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Mohammadi Y, Emadi R, Maddahi A, Shirdel S, Morowvat MH. Identifying potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutics through GSK-3β inhibition: A molecular docking and dynamics approach. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 111:108095. [PMID: 38805865 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Emerging as a promising drug target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) has garnered attention. This study sought to rigorously scrutinize a compendium of natural compounds retrieved from the ZINC database through pharmacodynamic experiments, employing a 1 H-indazole-3-carboxamide (INDZ) scaffold, to identify compounds capable of inhibiting the GSK-3β protein. Utilizing a multi-step approach, the study involved pharmacophore analysis, followed by molecular docking to select five promising ligands for further investigation. Subsequently, ESMACS simulations were employed to assess the stability of the ligand-protein interactions. Evaluation of the binding modes and free energy of the ligands revealed that five compounds (2a-6a) exhibited crucial interactions with the active site residues. Furthermore, various methodologies, including hydrogen bond and clustering analyses, were utilized to ascertain their inhibitory potential and elucidate the factors contributing to ligand binding in the protein's active site. The findings from MMPBSA/GBSA analysis indicated that these five selected small molecules closely approached the IC50 value of the reference ligand (OH8), yielding energy values of -34.85, -32.58, -31.71, and -30.39 kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, an assessment of the interactions using hydrogen bond and dynamic analyses delineated the effective binding of the ligands with the binding pockets in the protein. Through computational analysis, we obtained valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of GSK-3β, aiding in the development of more potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Mohammadi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Emadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophsysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Maddahi
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Shirdel
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Kuznetsov AV. Numerical modeling of senile plaque development under conditions of limited diffusivity of amyloid-β monomers. J Theor Biol 2024; 587:111823. [PMID: 38608804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new model to simulate the progression of senile plaques, focusing on scenarios where concentrations of amyloid beta (Aβ) monomers and aggregates vary between neurons. Extracellular variations in these concentrations may arise due to limited diffusivity of Aβ monomers and a high rate of Aβ monomer production at lipid membranes, requiring a substantial concentration gradient for diffusion-driven transport of Aβ monomers. The dimensionless formulation of the model is presented, which identifies four key dimensionless parameters governing the solutions for Aβ monomer and aggregate concentrations, as well as the radius of a growing Aβ plaque within the control volume. These parameters include the dimensionless diffusivity of Aβ monomers, the dimensionless rate of Aβ monomer production, and the dimensionless half-lives of Aβ monomers and aggregates. A dimensionless parameter is then introduced to evaluate the validity of the lumped capacitance approximation. An approximate solution is derived for the scenario involving large diffusivity of Aβ monomers and dysfunctional protein degradation machinery, resulting in infinitely long half-lives for Aβ monomers and aggregates. In this scenario, the concentrations of Aβ aggregates and the radius of the Aβ plaque depend solely on a single dimensionless parameter that characterizes the rate of Aβ monomer production. According to the approximate solution, the concentration of Aβ aggregates is linearly dependent on the rate of monomer production, and the radius of an Aβ plaque is directly proportional to the cube root of the rate of monomer production. However, when departing from the conditions of the approximate solution (e.g., finite half-lives), the concentrations of Aβ monomers and aggregates, along with the plaque radius, exhibit complex dependencies on all four dimensionless parameters. For instance, under physiological half-life conditions, the plaque radius reaches a maximum value and stabilizes thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA.
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3
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Kuznetsov AV. Numerical and Analytical Simulation of the Growth of Amyloid-β Plaques. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:061004. [PMID: 38421364 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Numerical and analytical solutions were employed to calculate the radius of an amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque over time. To the author's knowledge, this study presents the first model simulating the growth of Aβ plaques. Findings indicate that the plaque can attain a diameter of 50 μm after 20 years of growth, provided the Aβ monomer degradation machinery is malfunctioning. A mathematical model incorporates nucleation and autocatalytic growth processes using the Finke-Watzky model. The resulting system of ordinary differential equations was solved numerically, and for the simplified case of infinitely long Aβ monomer half-life, an analytical solution was found. Assuming that Aβ aggregates stick together and using the distance between the plaques as an input parameter of the model, it was possible to calculate the plaque radius from the concentration of Aβ aggregates. This led to the "cube root hypothesis," positing that Aβ plaque size increases proportionally to the cube root of time. This hypothesis helps explain why larger plaques grow more slowly. Furthermore, the obtained results suggest that the plaque size is independent of the kinetic constants governing Aβ plaque agglomeration, indicating that the kinetics of Aβ plaque agglomeration is not a limiting factor for plaque growth. Instead, the plaque growth rate is limited by the rates of Aβ monomer production and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910
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Muolokwu CE, Chaulagain B, Gothwal A, Mahanta AK, Tagoe B, Lamsal B, Singh J. Functionalized nanoparticles to deliver nucleic acids to the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1405423. [PMID: 38855744 PMCID: PMC11157074 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1405423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-targeted gene delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a significant challenge in the 21st century for the healthcare sector, particularly in developing an effective treatment strategy against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Internal architecture of the brain capillary endothelium restricts bio-actives entry into the brain. Additionally, therapy with nucleic acids faces challenges like vulnerability to degradation by nucleases and potential immune responses. Functionalized nanocarrier-based gene delivery approaches have resulted in safe and effective platforms. These nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated efficacy in protecting nucleic acids from degradation, enhancing transport across the BBB, increasing bioavailability, prolonging circulation time, and regulating gene expression of key proteins involved in AD pathology. We provided a detailed review of several nanocarriers and targeting ligands such as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), endogenous proteins, and antibodies. The utilization of functionalized NPs extends beyond a singular system, serving as a versatile platform for customization in related neurodegenerative diseases. Only a few numbers of bioactive regimens can go through the BBB. Thus, exploring functionalized NPs for brain-targeted gene delivery is of utmost necessity. Currently, genes are considered high therapeutic potential molecules for altering any disease-causing gene. Through surface modification, nanoparticulate systems can be tailored to address various diseases by replacing the target-specific molecule on their surface. This review article presents several nanoparticulate delivery systems, such as lipid NPs, polymeric micelles, exosomes, and polymeric NPs, for nucleic acids delivery to the brain and the functionalization strategies explored in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Abdo Moustafa E, Abdelrasheed Allam H, Fouad MA, El Kerdawy AM, Nasser Eid El-Sayed N, Wagner C, Abdel-Aziz HA, Abdel Fattah Ezzat M. Discovery of novel quinolin-2-one derivatives as potential GSK-3β inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Pharmacophore-based design, preliminary SAR, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107324. [PMID: 38569322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been considered as a critical factor implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a previous work, a 3D pharmacophore model for GSK-3β inhibitors was created and the results suggested that derivative ZINC67773573, VIII, may provide a promising lead for developing novel GSK-3β inhibitors for the AD's treatment. Consequently, in this work, novel series of quinolin-2-one derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their GSK-3β inhibitory properties. In vitro screening identified three compounds: 7c, 7e and 7f as promising GSK-3β inhibitors. Compounds 7c, 7e and 7f were found to exhibit superior inhibitory effect on GSK-3β with IC50 value ranges between 4.68 ± 0.59 to 8.27 ± 0.60 nM compared to that of staurosporine (IC50 = 6.12 ± 0.74 nM). Considerably, compounds 7c, 7e and 7f effectively lowered tau hyperphosphorylated aggregates and proving their safety towards the SH-SY5Y and THLE2 normal cell lines. The most promising compound 7c alleviated cognitive impairments in the scopolamine-induced model in mice. Compound 7c's activity profile, while not highly selective, may provide a starting point and valuable insights into the design of multi-target inhibitors. According to the ADME prediction results, compounds 7c, 7e and 7f followed Lipinski's rule of five and could almost permeate through the BBB. Molecular docking simulations showed that these compounds are well accommodated in the ATP binding site interacting by its quinoline-2-one ring through hydrogen bonding with the key amino acids Asp133 and Val135 at the hinge region. The findings of this study suggested that these new compounds may have potential as anti-AD drugs targeting GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo- Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Science, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christoph Wagner
- Institut für Chemie, Naturwissenschaftliche FakultätII, Universität Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 206120, Halle, Germany
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdel Fattah Ezzat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt.
