Ameliorative effects of sildenafil and/or febuxostat on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Febuxostat alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in rat model via targeting inflammation, cell death, and intestinal barrier dysfunction

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) constitutes a global health threat with its ability to develop into liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Emerging data suggests that oxidative stress and regulated cell death are major driving forces for liver inflammation in MASH. Febuxostat (Feb.), one of the Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, has shown promise in significantly improving the prognosis of MASH by reducing inflammatory cytokines and cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of febuxostat on MASH through the modulation of cell death, inflammation, and intestinal permeability, focusing on hepatic mRNAs (HGS, SNF8, TSG101) and their epigenetic regulators (rno-miR-6216, rno-miR-1224). MASH was induced in Wistar rats via a High-sucrose high-fat (HSHF) diet over 14 weeks, followed by febuxostat treatment at doses of 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Febuxostat treatment significantly improved liver function and lipid profiles, reduced hepatic steatosis, intralobular inflammation, and ballooning, and restored normal expression of the hepatic RNA panel by downregulating HGS, SNF8, and TSG101 mRNAs and their epigenetic regulators. Furthermore, febuxostat decreased serum levels of inflammatory (IL6), fibrosis (TGFB1), and cell death (TSG101) markers while reducing apoptosis and regulated cell death via modulation of Caspase-3 and LC3B expression. Improvements in intestinal permeability were evident via reductions in serum haptoglobin (Hpt) and TMAO and restoration of occludin expression. These findings highlight febuxostat as a promising therapeutic candidate for MASH by targeting key molecular mechanisms of liver inflammation and gut-liver axis dysfunction.

Oxyresveratrol and/or Dapagliflozin Attenuate Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Modulation of PPAR-γ/Nrf-2/HO-1, NF-κB/TNF-α/Keap-1, and Bcl-2/Caspase-3/ATG-5 signaling pathways in rats

PURPOSE

Among the most undesirable effects that lead to the restriction of doxorubicin (DOX) use in chemotherapy is kidney damage. This research aimed to assess the possible defenses against DOX-induced nephrotoxicity offered by oxyresveratrol (ORES) and/or dapagliflozin (DAPA).

METHODS

Five groups of eight male Swiss albino rats each were created from a total of sixty-four. One intravenous injection of DOX (10 mg/kg) was given into the tail vein on the fourteenth day of the experiment; in the meantime, ORES (80 mg/kg) and DAPA (10 mg/kg) were given orally 14 days prior to the DOX injection and 2 days following the DOX injection.

RESULTS

In rats given DOX, ORES and/or DAPA both successfully reduced the kidney weight, kidney/bodyweight ratio, and blood levels of creatinine, uric acid, and urea. They also increased final body weight and albumin serum levels. Additionally, lower serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were noted, along with a lower kidney content of caspase-3. Furthermore, the expression of the Bcl-2 gene was upregulated, as were the Nrf-2, PPAR-γ, and HO-1 proteins, and there was a downregulation of the ATG-5, Keap-1, and NF-κB renal gene expression. These findings support a decrease in oxidative stress and relief of histopathological alterations.

CONCLUSION

The current study's findings suggest that ORES and/or DAPA pretreatment could be a viable therapeutic approach to ameliorate DOX-induced nephrotoxicity.

Sequential administration of febuxostat and vitamin E protects against testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of sperm DNA damage in Wistar rats

The pathway of testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury (TIRI) has been shown to involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the ischemic phase and later phase of reperfusion. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of blockage of ROS in the ischemic and reperfusion phases of TIRI. Thirty male Wistar rats were grouped into five groups (n = 6 rats each): sham, torsion + detorsion (TD), febuxostat (FEB)-administered (TFD) group, vitamin E (V)-administered (TDV) group, and FEB and vitamin E-administered (TFDV) group. Blood samples (for inflammatory and hormonal assay), testicular (for oxidative stress and histopathology), and epididymal (for sperm DNA damage and indices) tissues were collected after 3 days of detorsion. The TFD and TFDV groups showed a significant reduction in XO and MDA (p < 0.001; η2 > 0.7), as well as a concomitant increase in CAT, thiols, and SOD levels when compared with the TD group (p < 0.01, η2 > 0.5). The TFD group significantly reduced all inflammatory markers (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.75). The observed increase (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.92) in LH level, in response to a low level of testosterone in the TD group, was significantly raised in TFD and TFDV groups. The observed decrease (p < 0.001) in inhibin level in the TD group was raised (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.90) in the TDV group only. A significant increase (p < 0.001) in sperm DNA damage in the TD group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.88) in all the treatment groups while the reduced sperm viability (p < 0.01) in the TD group was increased (p < 0.05) in the TFDV group only. There was an improvement in the testicular cytoarchitecture in the TFD and TFDV groups. This study showed that sequential administration of febuxostat in the ischemic phase of TT and vitamin E in the later phase of reperfusion protects the testes against TIRI via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and sperm DNA damage.

Granisetron ameliorates doxorubicin-evoked nephrotoxicity via modulation of Nrf2 and TLR4/p38 MAPK/NLRP3 signals in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapy employed in treating malignancies. Unfortunately, the clinical application of DOX is limited due to its nephrotoxicity. Granisetron (GRAN) is a 5-HT3 receptor blocker used widely to manage post-chemotherapy nausea and vomiting with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic bioactivities. We plan to examine the renoprotective effect of GRAN against DOX-associated renal toxicity. In this investigation, twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were allocated to control, DOX (30 mg/kg, i.p), and GRAN (2.5 mg/kg, p.o) + DOX groups. GRAN attenuated renal impairment induced by DOX in rats by decreasing the BUN, creatinine, KIM-1, and Cys-C levels, and such finding is supported by attenuating histological alterations caused by DOX. GRAN combated oxidative stress proved by decreasing MDA content and elevating GSH and CAT levels mediated by Nrf2 activation. GRAN suppressed inflammation evidenced by decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α levels mediated by downregulation of inflammatory sensitive controllers TLR-4, NLRP3, and p38 MAPK. GRAN prevented apoptosis by controlling renal expression of BAX, caspase-3 and Bcl2. Therefore, GRAN holds promise agent against DOX-induced renal toxicity by upregulating Nrf2 and suppressing apoptosis and inflammatory cascadeTLR4/p38 MAPK/ NLRP3.

