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Perry JL, Williams JL, Snodgrass TD, Sitzman TJ. VPI Management in SATB2 Syndrome: Use of MRI to Evaluate Anatomy and Physiology in Non-Cleft VPI. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1499-1504. [PMID: 35695193 PMCID: PMC10183239 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical case study describes the velopharyngeal anatomy and physiology in a patient who presented with SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in the absence of an overt cleft palate. The clinical presentation, treatment, outcome, and the contribution of anatomical findings from MRI to surgical treatment planning for this rare genetic disorder, SAS, are described. This case study contributes to our current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the velopharyngeal mechanism in an individual born with SAS and non-cleft VPI. It also details the changes following bilateral buccal myomucosal flaps in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Perry
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L Williams
- Barrow Cleft and Craniofacial Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor D Snodgrass
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Thomas J Sitzman
- Barrow Cleft and Craniofacial Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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2
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Copelli MDM, Pairet E, Atique-Tacla M, Vieira TP, Appenzeller S, Helaers R, Vikkula M, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. SATB2-Associated Syndrome Due to a c.715C>T:p(Arg239*) Variant in Adulthood: Natural History and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040882. [PMID: 37107640 PMCID: PMC10137462 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS) is a rare condition, and it is characterized by severe developmental delay/intellectual disability, especially severe speech delay/or absence, craniofacial abnormalities, and behavioral problems. Most of the published reports are limited to children, with little information about the natural history of the disease and the possible novel signs and symptoms or behavioral changes in adulthood. We describe the management and follow-up of a 25-year-old male with SAS due to a de novo heterozygous nonsense variant SATB2:c.715C>T:p.(Arg239*) identified by whole-exome sequencing and review the literature. The case herein described contributes to a better characterization of the natural history of this genetic condition and in addition to the genotype-phenotype correlation of the SATB2:c.715C>T:p.(Arg239*) variant in SAS, highlights some particularities of its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Mello Copelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Eleonore Pairet
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Milena Atique-Tacla
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Társis Paiva Vieira
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Traumatology, School of Medical Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphaël Helaers
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Lúcia Gil-da-Silva-Lopes
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas CEP 13083-887, SP, Brazil
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3
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Lo H, Ng W, Fong N, Lui CD, Lam C. Novel finding of lissencephaly and severe osteopenia in a Chinese patient with
SATB2
‐associated syndrome and a brief review of literature. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2168-2172. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Yin Lo
- Department of Pathology Princess Margaret Hospital Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Wai‐Fu Ng
- Department of Pathology Hong Kong Children's Hospital Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Nai‐Chung Fong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Princess Margaret Hospital Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Choi‐Yu Dilys Lui
- Department of Radiology Princess Margaret Hospital Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Ching‐Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong
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4
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Zarate YA, Bosanko KA, Thomas MA, Miller DT, Cusmano-Ozog K, Martinez-Monseny A, Curry CJ, Graham JM, Velsher L, Bekheirnia MR, Seidel V, Dedousis D, Mitchell AL, DiMarino AM, Riess A, Balasubramanian M, Fish JL, Caffrey AR, Fleischer N, Pierson TM, Lacro RV. Growth, development, and phenotypic spectrum of individuals with deletions of 2q33.1 involving SATB2. Clin Genet 2021; 99:547-557. [PMID: 33381861 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SATB2-Associated syndrome (SAS) is an autosomal dominant, multisystemic, neurodevelopmental disorder due to alterations in SATB2 at 2q33.1. A limited number of individuals with 2q33.1 contiguous deletions encompassing SATB2 (ΔSAS) have been described in the literature. We describe 17 additional individuals with ΔSAS, review the phenotype of 33 previously published individuals with 2q33.1 deletions (n = 50, mean age = 8.5 ± 7.8 years), and provide a comprehensive comparison to individuals with other molecular mechanisms that result in SAS (non-ΔSAS). Individuals in the ΔSAS group were often underweight for age (20/41 = 49%) with a progressive decline in weight (95% CI = -2.3 to -1.1, p < 0.0001) and height (95% CI = -2.3 to -1.0, p < 0.0001) Z-score means from birth to last available measurement. ΔSAS individuals were often noted to have a broad spectrum of facial dysmorphism. A composite image of ΔSAS individuals generated by automated image analysis was distinct as compared to matched controls and non-ΔSAS individuals. We also present additional genotype-phenotype correlations for individuals in the ΔSAS group such as an increased risk for aortic root/ascending aorta dilation and primary pulmonary hypertension for those individuals with contiguous gene deletions that include COL3A1/COL5A2 and BMPR2, respectively. Based on these findings, we provide additional care recommendations for individuals with ΔSAS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine A Bosanko
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mary Ann Thomas
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David T Miller
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristina Cusmano-Ozog
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Antonio Martinez-Monseny
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Rare Disease Paediatric Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco/Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