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Manoharan SD, Abdul Hamid H, Md Hashim NF, Cheema MS, Chiroma SM, Mustapha M, Mehat MZ. Could protein phosphatase 2A and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta be targeted by natural compounds to ameliorate Alzheimer's pathologies? Brain Res 2024; 1829:148793. [PMID: 38309553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs memory and cognitive abilities, primarily in the elderly. The burden of AD extends beyond patients, impacting families and caregivers due to the patients' reliance on assistance for daily tasks. The main features of the pathogenesis of AD are beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), that strongly correlate with oxidative stress and inflammation. NFTs result from misfolded and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Various studies have focused on tau phosphorylation, indicating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as the primary tau phosphatase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) as the leading tau kinase. Experimental evidence suggests that inhibition of PP2A and increased GSK-3β activity contribute to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment. Hence, targeting PP2A and GSK-3β with pharmacological approaches shows promise in treating AD. The use of natural compounds in the drug development for AD have been extensively studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and neuroprotective properties, demonstrating therapeutic advantages in neurological diseases. Alongside the development of PP2A activator and GSK-3β inhibitor drugs, natural compounds are likely to have neuroprotective effects by increasing PP2A activity and decreasing GSK-3β levels. Therefore, based on the preclinical and clinical studies, the potential of PP2A and GSK-3β as therapeutic targets of natural compounds are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitaa Dhevii Manoharan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Manraj Singh Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Samaila Musa Chiroma
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed), Iskandar Puteri 79200, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Zhang R, Liu S, Mousavi SM. Cognitive Dysfunction and Exercise: From Epigenetic to Genetic Molecular Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03970-7. [PMID: 38286967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining good health is crucial, and exercise plays a vital role in achieving this goal. It offers a range of positive benefits for cognitive function, regardless of age. However, as our population ages and life expectancy increases, cognitive impairment has become a prevalent issue, often coexisting with age-related neurodegenerative conditions. This can result in devastating consequences such as memory loss, difficulty speaking, and confusion, greatly hindering one's ability to lead an ordinary life. In addition, the decrease in mental capacity has a significant effect on an individual's physical and emotional well-being, greatly reducing their overall level of contentment and causing a significant financial burden for communities. While most current approaches aim to slow the decline of cognition, exercise offers a non-pharmacological, safe, and accessible solution. Its effects on cognition are intricate and involve changes in the brain's neural plasticity, mitochondrial stability, and energy metabolism. Moreover, exercise triggers the release of cytokines, playing a significant role in the body-brain connection and its impact on cognition. Additionally, exercise can influence gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to lasting improvements in brain function and behavior. Herein, we summarized various genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that can be modulated by exercise in cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Luliang University, Lishi, 033000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shangwu Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Luliang University, Lishi, 033000, Shanxi, China
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Bernard PJ, Bellili D, Ismaili L. Calcium channel blockers' contribution to overcoming Current drug discovery challenges in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:21-32. [PMID: 37800853 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2266994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible, and multifactorial brain disorder that gradually and insidiously destroys individual's memory, thinking, and other cognitive abilities. AREAS COVERED In this perspective, the authors examine the complex and multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease and believe that the best approach to develop new drugs is the MTDL strategy, which obviously faces several challenges. These challenges include identifying the key combination of targets and their suitability for coordinated actions, as well as developing an acceptable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile to deliver a drug candidate. EXPERT OPINION Since calcium plays a crucial role in the pathology of AD, a polypharmacological approach with calcium channel blockers reinforced by activities targeting other factors involved in AD is a serious option in our opinion. This is exemplified by a phase III clinical trial using a drug combination approach with Losartan, Amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker), and Atorvastatin, as well as several MTDL-based calcium channel blockade approaches with a promising in vitro and in vivo profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bernard
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC, UFR Santé, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Besançon, France
| | - Djamila Bellili
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC, UFR Santé, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Besançon, France
| | - Lhassane Ismaili
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC, UFR Santé, Pôle de Chimie Médicinale, Besançon, France
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Uzunhisarcıklı E, Çelik İ, Yerer MB. Detection of natural compounds by virtual screening, molecular docking and dynamics studies and evaluation of their effects on tau level in vitro Alzheimer's model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:384-392. [PMID: 36946204 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and tau hyperphosphorylation reduces microtubule binding. Many protein kinases are thought to be involved in tau hyperphosphorylation. Based on the fact that tau hyperphosphorylation can be prevented by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which is one of the tau kinases, the effectiveness of potential GSK-3β inhibitors determined by virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations studies on Alzheimer's pathology has been examined and its role in neurodegeneration has been investigated by studies. Neomangiferin was determined as the most effective molecule according to the results of studies with potential compounds determined by virtual screening and molecular docking to be GSK-3β inhibitors in the in vitro Alzheimer's model created by neuronal differentiation studies. Neomangiferin has been shown to have a protective role in induced neurodegeneration by the MTT method and Real Time Cell Analysis. It has been determined that Neomangiferin inhibits GSK-3β and reduces the level of phosphorylated tau. In summary, our findings suggested Neomangiferin can be a therapeutic candidate for AD treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Uzunhisarcıklı
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İsmail Çelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Galati S, Di Stefano M, Bertini S, Granchi C, Giordano A, Gado F, Macchia M, Tuccinardi T, Poli G. Identification of New GSK3β Inhibitors through a Consensus Machine Learning-Based Virtual Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17233. [PMID: 38139062 PMCID: PMC10743990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays key roles in glycogen metabolism, Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, synaptic modulation, and multiple autophagy-related signaling pathways. GSK3β is an attractive target for drug discovery since its aberrant activity is involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In the present study, multiple machine learning models aimed at identifying novel GSK3β inhibitors were developed and evaluated for their predictive reliability. The most powerful models were combined in a consensus approach, which was used to screen about 2 million commercial compounds. Our consensus machine learning-based virtual screening led to the identification of compounds G1 and G4, which showed inhibitory activity against GSK3β in the low-micromolar and sub-micromolar range, respectively. These results demonstrated the reliability of our virtual screening approach. Moreover, docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were employed for predicting reliable binding modes for G1 and G4, which represent two valuable starting points for future hit-to-lead and lead optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Galati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Miriana Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Gado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.G.); (M.D.S.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (G.P.)
