Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds part 27. Syntheses, structural characterizations, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, and DNA interactions of new phosphazenes bearing secondary amino and pendant (4-fluorobenzyl)spiro groups

The First Chalcone Derivatives of Valine-Based Spiro-Cyclotriphosphazenes: In Vitro Cytotoxic Properties, Molecular Docking and DNA Damage Mechanism Studies

Cancer treatment requires novel compounds with potent cytotoxic and genotoxic properties to effectively target cancer cells. In this study, new hybrid cyclotriphosphazene compounds were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their biological activity. Cytotoxicity against A2780 and Caco-2 cancer cell lines was assessed via the MTT assay, while genotoxic effects at 60-70% cell viability were examined using the Comet assay. Apoptotic cells were identified through TUNEL analyses, and reactive oxygen species levels were measured. Results showed that these compounds significantly reduced cell viability through DNA damage mechanisms. At high doses (50-100 µM), BV, BVK1, BVK2, and BVK4 decreased A2780 cell viability by 30-65%, whereas VPA had a milder effect (15-25%). In Caco-2 cells, viability was reduced by 10-35%. The compounds exhibited varying cytotoxicity across different cancer cell lines, reflecting cancer cell heterogeneity. Significant DNA damage, including changes in tail length, tail density, and tail moment, was observed in A2780 cells, confirming cell death via DNA damage. Molecular docking analyses further supported the potential of cyclotriphosphazene compounds (BV and BVK2) as targeted cancer inhibitors. Molecular docking revealed BVK2's high selectivity for Bcl-2, mutant p53, and VEGFR2. BVK2 and BV demonstrate strong binding affinities with key cancer-related targets, indicating their potential as multi-targeted inhibitors that regulate apoptosis, cell cycle control, and angiogenesis, making them promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy.

Phosphazene Tripeptide Conjugates: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity, Molecular Interactions in Binding Pockets on Human Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Lines

The biological activity of both cyclophosphazenes and peptides makes these compounds important for new studies in medicinal chemistry. For this purpose, five different phosphazene-peptide conjugates synthesized from dichlorocyclotriphosphazene and tyrosine-containing tripeptides. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against human breast (MCF-7) and colon (Caco-2) cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The derivatives induced cell death through DNA damage, with notable effects in Caco-2 cell lines. Specifically, DTVV, DTVG, and DTVA were cytotoxic at 50 and 100 μM, while DTVP and DTVM were effective at 25, 50, and 100 μM. DTVM outperformed Tamoxifen at 50 μM in the MCF-7 cell line. DNA damage studies of the compounds were performed using the comet assay method, evaluating tail length, tail density, olive tail moment, head length, and head density parameters. The findings indicated that cell death occurred via a DNA damage mechanism. The molecular intricacies of DTVA, DTVG, DTVM, DTVP and DTVV within the VEGFR2 kinase domain (3VHE) and Cyclophilin_CeCYP16-Like Domain (2HQ6) binding pockets and various interactions, docking scores and potential activities of these derivatives were investigated. The differences in docking scores and interaction profiles highlight the potential efficacy and specificity of these compounds in targeting breast and colon cancer cells. These findings highlight the potential of phosphazene-peptide derivatives as therapeutic agents in cancer treatment.

Tripeptide linked dispiro cyclotriphosphazene conjugates: Synthesis, molecular docking analysis of compounds binding within cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic activities

The novel dioxybiphenyl bridged-cyclotriphosphazenes (DPP) bearing tripeptide were synthesized and investigated for their molecular docking analysis, visualizing their binding profiles within various cancer cell line receptors and in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The dipeptide compound (Tyr-Phe) was treated with various amino acids to obtain the tripeptide compounds (Tyr-Phe-Gly, Tyr-Phe-Ala, Tyr-Phe-Val, Tyr-Phe-Phe, and Tyr-Phe-Leu). These synthesized tripeptides were subsequently treated with DPP to obtain novel phosphazene compounds bearing tripeptide structures. As a result, the synthesis of target molecules with phosphazene compound in the center and biphenyl and tripeptide groups in the side arms was obtained for the first time in this study. Examining the cytotoxic studies in vitro of our newly synthesized compounds demonstrated the anticancer properties against four selected human cancer cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cells. The Comet Assay analysis determined that the cell death mechanism of most of the compounds with cytotoxic activity stemmed from the DNA damage mechanism. Among the compounds, the DPP-Tyr-Phe-Phe compound seems to have the best anticancer activity against the subjected cell lines (Except for A2780) with IC50 values equal to 20.18, 72.14, 12.21, and 5.17 μM against breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines, respectively. For this reason, the molecular docking analysis was conducted for the DTPP compound to visualize its binding geometry and profile within the target enzyme's binding site associated with the specific cancer cell line. The analysis revealed that the DTPP derivative exhibited an optimal binding conformation and characteristics within the target enzyme's binding site, aligning well with the experimental data. Based on the data, these compounds are believed to be strong candidate molecules for both pharmaceutical and clinical applications.