| | - John M Graham
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lea Velsher
- Genetics Division, North York General, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mir Reza Bekheirnia
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Veronica Seidel
- Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Demitrios Dedousis
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University Hospitals Center for Human Genetics, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna L Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University Hospitals Center for Human Genetics, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy M DiMarino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Angelika Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Medical faculty, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aisling R Caffrey
- Health Outcomes, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ronald V Lacro
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Chen Q, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Huang X, Wang F, Li S, Yang Z, Liang F, Hu J, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhou P, Luo W, Zhang H. Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (Satb2) synergizes with Bmp9 and is essential for osteo/odontogenic differentiation of mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13016. [PMID: 33660290 PMCID: PMC8016638 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have self-renewal ability and osteo/odontogenic differentiation potential. However, the mechanism controlling the continuous self-renewal and osteo/odontogenic differentiation of mouse incisor MSCs remains unclear. Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) positively regulates craniofacial patterning, bone development and regeneration, whereas SATB2 deletion or mutation leads to craniomaxillofacial dysplasia and delayed tooth and root development, similar to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) loss-of-function phenotypes. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the SATB2 role in odontogenic MSCs is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SATB2 can regulate self-renewal and osteo/odontogenic differentiation of odontogenic MSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Satb2 expression was detected in the rapidly renewing mouse incisor mesenchyme by immunofluorescence staining, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Ad-Satb2 and Ad-siSatb2 were constructed to evaluate the effect of Satb2 on odontogenic MSCs self-renewal and osteo/odontogenic differentiation properties and the potential role of Satb2 with the osteogenic factor bone morphogenetic protein 9 (Bmp9) in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Satb2 was found to be expressed in mesenchymal cells and pre-odontoblasts/odontoblasts. We further discovered that Satb2 effectively enhances mouse incisor MSCs self-renewal. Satb2 acted synergistically with the potent osteogenic factor Bmp9 in inducing osteo/odontogenic differentiation of mouse incisor MSCs in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Satb2 promotes self-renewal and osteo/odontogenic differentiation of mouse incisor MSCs. Thus, Satb2 can cooperate with Bmp9 as a new efficacious bio-factor for osteogenic regeneration and tooth engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuman Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Liwen Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xia Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Feilong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shuang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhuohui Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fang Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jing Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yucan Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yeming Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Wenping Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher EducationChongqingChina
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical SciencesThe Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Pediatric DentistryThe Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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6
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Li Y, You QL, Zhang SR, Huang WY, Zou WJ, Jie W, Li SJ, Liu JH, Lv CY, Cong J, Hu YY, Gao TM, Li JM. Satb2 Ablation Impairs Hippocampus-Based Long-Term Spatial Memory and Short-Term Working Memory and Immediate Early Genes (IEGs)-Mediated Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2017:10.1007/s12035-017-0531-5. [PMID: 28421537 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (Satb2) is a protein binding to the matrix attachment regions of DNA and important for gene regulation. Patients with SATB2 mutation usually suffer moderate to severe mental retardation. However, the mechanisms for the defects of intellectual activities in patients with SATB2 mutation are largely unclear. Here we established the heterozygous Satb2 mutant mice and Satb2 conditional knockout mice to mimic the patients with SATB2 mutation and figured out the role of Satb2 in mental activities. We found that the spatial memory and working memory were significantly damaged in the heterozygous Satb2 mutant mice, early postnatal Satb2-deficient mice (CaMKIIα-Cre+Satb2fl/fl mice), and adult Satb2 ablation mice (Satb2fl/fl mice injected with CaMKIIα-Cre virus). Functionally, late phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) in these Satb2 mutant mice was greatly impaired. Morphologically, in CA1 neurons of CaMKIIα-Cre+Satb2fl/fl mice, we found decreased spine density of the basal dendrites and less branches of apical dendrites that extended into lacunar molecular layer. Mechanistically, expression levels of immediate early genes (IEGs) including Fos, FosB, and Egr1 were significantly decreased after Satb2 deletion. And, Satb2 could regulate expression of FosB by binding to the promoter of FosB directly. In general, our study uncovers that Satb2 plays an important role in spatial memory and working memory by regulating IEGs-mediated hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Chancheng Central Hospital, Foshan, 528031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Long You
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Ye Lv
