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Moutaharrik S, Palugan L, Cerea M, Filippin I, Maroni A, Gazzaniga A, Foppoli A. Cushion-coated pellets for tableting without external excipients. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123874. [PMID: 38316318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple-unit dosage forms prepared by compacting pellets offer important manufacturing and compliance advantages over pellet-filled capsules. However, compaction may negatively affect the release control mechanism of pellets, and subunits may not be readily available after intake. Application of a cushioning layer to the starting units is here proposed as a strategy to obtain tablets with satisfactory mechanical strength, rapid disintegration and maintenance of the expected release profile of individual subunits while avoiding the use of mixtures of pellets and excipients to promote compaction and limit the impact of the forces involved. Cushion-coating with PEG1500, a soft and soluble material, was proved feasible provided that the processing temperature was adequately controlled. Cushioned gastro-resistant pellets were shown to consolidate under relatively low compaction pressures, which preserved their inherent release performance after tablet disintegration. Adhesion problems associated with the use of PEG1500 were overcome by applying an outer Kollicoat® IR film. Through design of experiment (DoE), robustness of the proposed approach was demonstrated, and the formulation as well as tableting conditions were optimized. The tableted cushion-coated pellet systems manufactured would allow a relatively high load of modified-release units to be conveyed, thus setting out a versatile and scalable approach to oral administration of multiple-unit dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Moutaharrik
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luca Palugan
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerea
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Filippin
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzaniga
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Anastasia Foppoli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "Maria Edvige Sangalli", via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Handattu MS, Thirumaleshwar S, Prakash GM, Somareddy HK, Veerabhadrappa GH. A Comprehensive Review on Pellets as a Dosage Form in Pharmaceuticals. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1183-1195. [PMID: 33475056 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122999210120204248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral route of administration is widely accepted and desired because of its versatility, convenience, and, most importantly, patient compliance. Multiparticulate systems like granules and pellets are more advantageous when compared to single-unit dosage forms, as they are capable of distributing the drug more evenly in the gastrointestinal tract. The current paper focuses on pellets, the merits and demerits associated, various pelletization techniques, and their characterization. It also focuses on how pellets can be employed for drug delivery is controlled and sustained release formulations. It gives a complete emphasis on the drug and excipients that can be used in pellet formation, the marketed formulations, and the research pertaining to pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithri S Handattu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Industrial Pharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Shailesh Thirumaleshwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Industrial Pharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Gowrav M Prakash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Industrial Pharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Hemanth K Somareddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Industrial Pharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Gangadharappa H Veerabhadrappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Industrial Pharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagara, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
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3
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Lam M, Nokhodchi A. Producing High-Dose Liqui-Tablet (Ketoprofen 100 mg) for Enhanced Drug Release Using Novel Liqui-Mass Technology. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Liqui-Tablet is a dosage form derived from Liqui-Mass technology. It has proven to be a promising approach to improve drug dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. So far, Liqui-Tablet is feasible for low-dose drugs. In this study, an attempt was made to produce high-dose Liqui-Tablet, whilst maintaining ideal physicochemical properties for ease of manufacturing.
Methods
Liqui-Tablets containing 100 mg of ketoprofen were produced using various liquid vehicles including PEG 200, Span 80, Kolliphor EL, PG, and Tween 85. Investigations that were carried out included saturation solubility test, dissolution test, tomographic study, and typical quality control tests for assessing flowability, particle size distribution, friability, and tablet hardness.
Results
The weight of these Liqui-Tablets was acceptable for swallowing (483.8 mg), and the saturation solubility test showed PEG 200 to be the most suitable liquid vehicle (493 mg/mL). Tests investigating physicochemical properties such as flowability, particle size distribution, friability, and tablet hardness have shown no issue concerning quality control and manufacturability. The drug release test of the best formulation has shown extremely rapid drug release at pH 7.4 (100% after 5 min). At pH 1.2 the drug release was reasonable considering the formulation was yet to be optimized.
Conclusion
Despite the high amount of API and liquid vehicle, it is possible to produce a high-dose dosage form with acceptable size and weight for swallowing using the novel Liqui-Mass technology. This has the potential to diversify the technology by removing the restriction of high dose drug that has been seen in liquisolid technology.