Nano-emulsion based on Santolina chamaecyparissus essential oil potentiates the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Doxorubicin: an in vitro study

AIM

This study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effect of a novel combination of doxorubicin (DOX) and nano-formulation of Santolina chamaecyparissus L. essential oil (SCEO-NANO) on hepatic (HepG2) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines.

METHODS

A nano-emulsion was prepared by high-pressure homogenisation, then analysed by zetasizer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. HepG2 and HT29 cells were used in in vitro tests for apoptosis detection.

RESULTS

Formulated droplet size increased in DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX to 11.54 ± 0.02 with uniform distribution (PDI = 0.13 ± 0.01), when compared with SCEO-NANO (size: 8.91 ± 0.02 nm; PDI = 0.1 ± 0.02). In both cells, DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX led to a considerable reduction in colony formation. Compared to DOX, apoprotein proteins were overexpressed in HepG2 cells, showing increases of 8.66-fold for caspase-3 and 4.24-fold for the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In HT29 cells, ROS-dependent necrosis and apoptosis were seen. Comparing DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX versus DOX, greater levels of caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were observed.

CONCLUSION

The DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX formulation showed potential for targeted eradication of colon adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Anethole alleviates Doxorubicin-induced cardiac and renal toxicities: Insights from network pharmacology and animal studies

Doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used as a chemotherapy drug, while anethole (AN) is primarily known as the main aromatic component in various plant species. This research focused on the impact of AN on the cardiac and renal toxicity induced by Dox and to understand the underlying mechanisms. For cardiac toxicity, Wistar rats were categorized into four groups: a Control group; a Dox group, where rats received 2.5 mg/kg of Dox intraperitoneally every other day; and two Dox + AN groups, where animals were administered Dox (2.5 mg/kg/every other day, IP) along with 125 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of AN, respectively. The renal toxicity study included similar groups, with the Dox group receiving a single dose of 20 mg/kg of Dox intraperitoneally on the tenth day, and the Dox + AN groups receiving 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of AN for two weeks, alongside the same dose of Dox (20 mg/kg, IP, once on the 10th day). Parameters assessed included ECG, cardiac injury markers (CK, CK-MB, and LDH), and kidney function tests (Cr, BUN, uric acid, LDL, Kim-1, NGAL, and CysC). Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and apoptotic markers were also monitored in heart and renal tissues. Gene expression levels of the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB pathway, along with Bax and Bcl-2, were evaluated. Dox significantly altered ECG, elevated cardiac injury markers, and renal function markers. It also augmented gene expressions of TLR4/MyD88/NFκB, amplified oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic markers. Conversely, AN reduced cardiac injury markers and kidney function tests, improved ECG, diminished TLR4/MyD88/NFκB gene expression, and alleviated oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and reducing inflammatory cytokines. AN also enhanced Bcl-2 levels and inhibited Bax and the cleavage of caspase-3 and 9. AN countered the lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by Dox, marking it as a potential preventive strategy against Dox-induced nephrotoxic and cardiotoxic injuries.

Reno-protective effect of fenofibrate and febuxostat against vancomycin-induced acute renal injury in rats: Targeting PPARγ/NF-κB/COX-II and AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Vancomycin (VCM) is used clinically to treat serious infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, although its use is severely constrained by nephrotoxicity. This study investigated the possible nephroprotective effect of febuxostat (FX) and/or fenofibrate (FENO) and their possible underlying mechanisms against VCM-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups; Control, VCM, FX, FENO, and combination groups. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically. The oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, MDA, GSH, total nitrite, GPx, MPO), the apoptotic marker, renal Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and inflammatory and kidney injury markers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Nrf2, OH-1, kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), NADPH oxidase, Kim-1, COX-II, NGAL, Cys-C were also evaluated.

RESULTS

VCM resulted in significant elevation in markers of kidney damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers. Co-administration of VCM with either/or FX and FENO significantly mitigated nephrotoxicity and associated oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic markers. In comparison to either treatment alone, a more notable improvement was observed with the FX and FENO combination regimen.

CONCLUSION

Our findings show that FX, FENO, and their combination regimen have a nephroprotective impact on VCM-induced kidney injury by suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response. Renal recovery from VCM-induced injury was accomplished by activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and inhibition of NF-κB expression. This study highlights the importance of FX and FENO as effective therapies for reducing nephrotoxicity in VCM-treated patients.

Betaine alleviates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity by preventing oxidative insults, inflammation, and fibrosis through the modulation of Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 and TGF-β expression

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic used to treat various cancers and shows severe toxicity in multiple organ systems, including kidneys. Evidence shows that betaine's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties could prevent the onset of several disorders. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of betaine on Dox-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN). Nephrotoxicity was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using Dox at a dose of 4 mg/kg (cumulative dose: 20 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route and cotreated with betaine through oral gavage (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, biochemical, oxidative stress parameters, histopathology, and qRT-PCR were performed. DIN was indicated by elevated serum creatinine, urea, and decreased albumin levels representing kidney damage; the histopathological lesions (increased capsular space, renal tubule damage, and fibrosis) in renal tissues supported these biochemical findings. Interestingly, betaine treatment improves these alterations in Dox-treated rats. Further, betaine treatment decreases the lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentration and increases the superoxide dismutases and catalase enzyme concentration in Dox-treated rats. Fascinatingly, at the molecular level, DIN in rats shows upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 gene, while betaine treatment attenuated its expression along with the downregulation of inflammatory genes (NLRP3, TLR-4, TNF-α, and IL-6) and fibrosis-related genes (TGF-β and Acta2) expression in Dox-treated rats. These results showed that betaine has reno-protective properties by reducing inflammatory and fibrotic mediators and enhancing antioxidant capacity in the renal tissue of rats treated with Dox. We believe betaine can be exploited as a dietary supplement to attenuate DIN.