- College of Clinical Medical, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Hu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Zarate YA, Fish JL. SATB2-associated syndrome: Mechanisms, phenotype, and practical recommendations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:327-337. [PMID: 27774744 PMCID: PMC5297989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The SATB2‐associated syndrome is a recently described syndrome characterized by developmental delay/intellectual disability with absent or limited speech development, craniofacial abnormalities, behavioral problems, dysmorphic features, and palatal and dental abnormalities. Alterations of the SATB2 gene can result from a variety of different mechanisms that include contiguous deletions, intragenic deletions and duplications, translocations with secondary gene disruption, and point mutations. The multisystemic nature of this syndrome demands a multisystemic approach and we propose evaluation and management guidelines. The SATB2‐associated syndrome registry has now been started and that will allow gathering further clinical information and refining the provided surveillance recommendations. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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8
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Boone PM, Chan YM, Hunter JV, Pottkotter LE, Davino NA, Yang Y, Beuten J, Bacino CA. Increased bone turnover, osteoporosis, progressive tibial bowing, fractures, and scoliosis in a patient with a final-exon SATB2 frameshift mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3028-3032. [PMID: 27409069 PMCID: PMC10080586 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of SATB2 causes cleft palate, intellectual disability with deficient speech, facial and dental abnormalities, and other variable features known collectively as SATB2-associated syndrome. This phenotype was accompanied by osteoporosis, fractures, and tibial bowing in two previously reported adult patients; each possessed SATB2 mutations either predicted or demonstrated to escape nonsense-mediated decay, suggesting that the additional bone defects result from a dominant negative effect and/or age-dependent penetrance. These hypotheses remain to be confirmed, as do the specific downstream defects causing bone abnormalities. We report a SATB2 mutation (c.2018dupA; p.(H673fs)) in a 15-year-old patient whose SATB2-associated syndrome phenotype is accompanied by osteoporosis, fractures, progressive tibial bowing, and scoliosis. As this homeodomain-disrupting and predicted truncating mutation resides within the final exon of SATB2, escape from nonsense-mediated decay is likely. Thus, we provide further evidence of bone phenotypes beyond those typically associated with SATB2-associated syndrome in individuals with potential dominant-negative SATB2 alleles, as well as evidence for age-dependence of bone features. Elevations in alkaline phosphatase, urinary N-telopeptide/creatinine ratio, and osteocalcin in the patient indicate increased bone turnover. We propose surveillance and treatment with osteoclast inhibitors to prevent fractures and to slow progressive bone deformities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Boone
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Yiu Man Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Nelson A Davino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine.,Medical Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joke Beuten
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine.,Medical Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine. .,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas. .,Medical Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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9
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Gregoric Kumperscak H, Krgovic D, Vokac NK. Specific behavioural phenotype and secondary cognitive decline as a result of an 8.6 Mb deletion of 2q32.2q33.1. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:395-402. [PMID: 26811410 PMCID: PMC5580054 DOI: 10.1177/0300060515595651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities involving 2q32q33 deletions are very rare and present with a specific phenotype. This case report describes a 37-year-old female patient with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome presenting with the characteristic features, but with the addition of secondary cognitive decline. Molecular karyotyping was performed on the patient and her parents. It revealed an 8.6 megabase deletion with the proximal breakpoint in the chromosome band 2q32.2 and the distal breakpoint in 2q33.1. The deletion encompassed 22 known genes, including the GLS, MYO1B, TMEFF2, PGAP1 and SATB2 genes. The observed deletion was confirmed using a paralogue ratio test. This case report provides further evidence that the SATB2 gene, together with GLS, MYO1B, TMEFF2 and possibly PGAP1, is a crucial gene in 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome. The SATB2 gene seems to be crucial for the behavioural problems noted in our case, but deletion of the GLS, MYO1B and TMEFF2 genes presumably contributed to the more complex behavioural characteristics observed. Our patient is also, to our knowledge, the only patient with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome with secondary cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadja Kokalj Vokac
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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10
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Mutual regulation between Satb2 and Fezf2 promotes subcerebral projection neuron identity in the developing cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11702-7. [PMID: 26324926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504144112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of distinct cortical projection neuron subtypes during development relies in part on repression of alternative neuron identities. It was reported that the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (Satb2) is required for proper development of callosal neuron identity and represses expression of genes that are essential for subcerebral axon development. Surprisingly, Satb2 has recently been shown to be necessary for subcerebral axon development. Here, we unravel a previously unidentified mechanism underlying this paradox. We show that SATB2 directly activates transcription of forebrain embryonic zinc finger 2 (Fezf2) and SRY-box 5 (Sox5), genes essential for subcerebral neuron development. We find that the mutual regulation between Satb2 and Fezf2 enables Satb2 to promote subcerebral neuron identity in layer 5 neurons, and to repress subcerebral characters in callosal neurons. Thus, Satb2 promotes the development of callosal and subcerebral neurons in a cell context-dependent manner.