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Lam M, Asare-Addo K, Nokhodchi A. Liqui-Tablet: the Innovative Oral Dosage Form Using the Newly Developed Liqui-Mass Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:85. [PMID: 33650023 PMCID: PMC7921041 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an attempt was made to produce Liqui-Tablets for the first time. This was carried out through the compaction of naproxen Liqui-Pellets. The incentive to convert the novel Liqui-Pellet into Liqui-Tablet was due to the array of inherent advantages of the popular and preferred tablet dosage form. The study showed that naproxen Liqui-Tablet could be successfully produced and the rapid drug release rate (100% drug release ~ 20 min) could be achieved under pH 1.2, where naproxen is insoluble. It was observed that the different pH of the dissolution medium affected the trend of drug release from formulations with varying amounts of liquid vehicle. The order of the fastest drug-releasing formulations was different depending on the pH used. The presence of Neusilin US2 showed considerable enhancement in the drug release rate as well as improving Liqui-Tablet robustness and hardness. Furthermore, images from X-ray micro-tomography displayed a uniform distribution of components in the Liqui-Tablet. The accelerated stability studies showed acceptable stability in terms of dissolution profile.
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Karolak M, Pałkowski Ł, Kubiak B, Błaszczyński J, Łunio R, Sawicki W, Słowiński R, Krysiński J. Application of Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach for Optimization of Pellets Tableting Process. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111024. [PMID: 33114730 PMCID: PMC7692369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-unit pellet systems (MUPS) offer many advantages over conventional solid dosage forms both for the manufacturers and patients. Coated pellets can be efficiently compressed into MUPS in classic tableting process and enable controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs). For patients MUPS are divisible without affecting drug release and convenient to swallow. However, maintaining API release profile during the compression process can be a challenge. The aim of this work was to explore and discover relationships between data describing: composition, properties, process parameters (condition attributes) and quality (decision attribute, expressed as similarity factor f2) of MUPS containing pellets with verapamil hydrochloride as API, by applying a dominance-based rough ret approach (DRSA) mathematical data mining technique. DRSA generated decision rules representing cause–effect relationships between condition attributes and decision attribute. Similar API release profiles from pellets before and after tableting can be ensured by proper polymer coating (Eudragit® NE, absence of ethyl cellulose), compression force higher than 6 kN, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel® 102) as excipient and tablet hardness ≥42.4 N. DRSA can be useful for analysis of complex technological data. Decision rules with high values of confirmation measures can help technologist in optimal formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Karolak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Ł.P.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-3927
| | - Łukasz Pałkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Ł.P.); (J.K.)
| | | | - Jerzy Błaszczyński
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznań University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (J.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Łunio
- Polpharma SA, 83-200 Starogard Gdański, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Sawicki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Roman Słowiński
- Institute of Computing Science, Poznań University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland; (J.B.); (R.S.)
- Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-447 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Krysiński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Ł.P.); (J.K.)
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Sun X, Wu L, Maharjan A, Sun H, Hu X, York P, Sun H, Zhang J, Yin X. Static and dynamic structural features of single pellets determine the release behaviors of metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 149:105324. [PMID: 32311456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The multiple-unit sustained-release (MUSR) dosage forms containing numerous sustained-release subunits present a reliable choice for oral formulation of controlled release systems. As a typical MUSR, the metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablet is an advanced system with limited researches devoted to relating its structure to the drug release phase other than the preparation process and modulation to the release behaviors. This research details a three-dimension method to image the internal structure and detail drug release features of commercial metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets and component individual single pellets. As such, a new perspective for MUSR dosage form is provided. Using high energy synchrotron radiation X-ray microcomputed tomography (SR-μCT), the in-situ structure parameters were obtained nondestructively. It was demonstrated that the average number of spherical pellets in a tablet was 853 ± 12 (n = 3). The average volume of the pellets was 0.09 ± 0.01 mm3, the diameter was 0.55 ± 0.03 mm, and the sphericity was 0.87 ± 0.06. These data reflected the numerical features of pellets in MUSR tablets, which were helpful for reverse engineering to MUSR. Based on the three dimensional model generated by image processing and analysis software, the pellet structures were divided into three layers of typical depot sustained release system: pellet core, drug-containing layer and outer film. The dynamic structural features determined refer to the changes of structures in pellets during in vitro drug release, with evidence that the coating layer on the pellets maintained a spherical morphology whilst numerous valleys appeared on the surface. The material constitution and distribution in coating layer were evaluated by synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared mapping and results indicated a composition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersed in ethyl cellulose. Knowledge of these structural characteristics confirmed that the mechanism of sustained drug release was membrane controlled and consistent with the drug release profiles. In conclusion, the structural investigation provided knowledge of the intrinsic quality of metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets and offers guidance for reverse engineering of MUSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Sun
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Abi Maharjan
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Peter York
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Innovation, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Huimin Sun
- NMPA, Key Laboratory of Excipient Quality Research and Evaluation, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; NMPA, Key Laboratory of Excipient Quality Research and Evaluation, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; NMPA, Key Laboratory of Excipient Quality Research and Evaluation, Beijing 100050, China.