Resveratrol may dose-dependently modulate nephrin and OTULIN levels in a doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity model

One of the most important side effects of Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic agent, is nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to determine whether different doses of natural polyphenol Resveratrol (RSV) show antioxidative, anti-inflammatory or antiapoptotic effects in kidney tissue in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity and to detect how nephrin and OTULIN levels are affected in this process. A total of six equal groups made up of the 42 Sprague-Dawley rats utilized in the study (n = 7) were randomly assigned. Except for the control group (no treatment), all treatments were given intraperitoneally to the DOX (15 mg/kg), DOX + RSV I (15 mg/kg DOX+ 1 mg/kg/day RSV), DOX + RSV II (15 mg/kg DOX+ 5 mg/kg/day RSV), RSV I and RSV II groups. Kidney tissues taken from rats sacrificed on the fifteenth day were analyzed biochemically, histologically and immunohistochemically. Accordingly, it was determined that nephrin and OTULIN levels decreased in kidney tissue in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, DOX caused oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, as well as histopathological changes in kidney tissue. However, it was observed that DOX-induced changes were regulated by RSV application. RSV was demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in dose-dependent DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. RSV may exert nephroprotective effects by modulating DOX-induced altered nephrin and OTULIN levels.

Betaine alleviates doxorubicin‐induced nephrotoxicity by preventing oxidative insults, inflammation, and fibrosis through the modulation of Nrf2/HO−1/NLRP3 and TGF‐β expression

Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic used to treat various cancers and shows severe toxicity in multiple organ systems, including kidneys. Evidence shows that betaine's antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties could prevent the onset of several disorders. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of betaine on Dox‐induced nephrotoxicity (DIN). Nephrotoxicity was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats using Dox at a dose of 4 mg/kg (cumulative dose: 20 mg/kg) by the intraperitoneal route and cotreated with betaine through oral gavage (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, biochemical, oxidative stress parameters, histopathology, and qRT‐PCR were performed. DIN was indicated by elevated serum creatinine, urea, and decreased albumin levels representing kidney damage; the histopathological lesions (increased capsular space, renal tubule damage, and fibrosis) in renal tissues supported these biochemical findings. Interestingly, betaine treatment improves these alterations in Dox‐treated rats. Further, betaine treatment decreases the lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentration and increases the superoxide dismutases and catalase enzyme concentration in Dox‐treated rats. Fascinatingly, at the molecular level, DIN in rats shows upregulation of the Nrf2/HO‐1 gene, while betaine treatment attenuated its expression along with the downregulation of inflammatory genes (NLRP3, TLR‐4, TNF‐α, and IL‐6) and fibrosis‐related genes (TGF‐β and Acta2) expression in Dox‐treated rats. These results showed that betaine has reno‐protective properties by reducing inflammatory and fibrotic mediators and enhancing antioxidant capacity in the renal tissue of rats treated with Dox. We believe betaine can be exploited as a dietary supplement to attenuate DIN.

Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of Sildenafil in Medicine

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is pivotal in cellular signalling, regulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels crucial for smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. By targeting cGMP for degradation, PDE5 inhibits sustained vasodilation. PDE5 operates in diverse anatomical regions, with its upregulation linked to various pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Sildenafil, a selective PDE5 inhibitor, is prescribed for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, considering the extensive roles of PDE5, sildenafil might be useful in other pathologies. This review aims to comprehensively explore sildenafil's therapeutic potential across medicine, addressing a gap in the current literature. Recognising sildenafil's broader potential may unveil new treatment avenues, optimising existing approaches and broadening its clinical application.

Febuxostat attenuates aluminum chloride-induced hepatorenal injury in rats with the impact of Nrf2, Crat, Car3, and MNK-mediated apoptosis

Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous xenobiotic with known toxicity for both humans and animals. Our study was conducted to investigate the protective role of febuxostat (Feb) against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced hepatorenal injury in rats. Hepatorenal injury was induced by oral administration of AlCl3 (40 mg/kg b.w.), for 2 months. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups (six rats/group). The first group received the vehicle thought the experiment. The second group was considered as a control positive group. The third and fourth groups received oral treatment of Feb (10 mg/kg.b.w.) and (15 mg/kg.b.w.), respectively with AlCl3, concurrently for 2 months. Twenty-four hours, after the last treatment, serum biochemical, molecular, histopathology, and immunohistochemical studies were evaluated. Our findings showed that rats intoxicated with Alcl3 had disturbed biochemical picture. In addition, intoxication with AlCl3 increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increase in malodialdeyde (MDA), carnitine o-acetyltransferase (Crat), and carbonic anhydrase (Car3) with a decrease in glutathione (GSH), MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine kinase (MNK) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression. Furthermore, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the levels of caspase-3 were elevated with sever hepatic and renal pathological changes. Conversely, Feb (15 mg/kg.b.w.) could improve the serum biochemical indices and repressed MDA, Crat, and Car3 levels, whereas it increased GSH, MNK, and Nrf2 levels. Feb inhibited the apoptotic effect of AlCl3 in the liver and kidney by decreasing caspase-3 and TNF-α expression. The protective effect of Feb against AlCl3 toxicity was confirmed by histopathological findings. Moreover, molecular docking studies supported the anti-inflammatory effect of Feb due to its significant binding interactions with cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase (NIK), and mitogen-activated protein kinases-p38 (MAPK-p38). The findings suggest that Feb system Feb can avert Alcl3-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by enhancing the antioxidant defense system, and inhibiting the inflammatory cascade and apoptosis.