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Papoulidis I, Paspaliaris V, Papageorgiou E, Siomou E, Dagklis T, Sotiriou S, Thomaidis L, Manolakos E. Deletion of 4.4 Mb at 2q33.2q33.3 May Cause Growth Deficiency in a Patient with Mental Retardation, Facial Dysmorphic Features and Speech Delay. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 145:19-24. [PMID: 25925190 DOI: 10.1159/000381568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient with a rare interstitial deletion of chromosomal band 2q33.2q33.3 is described. The clinical features resembled the 2q33.1 microdeletion syndrome (Glass syndrome), including mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, high-arched narrow palate, growth deficiency, and speech delay. The chromosomal aberration was characterized by whole genome BAC aCGH. A comparison of the current patient and Glass syndrome features revealed that this case displayed a relatively mild phenotype. Overall, it is suggested that the deleted region of 2q33 causative for Glass syndrome may be larger than initially suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papoulidis
- Access To Genome - ATG P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Yu N, Shin S, Lee KA. First Korean case of SATB2-associated 2q32-q33 microdeletion syndrome. Ann Lab Med 2015; 35:275-8. [PMID: 25729738 PMCID: PMC4330186 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nae Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saeam Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Abstract
The last several years have seen unprecedented advances in deciphering the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Heritability studies have repeatedly affirmed a contribution of genetic factors to the overall disease risk. Technical breakthroughs have enabled the search for these genetic factors via genome-wide surveys of a spectrum of potential sequence variations, from common single-nucleotide polymorphisms to essentially private chromosomal abnormalities. Studies of copy-number variation have identified significant roles for both recurrent and nonrecurrent large dosage imbalances, although they have rarely revealed the individual genes responsible. More recently, discoveries of rare point mutations and characterization of balanced chromosomal abnormalities have pinpointed individual ASD genes of relatively strong effect, including both loci with strong a priori biological relevance and those that would have otherwise been unsuspected as high-priority biological targets. Evidence has also emerged for association with many common variants, each adding a small individual contribution to ASD risk. These findings collectively provide compelling empirical data that the genetic basis of ASD is highly heterogeneous, with hundreds of genes capable of conferring varying degrees of risk, depending on their nature and the predisposing genetic alteration. Moreover, many genes that have been implicated in ASD also appear to be risk factors for related neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as for a spectrum of psychiatric phenotypes. While some ASD genes have evident functional significance, like synaptic proteins such as the SHANKs, neuroligins, and neurexins, as well as fragile x mental retardation-associated proteins, ASD genes have also been discovered that do not present a clear mechanism of specific neurodevelopmental dysfunction, such as regulators of chromatin modification and global gene expression. In its sum, the progress from genetic studies to date has been remarkable and increasingly rapid, but the interactive impact of strong-effect genetic lesions coupled with weak-effect common polymorphisms has not yet led to a unified understanding of ASD pathogenesis or explained its highly variable clinical expression. With an increasingly firm genetic foundation, the coming years will hopefully see equally rapid advances in elucidating the functional consequences of ASD genes and their interactions with environmental/experiential factors, supporting the development of rational interventions.