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Li Z, Yin B, Zhang S, Lan Z, Zhang L. Targeting protein kinases for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Recent progress and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115817. [PMID: 37722288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory impairment, mental retardation, impaired motor balance, loss of self-care and even death. Among the complex and diverse pathological changes in AD, protein kinases are deeply involved in abnormal phosphorylation of Tau proteins to form intracellular neuronal fiber tangles, neuronal loss, extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits to form amyloid plaques, and synaptic disturbances. As a disease of the elderly, the growing geriatric population is directly driving the market demand for AD therapeutics, and protein kinases are potential targets for the future fight against AD. This perspective provides an in-depth look at the role of the major protein kinases (GSK-3β, CDK5, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK3) in the pathogenesis of AD. At the same time, the development of different protein kinase inhibitors and the current state of clinical advancement are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Shuangqian Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhigang Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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12
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Li T, Tao X, Sun R, Han C, Li X, Zhu Z, Li W, Huang P, Gong W. Cognitive-exercise dual-task intervention ameliorates cognitive decline in natural aging rats via inhibiting the promotion of LncRNA NEAT1/miR-124-3p on caveolin-1-PI3K/Akt/GSK3β Pathway. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110761. [PMID: 37714275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related cognitive impairment (ARCI) is rapidly becoming a healthcare priority. However, there is currently no excellent cure for it. Cognitive-exercise dual-task intervention (CEDI) is a promising method to improve ARCI, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the onset, development, and rehabilitation of ARCI. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CEDI and the role of regulation of the lncRNA NEAT1/miR-124-3p on the caveolin-1-PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway in CEDI improving cognitive function. Forty 18-month-old natural aging rats were randomly assigned to four groups: exercise training group, cognitive training group, CEDI group, and aging control group, and underwent 12 weeks of intervention. A novel object recognition test was performed to determine the cognitive function, and the hippocampus was separated three days after the behavioral tests for further molecular detection. In an in vitro study, the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 was cultured. MiR-124-3p and lncRNA NEAT1 were over-expressed or down-expressed, respectively. The expressions of related proteins, lncRNA, and miRNA were examined by WB and/or qRT-PCR. The results showed that compared with the aging control group, the CEDI group had a higher discrimination index, and significantly decreased the expressions of lncRNA NEAT1, and the protein expressions of caveolin-1 and p-GSK3β, while significantly increased the expressions of miR-124-3p, and the protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt. Inhibition of the lncRNA NEAT1 could significantly increase the protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt in HT22 cells. Upregulation of miR-124-3p decreased the protein expressions of caveolin-1 and p-GSK3β, and increased the protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt significantly. Inhibition of miR-124-3p had the opposite effects. Our study demonstrated that CEDI improved cognitive function in aging rats better than a single intervention. The mechanisms of cognitive improvement could be related to the regulation of the lncRNA NEAT1/miR-124-3p on the caveolin-1-PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Li
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Tao
- Department of Research, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Sun
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Conglin Han
- Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziman Zhu
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshan Li
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiling Huang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Gong
- Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Singh R, Hussain J, Kaur A, Jamdare BG, Pathak D, Garg K, Kaur R, Shankar S, Sunkaria A. The hidden players: Shedding light on the significance of post-translational modifications and miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease development. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102002. [PMID: 37423542 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent, expensive, lethal, and burdening neurodegenerative disease of this century. The initial stages of this disease are characterized by a reduced ability to encode and store new memories. Subsequent cognitive and behavioral deterioration occurs during the later stages. Abnormal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) resulting in amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation along with hyperphosphorylation of tau protein are the two characteristic hallmarks of AD. Recently, several post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been identified on both Aβ as well as tau proteins. However, a complete understanding of how different PTMs influence the structure and function of proteins in both healthy and diseased conditions is still lacking. It has been speculated that these PTMs might play vital roles in the progression of AD. In addition, several short non-coding microRNA (miRNA) sequences have been found to be deregulated in the peripheral blood of Alzheimer patients. The miRNAs are single-stranded RNAs that control gene expression by causing mRNA degradation, deadenylation, or translational repression and have been implicated in the regulation of several neuronal and glial activities. The lack of comprehensive understanding regarding disease mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets greatly hampers the development of effective strategies for early diagnosis and the identification of viable therapeutic targets. Moreover, existing treatment options for managing the disease have proven to be ineffective and provide only temporary relief. Therefore, understanding the role of miRNAs and PTMs in AD can provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms, aid in the identification of biomarkers, facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets, and inspire innovative treatments for this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Julfequar Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Balaji Gokul Jamdare
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Deepti Pathak
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Kanchan Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Shivani Shankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
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14
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Ishikane S, Arioka M, Takahashi-Yanaga F. Promising small molecule anti-fibrotic agents: Newly developed or repositioned drugs targeting myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115663. [PMID: 37336252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs in all organs and tissues except the brain, and its progression leads to dysfunction of affected organs. Fibrosis-induced organ dysfunction results from the loss of elasticity, strength, and functionality of tissues due to the extracellular matrix secreted by myofibroblasts that express smooth muscle-type actin as a marker. Myofibroblasts, which play a major role in fibrosis, were once thought to originate exclusively from activated fibroblasts; however, it is now clear that myofibroblasts are diverse in origin, from epithelial cells, endothelial cells, adipocytes, macrophages, and other cells. Fibrosis of vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver, is a serious chronic disease that ultimately leads to death. Currently, anti-cancer drugs have made remarkable progress, as evidenced by the development of many molecular-targeted drugs, and are making a significant contribution to improving the prognosis of cancer treatment. However, the development of anti-fibrotic agents, which also play an important role in prognosis, has lagged. In this review, the current knowledge regarding myofibroblasts is summarized, with particular attention given to their origin and transdifferentiation signaling pathways (e.g., TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, YAP/TAZ and AMPK signaling pathways). The development of new small molecule anti-fibrotic agents and the repositioning of existing drugs targeting myofibroblast transdifferentiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ishikane
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Arioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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15
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Hartz RA, Ahuja VT, Luo G, Chen L, Sivaprakasam P, Xiao H, Krause CM, Clarke WJ, Xu S, Tokarski JS, Kish K, Lewis H, Szapiel N, Ravirala R, Mutalik S, Nakmode D, Shah D, Burton CR, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Discovery of 2-(Anilino)pyrimidine-4-carboxamides as Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37235865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that serves as an important regulator of a broad range of cellular functions. It has been linked to Alzheimer's disease as well as various other diseases, including mood disorders, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. There is considerable evidence indicating that GSK-3β in the central nervous system plays a role in the production of abnormal, hyperphosphorylated, microtubule-associated tau protein found in neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease. A series of analogues containing a pyrimidine-based hinge-binding heterocycle was synthesized and evaluated, leading to the identification of highly potent GSK-3 inhibitors with excellent kinase selectivity. Further evaluation of 34 and 40 in vivo demonstrated that these compounds are orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant GSK-3 inhibitors that lowered levels of phosphorylated tau in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramu Ravirala
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sayali Mutalik
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Deepa Nakmode
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Devang Shah
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
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16
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Luo Z, Li S, Zhang Y, Yin F, Luo H, Chen X, Cui N, Wan S, Li X, Kong L, Wang X. Oxazole-4-carboxamide/butylated hydroxytoluene hybrids with GSK-3β inhibitory and neuroprotective activities against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115415. [PMID: 37172476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal cells overexpressing phosphorylated Tau proteins can increase the susceptibility to oxidative stress. Regulation of glycogen synthase-3β (GSK-3β) and reduction of Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, along with alleviation of oxidative stress, may be an effective way to prevent or treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). For this purpose, a series of Oxazole-4-carboxamide/butylated hydroxytoluene hybrids were designed and synthesized to achieve multifunctional effects on AD. The biological evaluation showed that the optimized compound KWLZ-9e displayed potential GSK-3β (IC50 = 0.25 μM) inhibitory activity and neuroprotective capacity. Tau protein inhibition assays showed that KWLZ-9e reduced the expression of GSK-3β and downstream p-Tau in HEK GSK-3β 293T cells. Meanwhile, KWLZ-9e could alleviate H2O2-induced ROS damage, mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance, Ca2+ influx and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies suggest that KWLZ-9e activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and enhances the expression of downstream oxidative stress proteins including TrxR1, HO-1, NQO1, GCLM to exert cytoprotective effects. We also confirmed that KWLZ-9e could ameliorate learning and memory impairments in vivo model of AD. The multifunctional properties of KWLZ-9e suggest that it is a promising lead for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fucheng Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Heng Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinye Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ningjie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Siyuan Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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17