Application and synthesis of thiazole ring in clinically approved drugs

The development of heterocyclic derivatives has progressed considerably over the past few decades, and many new agents of synthetic and natural origin have been produced. Among heterocyclic compounds, thiazole is a unique five-membered heterocyclic motif characterized by nitrogen and sulfur atoms, which is widely used as an important core skeleton in a variety of pharmaceutically important compounds due to their diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial, antivirus, and antifungal. To the best of our knowledge, more than 90 thiazole-containing derivatives have been currently under clinical investigation, and some thiazole analogs have been approved to treat various diseases. As the potentially privileged scaffolds, thiazole derivatives can be further extensively explored to search for new drugs characterized by improved therapeutic efficacy and similar biological targets. This review aims to outline the applications and synthetic routes of some representative thiazole-containing drugs approved in the clinic, which may guide medicinal researchers to rationally design more effective thiazole-containing drug candidates.

Febuxostat, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced lung injury by suppressing caspase-3, oxidative stress and NF-κB

Febuxostat (FBX), a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, has several biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of FBX against ionizing radiation (IR)-induced lung injury through mitigation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Sixty-four mice were randomized into eight groups as control, FBX (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg), IR (6 Gy), and IR + FBX (IR + FBX in three doses). Mice were received FBX for 8 consecutive days and then were exposed to IR at a single dose (6 Gy) of X-ray. At 1 and 7 days after irradiation, the biochemical parameters were analyzed in lung tissue, while histological and immunohistochemical examinations were evaluated 1 week after irradiation. Irradiation led to elevate of oxidative stress parameters (an increase of MDA, PC, NO, and decrease of GSH), inflammation and apoptosis in lung of mice. Furthermore, IR resulted in histopathological changes in the lung tissues. These changes were significantly mitigated by FBX treatment. FBX also inhibited immunoreactivity of caspase-3, NF-κB, and reduced oxidative stress. This study showed that FBX is able to protect lung injury induced by IR through inhibiting apoptosis (caspase-3), oxidative stress and inflammation (NF-κB).

Methanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract protects against epithelial barrier damage and enteric bacterial translocation in intestinal I/R: Possible role of caspase 3

Background: Activation of caspase 3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of I/R injury in various organs, but there is a paucity of data on its role in IIRI. Also, no reports were found on the beneficial role of methanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MMOLE) in IIRI. This study investigated the involvement of caspase 3 in IIRI, and the impact of MMOLE in IIRI. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups; the sham-operated group that was sham-operated and received 0.5 ml of distilled water for 7 days prior to sham surgery, and the IIRI, febuxostat (FEB) +IIRI, low dose MMOLE (LDMO)+IIRI, and high dose MMOLE (HDMO)+IIRI groups that underwent I/R and also received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 10 mg/kg of febuxostat, 200 mg/kg of MMOLE, and 400 mg/kg of MMOLE respectively for 7 days prior to I/R. Markers of hepatic function, oxidative stress, and inflammation as well as enteric bacterial translocation and histoarchitecture integrity of intestinal and hepatic tissues were evaluated. The bioactive components of MMOLE were also determined by GC-MS. Results: As revealed by GC-MS, the active bioactive components of MMOLE were thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine, 1,3-dioxolane, octanoic acid, 1,3-benzenediamine, 9-octadecenoic acid, oleic acid, nonadecanoic acid, 3-undecanone, phosphonic acid, and cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. MMOLE alleviated IIRI-induced rise in intestinal and hepatic injury markers, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase activities. MMOLE improved IIRI-induced suppression of reduced glutathione, thiol and non-thiol proteins, and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. These were associated with suppression of IIRI-induced caspase 3 activity and bacterial translocation. Histopathological evaluation revealed that MMOLE attenuated IIRI-induced alterations in intestinal and hepatic histoarchitecture integrity. MMOLE also militated against increased absolute and relative intestinal and hepatic weight, intestinal and hepatic injuries, epithelial mucosal barrier dysfunction, and enteric bacterial translocation associated with IIRI by downregulating oxidative stress-mediated activation of caspase 3. Conclusion: IIRI is associated with a rise in caspase 3 activity. Also, MMOLE confers protection against IIRI, possibly due to its constituent bioactive molecules, especially hydrazine, 9-octadecenoic acid, 1,3-dioxolane, oleic acid, and nonadecanoic acid.

Restoration of Hepatic and Intestinal Integrity by Phyllanthus amarus Is Dependent on Bax/Caspase 3 Modulation in Intestinal Ischemia-/Reperfusion-Induced Injury