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14
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Zhao X, Qu Z, Tickner J, Xu J, Dai K, Zhang X. The role of SATB2 in skeletogenesis and human disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:35-44. [PMID: 24411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2) a decade ago, its pivotal roles in development and tissue regeneration have emerged, particularly in craniofacial patterning and development, palate formation, and osteoblast differentiation and maturation. As a member of the special AT-rich binding proteins family that bind to nuclear matrix-attachment regions (MAR), it also displays functional versatility in central nervous development, especially corpus callosum and pons formation, cancer development and prognosis, as well as in immune regulation. At the molecular level, Satb2 gene expression appears to be tissue and stage-specific, and is regulated by several cytokines and growth factors, such as BMP2/4/7, insulin, CNTF, and LIF via ligand receptor signaling pathways. SATB2 mainly performs a twofold role as a transcription regulator by directly binding to AT-rich sequences in MARs to modulate chromatin remodeling, or through association with other transcription factors to modulate the cis-regulation elements and thus to regulate the expression of down-stream target genes and a wide range of biological processes. This contemporary review provides an exploration of the molecular characteristics and function of SATB2; including its expression and cytokine regulation, its involvement in human disease, and its potential roles in skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihu Qu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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15
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Further delineation of the SATB2 phenotype. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:1034-9. [PMID: 24301056 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SATB2 is an evolutionarily highly conserved chromatin remodeling gene located on chromosome 2q33.1. Vertebrate animal models have shown that Satb2 has a crucial role in craniofacial patterning and osteoblast differentiation, as well as in determining the fates of neuronal projections in the developing neocortex. In humans, chromosomal translocations and deletions of 2q33.1 leading to SATB2 haploinsufficiency are associated with cleft palate (CP), facial dysmorphism and intellectual disability (ID). A single patient carrying a nonsense mutation in SATB2 has been described to date. In this study, we performed trio-exome sequencing in a 3-year-old girl with CP and severely delayed speech development, and her unaffected parents. Previously, the girl had undergone conventional and molecular karyotyping (microarray analysis), as well as targeted analysis for different diseases associated with developmental delay, including Angelman syndrome, Rett syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. No diagnosis could be established. Exome sequencing revealed a de novo nonsense mutation in the SATB2 gene (c.715C>T; p.R239*). The identification of a second patient carrying a de novo nonsense mutation in SATB2 confirms that this gene is essential for normal craniofacial patterning and cognitive development. Based on our data and the literature published so far, we propose a new clinically recognizable syndrome - the SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS). SAS is likely to be underdiagnosed and should be considered in children with ID, severe speech delay, cleft or high-arched palate and abnormal dentition with crowded and irregularly shaped teeth.
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Tomaszewska A, Podbiol-Palenta A, Boter M, Geisler G, Wawrzkiewicz-Witkowska A, Galjaard RJH, Zajączek S, Srebniak MI. Deletion of 14.7 Mb 2q32.3q33.3 with a marfanoid phenotype and hypothyroidism. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2347-51. [PMID: 23918240 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial 2q deletions are very rare chromosome abnormalities. The 2q32q33 deletion was proposed as a distinct entity with characteristic phenotype. Most patients have feeding problems, growth restriction, moderate to severe developmental delay, speech delay or lack of speech, high, prominent forehead, thin sparse hair, teeth abnormalities and a high or cleft palate. We report on another rare case of interstitial 2q33 deletion found during routine karyotyping and further characterized by the use of a genomic SNP array. The patient presented here has a "Marfanoid" phenotype, hypothyroidism, and a marked tactile hypersensitivity. We concluded that hypothyroidism might be caused by the deletion of the CD28 and/or CTLA4 genes; also cardiological monitoring of patients with the deletion including BMPR2 may be considered in order to prevent the possible medical complications associated with pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Prenatal Diagnostics and Genetic Clinic, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Mc Cormack A, Taylor J, Gregersen N, George AM, Love DR. Delineation of 2q32q35 deletion phenotypes: two apparent "proximal" and "distal" syndromes. Case Rep Genet 2013; 2013:823451. [PMID: 23840981 PMCID: PMC3690635 DOI: 10.1155/2013/823451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on three patients with interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 2 involving bands 2q32.1-q35. They presented with wide-ranging phenotypic variation including facial dysmorphisms, cleft palate, learning difficulties, behavioural issues and severe heart defects. Microarray analysis confirmed an 8.6 Mb deletion in patients 1 and 2 and a 24.7 Mb deletion in patient 3. We discuss the genes involved in the deleted regions including MYO1B, GLS, FRZB, SATB2, and CPS1 and compare the phenotype with those reported in the literature. Taken together, these data suggest that there is a spectrum of disease severity such that patients with deletions encompassing the region of 2q32.1q32.2, which includes the FRZB gene, show an apparently milder phenotype compared to those that lie further distal in 2q32.3q35 that encompasses the SATB2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mc Cormack