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Peng X, Guo H, Zhang X, Yang Z, Ruganzu JB, Yang Z, Wu X, Bi W, Ji S, Yang W. TREM2 Inhibits Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Neuronal Apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β Signaling Pathway In vivo and In vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2470-2485. [PMID: 36662361 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), a cell surface receptor mainly expressed on microglia, has been shown to play a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and progression. Our recent results showed that overexpression of TREM2 inhibited inflammatory response in APP/PS1 mice and BV2 cells. Several studies indicated that TREM2 ameliorated tau hyperphosphorylation might be ascribed to the inhibition of neuroinflammation. However, the precise signaling pathways underlying the effect of TREM2 on tau pathology and neuronal apoptosis have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, upregulation of TREM2 significantly inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser199, Ser396, and Thr205, respectively, as well as prevented neuronal loss and apoptosis. We also found that upregulation of TREM2 alleviated behavioral deficits and improved the spatial cognitive ability of APP/PS1 mice. Further study revealed that TREM2 could activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, resulting in an inhibitory effect on glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which is a major kinase responsible for tau hyperphosphorylation in AD. In line with in vivo findings, TREM2-overexpressing BV2 microglia following β-amyloid (Aβ) stimulation led to a significant increase in the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and GSK-3β, accompanied by a decrease in tau hyperphosphorylation and apoptosis in co-cultured SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor, was observed to abolish the beneficial effects of TREM2 on tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal apoptosis, and spatial cognitive impairments in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our findings indicated that TREM2 inhibits tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal apoptosis, at least in part, by the activation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Taken together, the above results allow us to better understand how TREM2 protects against tau pathology and suggest that upregulation of TREM2 may provide new ideas and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongsong Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zikang Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Qide College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Yang
- Medical Undergraduates of the Second Clinical Medical School of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Bi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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18
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Siddiqui N, Ali J, Parvez S, Najmi AK, Akhtar M. Neuroprotective Role of DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin Against Neurodegeneration, Neuronal Insulin Resistance and Neuroinflammation Induced by Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin in Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03924-w. [PMID: 37079222 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related, multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disorder manifested by cognitive impairment and neuronal death in the brain areas like hippocampus, yet the precise neuropathology of AD is still unclear. Continuous failure of various clinical trial studies demands the utmost need to explore more therapeutic targets against AD. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and neuronal insulin resistance due to serine phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 at 307 exhibits correlation with AD. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have also indicated therapeutic effects in AD by increasing the level of Glucagon-like peptide-1 in the brain after crossing Blood Brain Barrier. The present study is hypothesized to examine Linagliptin, a DPP-4i in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation and hippocampal insulin resistance in rat model of AD. Following infusion on 1st and 3rd day, animals were treated orally with Linagliptin (0.513 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg) and donepezil (5 mg/kg) as a standard for 8 weeks. Neurobehavioral, biochemical and histopathological analysis was done at the end of treatment. Dose-dependently Linagliptin significantly reversed behavioral alterations done through locomotor activity (LA) and morris water maze (MWM) test. Moreover, Linagliptin augmented hippocampal GLP-1 and Akt-ser473 level and mitigated soluble Aβ (1-42), IRS-1 (s307), GSK-3β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, AchE and oxidative/nitrosative stress level. Histopathological analysis also exhibited neuroprotective and anti-amylodogenic effect in Hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red staining respectively. The findings of our study concludes remarkable dose-dependent therapeutic potential of Linagliptin against neuronal insulin resistance via IRS-1 and AD-related complication. Thus, demonstrates unique molecular mechanism that underlie AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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19
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Nguyen TH, Wang SL, Nguyen VB. Microorganism-Derived Molecules as Enzyme Inhibitors to Target Alzheimer's Diseases Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040580. [PMID: 37111337 PMCID: PMC10146315 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It increases the risk of other serious diseases and causes a huge impact on individuals, families, and socioeconomics. AD is a complex multifactorial disease, and current pharmacological therapies are largely based on the inhibition of enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Natural enzyme inhibitors are the potential sources for targeting AD treatment and are mainly collected from plants, marine organisms, or microorganisms. In particular, microbial sources have many advantages compared to other sources. While several reviews on AD have been reported, most of these previous reviews focused on presenting and discussing the general theory of AD or overviewing enzyme inhibitors from various sources, such as chemical synthesis, plants, and marine organisms, while only a few reviews regarding microbial sources of enzyme inhibitors against AD are available. Currently, multi-targeted drug investigation is a new trend for the potential treatment of AD. However, there is no review that has comprehensively discussed the various kinds of enzyme inhibitors from the microbial source. This review extensively addresses the above-mentioned aspect and simultaneously updates and provides a more comprehensive view of the enzyme targets involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The emerging trend of using in silico studies to discover drugs concerning AD inhibitors from microorganisms and perspectives for further experimental studies are also covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hanh Nguyen
- Doctoral Program in Applied Sciences, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam
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20
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Madhav H, Abdel-Rahman SA, Hashmi MA, Rahman MA, Rehan M, Pal K, Nayeem SM, Gabr MT, Hoda N. Multicomponent Petasis reaction for the identification of pyrazine based multi-target directed anti-Alzheimer's agents: In-silico design, synthesis, and characterization. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115354. [PMID: 37043996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) have recently attracted significant interest due to their exceptional effectiveness against multi-factorial Alzheimer's disease. The present work described the development of pyrazine-based MTDLs using multicomponent Petasis reaction for the dual inhibition of tau-aggregation and human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE). The molecular structure of synthesized ligands was validated by 1H & 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. The screened compounds were shown to have a strong inhibitory effect at 10 μM concentration against tau-oligomerization and hAChE, but only moderate inhibitory activity against Aβ42. Among all the compounds, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 21 and 24 against hAChE were 0.71 μM and 1.09 μM, respectively, while they displayed half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) values of 2.21 μM and 2.71 μM for cellular tau-oligomerization, respectively. Additionally, an MTT experiment using tau-expressing SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells revealed that 21 was more neuroprotective than the FDA-approved medication donepezil. Furthermore, an MD simulation study was performed to investigate the dynamics and stability of AChE-21 and AChE-24 complexes in an aqueous environment. The MM-PBSA calculations were performed to evaluate the binding of 21 and 24 with AChE, and the relative binding energy was calculated as -870.578 and -875.697 kJ mol-1, respectively. As a result, the study offered insight into the design of new MTDLs and highlighted 21 as a potential roadblock to the development of anti-AD medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Somaya A Abdel-Rahman
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Md Amiruddin Hashmi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- Max-Planck-Institute für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kavita Pal
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shahid M Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Moustafa T Gabr
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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21
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Hartz RA, Ahuja VT, Sivaprakasam P, Xiao H, Krause CM, Clarke WJ, Kish K, Lewis H, Szapiel N, Ravirala R, Mutalik S, Nakmode D, Shah D, Burton CR, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Design, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Potent and Brain-Penetrant Imidazo[1,2- b]pyridazines as Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4231-4252. [PMID: 36950863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates numerous cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, and cell survival. Due to its multifaceted role, GSK-3 has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and mood disorders. GSK-3β has been linked to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease that arise from the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. The design and synthesis of a series of imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives that were evaluated as GSK-3β inhibitors are described herein. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of potent GSK-3β inhibitors. In vivo studies with 47 in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model showed that this compound is a brain-penetrant, orally bioavailable GSK-3β inhibitor that significantly lowered levels of phosphorylated tau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramu Ravirala
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sayali Mutalik
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Deepa Nakmode
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Devang Shah
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
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22
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The emerging role of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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23