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Oxidative stress is a key player in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (IIRI) with a tendency to trigger systemic inflammatory response, resulting in progressive distal organ injury. To date, the role of Bax/caspase 3 signaling in IIRI has not been reported. Furthermore, the discovery of a safe and effective drug remains pertinent in improving the outcome of IIRI. Therefore, this study investigated the role of Bax/caspase 3 signaling in intestinal I/R-induced intestinal and hepatic injury. In addition, the protective effect and possible associated mechanism of action of methanolic Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract (PA) against intestinal I/R-induced intestinal and hepatic injury were evaluated. Materials and methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n = 10). The sham-operated group was received 0.5 mL of distilled water for seven days prior to the sham surgery, while the IIRI, febuxostat (FEB) + IIRI, low-dose PA (LDPA) + IIRI, and high-dose PA (HDPA) + IIRI groups underwent the I/R procedure. In addition to the procedure, IIRI, FEB + IIRI, LDPA + IIRI, and HDPA + IIRI received 0.5 mL of distilled water, 10 mg/kg of febuxostat, 200 mg/kg of PA, and 400 mg/kg of PA, respectively, for seven days prior to the I/R procedure. Results: Administration of methanolic Phyllanthus amarus leaf extracts attenuated the intestinal I/R-induced rise in intestinal and hepatic injury markers, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase activities. In addition, Phyllanthus amarus ameliorated I/R-induced suppression of reduced glutathione, thiol and non-thiol proteins, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in intestinal and hepatic tissues. These were coupled with the suppression of I/R-induced bacterial translocation, downregulation of I/R-induced activation of Bax/caspase 3 signaling, and improvement of I/R-induced distortion of intestinal and hepatic histoarchitecture by Phyllanthus amarus. Conclusion: Methanolic Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract protects against intestinal and hepatic injuries associated with intestinal I/R by suppressing oxidative-stress-mediated activation of Bax/caspase 3 signaling. The beneficial effects of Phyllanthus amarus may be ascribed to its constituent bioactive molecules, especially tannins, anthocyanin, alkaloids, and phenolics.

Protective effects of sildenafil administration on chemotherapeutic-induced ovarian damage in rats

Agents to reduce the gonadotoxic effects of chemotherapeutics are still under investigation. In this context, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of sildenafil against chemotherapeutic-induced gonadotoxicity in a rat model. A total of 62 female rats were divided into eight groups as control, sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg, orally), doxorubicin (3 mg/kg, i.p.), cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.), cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg, i.p.), doxorubicin+sildenafil, cisplatin+sildenafil, and cyclophosphamide+sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg orally sildenafil in addition to the same dose of chemotherapeutics). The groups were compared in terms of follicle count, ovarian size, and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Use of sildenafil with cyclophosphamide was effective only in preserving primary follicle count (p = 0.026) and had no significant change in the secondary follicle count, ovarian size, or AMH level. Adding sildenafil to cisplatin had a significant protective effect on primary follicle count (p = 0.011), secondary follicle count (p = 0.009), and ovarian size (p = 0.001), but this effect could not be demonstrated at AMH level. Sildenafil was not effective on any parameter in the doxorubicin group. Sildenafil may be effective in reducing the gonadotoxicity associated with the use of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide.

The protective impact of berberine against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a well-known anti-neoplastic agent that is widely employed to treat several types of malignancies. The current study was designed to investigate the renoprotective potential of berberine (BEB) on the doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephrotoxicity and renal fibrosis. Rats were allocated into four groups; Negative Control, DOX nephrotoxic-induced group received a single dose of DOX (20 mg/kg, i.p.), BEB-group received (50 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days, and co-treatment group BEB + DOX where rats were pre-treated with BEB for 10 successive days, then received a single dose of DOX on the 11th day, followed by 4 days of receiving BEB. DOX resulted in nephrotoxicity manifested by significant increments in urea, creatinine, and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), these biochemical findings were supported with the histopathological lesions in renal tissues. Moreover, DOX provoked oxidative stress through enhancing renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, and decreased renal catalase (CAT) activity. DOX triggered renal fibrosis represented by increased transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and elevated collagen deposition. DOX stimulated apoptosis and inflammation in renal tissues as confirmed by increased immunoexpression of caspase-3 and NF-κB, respectively. These effects were alleviated by BEB co-treatment. Co-treatment with BEB markedly prohibited DOX-induced oxidative damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis in renal tissue. Histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations showed the nephroprotective potential of BEB on renal injury, which was consistent with the biochemical findings. Accordingly, it could be concluded that the nephroprotective potential of BEB against DOX-induced kidney injury and fibrosis might be mediated by the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis activities.

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil attenuates kidney injury induced by Bothrops alternatus snake venom

Acute kidney injury pathogenesis in envenoming by snakes is multifactorial and involves immunologic reactions, hemodynamic disturbances, and direct nephrotoxicity. Sildenafil (SFC), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, has been reported to protect against pathological kidney changes.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of sildenafil against Bothrops alternatus snake venom (BaV)-induced nephrotoxicity.

METHODS

Kidneys from Wistar rats (n = 6, weighing 260-300 g) were isolated and divided into four groups: (1) perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution (MKHS) containing 6 g% of bovine serum albumin; (2) administered 3 μg/mL SFC; (3) perfused with 3 μg/mL BaV; and (4) administered SFC + BaV, both at 3 μg/mL. Subsequently, the perfusion pressure (PP), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary flow (UF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and percentage of electrolyte tubular sodium and chloride transport (%TNa⁺, %TCl^-, respectively) were evaluated. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were analyzed in the perfusate, and the kidneys were removed to perform oxidative stress and histopathological analyses.

RESULTS

All renal parameters evaluated were reduced with BaV. In the SFC + BaV group, SFC restored PP to normal values and promoted a significant increase in %TNa⁺ and %TCl^-. cGMP levels were increased in the SFC + BaV group. The oxidative stress biomarkers, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), were reduced by BaV. In the SFC + BaV group, a decrease in MDA without an increase in GSH was observed. These findings were confirmed by histological analysis, which showed improvement mainly in tubulis.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest the involvement of phosphodiesterase-5 and cGMP in BaV-induced nephrotoxicity since its effects were attenuated by the administration of SFC.