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand
| | - Juliet Taylor
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand-Northern Hub, Auckland City Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nerine Gregersen
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand-Northern Hub, Auckland City Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Alice M. George
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand
| | - Donald R. Love
- Diagnostic Genetics, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, P.O. Box 110031, Auckland 1148, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Rare copy number variants are a common cause of short stature. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003365. [PMID: 23516380 PMCID: PMC3597495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human growth has an estimated heritability of about 80%-90%. Nevertheless, the underlying cause of shortness of stature remains unknown in the majority of individuals. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed that both common single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to height variation under a polygenic model, although explaining only a small fraction of overall genetic variability in the general population. Under the hypothesis that severe forms of growth retardation might also be caused by major gene effects, we searched for rare CNVs in 200 families, 92 sporadic and 108 familial, with idiopathic short stature compared to 820 control individuals. Although similar in number, patients had overall significantly larger CNVs (p-value<1×10(-7)). In a gene-based analysis of all non-polymorphic CNVs>50 kb for gene function, tissue expression, and murine knock-out phenotypes, we identified 10 duplications and 10 deletions ranging in size from 109 kb to 14 Mb, of which 7 were de novo (p<0.03) and 13 inherited from the likewise affected parent but absent in controls. Patients with these likely disease causing 20 CNVs were smaller than the remaining group (p<0.01). Eleven (55%) of these CNVs either overlapped with known microaberration syndromes associated with short stature or contained GWAS loci for height. Haploinsufficiency (HI) score and further expression profiling suggested dosage sensitivity of major growth-related genes at these loci. Overall 10% of patients carried a disease-causing CNV indicating that, like in neurodevelopmental disorders, rare CNVs are a frequent cause of severe growth retardation.
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19
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Small deletions of SATB2 cause some of the clinical features of the 2q33.1 microdeletion syndrome. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6568. [PMID: 19668335 PMCID: PMC2719055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent deletions of 2q32q33 have recently been reported as a new microdeletion syndrome. Clinical features of this syndrome include severe mental retardation, growth retardation, dysmorphic features, thin and sparse hair, feeding difficulties and cleft or high palate. The commonly deleted region contains at least seven genes. Haploinsufficiency of one of these genes, SATB2, a DNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression, has been implicated as causative in the cleft or high palate of individuals with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome. In this study we describe three individuals with smaller microdeletions of this region, within 2q33.1. The deletions ranged in size from 173.1 kb to 185.2 kb and spanned part of SATB2. Review of clinical records showed similar clinical features among these individuals, including severe developmental delay and tooth abnormalities. Two of the individuals had behavioral problems. Only one of the subjects presented here had a cleft palate, suggesting reduced penetrance for this feature. Our results suggest that deletion of SATB2 is responsible for several of the clinical features associated with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome.
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Urquhart J, Black GCM, Clayton-Smith J. 4.5 Mb microdeletion in chromosome band 2q33.1 associated with learning disability and cleft palate. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:454-7. [PMID: 19576302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a 4.5 Mb deletion of 2q33.1 in an individual with developmental delay and cleft palate. There have been various previous reports of deletions of 2q3, all with varying breakpoints and all larger than the current case. Whilst there is some variation in the phenotypes of patients with 2q3 deletions all share a commonly deleted region within 2q33.1 which includes SATB2, a gene previously shown to be associated with cleft palate. The phenotypic features of our patient are milder than those reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Urquhart
- Genetic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Heath Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
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21
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van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Kleefstra T. Emerging microdeletion and microduplication syndromes; the counseling paradigm. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:75-6. [PMID: 19324103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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