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Zhang Z, Chen L, Guo Y, Li D, Zhang J, Liu L, Fan W, Guo T, Qin S, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Chen Z. The neuroprotective and neural circuit mechanisms of acupoint stimulation for cognitive impairment. Chin Med 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 36670425 PMCID: PMC9863122 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a prevalent neurological disorder that burdens families and the healthcare system. Current conventional therapies for cognitive impairment, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, are unable to completely stop or reverse the progression of the disease. Also, these medicines may cause serious problems with the digestive system, cardiovascular system, and sleep. Clinically, stimulation of acupoints has the potential to ameliorate the common symptoms of a variety of cognitive disorders, such as memory deficit, language dysfunction, executive dysfunction, reduced ability to live independently, etc. There are common acupoint stimulation mechanisms for treating various types of cognitive impairment, but few systematic analyses of the underlying mechanisms in this domain have been performed. This study comprehensively reviewed the basic research from the last 20 years and found that acupoint stimulation can effectively improve the spatial learning and memory of animals. The common mechanism may be that acupoint stimulation protects hippocampal neurons by preventing apoptosis and scavenging toxic proteins. Additionally, acupoint stimulation has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, promoting neural regeneration, regulating synaptic plasticity, and normalizing neural circuits by restoring brain functional activity and connectivity. Acupoint stimulation also inhibits the production of amyloid β-peptide and the phosphorylation of Tau protein, suggesting that it may protect neurons by promoting correct protein folding and regulating the degradation of toxic proteins via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. However, the benefits of acupoint stimulation still need to be further explored in more high-quality studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuyi Chen
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Fan
- grid.412879.10000 0004 0374 1074Department of Rehabilitation Physical Therapy Course, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka City, 5100293 Japan
| | - Tao Guo
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Siru Qin
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadan Zhao
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelin Chen
- grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 People’s Republic of China ,grid.410648.f0000 0001 1816 6218National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381 People’s Republic of China
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Fenech RK, Hamstra SI, Finch MS, Ryan CR, Marko DM, Roy BD, Fajardo VA, MacPherson REK. Low-Dose Lithium Supplementation Influences GSK3β Activity in a Brain Region Specific Manner in C57BL6 Male Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:615-626. [PMID: 36463453 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium, a commonly used treatment for bipolar disorder, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects for other conditions including Alzheimer's disease via the inhibition of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). However, dose-dependent adverse effects of lithium are well-documented, highlighting the need to determine if low doses of lithium can reliably reduce GSK3 activity. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a low-dose lithium supplementation on GSK3 activity in the brain of an early, diet-induced Alzheimer's disease model. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into either a 6-week or 12-week study. In the 6-week study, mice were fed a chow diet or a chow diet with lithium-supplemented drinking water (10 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Alternatively, in the 12-week study, mice were fed a chow diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or a HFD with lithium-supplemented drinking water for 12 weeks. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampal tissues were collected for analysis. RESULTS Results demonstrated reduced GSK3 activity in the prefrontal cortex as early as 6 weeks of lithium supplementation, in the absence of inhibitory phosphorylation changes. Further, lithium supplementation in an obese model reduced prefrontal cortex GSK3 activity as well as improved insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data provide evidence for low-dose lithium supplementation to inhibit GSK3 activity in the brain. Moreover, these results indicate that GSK3 activity can be inhibited despite any changes in phosphorylation. These findings contribute to an overall greater understanding of low-dose lithium's ability to influence GSK3 activity in the brain and its potential as an Alzheimer's disease prophylactic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Fenech
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie I Hamstra
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Michael S Finch
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Chantal R Ryan
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
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25
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Rajput S, Malviya R, Bahadur S, Puri D. Recent Updates on the Development of Therapeutics for the Targeted Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2802-2813. [PMID: 38018199 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128274618231105173031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated, multifaceted, irreversible, and incurable neurotoxic old age illness. Although NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate)-receptor antagonists, cholinesterase repressors, and their pairings have been approved for the treatment, they are useful for short symptomatic relief. Researchers throughout the globe have been constantly working to uncover the therapy of Alzheimer's disease as new candidates must be determined, and newer treatment medicines must be developed. The aim of this review is to address recent advances in medication research along with new Alzheimer's disease therapy for diverse targets. Information was gathered utilizing a variety of internet resources as well as websites, such as ALZFORUM (alzforum.org) and clinicaltrials.gov. In contrast to other domains, the proposed medicines target amyloids (secretases, A42 generation, neuroinflammation, amyloid precipitation, and immunization), tau proteins (tau phosphorylation/aggregation and immunotherapy), and amyloid deposition. Despite tremendous advancement in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) only approved aducanumab for diagnosis and treatment in 2003. Hence, novel treatment tactics are needed to find and develop therapeutic medicines to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Bahadur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh Puri
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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26
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Soliman NA, Abdel Ghafar MT, AbuoHashish NA, Ibrahim MA, Eid AM, El-Gohary RM, Abo El Gheit RE, Elshamy AM. The Possible Role of Naringenin in the Prevention of Alcohol-Induced Neurochemical and Neurobehavioral Deficits. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:537-550. [PMID: 36242717 PMCID: PMC9892097 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with progressive/irreversible neurodegeneration. However, there is not a clear understanding of its discrete pathophysiology or therapeutic intervention. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the natural citrus flavonoid, naringenin (NAG), against alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in the brain cerebral cortex. Thirty-two male albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (eight rats each): control group (I); NAG-treated group (II); alcohol-intoxicated group (III) and alcohol + NAG co-treated group (IV). Brain nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity and malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, mixed lineage kinase-like protein, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, and ciliary neurotrophic factor levels were all measured biochemically. B-cell lymphoma 2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. A histopathological examination and neurobehavioral tests were performed. The alcohol-treated group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and necroptosis biomarkers with a significant reduction in neuroprotective proteins. NAG co-administration effectively ameliorated cognitive dysfunction with an apparent neuroprotective effect by targeting various signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, anti-oxidant capacity, attenuated necroptosis, and upregulated neuroprotective ciliary neurotrophic factor. The study findings suggest NAG as a possible management strategy for alcohol-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema A Soliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Muhammad T Abdel Ghafar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Aljaysh St, Medical Campus, Tanta, 31511, Egypt.
| | | | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Eid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rehab M El-Gohary
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Amira M Elshamy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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27
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He DL, Fan YG, Wang ZY. Energy Crisis Links to Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Avenues. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:67-86. [PMID: 35980072 PMCID: PMC10193753 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220817140737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. The occult nature of the onset and the uncertainty of the etiology largely impede the development of therapeutic strategies for AD. Previous studies revealed that the disorder of energy metabolism in the brains of AD patients appears far earlier than the typical pathological features of AD, suggesting a tight association between energy crisis and the onset of AD. Energy crisis in the brain is known to be induced by the reductions in glucose uptake and utilization, which may be ascribed to the diminished expressions of cerebral glucose transporters (GLUTs), insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and lactate dysmetabolism. Notably, the energy sensors such as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR), transcription factor EB (TFEB), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were shown to be the critical regulators of autophagy, which play important roles in regulating beta-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, iron dynamics, as well as ferroptosis. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the energy dysmetabolism of AD and discussed the interplays existing between energy crisis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. In addition, we highlighted the potential network in which autophagy may serve as a bridge between energy crisis and ferroptosis in the progression of AD. A deeper understanding of the relationship between energy dysmetabolism and AD may provide new insight into developing strategies for treating AD; meanwhile, the energy crisis in the progression of AD should gain more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long He
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
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28
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Multicomponent reactions as a privileged tool for multitarget-directed ligand strategies in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1583-1606. [PMID: 36263996 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among neurodegenerative pathologies affecting the older population, Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia and leads to neurocognitive and behavioral disorders. It is a complex and progressive age-related multifactorial disease characterized by a series of highly interconnected pathophysiological processes. Within the last decade, the multitarget-directed ligand strategy has emerged as a viable approach to developing complex molecules that exhibit several pharmacophores which can target the different enzymes and receptors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Herein, we focus on using multicomponent reactions such as Hantzsch, Biginelli and Ugi to develop these biologically active multitopic ligands.