Evaluation of doxorubicin-induced early multi-organ toxicity in male CD1 mice by biodistribution of 18F-FDG and 67Ga-citrate. Pilot study

The search for methods that identify early toxicity, induced by chemotherapy, is urgent. Changes in the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals could give information on early toxicity. Ten-week-old CD1 male mice were divided into four groups. Two groups were administered a weekly dose of 5 mg/kg of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) for 5 weeks and the control groups were administered saline solution. One week after the end of treatment, the biodistribution of ¹⁸F-FDG and ⁶⁷Ga-citrate were carried out, as was the quantification of plasma enzymes CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST. All enzymes were higher in the treated animals, but only significant (p < 0.05) in the case of CK-MB. ¹⁸F-FDG uptake increased in all organs of treated animals except retroperitoneal fat, being significant in spleen, brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, and inguinal fat. ⁶⁷Ga-citrate had a more complex pattern. The uptake in the DOX group was higher in spleen, lung, kidney, testes, and gonadal fat, it did not change in brain, heart, and liver, and it was lower in the rest of the organs. It only showed significant differences in lung and pancreas. A thorough discussion of the possible causes that produced the change in biodistributions of both radiopharmaceuticals is included. The pilot study showed that both radiopharmaceuticals could identify early multi-organ toxicity induced by DOX. Although ¹⁸F-FDG seems to be better, ⁶⁷Ga-citrato should not be ruled out a priori. The detection of early toxicity would serve to adopt treatments that prevent its progression, thus improving patient's quality of life.

Nephroprotective effects of febuxostat and/or mirtazapine against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of ERK 1/2, NF-κB and MCP1

OBJECTIVES

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential nephroprotective effects of febuxostat, mirtazapine, and their combination against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

METHODS

Induction of nephrotoxicity was achieved via gentamicin injection (100 mg/kg, I.P., for 7 days). Two different doses of mirtazapine (15-30 mg/kg), febuxostat (5-10 mg/kg), and their combination were administered daily for 14 days prior to gentamicin injection and then concomitantly with gentamicin for additional 7 days. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically. Renal caspase-3, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor-kappa-β (NF-κβ), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) were assayed.

RESULTS

Febuxostat and mirtazapine significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated biochemical and histopathological alterations that were induced by gentamicin and, for the first time, significantly decreased the renal levels of ERK1/2 and MCP-1. Conclusion: Febuxostat and mirtazapine were found to have a synergistic impact in reducing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

EXPERT OPINION

The utility of nonpurine xanthine oxidase inhibitor, such as febuxostat and mirtazapine are offering a new potential opportunity for the future nephroprotective effects therapy: Febuxostat and mirtazapine are found to have a synergistic impact in reducing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

A comprehensive review on time-tested anticancer drug doxorubicin

Doxorubicin or Adriamycin, is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drug for treating a myriad of cancers. It induces cell death through multiple intracellular targets: reactive oxygen species generation, DNA-adduct formation, topoisomerase II inhibition, histone eviction, Ca²⁺ and iron hemostasis regulation, and ceramide overproduction. Moreover, doxorubicin-treated dying cells undergo cellular modifications that enable neighboring dendritic cell activation and enhanced presentation of tumor antigen. In addition, doxorubicin also aids in the immune-mediated clearance of tumor cells. However, the development of chemoresistance and cardiotoxicity side effect has undermined its widespread applicability. Several formulations of doxorubicin and co-treatments with inhibitors, miRNAs, natural compounds and other chemotherapeutic drugs have been essential in reducing its dosage-dependent toxicity and combating the development of resistance. Further, more advanced research into the molecular mechanism of chemoresistance development would be vital in improving the overall survivability of clinical patients and in preventing cancer relapse.

Reno-protective effects of Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

The kidneys are vital organs that play an important role in removing waste materials from the blood, electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and red blood cell genesis. Kidney disease can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and nephrotoxic agents. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the progression and pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important health problems worldwide, as they are associated with a long-term hospital stay, and increased morbidity and mortality in high-risk patients. Current standard therapeutic options are not sufficient to delay or stop the loss of kidney function. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic options. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are a currently available class of drugs that are used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in humans. However, recent evidence suggests that PDE5Is have beneficial renoprotective effects via a variety of mechanisms. In this review, the benefits of PDE5 inhibitors in clinical conditions associated with kidney disease, such as diabetic nephropathy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and acute and chronic kidney injury, are summarized.

Linalool exhibits therapeutic and protective effects in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced kidney injury by modulating oxidative stress

The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic and protective effects of linalool against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced kidney injury. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups as follows; Control, DOX [20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (ip) single dose DOX], linalool (LIN50 and LIN100; 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg linalool via ip for 5 days, respectively), DOX + LIN50 and DOX + LIN100 (20 mg/kg single dose of DOX via ip on first day and 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg linalool via ip, respectively), LIN50 + DOX and LIN100 + DOX (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg linalool via ip for 5 days, respectively and 20 mg/kg single dose of DOX via ip on fifth day). Doxorubicin led to a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidney, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels decreased remarkably when compared with control. On the other hand, LIN supplementation before and after DOX treatment led to a significant decrease in MDA and also increases in SOD, CAT and GSH levels. DOX caused significant increases in the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels in the plasma, while LIN supplementation as a therapeutic and preventive agent led to significant decreases in BUN and Cr levels. The current study demonstrated that LIN supplementation after or before DOX treatment can led to therapeutic and preventive effects against DOX-induced renal damage.