Small Molecules with Spiro-Conjugated Cycles: Advances in Synthesis and Applications

Dear Colleagues, [...].

Substituted naphthoxy-phthalonitrile derivatives: Synthesis, substituent effects, DFT, TD-DFT Calculations, antimicrobial properties and DNA interaction studies

Herein, substituted-naphthol derivatives 4a-e were synthesized in two steps, namely the Diels Alder cycloaddition and Cu-catalyzed aromatization reactions, respectively. Then, pththalonitrile derivatives 7-12 have been prepared by a nucleophilic displacement reaction of 3-nitrophthalonitrile with the naphthol derivatives 4a-e, 5 and, obtained in excellent yields. Structural characterization of the compounds was identified by different spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial properties of the synthesized compounds were determined by the microdilution procedure against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast. Furthermore, the DNA interaction of the compounds were determined by gel electrophoresis. One of the most prominent findings is that compounds 9 and 10 have more inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. These compounds especially exhibited the highest antibacterial potency against S. aureus (625 µg/mL) among Gram-positive bacteria. According to the plasmid DNA interaction results, the synthesized compounds caused changes in the structure and mobility of the plasmid DNA. Then, geometry optimizations and frequency calculations were conducted at B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) level of DFT, and optimized structures were used for further analyses. The NBO results revealed that the π→π * and n→π * interactions were greatly contributed to lowering the stabilization energy of all compounds (7-12). FMO energy analyses showed that compound 9 has the biggest electrodonating power.

Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. Part 58. Syntheses, structural characterizations and biological activities of 4-fluorobenzyl-spiro(N/O)cyclotriphosphazene derivatives

The starting compound, tetrachloro-4-fluorobenzyl-spiro(N/O)cyclotriphosphazene (2), was synthesized from the substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazatriene (N₃P₃Cl₆; trimer; HCCP) with sodium 3-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-1-propanoxide (1). Reactions of spiro (2) with excess 1-(2-aminoethyl)-piperidine, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-morpholine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine and 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine yielded the fully substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives (2a-2d), respectively. Elemental analysis, mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), FTIR, ¹H-, ¹³C- and ³¹P-NMR data confirmed the structure of the new cyclotriphosphazenes (2a-2d); and the crystal structure of 2 was also identified by X-ray crystallography. The quantum mechanical DFT calculations of 2 were performed to estimate the geometry optimization, total energy, orientation of frontier molecular orbitals (HOMOs and LUMOs), and chemical parameters. In addition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the fully substituted 4-fluorobenzyl-spiro(N/O)cyclotriphosphazenes (2a-2d) were investigated against G(+) and G(-) bacteria and fungi. Using agarose gel electrophoresis, the DNA cleavage activities of these phosphazenes on double-stranded plasmid DNA were evaluated. To evaluate the abilities of compounds 2a-2d to inhibit cell proliferation in different concentrations, the antiproliferative and antimigrative activities against prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), breast cancer (MCF7) and colon cancer (HT29) cell lines were studied in vitro; and the compound 2c was determined to be the most efficient against the three cancer cells.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds. Part 64. Comparative Reactions of Spiro and Ansa(N/O) Cyclotetraphosphazenes with Bulky (4-Fluorobenzyl) N/N and N/O Donor Type Bidentate Reagents: Structure, Stereogenic Properties and Cytotoxic activity Studies

The reaction of octachlorocyclotetraphosphazene, N4P4Cl8 (1) (OCCP, tetramer) with an equimolar amount of sodium 3-(N-ferrocenylmethylamino)-1-propanoxide (L1) resulted in the formations of ferrocenyl-spiro-(2) and ferrocenyl-2-cis-4-dichloro-ansa-(3) cyclotetraphosphazenes. Both of the starting compounds...

Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds: part 53-synthesis, characterization, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity, DNA interaction and molecular docking studies of new mono- and dispirocyclotriphosphazenes with pendant arm(s)

Mono-/dispirocyclotriphosphazenes with pendant arm(s) are robust, but they are less investigated inorganic ring systems. In this study, a series of mono (3 and 4)- and dispirocyclotriphosphazenes with 4-chloro-benzyl pendant arm(s) (13-16) was obtained from the Cl exchange reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with sodium (N-benzyl)aminopropanoxides (1 and 2). When compound (3) reacted with excess pyrrolidine, morpholine, tetra-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane (DASD) and piperidine, the fully substituted monospirocyclotriphosphazenes (7, 9, 10 and 12) occurred. But, the reactions of 4 with excess piperidine and morpholine produced the gem-piperidino (5)- and morpholino (6)-substituted monospirocyclotriphosphazenes, whereas the reactions of 4 with excess pyrrolidine and DASD gave the fully substituted monospirocyclotriphosphazenes (8) and (11). However, it should be indicated that these derivatives were obtained to be used for the investigation of their spectral, stereogenic and biological properties. The structures of 5, 7 and 14 were determined crystallographically. X-ray data of 5 and 14 displayed that both of compounds were chiral in solid state, and their absolute configurations were assigned as R and RR. Additionally, the antimicrobial activities of phosphazenes were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, minimal bacterial concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations of phosphazenes were determined. The interactions of phosphazenes with plasmid DNA were evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The cytotoxic activities of compounds were studied against L929 fibroblast and DLD-1 colon cancer cells. In addition, density functional theory calculations of 5, 7 and 14 were reported, and their molecular docking studies with DNA, E. coli DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV were presented.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis and characterization of trimeric phosphazene based ionic liquids with tetrafluoroborate anions and their thermal investigations

The quaternized compounds (PzIL1–9) reacted with sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF₄) to generate phosphazene based ionic liquids (PzILs), PzIL1a–9a. The newly synthesized ionic compounds (PzIL1a–9a) were verified using elemental CHN analyses and functional and spectroscopic (FTIR and ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P-NMR) analyses techniques. The thermal properties of PzIL1a–9a were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). According to the initial decomposition temperature values calculated based on the TGA thermograms, PzIL7a (213 °C) was recognized to be more thermally stable than the other PzILs studied. PzIL1a–9a exhibited good solubility in the water and demonstrate a typical dielectric relaxation behavior, conductivity levels for both low and high-frequency regions. AC conductivity mechanisms and dielectric relaxation behavior of each sample are investigated by fabricating parallel plate capacitors.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterizations of hexakis[(1-(4'-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one)]cyclotriphosphazenes: their in vitro cytotoxic activity, theoretical analysis and molecular docking studies

The hexachlorocyclotriphosphaze compound (N₃P₃Cl₆, HCCP) was reacted with excess (E)-(1-(4'-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones (2-11) to produce hexakis[(1-(4-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one)]cyclotriphosphazenes (CP 2-11). The structures of products (CP 2-11) were confirmed using elemental analysis, FT-IR, MS spectral analysis as well as ³¹P, ¹H and ¹³C-APT NMR techniques and their thermal properties determined by TGA and DSC techniques. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap and chemical reactivity identifiers were calculated and HOMO and LUMO images were viewed. According to the calculations, all the chemical potential values of CP 2-11 are negative and it shown that the molecules are stable. The in vitro cytotoxic of CP 2-11 investigated and their activity potentials were evaluated by molecular docking studies with Autodock Vina softwares. CP 2-11 compounds were found to demonstrate cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, LNCaP and PC-3). The CP 2-11 compounds reduced the cell viability against all cancer cell lines in the range 36%-90% especially. The results showed that these compounds are powerful candidate molecules for pharmaceutical applications.

Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of (N/O) mono- and dispirocyclotriphosphazene derivatives with benzyl pendant arms: study of biological activity

The Cl replacement reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (trimer; N 3 P 3 Cl 6 ) with sodium (N-benzyl)- aminopropanoxides (1 and 2) produced monospiro- (3 and 4), cis-, and trans-dispirocyclotriphosphazenes (13-16). The monospiro tetrakis-aminocyclotriphosphazenes (5-12) were obtained by the Cl substitutions of 3 and 4 with different secondary amines. The cis- (13 and 14) and trans-dispirophosphazenes (15 and 16) possessed 2 chiral P centers, and they were able to present meso and racemic forms, respectively. Moreover, the structures of compounds 5 and 14 were designated using X-ray data. The absolute configuration of compound 14 was found as SR in the solid state. Analytical and spectroscopic data of the phosphazenes were consistent with their suggested structures. Antimicrobial activities of the benzyl-pendant-armed cyclotriphosphazenes were scrutinized against G(+) and G(-) bacteria and yeast strains. The bacterium most affected by the synthesized compounds was Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimal bacterial concentrations were in the range of 125-500 μM. Interactions between the phosphazenes (3-12 and 15) and plasmid DNA were studied with agarose gel electrophoresis. The phosphazene- DNA interaction studies of the cyclotriphosphazenes revealed that phosphazenes 3, 4, and 15 had a substantial effect on supercoiled DNA by cleavage of the double helix.

Synthesis of the first 2-hydroxyanthraquinone substituted cyclotriphosphazenes and their cytotoxic properties

New 2-hydroxyanthraquinone based cyclotriphosphazenes were prepared and their cytotoxic effects were investigated in MCF-7 (breast cancer), MCF-12A (normal breast epithelium), DLD-1 (colon cancer), and CD-18Co (normal colon epithelium) cell lines.

Revealing quinquennial anticancer journey of morpholine: A SAR based review

Morpholine, a six-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen and one oxygen atom, is a moiety of great significance. It forms an important intermediate in many industrial and organic syntheses. Morpholine containing drugs are of high therapeutic value. Its wide array of pharmacological activity includes anti-diabetic, anti-emetic, growth stimulant, anti-depressant, bronchodilator and anticancer. Multi-drug resistance in cancer cases have emerged in the last few years and have led to the failure of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Newer treatment methods and drugs are being developed to overcome this problem. Target based drug discovery is an effective method to develop novel anticancer drugs. To develop newer drugs, previously reported work needs to be studied. Keeping this in mind, last five year's literature on morpholine used as anticancer agents has been reviewed and summarized in the paper herein.

Phosphorus–nitrogen compounds. Part 42. The comparative syntheses of 2-cis-4-ansa(N/O) and spiro(N/O) cyclotetraphosphazene derivatives: spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization, antituberculosis and cytotoxic activity studies

Syntheses, structural properties and biological activities of ferrocenyl ansa- and spiro-cyclotetraphosphazenes were investigated.

Synthesis, and spectroscopic, thermal and dielectric properties of phosphazene based ionic liquids: OFET application and tribological behavior

Mono(4-fluorobenzyl)cyclotriphosphazene derivatives with (dimethylamino)ethoxy (Pz1a–2a) and (dimethylamino)propoxy (Pz1b–2b) chains and their ionic liquids (PzIL1–PzIL4 and PzIL1a–PzIL4a) were synthesized.

Syntheses, spectroscopic and crystallographic characterizations of cis- and trans-dispirocyclic ferrocenylphosphazenes: molecular dockings, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities

The crystallographic and molecular docking investigations and the determinations of the cytotoxic activities of the dispirocyclic ferrocenylphosphazenes were performed.

Efficient strategy toward saturated N,P-heterocycles. Synthesis of l,2-azaphospholidines and extension to the preparation of azaphosphacane and azaphosphanane higher homologues

Synthesis of l,2-azaphospholidines and extension to azaphosphacane and azaphosphanane higher homologues.

Phosphorus–nitrogen compounds. Part 37. Syntheses and structural characterizations, biological activities of mono and bis(4-fluorobenzyl)spirocyclotetraphosphazenes

The syntheses, spectroscopic and crystallographic properties, in vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the cyclotetraphosphazenes were investigated.