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29
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Baazaoui N, Iqbal K. Alzheimer's Disease: Challenges and a Therapeutic Opportunity to Treat It with a Neurotrophic Compound. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101409. [PMID: 36291618 PMCID: PMC9599095 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset and multifactorial nature. A deficit in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity are considered the early pathological features associated with neurofibrillary tau and amyloid β pathologies and neuroinflammation. The imbalance of neurotrophic factors with an increase in FGF-2 level and a decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 4 (NT-4) in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and parietal cortex and disruption of the brain micro-environment are other characteristics of AD. Neurotrophic factors are crucial in neuronal differentiation, maturation, and survival. Several attempts to use neurotrophic factors to treat AD were made, but these trials were halted due to their blood-brain barrier (BBB) impermeability, short-half-life, and severe side effects. In the present review we mainly focus on the major etiopathology features of AD and the use of a small neurotrophic and neurogenic peptide mimetic compound; P021 that was discovered in our laboratory and was found to overcome the difficulties faced in the administration of the whole neurotrophic factor proteins. We describe pre-clinical studies on P021 and its potential as a therapeutic drug for AD and related neurodegenerative disorders. Our study is limited because it focuses only on P021 and the relevant literature; a more thorough investigation is required to review studies on various therapeutic approaches and potential drugs that are emerging in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Baazaoui
- Biology Department, College of Sciences and Arts Muhayil Assir, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-718-494-5259; Fax: +1-718-494-1080
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30
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DeGiosio RA, Grubisha MJ, MacDonald ML, McKinney BC, Camacho CJ, Sweet RA. More than a marker: potential pathogenic functions of MAP2. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974890. [PMID: 36187353 PMCID: PMC9525131 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is the predominant cytoskeletal regulator within neuronal dendrites, abundant and specific enough to serve as a robust somatodendritic marker. It influences microtubule dynamics and microtubule/actin interactions to control neurite outgrowth and synaptic functions, similarly to the closely related MAP Tau. Though pathology of Tau has been well appreciated in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, the consequences of pathologically dysregulated MAP2 have been little explored, despite alterations in its immunoreactivity, expression, splicing and/or stability being observed in a variety of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders including Huntington’s disease, prion disease, schizophrenia, autism, major depression and bipolar disorder. Here we review the understood structure and functions of MAP2, including in neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and regulation of protein folding/transport. We also describe known and potential mechanisms by which MAP2 can be regulated via post-translational modification. Then, we assess existing evidence of its dysregulation in various brain disorders, including from immunohistochemical and (phospho) proteomic data. We propose pathways by which MAP2 pathology could contribute to endophenotypes which characterize these disorders, giving rise to the concept of a “MAP2opathy”—a series of disorders characterized by alterations in MAP2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. DeGiosio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Melanie J. Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brandon C. McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carlos J. Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert A. Sweet
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31
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Ma C, Chung DJ, Abramson D, Langley DR, Thayer KM. Mutagenic Activation of Glutathione Peroxidase-4: Approaches toward Rational Design of Allosteric Drugs. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29587-29597. [PMID: 36061715 PMCID: PMC9434792 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) reduces lipid hydroperoxides in lipid membranes, effectively inhibiting iron-dependent cell death or ferroptosis. The upregulation of the enzyme by the mutations at residues D21 and D23 has been suggested to be associated with higher protein activity, which confers more protection against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Therefore, it has become an attractive target for treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. However, identifying means of mimicking the beneficial effects of these mutations distant from the active site constitutes a formidable challenge in moving toward therapeutics. In this study, we explore using molecular dynamics simulations to computationally map the conformational and energetic landscape of the wild-type GPX4 protein and three mutant variants to identify the allosteric networks of the enzyme. We present the conformational dynamic profile providing the desired signature behavior of the enzyme. We also discuss the implications of these findings for drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Ma
- Department
of Mathematics & Computer Science, Wesleyan
University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Daniel J. Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - Dylan Abramson
- Department
of Mathematics & Computer Science, Wesleyan
University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
| | - David R. Langley
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Arvinas
Inc., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Kelly M. Thayer
- Department
of Mathematics & Computer Science, Wesleyan
University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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32
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Zheng XY, Zhang HC, Lv YD, Jin FY, Wu XJ, Zhu J, Ruan Y. Levetiracetam alleviates cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease animal model by ameliorating the dysfunction of the neuronal network. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888784. [PMID: 36092803 PMCID: PMC9452890 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have a significantly higher risk of seizures than other individuals in an age-matched population, suggesting a close association between epilepsy and AD. We aimed to examine the effects of levetiracetam (LEV)—a drug for treating seizures—on learning and memory and the neuropathological features of AD. Methods We crossbred APP23 mice with microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) transgenic mice to generate APP23/MAPT mice. These mice were treated with different concentrations of LEV in the presence of kainic acid (KA) for 3 months. Results Low doses of LEV alleviated the effects of KA on memory defects in APP23/MAPT mice. Mechanistic investigations showed that low concentrations of LEV decreased tau phosphorylation by reducing the activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β, thus rescuing neurons from synaptic dystrophy and apoptosis. Low doses of LEV inhibited the effects of KA (i.e., inducing neuroinflammation and impairing the autophagy of amyloid β-peptide), thus improving cognitive decline. High concentrations of LEV decreased the production and deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) by reducing the expression of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 and presenilin 1. However, high concentrations of LEV also induced neuronal apoptosis, decreased movement ability in mice, and did not alleviate cognitive decline in AD mice. Conclusion Our results support the hypothesis that aberrant network activity contributes to the synaptic and cognitive deficits in APP23/MAPT mice. A low concentration of LEV may help ameliorate abnormalities of AD; however, a high LEV concentration did not induce similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang-Yu Zheng,
| | - Hai-Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Dan Lv
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng-Yan Jin
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Yang Ruan,
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33
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Novel effective small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases related to tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1175-1186. [PMID: 35920260 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs in therapy are limited to acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and memantine. Newly developed drugs against a single target structure have an insufficient effect on symptomatic AD patients. Results: Novel aromatically anellated pyridofuranes have been evaluated for inhibition of AD-relevant protein kinases cdk1, cdk2, gsk-3b and Fyn. Best activities have been found for naphthopyridofuranes with a hydroxyl function as part of the 5-substituent and a hydrogen or halogen substituent in the 8-position. Best results in nanomolar ranges were found for benzopyridofuranes with a 6-hydroxy and a 3-alkoxy substitution or an exclusive 6-alkoxy substituent. Conclusion: First lead compounds were identified inhibiting two to three kinases in nanomolar ranges to be qualified as an innovative approach for AD multitargeting.
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Sukanya S, Choudhary BS, Mehta P, Filipek S, Malik R. Identification of CNS compatible small molecules as glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sivanantharajah L, Mudher A. Curcumin as a Holistic Treatment for Tau Pathology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903119. [PMID: 35662729 PMCID: PMC9160965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global forecasts for prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) estimate that 152.8 million people will have dementia in 2050, a sharp rise from 57.4 million in 2019 (GBD 2019). This rise can be attributable to increases in population growth and aging, but in the absence of disease-modifying therapies it poses a huge societal challenge that must be addressed urgently. One way to combat this challenge is to explore the utility of holistic treatments that may protect against AD, including traditional herbs, spices and other nutraceuticals that are pharmacologically safe, inexpensive and readily available. In this light, the spice turmeric, and its active ingredient curcumin, has been investigated as a potential holistic treatment for AD over the past 2 decades; however, promising results with animal studies have not translated to success in clinical trials. One issue is that most animal models examining the effects of curcumin and curcumin derivatives in AD have been done with a focus at ameliorating amyloid pathology. Due to the limited success of Amyloid-β-based drugs in recent clinical trials, tau-focused therapeutics provide a promising alternative. In this article, we aim to provide a clearer picture of what is currently known about the effectiveness of curcumin and curcumin derivatives to ameliorate tau pathology. Tau focused studies may help inform more successful clinical studies by placing greater emphasis on the development and optimised delivery of curcumin derivatives that more effectively target tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovesha Sivanantharajah
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor Gwynedd, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Lovesha Sivanantharajah,
| | - Amritpal Mudher
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. Circadian clocks, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease: synaptic mechanisms, signaling effectors, and chronotherapeutics. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:35. [PMID: 35525980 PMCID: PMC9078023 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of basic biochemical and physiological processes by the circadian timing system is now recognized as a fundamental feature of all mammalian organ systems. Within the central nervous system, these clock-modulating effects are reflected in some of the most complex behavioral states including learning, memory, and mood. How the clock shapes these behavioral processes is only now beginning to be realized. In this review we describe recent findings regarding the complex set of cellular signaling events, including kinase pathways, gene networks, and synaptic circuits that are under the influence of the clock timing system and how this, in turn, shapes cognitive capacity over the circadian cycle. Further, we discuss the functional roles of the master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and peripheral oscillator populations within cortical and limbic circuits, in the gating of synaptic plasticity and memory over the circadian cycle. These findings are then used as the basis to discuss the connection between clock dysregulation and cognitive impairments resulting from Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, we discuss the conceptually novel idea that in AD, there is a selective disruption of circadian timing within cortical and limbic circuits, and that it is the disruption/desynchronization of these regions from the phase-entraining effects of the SCN that underlies aspects of the early- and mid-stage cognitive deficits in AD. Further, we discuss the prospect that the disruption of circadian timing in AD could produce a self-reinforcing feedback loop, where disruption of timing accelerates AD pathogenesis (e.g., amyloid deposition, oxidative stress and cell death) that in turn leads to a further disruption of the circadian timing system. Lastly, we address potential therapeutic approaches that could be used to strengthen cellular timing networks and, in turn, how these approaches could be used to improve cognitive capacity in Alzheimer's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, 412 Riffe Building, 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Graves Hall, 333 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Potential and Therapeutic Roles of Diosmin in Human Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051076. [PMID: 35625813 PMCID: PMC9138579 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their medicinal characteristics, effectiveness, and importance, plant-derived flavonoids have been a possible subject of research for many years, particularly in the last decade. Plants contain a huge number of flavonoids, and Diosmin, a flavone glycoside, is one of them. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have validated Diosmin’s extensive range of biological capabilities which present antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antiulcer properties. We have presented this review work because of the greater biological properties and influences of Diosmin. We have provided a brief overview of Diosmin, its pharmacology, major biological properties, such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, anticardiovascular, liver protection, and neuroprotection, therapeutic approach, potential Diosmin targets, and pathways that are known to be associated with it.