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Oral Modified Release Multiple-Unit Particulate Systems: Compressed Pellets, Microparticles and Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040176. [PMID: 30287798 PMCID: PMC6321440 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral modified-release multiparticulate dosage forms, which are also referred to as oral multiple-unit particulate systems, are becoming increasingly popular for oral drug delivery applications. The compaction of polymer-coated multiparticulates into tablets to produce a sustained-release dosage form is preferred over hard gelatin capsules. Moreover, multiparticulate tablets are a promising solution to chronic conditions, patients’ adherence, and swallowing difficulties if incorporated into orodispersible matrices. Nonetheless, the compaction of multiparticulates often damages the functional polymer coat, which results in a rapid release of the drug substance and the subsequent loss of sustained-release properties. This review brings to the forefront key formulation variables that are likely to influence the compaction of coated multiparticulates into sustained-release tablets. It focusses on the tabletting of coated drug-loaded pellets, microparticles, and nanoparticles with a designated section on each. Furthermore, it explores the various approaches that are used to evaluate the compaction behaviour of particulate systems.
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Chen T, Li J, Chen T, Sun CC, Zheng Y. Tablets of multi-unit pellet system for controlled drug delivery. J Control Release 2017; 262:222-231. [PMID: 28774838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The tablet of multi-unit pellet system (TMUPS), using coated pellets, for controlled release of drugs is an effective therapeutic alternative to conventional immediate-release dosage forms. The main advantages of TMUPS include a) ease of swallowing and b) divisible without compromising the drug release characteristics of the individual units. TMUPS can be prepared more economically than pellet-filled capsules because of the much higher production rate of tableting process. In spite of the superiorities of TMUPS, its adoption has been challenged by manufacturing problems, such as compromised integrity of coated pellets and poor content uniformity. Herein, we provide an updated review on research, from both scientific literatures and patents, related to the compaction of TMUPS. Factors important for the successful production of TMUPS are summarized, including model drug property, potential cushioning agents, and novel techniques to protect pellets from damage. This review is intended to facilitate the future development of manufacturable TMUPS with drug release behavior similar to that of the original coated pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongkai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Zhitong Laboratories Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Li J, Chai H, Li Y, Chai X, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Tao T, Xiang X. A Three-Pulse Release Tablet for Amoxicillin: Preparation, Pharmacokinetic Study and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160260. [PMID: 27479702 PMCID: PMC4968835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoxicillin is a commonly used antibiotic which has a short half-life in human. The frequent administration of amoxicillin is often required to keep the plasma drug level in an effective range. The short dosing interval of amoxicillin could also cause some side effects and drug resistance, and impair its therapeutic efficacy and patients' compliance. Therefore, a three-pulse release tablet of amoxicillin is desired to generate sustained release in vivo, and thus to avoid the above mentioned disadvantages. METHODS The pulsatile release tablet consists of three pulsatile components: one immediate-release granule and two delayed release pellets, all containing amoxicillin. The preparation of a pulsatile release tablet of amoxicillin mainly includes wet granulation craft, extrusion/spheronization craft, pellet coating craft, mixing craft, tablet compression craft and film coating craft. Box-Behnken design, Scanning Electron Microscope and in vitro drug release test were used to help the optimization of formulations. A crossover pharmacokinetic study was performed to compare the pharmacokinetic profile of our in-house pulsatile tablet with that of commercial immediate release tablet. The pharmacokinetic profile of this pulse formulation was simulated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with the help of Simcyp®. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Single factor experiments identify four important factors of the formulation, namely, coating weight of Eudragit L30 D-55 (X1), coating weight of AQOAT AS-HF (X2), the extrusion screen aperture (X3) and compression forces (X4). The interrelations of the four factors were uncovered by a Box-Behnken design to help to determine the optimal formulation. The immediate-release granule, two delayed release pellets, together with other excipients, namely, Avicel PH 102, colloidal silicon dioxide, polyplasdone and magnesium stearate were mixed, and compressed into tablets, which was subsequently coated with Opadry® film to produce pulsatile tablet of amoxicillin. In vitro release study firstly indicated a three-pulse release profile of the tablet. Later the pulse tablet was found to generate the sustained release of amoxicillin in beagle dogs. Furthermore, the Simcyp® software was used to simulate the in vivo concentration time curve model of the three-pulse release tablet for amoxicillin in both human and beagle dog. The prediction by PBPK model nicely fitted the observation in human and beagle dog. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated the interrelation of factors affecting the pulsatile formulation of amoxicillin using a Box-Behnken design. The three-pulse release tablets of amoxicillin were proven to generate pulsatile release in vitro and sustained release in vivo. This formulation was also found to extend the effective plasma concentration in human compared to the tablet of immediate release based on the simulation data by PBPK modeling. This study provides an example of using PBPK to guide the development of pulsatile dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Chai
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyu Chai
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfan Zhao
- Camelot Academy, Durham, the United States of America
| | - Tao Tao
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Micropellet-loaded rods with dose-independent sustained release properties for individual dosing via the Solid Dosage Pen. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:271-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Tan X, Hu J. Investigation for the quality factors on the tablets containing medicated pellets. Saudi Pharm J 2015; 24:507-514. [PMID: 27752222 PMCID: PMC5059825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained and controlled pellets are considered as one of the ideal dosage forms. Due to the large coverage area of pellets, loaded drugs can be absorbed completely in the body and bioavailability is improved correspondingly. Coated pellets-containing tablet is a special oral formulation consisting of various pellets with different release rate. Desired rate of drug release rate can be achieved by adjusting the proportion of pellets. However, this formulation faces strict requirements in the process of preparation. Several factors will influence release behavior of tablets, including pellet cores, coating, and tabletting. Therefore, these factors will be investigated sufficiently in this review to provide valuable information for manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yuyao People's Hospital, Yuyao 315400, China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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12
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Qi X, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wu Z. Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:493-500. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to prepare a disintegrating gastric floating tablet composed of floating pellets coated with acrylic resin to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the oral bioavailability of famotidine.
Methods
The gastric floating pellets containing famotidine, stearyl alcohol and microcrystalline cellulose (1 : 10 : 1) were prepared by extrusion–spheronization process and coated with acrylic resin, then compressed into tablets with Avicel PH 301 pellets and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone. The coating weight, volume ratio of Eudragit RL30 D and RS30 D and solid content of coating fluid were optimized by Box–Behnken design.
Key findings
In 0.1 M HCl, tablets can immediately disintegrate into pellets which can remain floating and sustained drug releasing over 12 h. The AUC0-∞ of famotidine gastric floating pellets (7776.52 ± 1065.93 h ng/ml) administered into rats was significantly higher than that of marketed rapid release tablets Xingfading® (Xingyi, Shanghai, China) (4166.23 ± 312.43 h ng/ml), while the relative bioavailability was 187.01 ± 22.81%.