Amelioration of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia using febuxostat in rats: The role of VEGF/TGFβ and iNOS/COX-2

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common male disorder. Febuxostat is a non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), which has a strong antioxidant capacity and pleiotropic pharmacological properties. This study's objective was to explore the potential ameliorative effects of febuxostat against testosterone-induced BPH in rats. Febuxostat (10 mg/kg/day, per os [p.o.]) prevented increased prostate index levels, serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and testosterone levels compared to animals treated with testosterone alone, when administered for 28 days. Histological examination indicated that febuxostat dramatically ameliorated pathological changes in the prostate architecture compared to the testosterone group. Similarly, febuxostat markedly improved testosterone-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the increase in lipid peroxide and nitrite content, and by reducing the level of depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which significantly reduced the prostate content of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Furthermore, febuxostat significantly reduced the prostatic content, both in terms of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels, and of protein levels. Moreover, compared to the testosterone group, febuxostat's beneficial effects prevented the increase in growth factors, comprising vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) protein levels. Its ameliorating effects were equal to those of finasteride, which is the most widely used remedy for BPH. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence that febuxostat experimentally attenuates testosterone-induced BPH in rats, at least in part by inhibiting iNOS/COX-2 and VEGF/TGF-β pathways.

Sildenafil ameliorates Alzheimer disease via the modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in rats

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with multi-pathways pathogenesis. Sildenafil is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor with a potential benefit in the treatment of AD. This study investigated the possible mechanisms underlying the effect of sildenafil in AD with emphasis on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Twenty-four adult male rats were classified into four groups; control group: received vehicles, sildenafil-control: received sildenafil (15 mg/kg/day, p.o.), AD group received Aluminum (25 mg/kg/day, p.o.), AD-treated group: received sildenafil (15 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 6 weeks. AD was assessed by memory performance test and confirmed by histopathological examination and immunostaining of, neurogenesis marker nestin and α-synuclein. The levels of VEGF-A, VCAM-1, oxidative stress markers and TNF-α in brain tissue were evaluated. AD rats showed histopathological evidences of AD; along with increased latency time in the memory test. There was a decrease in VEGF-A, and an increase in VCAM-1, TNF-α, and oxidative stress markers. Immunohistochemical study showed a significant increase in α-synuclein and a significant decrease in nestin expressions in brain tissues. Sildenafil administration ameliorated the histopathological changes and decreased latency time. Such effect was associated with a decrease in VCAM-1, TNF-α and oxidative stress as well as an increase in VEGF-A. Sildenafil caused a significant increase in nestin and a decrease in α-synuclein immunostaining. These findings suggested a protective effect of sildenafil via modulation of VEGF-A, and VCAM-1.

Exploring protective effect of Glycine tabacina aqueous extract against nephrotic syndrome by network pharmacology and experimental verification

Background

Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth, one of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines, has been used for treatment of nephritis, osteoporosis, rheumatism, and menopausal syndrome. The aim of this study was to illuminate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Glycine tabacina aqueous extract (GATE) in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome (NS).

Methods

UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS was used to analyze the chemical profile of GATE. Adriamycin (ADR)-induced NS mouse model and network pharmacology methods were conducted to explore the protective effect and mechanism of GATE on NS treatment.

Results

GATE administration significantly ameliorated symptoms of proteinuria and hyperlipidemia in NS mice, as evidenced by reduced excretion of urine protein and albumin, and decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride. Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels in NS mice suggested that GATE could prevent renal function decline caused by ADR. GATE treatment also inhibited ADR-induced pathological lesions of renal tissues as indicated by periodic acid Schiff staining. Six flavonoids of GATE were identified by using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that the protection of GATE in treating NS might be associated with the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, the in vivo experiment validated that treatment with GATE markedly decreased reactive oxygen species production, malonaldehyde level, and increased superoxide dismutase activity both in plasma and renal tissues. TNF-α level in plasma and protein expression in kidney were significantly decreased in GATE treatment groups.

Conclusions

Combination of network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification revealed that GATE exerts anti-NS effect possibly through modulating oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting the potential application of GATE or its derivatives in the prevention and treatment of NS and other related kidney diseases.

Doxorubicin-loading core-shell pectin nanocell: A novel nanovehicle for anticancer agent delivery with multidrug resistance reversal

Tumor is a prevalent great threat to public health worldwide and multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor is a leading cause of chemotherapy failure. Nanomedicine has shown prospects in overcoming the problem. Doxorubicin (DOX), a broad-spectrum anticancer drug, showed limited efficacy due to MDR. Herein, a doxorubicin containing pectin nanocell (DOX-PEC-NC) of core-shell structure, a pectin nanoparticle encapsulated with liposome-like membrane was developed. The DOX-PEC-NC, spheroid in shape and sized around 150 nm, exerted better sustained release behavior than doxorubicin loading pectin nanoparticle (DOX-PEC-NP) or liposome (DOX-LIP). In vitro anticancer study showed marked accumulation of doxorubicin in different tumor cells as well as reversal of MDR in HepG2/ADR cells and MCF-7/ADR cells caused by treatment of DOX-PEC-NC. In H22 tumor-bearing mice, DOX-PEC-NC showed higher anticancer efficacy and lower toxicity than doxorubicin. DOX-PEC-NC can improve anticancer activity and reduce side effect of doxorubicin due to increased intracellular accumulation and reversal of MDR in tumor cells, which may be a promising nanoscale drug delivery vehicle for chemotherapeutic agents.

Current Concepts on the Reno-Protective Effects of Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors in Acute Kidney Injury: Systematic Search and Review

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and mortality, especially in high risk patients. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is), currently available as first-line therapy of erectile dysfunction in humans, have shown a beneficial potential of reno-protection through various reno-protective mechanisms. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available literature on the reno-protective properties of PDE5Is in the various forms of AKI. Medline was systematically searched from 1946 to November 2019 to detect all relevant animal and human studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. In total, 83 studies were included for qualitative synthesis. Sildenafil is the most widely investigated compound (42 studies), followed by tadalafil (20 studies), icariin (10 studies), vardenafil (7 studies), zaprinast (4 studies), and udenafil (2 studies). Even though data are limited, especially in humans with inconclusive or negative results of only two clinically relevant studies available at present, the results of animal studies are promising. The reno-protective action of PDE5Is was evident in the vast majority of studies, independently of the AKI type and the agent applied. PDE5Is appear to improve the renal functional/histopathological alternations of AKI through various mechanisms, mainly by affecting regional hemodynamics, cell expression, and mitochondrial response to oxidative stress and inflammation.