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Context-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression by Non-Canonical Small RNAs. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8030029. [PMID: 35645336 PMCID: PMC9149963 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent functional genomics studies, a large number of non-coding RNAs have been identified. It has become increasingly apparent that noncoding RNAs are crucial players in a wide range of cellular and physiological functions. They have been shown to modulate gene expression on different levels, including transcription, post-transcriptional processing, and translation. This review aims to highlight the diverse mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression by small noncoding RNAs in different conditions and different types of human cells. For this purpose, various cellular functions of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), snoRNA-derived small RNAs (sdRNAs) and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) will be exemplified, with particular emphasis on the diversity of their occurrence and on the effects on gene expression in different stress conditions and diseased cell types. The synthesis and effect on gene expression of these noncoding RNAs varies in different cell types and may depend on environmental conditions such as different stresses. Moreover, noncoding RNAs play important roles in many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections.
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Madhav H, Jameel E, Rehan M, Hoda N. Recent advancements in chromone as a privileged scaffold towards the development of small molecules for neurodegenerative therapeutics. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:258-279. [PMID: 35434628 PMCID: PMC8942243 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, involve progressive degeneration of the central nervous system, resulting in memory loss and cognitive impairment. The intensification of neurodegenerative research in recent years put some molecules into clinical trials, but still there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic molecules to combat these diseases. Chromone is a well-identified privileged structure for the design of well-diversified therapeutic molecules of potential pharmacological interest, particularly in the field of neurodegeneration. In this short review, we focused on the recent advancements and developments of chromones for neurodegenerative therapeutics. Different small molecules were reviewed as multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) with potential inhibition of AChE, BuChE, MAO-A, MAO-B, Aβ plaque formation and aggregation. Recently developed MTDLs emphasized that the chromone scaffold has the potential to develop new molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi110025India
| | - Ehtesham Jameel
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouPR China
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- Max-Planck-Institute für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Straße 1144227 DortmundGermany
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi110025India
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Association of Polymorphisms within HOX Transcript Antisense RNA (HOTAIR) with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Laboratory Characteristics: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4327342. [PMID: 35359879 PMCID: PMC8964191 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4327342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex heterogeneous disease resulting from the environment and genetic interactions. Lately, genetic association studies have shown that polymorphisms in long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated with T2DM susceptibility. This preliminary study is aimed at investigating if HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) polymorphisms contribute to T2DM development. Five hundred clinically diagnosed T2DM cases and 500 healthy controls were recruited from the southeast Iranian population. Genomic DNA was isolated from nucleated blood cells and genotyped for MspI (C/T) (rs920778) and AluI (A/G) (rs4759314) polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP technique. For genotyping rs12826786 C/T and rs1899663 G/T variants, ARMS-PCR method was applied. Our findings indicated that HOTAIR rs920778 C/T, rs12826786 C/T, and rs4759314 A/G polymorphisms have a significant positive association with T2DM, while a negative association was observed between rs1899663 G/T T2DM susceptibility. Significant associations were also observed between rs920778 C/T and HDL-C as well as s4759314 A/G and both FBS and LDL-C in T2DM patients. Haplotype analysis indicated that the CGCG, CTTG, TGTA, and TTTG haplotypes of rs920778/rs1899663/rs12826786/rs4759314 significantly enhanced T2DM risk by 1.47, 1.96, 2.81, and 4.80 folds, respectively. No strong linkage disequilibrium was found between the four HOTAIR SNPs. We firstly reported that HOTAIR rs1899663 G/T, rs12826786 C/T, rs4759314 A/G, and rs920778 C/T polymorphisms might influence T2DM susceptibility by modulating different signaling pathways and could be regarded as potential prognostic markers in T2DM patients.
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Gianferrara T, Cescon E, Grieco I, Spalluto G, Federico S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4631-4697. [PMID: 35170406 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220216113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK-3β activity has been strictly related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most studied neurodegenerative disease, but GSK-3β seems to be involved in almost all neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to help researchers both working on this research topic or not to have a comprehensive overview on GSK-3β in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. METHOD Literature has been searched using PubMed and SciFinder databases by inserting specific keywords. A total of more than 500 articles have been discussed. RESULTS First of all, the structure and regulation of the kinase were briefly discussed and then, specific GSK-3β implications in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases were illustrated also with the help of figures, to conclude with a comprehensive overview on the most important GSK-3β and multitarget inhibitors. For all discussed compounds, the structure and IC50 values at the target kinase have been reported. CONCLUSION GSK-3β is involved in several signaling pathways both in neurons as well as in glial cells and immune cells. The fine regulation and interconnection of all these pathways are at the base of the rationale use of GSK-3β inhibitors in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In fact, some compounds are now under clinical trials. Despite this, pharmacodynamic and ADME/Tox profiles of the compounds were often not fully characterized and this is deleterious in such a complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cescon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Vrabec R, Maříková J, Ločárek M, Korábečný J, Hulcová D, Hošťálková A, Kuneš J, Chlebek J, Kučera T, Hrabinová M, Jun D, Soukup O, Andrisano V, Jenčo J, Šafratová M, Nováková L, Opletal L, Cahlíková L. Monoterpene indole alkaloids from Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae): Identification of new structural scaffold for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 194:113017. [PMID: 34798410 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One undescribed indole alkaloid together with twenty-two known compounds have been isolated from aerial parts of Vinca minor L. (Apocynaceae). The chemical structures of the isolated alkaloids were determined by a combination of MS, HRMS, 1D, and 2D NMR techniques, and by comparison with literature data. The NMR data of several alkaloids have been revised, corrected, and missing data have been supplemented. Alkaloids isolated in sufficient quantity were screened for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C. 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; E.C. 3.1.1.8) inhibitory activity. Selected compounds were also evaluated for prolyl oligopeptidase (POP; E.C. 3.4.21.26), and glycogen synthase 3β-kinase (GSK-3β; E.C. 2.7.11.26) inhibition potential. Significant hBuChE inhibition activity has been shown by (-)-2-ethyl-3[2-(3-ethylpiperidinyl)-ethyl]-1H-indole with an IC50 value of 0.65 ± 0.16 μM. This compound was further studied by enzyme kinetics, along with in silico techniques, to reveal the mode of inhibition. This compound is also predicted to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through passive diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Vrabec
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Maříková
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ločárek
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korábečný
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hulcová
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Hošťálková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Chlebek
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kučera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Jenčo
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Šafratová
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Opletal
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlíková
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Haghighijoo Z, Zamani L, Moosavi F, Emami S. Therapeutic potential of quinazoline derivatives for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113949. [PMID: 34742016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinazolines are considered as a promising class of bioactive heterocyclic compounds with broad properties. Particularly, the quinazoline scaffold has an impressive role in the design and synthesis of new CNS-active drugs. The drug-like properties and pharmacological characteristics of quinazoline could lead to different drugs with various targets. Among CNS disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with memory loss, cognitive decline and language dysfunction. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease therefore, the need for finding multi-target drugs against this devastative disease is urgent. A literature survey revealed that quinazoline derivatives have diverse therapeutic potential for AD as modulators/inhibitors of β-amyloid, tau protein, cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, and phosphodiesterases as well as other protective effects. Thus, we describe here the most relevant and recent studies about anti-AD agents with quinazoline structure which can further aid the development and discovery of new anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haghighijoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Leila Zamani