Conclusions
The experimental results indicated that the optimized formulation did offer a new gastro retention and sustained release approach to enhance the oral absorption of famotidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Qi
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenghong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Formulation Technologies, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China
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13
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Eisenächer F, Garbacz G, Mäder K. Physiological relevant in vitro evaluation of polymer coats for gastroretentive floating tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:778-86. [PMID: 25086221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are retained in the stomach for a sufficient time interval, releasing the drug in a controlled manner. According to literature, the floating principle is the most frequently used formulation approach for gastric retention. However, many publications lack information of the floating forces, the impact of different pH-values and almost no information exist concerning the resistance of the floating performance against physiological relevant stress. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of CO2-generating floating bilayer (drug and floating layer) tablets with respect to robustness, drug release profile, pH dependence and floating behaviour. Bilayer tablets were coated with a flexible and water permeable, but CO2-retaining polymer film of either polyvinyl acetate or ammonio-methacrylate copolymer type A. Metformin-HCl was used as a relevant model drug due to its dose-dependent and saturable absorption from the proximal part of the small intestine. To mimic physiological relevant mechanical stress conditions, recently developed dissolution stress tests with pulsed pressures were applied in addition to release studies according to the pharmacopeia. Bilayer tablets coated with polyvinyl acetate showed short floating lag times, reasonable floating strength values, floating durations of more than 24h in simulated gastric fluid and a robust and pH independent release of Metformin-HCl. Tablets coated with ammonio-methacrylate copolymer type A showed a higher permeability for the active ingredient combined with a decreased robustness of the inflated tablets. Both polymers can be used for balloon-like floating devices. The appropriate polymer has to be chosen dependent from the properties of the active ingredient and requested application of the delivery device. Furthermore, the dissolution stress test analysis is able to indicate possible safety issues of gastroretentive formulations as well as to characterise the robustness of formulation principles towards mechanical stresses of bio-relevant intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Eisenächer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Pan X, Huang Y, Dong Y, Wang Z, Zhu C, Li G, Chen B, Wu C. Process Investigation of a Novel Compaction Technique With Pellet-Containing Granules. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2013; 47:593-601. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479013495681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kolter K, Dashevsky A, Irfan M, Bodmeier R. Polyvinyl acetate-based film coatings. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:470-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pagariya TP, Patil SB. Development and optimization of multiparticulate drug delivery system of alfuzosin hydrochloride. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:171-7. [PMID: 23010113 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Murthy Dwibhashyam VSN, Ratna JV. Key formulation variables in tableting of coated pellets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 70:555-64. [PMID: 21394249 PMCID: PMC3038277 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.45391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple unit controlled release dosage forms offer various advantages over their single unit counterparts. Most of these advantages are associated with the uniform distribution of multiparticulates throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Though coated pellets can be filled into hard gelatin capsules, tablet formulation is the preferred one because of various advantages associated with it. However, compression of coated pellets is a challenging task necessitating the optimization of various formulation and process variables. The key formulation variables include composition, porosity, size, shape and density of the pellets; type and amount of polymer coating; nature, size and amount of tableting excipients. The pellet core should be strong with some degree of plasticity. It should be highly porous, small, with an irregular shape. The critical density to achieve prolonged release was reported to lie between 2.4 and 2.8 g/cm3. Acrylic polymer films are more flexible and more suitable for the coating of pellets to be compressed into tablets. Thicker coatings offer better resistance to frictional forces. Solvent based coatings are more flexible and have a higher degree of mechanical stability than the aqueous based ones. The tableting excipients should have cushioning property. They should not be significantly different in size and density from those of the pellet cores in order to avoid segregation. Addition of 30%-60% of tableting excipients is necessary to avoid any damage to the polymer coat and to retain its functional property.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S N Murthy Dwibhashyam
- TherDose Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Plot No: 30-32, Survey No: 400, 1st Floor, Prashanth Nagar, IE, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072, India
