cell emerging from the follicular cell apex into the follicular lumen. METHODS To understand the role developed by PC in thyroid hormonogenesis better, their changes in different human functional thyroid diseases (diffuse toxic hyperplasia/Graves' disease [GD] and nodular hyperplasia [NH]/nodular goiter), in comparison to normal thyroid tissue, were investigated using immunofluorescence, morphometry, and electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS Significantly decreased ciliary frequencies were found in both NH (51.16 ± 11.69%) and GD (44.43 ± 23.70%) compared to normal thyroid tissue (76.09 ± 7.31%). Similarly, PC lengths were also significantly decreased in both NH (2.02 ± 0.35 μm) and GD (2.4 ± 0.48 μm) compared to normal glands (3.93 ± 0.90 μm). Moreover, in GD patients, hyperactive-follicle foci always showed diminished ciliary frequency and length compared to any other thyroid follicle pattern, independent of their thyroid status. Finally, in GD, the percentage of thyrocytes exhibiting PC in the "normal-appearance areas" was significantly lower in correspondence with the subsistence of signs of thyroid biosynthetic hyperactivity after long-term antithyroid drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a direct relationship between ciliogenesis and both follicle activity and tissue heterogeneity in the functional pathology of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Santos
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José Carmelo Utrilla
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victoria Vázquez-Román
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Gutiérrez-Avilés
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Lacave
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Chen F, Wang H, Li Q, Li Z, Luo Y. [Progress in the research of negative feedback effect of thyroglobulin]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:125-126. [PMID: 30692078 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin is the most important and abundant protein in thyroid follicles and has been widely studied as a tumor marker of thyroid cancer recurrence and persistence. Tg is considered the material basis of thyroid hormone synthesis and does not participate in the regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. This review summarizes the recent progress in the research of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion regulation via a negative feedback regulation mechanism by the thyroid-hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Thyroglobulin can negatively regulate the synthesis of thyroid hormone by thyroid follicular cells and antagonize the positive regulation of thyrotropin TSH. The function of thyroid follicular cells is presumably a result of Tg and TSH interaction, and a follicular cycle model is proposed to explain the causes of follicular heterogeneity in glands. We also discuss the prospects and clinical significance of studies into the negative feedback regulation mechanism of the thyroid-hypothalamus-pituitary axis and compare two theories for this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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Qatato M, Szumska J, Skripnik V, Rijntjes E, Köhrle J, Brix K. Canonical TSH Regulation of Cathepsin-Mediated Thyroglobulin Processing in the Thyroid Gland of Male Mice Requires Taar1 Expression. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:221. [PMID: 29615904 PMCID: PMC5870035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) has been suggested as putative receptor of thyronamines. These are aminergic messengers with potential metabolic and neurological effects countering their contingent precursors, the thyroid hormones (THs). Recently, we found Taar1 to be localized at the primary cilia of rodent thyroid epithelial cells in vitro and in situ. Thus, Taar1 is present in a location of thyroid follicles where it might be involved in regulation of cathepsin-mediated proteolytic processing of thyroglobulin, and consequently TH synthesis. In this study, taar1 knock-out male mice (taar1-/-) were used to determine whether Taar1 function would entail differential alterations in thyroid states of young and adult animals. Analyses of blood serum revealed unaltered T4 and T3 concentrations and unaltered T3-over-T4 ratios upon Taar1 deficiency accompanied, however, by elevated TSH concentrations. Interestingly, TSH receptors, typically localized at the basolateral plasma membrane domain of wild type controls, were located at vesicular membranes in thyrocytes of taar1-/- mice. In addition, determination of epithelial extensions in taar1-/- thyroids showed prismatic cells, which might indicate activation states higher than in the wild type. While gross degradation of thyroglobulin was comparable to controls, deregulated thyroglobulin turnover in taar1-/- mice was indicated by luminal accumulation of covalently cross-linked thyroglobulin storage forms. These findings were in line with decreased proteolytic activities of thyroglobulin-solubilizing and -processing proteases, due to upregulated cystatins acting as their endogenous inhibitors in situ. In conclusion, Taar1-deficient mice are hyperthyrotropinemic in the absence of respective signs of primary hypothyroidism such as changes in body weight or TH concentrations in blood serum. Thyrocytes of taar1-/- mice are characterized by non-canonical TSH receptor localization in intracellular compartments, which is accompanied by altered thyroglobulin turnover due to a disbalanced proteolytic network. These finding are of significance considering the rising popularity of using TAAR1 agonists or antagonists as neuromodulating pharmacological drugs. Our study highlights the importance of further evaluating potential off-target effects regarding TSH receptor mislocalization and the thyroglobulin processing machinery, which may not only affect the TH-generating thyroid gland, but may emanate to other TH target organs like the CNS dependent on their proper supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladislav Skripnik
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin-Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin-Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin-Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin-Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Couture F, Jansen AM, Taghert P, Brix K. EJCB - Molecular basis of protein fates in the secretory and endocytic pathways, and beyond. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:369-371. [PMID: 28754257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couture
- University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | | | - Paul Taghert
- Washington University Medical School, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St Louis MO 63110, USA.
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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