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Inuzuka H, Liu J, Wei W, Rezaeian AH. PROTACs technology for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Advances and perspectives. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2022; 1:24-41. [PMID: 35237768 PMCID: PMC8887676 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characteristic with progression of neuron degeneration, resulting in dysfunction of cognition and mobility. Many neurodegenerative diseases are because of proteinopathies that results from unusual protein accumulations and aggregations. The aggregation of misfolded proteins like β-amyloid, α-synuclein, tau, and polyglutamates are hallmarked in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are undruggable targets, and usually do not respond to conventional small-molecule agents. Therefore, developing novel technology and strategy for reducing the levels of protein aggregates would be critical for treatment of AD. Recently, the emerging proteolysis targeting chimeras (PRPTACs) technology has been significantly considered for artificial and selective degradation of aberrant target proteins. These engineered bifunctional molecules engage target proteins to be degraded by either the cellular degradation machinery in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or via the autophagy-lysosome degradation pathway. Although the application of PROTACs technology is preferable than oligonucleotide and antibodies for treatment of NDs, many limitations such as their pharmacokinetic properties, tissue distribution and cell permeabilities, still need to be corrected. Herein, we review the recent advances in PROTACs technology with their limitation for pharmaceutical targeting of aberrant proteins involved in Alzheimer's diseases. We also review therapeutic potential of dysregulated signaling such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Corresponding author. Contact: ,
| | - Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Corresponding author. Contact: ,
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Shah IH, Kumar S, Kumar J, Raheem S, Rizvi MA, Shah BA. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Synthesis of α‐Halomethyl Ketones from Terminal Alkynes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iftkhar Hussain Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Sourav Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Jaswant Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | | | | | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
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Wang L, Li J, Di LJ. Glycogen synthesis and beyond, a comprehensive review of GSK3 as a key regulator of metabolic pathways and a therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:946-982. [PMID: 34729791 PMCID: PMC9298385 DOI: 10.1002/med.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) is a highly evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase first identified as an enzyme that regulates glycogen synthase (GS) in response to insulin stimulation, which involves GSK3 regulation of glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Both isoforms of GSK3, GSK3α, and GSK3β, have been implicated in many biological and pathophysiological processes. The various functions of GSK3 are indicated by its widespread distribution in multiple cell types and tissues. The studies of GSK3 activity using animal models and the observed effects of GSK3‐specific inhibitors provide more insights into the roles of GSK3 in regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis. The cross‐talk between GSK3 and some important energy regulators and sensors and the regulation of GSK3 in mitochondrial activity and component function further highlight the molecular mechanisms in which GSK3 is involved to regulate the metabolic activity, beyond its classical regulatory effect on GS. In this review, we summarize the specific roles of GSK3 in energy metabolism regulation in tissues that are tightly associated with energy metabolism and the functions of GSK3 in the development of metabolic disorders. We also address the impacts of GSK3 on the regulation of mitochondrial function, activity and associated metabolic regulation. The application of GSK3 inhibitors in clinical tests will be highlighted too. Interactions between GSK3 and important energy regulators and GSK3‐mediated responses to different stresses that are related to metabolism are described to provide a brief overview of previously less‐appreciated biological functions of GSK3 in energy metabolism and associated diseases through its regulation of GS and other functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Drug Development Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau, China.,Cancer Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau, China.,Cancer Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Li-Jun Di
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau, China.,Cancer Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
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47
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Dai S, Zhou F, Sun J, Li Y. NPD1 Enhances Autophagy and Reduces Hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-β42 by Inhibiting GSK3β Activation in N2a/APP695swe Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:869-881. [PMID: 34602482 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most prevalent kind of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a neurodegenerative disease. Previous research has shown that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is involved in the etiology and progression of AD, including amyloid-β (Aβ), phosphorylated tau, and mitochondrial dysfunction. NPD1 has been shown to serve a neuroprotective function in AD, although the mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE The effects of NPD1 on Aβ expression levels, tau protein phosphorylation, apoptosis ratio, autophagy activity, and GSK-3β activity in N2a/APP695swe cells (AD cell model) were studied, as well as the mechanism behind such effects. METHODS N2a/APP695swe cells were treated with NPD1, SB216763, or wortmannin as an AD cell model. The associated proteins of hyperphosphorylated tau and autophagy, as well as the activation of GSK3β, were detected using western blot and RT-PCR. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze apoptosis and ELISA was employed to observe Aβ42. Images of autophagy in cells are captured using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In N2a/APP695swe cells, NPD1 decreased Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau while suppressing cell death. NPD1 also promoted autophagy while suppressing GSK-3β activation in N2a/APP695swe cells. The outcome of inhibiting GSK-3β is comparable to that of NPD1 therapy. However, after activating GSK-3β, the opposite experimental results were achieved. CONCLUSION NPD1 might minimize cell apoptosis, downregulate Aβ expression, control tau hyperphosphorylation, and enhance autophagy activity in AD cell models to promote neuronal survival. NPD1's neuroprotective effects may be mediated via decreasing GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Dai
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jieyun Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Rybak-Wolf A, Plass M. RNA Dynamics in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:5113. [PMID: 34500547 PMCID: PMC8433936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder that heavily burdens healthcare systems worldwide. There is a significant requirement to understand the still unknown molecular mechanisms underlying AD. Current evidence shows that two of the major features of AD are transcriptome dysregulation and altered function of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), both of which lead to changes in the expression of different RNA species, including microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In this review, we will conduct a comprehensive overview of how RNA dynamics are altered in AD and how this leads to the differential expression of both short and long RNA species. We will describe how RBP expression and function are altered in AD and how this impacts the expression of different RNA species. Furthermore, we will also show how changes in the abundance of specific RNA species are linked to the pathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rybak-Wolf
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mireya Plass
- Gene Regulation of Cell Identity, Regenerative Medicine Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Program for Advancing Clinical Translation of Regenerative Medicine of Catalonia, P-CMR[C], L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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49
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Xing D, Zhang R. PROTACs technology for targeting non-oncoproteins: Advances and perspectives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105109. [PMID: 34175722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have been developed to be an effective technology for targeted protein degradation. Each PROTAC contains three key components: a protein-of-interest (POI) ligand, an E3 ligase ligand, and a linker. These bifunctional molecules can hijack the intracellular inherent ubiquitin-proteasome system to degrade different POIs. With several advantages over other therapeutic strategies, PROTACs have set off a new upsurge of drug discovery in recent years. PRTOACs have been extensively explored worldwide and have excelled not only in cancer diseases but also in cardiovascular diseases, fatty liver disease, immune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. In this review, we aim to summarize the rapid progress from 2010 to 2021 in PROTACs targeting various non-oncoproteins and elucidate the advantages of PROTACs technology. Finally, the potential challenges of this dynamic field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Yujing Zhang
- The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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50
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Pei X, Hu F, Luo F, Huang X, Li X, Xing S, Long D. The neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease in PC12 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:285-294. [PMID: 34133789 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the growth of the aging population, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased and influenced the work and daily life of AD patients, imposing a heavy burden on society and the patients' families. AD is a progressive disease with a long duration, and the pathogenesis is very complicated. Here, we found that alpha-lipoic acid (LA), an endogenous, naturally synthesized compound, could attenuate amyloid beta fragment (Aβ25-35 )-induced PC12 cell toxicity. Aβ25-35 treatment largely decreased the viability of PC12 cells, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, which were accompanied by changes in the expression of the apoptosis-related genes. Further, the Wnt pathway was inactivated, and the expression of Wnt pathway-related proteins such as Frizzled2, GSK3β, and phosphorylated GSK3β were dysregulated after Aβ25-35 treatment. LA efficiently attenuated Aβ25-35 -induced PC12 cell apoptosis and downregulated the phosphorylation-mediated degradation of β-catenin as well as GSK3β. Our results demonstrate that LA rescues Aβ25-35 -induced neurocytotoxicity through the Wnt-β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Pei
- Institute for Food and Cosmetics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyan Hu
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Feiya Luo
- Institute for Food and Cosmetics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglu Huang
- Institute for Food and Cosmetics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuxia Xing
- Institute for Food and Cosmetics Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Dingxin Long
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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