Catalpol alleviates adriamycin-induced nephropathy by activating the SIRT1 signalling pathway in vivo and in vitro

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Catalpol, a water-soluble active ingredient isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism(s) underlying protection against renal injury by catalpol remains unknown.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Adriamycin-induced kidney injury models associated with podocyte damage were employed to investigate the nephroprotective effects of catalpol. In vivo, TUNEL and haematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate the effect of catalpol on kidney injury in mice. In vitro, effects of catalpol on podocyte damage induced by adriamycin was determined by elisa kit, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342, and TUNEL staining. The mechanism was investigated by siRNA, EX527, and docking simulations.

KEY RESULTS

In vivo, catalpol treatment significantly improved adriamycin-induced kidney pathological changes and decreased the number of apoptotic cells. In vitro, catalpol markedly decreased the intracellular accumulation of adriamycin and reduced the calcium ion level in podocytes and then attenuated apoptosis. Importantly, the regulatory effects of catalpol on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and the TRPC6 channel were mostly abolished after incubation with SIRT1 siRNA or the SIRT1-specific inhibitor EX527. Furthermore, docking simulations showed that catalpol efficiently oriented itself in the active site of SIRT1, indicating a higher total binding affinity score than that of other SIRT1 activators, such as resveratrol, SRT2104, and quercetin.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Taken together, our results suggest that catalpol exhibits strong protective effects against adriamycin-induced nephropathy by inducing SIRT1-mediated inhibition of TRPC6 expression and enhancing MRP2 expression.

Nicorandil combats doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity via amendment of TLR4/P38 MAPK/NFκ-B signaling pathway

Nicorandil ameliorated doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity; this study aimed to show and explain the mechanism of this protection. A precise method was elucidated to study the effect of nicorandil on doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats depending on the critical inflammation pathway TLR4/MAPK P38/NFκ-B. Adult male rats were subdivided into four groups. The 1st group was normal control, the 2nd group received nicorandil (3 mg/kg; p.o., for 4 weeks), the 3rd group received doxorubicin (2.6 mg/kg, i.p., twice per week for 4 weeks), and the fourth group was combination of doxorubicin and nicorandil for 4 weeks. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by biochemical tests through measuring Kidney function biomarkers such as [serum levels of urea, creatinine, albumin and total protein] besides renal kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and cystatin C], oxidative stress parameters such as [renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), SOD, catalase and nrf-2], mediators of inflammation such as [Toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4), Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), p38 MAPK, Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β), and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] and markers of apoptosis [BAX and Bcl-2 in renal tissue]. Finally, our data were supported by histopathology examination. Nicorandil pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in nephrotoxicity biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators and prevented apoptosis through decreasing BAX and increasing Bcl-2 in renal tissues. Nicorandil prevented all the histological alterations caused by doxorubicin. Nicorandil is a promising antidote against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity by neutralizing all toxicity mechanisms caused by doxorubicin through normalizing inflammatory cascade of TLR4/MAPK P38/NFκ-B.

Hepatoprotective effects of diosmin and/or sildenafil against cholestatic liver cirrhosis: The role of Keap-1/Nrf-2 and P38-MAPK/NF-κB/iNOS signaling pathway

The present study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of diosmin (DS) and/or sildenafil against bile duct ligation (BDL). In order to achieve this goal, BDL was performed to induce liver cirrhosis, DS (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and sildenafil (10 mg/kg, twice daily, p.o.) were administrated alone or in combination 24 h after the surgical operation and lasted for 4 weeks. Liver function biomarkers, fibrotic markers, oxidative stress markers, mRNA expression of NF-κB-p65, P38-MAPK, Nrf-2, and Keap-1, as well as protein expression of cytoglobin, NF-κB-p65, Nrf-2, iNOS and eNOS were investigated concomitantly with histopathological study. The results revealed that, 4 weeks of BDL induced a significant alteration in liver functions, fibrotic and oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, up-regulation of NF-κB-p65, P38-MAPK, Keap-1 and iNOS concomitantly with down-regulation of Nrf-2, cytoglobin and eNOS expressions were observed after BDL. DS and/or sildenafil treatment significantly alleviated the disturbance induced by BDL. These findings were further supported by the improvement in histopathological features. Additionally, co-administration of DS and sildenafil were found to significantly improved liver defects due to BDL as compared to the individual drugs. It can be concluded that, DS and sildenafil exhibit hepatoprotective effects through modulation of Keap-1/Nrf-2 and P38-MAPK/NF-κB/iNOS pathway.

Study on the influence of caffeic acid against sodium valproate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Renal injury is a hallmark adverse reaction to sodium valproate (SVP), and caffeic acid (CAFF) is a phenolic compound that has anti-inflammatory and antioxsidant properties. So, this investigation was assessed to evaluate the nephrotoxic potential of SVP and the defensive impact of CAFF against SVP nephrotoxicity. SVP was given at a dose of 500 mg/kg (i.p.) once daily for 2 weeks, while CAFF was given at a dose of 50 mg/kg (orally), simultaneously with SVP. Concurrent treatment with CAFF reduced urea and creatinine, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) levels. However, with increased glutathione content, CAFF also halted the activated Notch signaling cascade. Furthermore, CAFF suppressed caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions. To conclude, on the basis of the results obtained, CAFF proved to protect against SVP-induced nephrotoxicity via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.