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Sawicki W, Mazgalski J. Hot tableting as a new method for obtaining tablets from slow release-coated pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 35:857-65. [PMID: 19466897 DOI: 10.1080/03639040802680248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coating of pellets poses difficulties in the tableting process, which is attributed to the fact that ethylcellulose is a fragile polymer having low resistance to compression. This property of ethylcellulose is the reason why obtaining a slow release profile from tableted pellets comparable with that of uncompressed pellets is practically impossible when traditional tableting process is employed. METHOD This work presents a newly developed method of hot tableting of pellets. The pellets used in the process were tramadol hydrochloride (TH) coated with an Aquacoat ECD aqueous dispersion. A physical property of PEG 3000 (one of the components of the tablet formulation) to liquidify at a given temperature was used in the process of hot tableting carried out at about 56 degrees C. RESULTS During the hot tableting, when a low compression force of about 1 kN was applied, semiliquid granules containing melted PEG 3000 combined with TH pellets. As the temperature decreases to room temperature, a tablet matrix of good physical parameters was created. In the proposed hot tableting method, granulates containing PEG 3000 provide the tableted pellets sufficient protection from being destroyed. An evidence of such protection is confirmed by the fact that the TH slow release profile from the tableted pellets is comparable to that of uncompressed pellets. CONCLUSION The hot tableting method allows to obtain the tablets containing compressed pellets with a TH slow release profile comparable to that of uncompresed pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Sawicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Novel application of hot-melt extrusion for the preparation of monolithic matrices containing enteric-coated particles. Int J Pharm 2010; 400:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pawar VK, Kansal S, Garg G, Awasthi R, Singodia D, Kulkarni GT. Gastroretentive dosage forms: a review with special emphasis on floating drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv 2010; 18:97-110. [PMID: 20958237 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.520354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present era, gastroretentive dosage forms (GRDF) receive great attention because they can improve the performance of controlled release systems. An optimum GRDF system can be defined as a system which retains in the stomach for a sufficient time interval against all the physiological barriers, releases active moiety in a controlled manner, and finally is easily metabolized in the body. Physiological barriers like gastric motility and gastric retention time (GRT) act as obstacles in developing an efficient GRDF. Gastroretention can be achieved by developing different systems like high density systems, floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), mucoadhesive systems, expandable systems, superporous systems, and magnetic systems. All these systems have their own merits and demerits. This review focused on the various aspects useful in development of GRDF including the current trends and advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH- 58, Uttar Pradesh, 250002, India.
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Zeeshan F, Bukhari NI. Development and evaluation of a novel modified-release pellet-based tablet system for the delivery of loratadine and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride as model drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:910-6. [PMID: 20496016 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified-release multiple-unit tablets of loratadine and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride with different release profiles were prepared from the immediate-release pellets comprising the above two drugs and prolonged-release pellets containing only pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The immediate-release pellets containing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride alone or in combination with loratadine were prepared using extrusion-spheronization method. The pellets of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride were coated to prolong the drug release up to 12 h. Both immediate- and prolonged-release pellets were filled into hard gelatin capsule and also compressed into tablets using inert tabletting granules of microcrystalline cellulose Ceolus KG-801. The in vitro drug dissolution study conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography method showed that both multiple-unit capsules and multiple-unit tablets released loratadine completely within a time period of 2 h, whereas the immediate-release portion of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was liberated completely within the first 10 min of dissolution study. On the other hand, the release of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride from the prolonged release coated pellets was prolonged up to 12 hr and followed zero-order release kinetic. The drug dissolution profiles of multiple-unit tablets and multiple-unit capsules were found to be closely similar, indicating that the integrity of pellets remained unaffected during the compression process. Moreover, the friability, hardness, and disintegration time of multiple-unit tablets were found to be within BP specifications. In conclusion, modified-release pellet-based tablet system for the delivery of loratadine and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was successfully developed and evaluated.
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Rhee YS, Lee JH, Lee BJ, Park ES. Controlled-Release Pelletized Dosage Forms Using the Extrusion-Spheronization Process. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.s.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Youn YS, Lee JH, Jeong SH, Shin BS, Park ES. Pharmaceutical Usefulness of Biopharmaceutics Classification System: Overview and New Trend. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.s.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gomez-Amoza J, Martinez-Pacheco R. Influence of microstructure on drug release from extrusion-spheronization pellets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zeeshan F, Peh KK, Tan YTF. Exploring the potential of a highly compressible microcrystalline cellulose as novel tabletting excipient in the compaction of extended-release coated pellets containing an extremely water-soluble model drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:850-7. [PMID: 19554454 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compaction of controlled-release coated pellets into tablets is challenging because of the fusion of pellets and the rupturing of coated film. The difficulty in compaction intensifies with the use of extremely water-soluble drugs. Therefore, the present study was conducted to prepare and compact pellets containing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride as an extremely water-soluble model drug. The pellets were produced using an extrusion-spheronization technique. The drug-loaded pellets were coated to extend the drug release up to 12-h employing various polymers, and then they were compressed into tablets using microcrystalline cellulose Ceolus KG-801 as a novel tabletting excipient. The in vitro drug release studies of coated pellets and tablets were undertaken using the USP basket method in dissolution test apparatus I. The amount of drug released was analyzed at a wavelength of 215 nm. The combined coatings of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and Kollicoat SR-30D yielded 12-h extended-release pellets with drug release independent of pH of dissolution medium following zero-order kinetics. The drug release from the tablets prepared using inert Celous KG-801 granules as tabletting excipient was found faster than that of coated pellets. However, a modification in drug release rate occurred with the incorporation of inert Ceolus KG-801 pellets. The drug dissolution profile from tablets containing 40% w/w each of coated pellets and inert granules along with 20% w/w inert pellets was found to be closely similar to that of coated pellets. Furthermore, the friability, tensile strength, and disintegration time of the tablets were within the USP specifications.
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Safety and robustness of coated pellets: self-healing film properties and storage stability. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1534-43. [PMID: 19280322 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of the study was to verify the safety of chlorpheniramine maleate pellets, coated with blends of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymer. Therefore, the impact of mechanical forces and storage conditions on the drug release was investigated. RESULTS Similar release profiles before and after compression of the pellets to tablets underlined the high film robustness. A damage of the film coat with a razor blade resulted in a premature release, but without a burst. After a similar damage with a needle, the release profile remained almost unchanged, which indicated a swelling based self repair mechanism of the film. Additional studies were dedicated to the storage stability at three different conditions. A slightly delayed release was obtained after 6 months storage at 25 degrees C and a marginally accelerated release was measured after storage at elevated temperatures. No drug migration into the coating layer was detected during storage by confocal Raman microscopy. (1)H-NMR analysis during storage demonstrated, that no polymer or drug degradation had occurred and the plasticizer concentration remained constant. CONCLUSION The polyvinyl based coating blend for modified release pellets demonstrated a high safety, due to their high robustness and compressibility as well as their satisfying storage stability.
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New insights on poly(vinyl acetate)-based coated floating tablets: Characterisation of hydration and CO2 generation by benchtop MRI and its relation to drug release and floating strength. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:708-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Incidence of drying on microstructure and drug release profiles from tablets of MCC-lactose-Carbopol and MCC-dicalcium phosphate-Carbopol pellets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 69:675-85. [PMID: 18248805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of intragranular excipients (lactose or dicalcium phosphate) and the drying procedure and conditions (oven-drying and freeze-drying after freezing at -30 or -196 degrees C) on the properties of tablets of MCC-Carbopol pellets was evaluated. The drying procedure caused remarkable differences in pellet size and porosity (freeze-dried pellets were 3-fold more porous than those oven dried). Theophylline release from pellets was completed in less than 30 min and followed first-order kinetics, with a rate closely related to the intragranular porosity. The total porosity of the tablets (5-10%) was conditioned by the compression force (10-20 N), the drying procedure applied to the pellets and the coexcipient nature. Their intergranular porosity ranged inversely to the initial porosity of pellets due to the greater deformability of the most porous ones. A wide range of theophylline release rates were achieved depending on the drying procedure; tablets prepared from freeze-dried pellets sustained the release for 3h. Most profiles showed a bimodal kinetics with an initial zero-order release (while the tablets did not completely disintegrate) that changed, after a certain time, to a first-order kinetics. The intergranular porosity determined drug release rate up to disintegration. Then, the release kinetics became first-order and the rate constant, which was conditioned by the intragranular porosity, showed a complex dependence on the drying procedure, the compression force, and the nature of coexcipient. In sum, the modulation of drug release profiles from tablets of MCC-Carbopol pellets through an adequate control of the effects of the coexcipient nature, the drying procedure of pellets, and the compression force on the inter- and intragranular porosity opens interesting possibilities to control the release of hydrosoluble drugs.
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